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herif M., 1956) 8 . "M46D5;0 (Tajfel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ajfel H., 1984). ;O 0=0;870 70:>=><5@=>AB59 ?5@5E>4>2 A >4=>3> ?>;NA0 A>F80;L=>3> ?>2545=8O =0 4@C3>9 >4=8< 87 ?>A;54>20B5;59 "M4-6D5;0, 6. "M@=5@><, 8 8A?>;L7>20;8AL ?>=OB8O ;8G=>AB=>9 8 A>F8-0;L=>9 845=B8G=>AB8 (Turner J. et al., 1994). <...> 1@0I0OAL : 2>?@>AC > B><, :0:>5 <5AB> 70=8<05B A>F80;L=0O 845=B8G=>ABL 2 >1I59 ?A8E8G5A:>9 AB@C:BC@5, =5>1E>48<> >B<5B8BL, GB> 2 1>;LH8=AB25 @01>B 8AA;54>20B5;8, @01>B0NI85 2 40==>9 ?0@0-483<5, C:07K20NB =0 845=B8G=>ABL :0: =0 G0ABL /-:>=F5?F88. > 8E <=5=8N, A>F80;L=0O 845=B8G=>ABL 5ABL @57C;LB0B A0<>845=B8D8:0-F89 G5;>25:0 A @07;8G=K<8 A>F80;L=K<8 :0B53>@8O<8 (3@C??0<8 ?@8=04;56=>AB8) 8 =0@O4C A ;8G=>AB=>9 845=B8G=>ABLN O2;O5BAO 206=K< @53C;OB>@>< A>F80;L=>3> ?>2545=8O (Deaux, 1991, 1993; Brown J. & Smart S., 1993; Stryker S., 1991).  A>>B25BAB288 A B5>@859 A0<>:0B53>@870F88 ?@>F5AA AB0=>2;5-=8O A>F80;L=>9 845=B8G=>AB8 A>45@68B 2 A515 B@8 ?>A;54>20B5;L=KE :>3=8B82=KE ?@>F5AA0. >-?5@2KE, 8=48284 A0<>>?@545;O5BAO :0: G;5= =5:>B>@>9 A>F8-0;L=>9 :0B53>@88 (B0:, 2 /-:>=F5?F8N :064>3> 87 =0A 2E>48B ?@54-AB02;5=85 > A515 :0: > <C6G8=5 8;8 65=I8=5 >?@545;5==>3> A>F8-0;L=>3> AB0BCA0, =0F8>=0;L=>AB8, 25@>8A?>2540=8O, 8<5NI53> 8;8 =5 8<5NI53> >B=>H5=8O : @07;8G=K< A>F80;L=K< >@30=870F8O<, 8 ?@>G55). 361 >-2B>@KE, G5;>25: =5 B>;L:> 2:;NG05B 2 A2>9 /->1@07 >1I85 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 A>1AB25==KE 3@C?? 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"0:8< >1@07><, 2848<>, ?@028;L=55 1K;> 1K 3>2>@8BL =5 > AB@5<-;5=88 8=482840 : 87<5=5=8N A>F80;L=>3> >:@C65=8O 8;8 A2>53> <5AB0 2 =5< A F5;LN CA8;5=8O 8;8 ?>4B25@645=8O ?>78B82=>9 845=B8G=>AB8, => > AB@5<;5=88 : ?>445@60=8N AB018;L=>9 ;8G=>9 845=B8G=>AB8. 4=8< 87 >A=>2=KE ?>;>65=89 B5>@88 A0<>:0B53>@870F88 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> ;N10O 3@C??0 1C45B AB@5<8BLAO : 48DD5@5=F80F88 A51O >B 4@C-38E, >B=>A8B5;L=> 1;87:8E 3@C??. !CI5AB2C5B 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> 8A-A;54>20=89, :>B>@K5 ?>:07K20NB B>, :0: G;5=K 3@C??K 0:F5=BC8@CNB 3@C??>2K5 @07;8G8O 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 4>AB83=CBL 8;8 A>E@0=8BL (?@54-?>GB8B5;L=> ?>;>68B5;L=>5) >B;8G85 A2>59 3@C??K 8;8 A2>N A>F8-0;L=CN 845=B8G=>ABL (Tajfel, 1984; Knipperberg & Ellemers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imon & Hamilton, 1994). <...> @>B82>?>AB02;OO ;8G=CN 8 A>F80;L=CN 845=B8G=>ABL, 8AA;54>- 20B5;8 G0AB> >AB02;ONB 2 B5=8 B>B D0:B, GB> 8=48284 ?@8=04;568B =5 : :0:>9-;81> >4=>9 3@C??5, =>, :0: ?@028;>, : 1>;LH><C G8A;C <8:@>- 8 <0:@>3@C??.  A8;C MB>3> 2>7=8:05B 8=B5@D5@5=F8O, 2708<>2;8 O=85 B5E A8AB5< F5==>AB59 =>@< 8 AB0=40@B>2 ?>2545=8O, :>B>@K5 ?@8=OBK 2 MB8E 3@C??0E. >;55 B>3>, G0AB> MB8 A8AB5<K =>@< 8 F5==> AB59, 2 A8;C 2=5H=8E >1AB>OB5;LAB2, ?@8E>4OB 2 ?@>B82>@5G85 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 8 8=48284 >:07K205BAO ?5@54 2=CB@5==8< 2K1>@><. "5>@8O A0<>:0B53>@870F88 8<?;8F8B=> >?8@05BAO =0 ?@54AB02;5=85 >1 85@0@E8G=>AB8 :0B53>@89, 2 G0AB=>AB8, 2 8AA;54>20=8OE . '0=B5 (Chante L., 1996) 87CG05BAO 2708<>2;8O=85 A>F80;L=>9 845=B8G=>AB8, A2O70==>9 A MB=>A>< 8;8 @0A>9, 8 A>F80;L=>9 845=B8G=>AB8, >?8@0NI59AO =0 C15645=8O, 2 CA;>28OE, :>340 MB8 845=B8G=>AB8 ?@8 E>4OB 2 ?@>B82>@5G85 4@C3 A 4@C3><. 0?@8<5@, @01>B0 !. 8448:><15 (Widdicombe S., 1988) ?>A2OI5=0 ?>?KB:5 ?>AB@>5=8O 85@0@E8G5A- :>9 A8AB5<K =0 >A=>25 A0<>:0B53>@870F88. #:070=85 =0 85@0@E8G5A -:>5 ?>AB@>5=85 A>F80;L=>9 845=B8G=>AB8 <>6=> =09B8 2 @01>B0E .. /4>20 (1995, 1993), ".!. 0@0=>2>9 (1994) 8 @O45 4@C38E. 4=0:> B0:8E @01>B 2A5 5I5 >G5=L =5<=>3>, 8 2>?@>A > 2708<> 2;8O=88 @07;8G=KE A>F80;L=KE 845=B8G=>AB59, =0 =0H 273;O4, >AB0 5BAO =5 4>AB0B>G=> 87CG5==K<. <...> .. (8E8@52 !&,/ #!"* >=OB85 A>F80;L=>9 CAB0=>2:8 1K;> 22545=> 2 1918 3. "><0A>< 8 =0=5F:8<. =8 >?@545;O;8 55 :0: ?A8E>;>38G5A:89 ?@>F5AA, @0AA<0B @8205<K9 2 >B=>H5=8OE : A>F80;L=><C <8@C 8 27OBK9 ?@5645 2A53> 2 A2O78 A A>F80;L=K<8 F5==>ABO<8. &5==>ABL,  3>2>@8;8 >=8,  5ABL >1J5:B82=0O AB>@>=0 CAB0=>2:8. !;54>20B5;L=>, CAB0=>2:0 5ABL 8=4828- 4C0;L=0O (AC1J5:B82=0O) AB>@>=0 A>F80;L=>9 F5==>AB8. "><0A 8 =0-=5F:89 =5>4=>:@0B=> ?>4G5@:820;8 7=0G5=85 4;O ?>=8<0=8O A>F80;L- =>9 CAB0=>2:8 B>3> D0:B0, GB> >=0 ?> A2>5<C ACI5AB2C >AB05BAO GL8<-B> A>AB>O=85<.  MB>< >?@545;5=88 A>F80;L=0O CAB0=>2:0 ?@54AB02;5=0 :0: ?A8E>;>38G5A:>5 ?5@56820=85 8=48284>< 7=0G5=8O 8;8 F5==>A- * (8E8@52 .. !>2@5<5==0O A>F80;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O !(. .: 0C:0, 1979. !. 86-103. 364 B8 A>F80;L=>3> >1J5:B0. =0 DC=:F8>=8@C5B >4=>2@5<5==> :0: M;5<5=B ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 AB@C:BC@K ;8G=>AB8 8 :0: M;5<5=B A>F80;L=>9 AB@C:BC@K, ?>A:>;L:C A>45@60=85 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> ?5@56820=8O >?@545;O5BAO 2=5H=8<8, ;>:0;87>20==K<8 2 A>F8C<5 >1J5:B0<8. 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AB0=>28<AO =0 =5:>B>@KE 87 =8E.  70@C156=>9 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388 : >4-=>9 87 =081>;55 @07@01>B0==KE B5>@89 CAB0=>2:8 >B=>A8BAO :>3=8-B82=0O B5>@8O 38?>B57 6. @C=5@0 8 . >AB<0=0**, 2 :>B>@>9 2 8=B5-@5ACNI5< =0A ?;0=5 =081>;55 7=0G8<K< O2;O5BAO 0=0;87 45B5@<8-=0=B ?5@F5?B82=>9 3>B>2=>AB8.  :0G5AB25 >4=>9 87 206=59H8E * !<.: A<>;>2 .., 8E0;52A:0O .. B ?A8E>D878:8 G8ABKE >ICI5=89 : ?A8E>D878:5 A5=A>@=KE 7040G//@>1;5<K 8 <5B>4K ?A8E>D878:8. .: 74-2> >A:. C=-B0, 1974. 378 * 048@0H28;8 (.. >=OB85 CAB0=>2:8 2 >1I59 8 A>F80;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388. "18;8A8, 1974. !. 8. ** Allport F. Theories of perception and the concept of structure. N. Y., 1955; BrunerJ. On perceptual readiness//PsychoL Rev., 1957. Vol. 64. P. 340-358. 379 45B5@<8=0=B @C=5@ 8 >AB<0= =07K20NB :>;8G5AB2> AB8<C;L=>9 8=-D>@<0F88. 564C AB8<C;L=>9 8=D>@<0F859 8 38?>B57>9 A:;04K20-NBAO A;54CNI85 >B=>H5=8O. 1. 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'5< A8;L=55 38?>B570, B5< 1>;LH55, 0 G5< >=0 A;0155, B5< <5=L-H55 :>;8G5AB2> ?@>B82>@5G82>9 AB8<C;L=>9 8=D>@<0F88 =5>1E>48-<>, GB>1K >?@>25@3=CBL 55. @C38<8 45B5@<8=0=B0<8 AB>9:>AB8 38?>B57 O2;ONBAO: G0AB>B0 ?>4:@5?;5=8O 2 ?@>H;><, G8A;> :>=:C@8@CNI8E 38?>B57, <>B820F8->==0O ?>445@6:0, :>3=8B82=0O ?>445@6:0 8 A>3;0A85 A 3@C??>9. 5E0=8G5A:>5 ?@8102;5=85 MB>3> A>F80;L=>3> D0:B>@0 : 45B5@<8-=0=B0< CAB0=>2:8 (set) ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 >48= ?>;NA @5H5=8O ?@>-1;5<K A>>B=5A5=8O CAB0=>2:8 8 A>F80;L=>9 CAB0=>2:8  @5H5-=85 F5=>9 ?>;=>3> 83=>@8@>20=8O A?5F8D8:8 A>F80;L=>3>. 0 4@C3>< ?>;NA5 =0E>48BAO @5H5=85 MB>9 ?@>1;5<K, ?@54;0-305<>5 =5:>B>@K<8 A>F80;L=K<8 ?A8E>;>30<8. 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(8E8@520, ...A>F80;L=0O CAB0=>2:0 (attitude) 2 B>< B>;:>20-=88, :0:>5 ?@8=OB> 2 0<5@8:0=A:>9 A>F80;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388, >B;8G0-5BAO >B CAB0=>2:8 =0 ?A8E>D878G5A:>< C@>2=5 (set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ufgabe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runswic E. Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments. Berkely; Los Angeles: University of California Press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affect, cognition, conation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cGuire W. The nature of attitudes and attitude change//The handbook of social psychology/Ed, by G. Lindzey und E. Aronson. London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cGuire W. Op. cit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a Piere R. Attitude versus action//Attitude theory and measurement/Ed, by M. Fishbern, N. John. N. Y., 1967. ** !<., =0?@8<5@: Kelman H. Attitudes are Alive and Well and Gainfully Employed in the Sphere of Action//Amer. Psychol. 1974. Vol. 29. ! 5. 391 D0:B>@0<8, 53> =5;L7O @0AA<0B@820BL :0: ?@O<>5 A;54AB285 459AB28O A>F80;L=>9 CAB0=>2:8. ! MB>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O =0< :065BAO, GB> 8A-?>;L7>20=85 ?@54AB02;5=8O > ?>2545=G5A:>< :><?>=5=B5 A>F80;L=>9 CAB0=>2:8 O2;O5BAO =5 2?>;=5 C40G=K<. 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'5;>25: @5038@C5B =0 >1AB>OB5;LAB20 45OB5;L=>AB8 2 A>->B25BAB288 A B5<, :0:>2K 53> ?>B@51=>AB8 8 :0:CN F5;L >= ?@5A;54C-5B 2 MB>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. .. 5>=BL52 8AA;54>20; B0:65 <5E0=87<K ?@5>1@07>20=8O F5;8 459AB28O 2> 2=CB@5==55 >A>7=0==>5 ?>1C645-=85, 2 <>B82. .. >6>28G, 0 70B5< .!. 59<0@: M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=> ?>:070;8, GB> 2 <>B820F88 45OB5;L=>AB8 >1=0@C6820NBAO 4><8=8@CNI85 B5=-45=F88, :>B>@K5 .. >6>28G @0AA<0B@8205B :0: 2=CB@5==NN ?>-78F8N ;8G=>AB8 8;8 55 =0?@02;5==>ABL, 0 .!. 59<0@: CB>G=O5B, GB> MB0 =0?@02;5==>ABL 5ABL ?>AB>O==>5 4><8=8@>20=85 >?@545;5=-=KE <>B82>2, ...A>740NI8E =5 B>;L:> F5;5=0?@02;5==>ABL ?>2545=8O, => 8 F5;5=0?@02;5==>ABL 2A59 687=8 AC1J5:B0**. -B0 =0?@02;5==>ABL <>B820F88 ;8G=>AB8 D>@<8@C5BAO 2 >?@545;5==KE A>F80;L=KE CA;>-28OE, O2;O5BAO ?@>4C:B>< 55 >=B>35=570, 8=48284C0;L=>3> 8 A>F80;L-=>3> >?KB0. .. 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"0:, @O4 ?@54AB028B5;59 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 H:>;K .. #7=0475, C=825@A0;878@CO ?>=OB85 CAB0=>2:8 :0: 15AA>7=0B5;L=>3>, ?> A?@0-254;82><C 70<5G0=8N $.. 0AA8=0, B5< A0<K< ;8H0NB MBC ?;>4>-B2>@=CN B5>@8N 2>7<>6=>AB59 1KBL ?@8<5=5==>9 : 87CG5=8N @53C-;OF88 =081>;55 A;>6=KE, 2KAH8E D>@< G5;>25G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>A-B8***. .. >6>28G 8 55 H:>;0 B@0:BCNB ?>=OB85 2=CB@5==59 ?>78F88 8;8 =0?@02;5==>AB8 ;8G=>AB8 ?> ?@58<CI5AB2C (8;8 8A:;NG8B5;L-=>) :0: M<>F8>=0;L=K9 D5=><5=, 81>, A>3;0A=> MB>9 :>=F5?F88, <>B82 =0?@02;O5B 45OB5;L=>ABL 1;03>40@O M<>F8>=0;L=>9 7=0G8<>AB8 ?@54<5B0.  :>=F5?F88 ;8G=>AB=>3> A<KA;0, @0728205<>9 .. 5>=-BL52K<, =0?@>B82, ?>4G5@:820NBAO :>3=8B82=K5, @0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:85 0A?5:BK ;8G=>AB=KE 48A?>78F89. 'B> 65 :0A05BAO 70@C156=KE 8 ?@5645 2A53> 0<5@8:0=A:8E 8AA;5-4>20B5;59 0BB8BN40, 745AL >1=0@C68205BAO =5>1JOB=>5 <>@5 @07=>- * OA8I52 .. 8G=>ABL 8 =52@>7K. ., 1960. !. 150. ** !<.: #7=0475 .. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 >A=>2K ?A8E>;>388 CAB0=>2:8. "18-;8A8, 1961. *** !<.: 0AA8= $..  ?@>1;5<5 >A>7=0205<>AB8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E CAB0=>-2>://A8E>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O, ?>A2OI5==K5 85-;5B8N A> 4=O @>645=8O .. #7=0475. "18;8A8, 1973. !. 50. 418 >1@07=KE 8 G0AB> =5 A>3;0ACNI8EAO <564C A>1>9 ?>4E>4>2 8 <8=8-B5>@89*. 0AA<0B@820O 0BB8BN4 8;8 A>F80;L=CN CAB0=>2:C 2=5 >1I59 AB@C:BC@K ;8G=>AB8, @07=K5 02B>@K ?@8?8AK20NB 59 A0<K5 @07=>>1-@07=K5 A2>9AB20 8 DC=:F88, 2K42830O =0 ?5@2K9 ?;0= B>, GB> ;CGH5 2A53> >1JOA=O5B :>=:@5B=K9 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K9 <0B5@80;. > >A=>2-=>9 ?>@>: 0BB8BN4=KE :>=F5?F89 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>, ?@5B5=4CO =0 @0AA<>B@5=85 A>F80;L=KE >B=>H5=89 ;8G=>AB8 : @07;8G=K< >1J5:B0< 8 CA;>28O< 55 45OB5;L=>AB8, 8E 02B>@K >3@0=8G820NB >1;0ABL A>F80;L-=>-CAB0=>2>G=>9 @53C;OF88 ?>2545=8O =5:8<8 01AB@0:B=K<8 A>F80;L=K-<8 CA;>28O<8, 2=5 8E A2O78 A :>=:@5B=>-8AB>@8G5A:>9, A>F80;L=>-M:>=><8G5A:>9 >A=>2>9. BB8BN4 @0AA<0B@8205BAO =0 C@>2=5 <8:@>-A@54K 8=482840 ?@8 ?>;=>< 83=>@8@>20=88 >1I8E A>F80;L=KE CA;>289 45OB5;L=>AB8 ;8G=>AB8. 564C B5< 8<5==> MB8 >1I85 CA;>28O >?@545-;ONB =5 B>;L:> A?5F8D8:C <8:@>A>F80;L=>9 A@54K, => >=8 65 45B5@-<8=8@CNB 8 2KAH85 @53C;OB82=K5 AD5@K A>F80;L=>-CAB0=>2>G=>9 45-OB5;L=>AB8  A8AB5<C F5==>AB=KE >@85=B0F88 ;8G=>AB8.  A2O78 A MB8< ?@54AB02;O5BAO ?@02><5@=K< @0AA<>B@5BL 48A?>78F8->==>-CAB0=>2>G=K5 O2;5=8O 2 @0<:0E =5:>B>@>9 >1I59 48A?>78F8>==>9 AB@C:BC@K ;8G=>AB8 :0: F5;>AB=>3> AC1J5:B0 45OB5;L=>AB8. !8AB5<>>1-@07CNI8< ?@87=0:><, 548=K< 4;O MB>9 F5;>AB=>AB8, 4>;6=K 1KBL @07-;8G=K5 A>AB>O=8O 8 @07;8G=K5 C@>2=8 ?@54@0A?>;>65==>AB8 8;8 ?@54-C3>B>2;5==>AB8 G5;>25:0 : 2>A?@8OB8N CA;>289 45OB5;L=>AB8, 53> ?>-2545=G5A:8E 3>B>2=>AB59, =0?@02;ONI8E 45OB5;L=>ABL, :>B>@K5 B0: 8;8 8=0G5 D8:A8@CNBAO 2 ;8G=>AB=>9 AB@C:BC@5 2 @57C;LB0B5 >=B>35=570**. * !<. >17>@=K5 @01>BK: >7@8:>20 .., !5<5=>2 .. BB8BN4K 8 ?>2545=85. 5D5@0B82=K9 >17>@ (?> <0B5@80;0< 0<5@8:0=A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K)//1I5AB25==K5 =0C:8 70 @C156><. $8;>A>D8O 8 A>F8>;>38O. ., 1973; (8E8@52 .. AA;54>20=8O A>F80;L=>9 CAB0=>2:8 2 !(//>?@>AK D8;>A>D88. 1973. ! 2; A<. B0:65: McGuire W.I. The Nature of Attitudes and Attitude Change//The Handbook of Social Psychology. Vol. 3. Ed by G. Lindzey and F. Aronson. Cal.: Addison-Wesley Co., 1969; Rokeach M. The Nature of attitudes//The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Vol. 1. N.Y.: The Macmillan Co. and The Free Press, 1968. ** 04> 70<5B8BL, GB> ?@8<5=O5<K9 745AL B5@<8= 48A?>78F8O =5 >G5=L C40G5=, E>BO 1K ?>B><C, GB> 2 :0G5AB25 ?@54?>;>65==>AB59 : >?@545;5==K< ?>-2545=G5A:8< @50:F8O< <>6=> @0AA<0B@820BL ;N1K5 ?A8E8G5A:85 A2>9AB20, 81> MB> 8E >A=>2=0O DC=:F8O. 725AB=>, GB> . ;;?>@B, A>?>AB02;OO 27 @07;8G=KE =08<5=>20=89, >1>7=0G0NI8E A2>9AB20 8;8 G5@BK ;8G=>AB8, AG8B0;, GB> =08;CG-H8< >1>1I5=85< 4;O MB8E A2>9AB2 O2;O5BAO B5@<8= A:;>==>ABL, 8;8 48A?>78-F8O. @><5 B>3>, MB>B 65 B5@<8=, 22545==K9 2 20-5 3>4K . 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Abelson et al. Chicago: A Sourcebook, 1968; FestingerL. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, Calif., 1957; HeiderF. Attitudes and Cognitive Organization//Journal of Psych. 1946. Vol. 21. P. 107-112; Tnsko Ch. Theories of Attitude Change. Appleton Century Crofts, 1967; Rokeach M. The Open and Closed Mind: Investigation into the Nature of Belief Systems and Personality Systems. N. Y., 1960; Rosenberg M., Hovland C. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Components of Attitudes//Attitude Organization and Change/Ed, by M. Rosenberg et al. New Haven: Yale Univ. 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x6) ?>;CG8;8 :>@@5;O- * !<.: 8:=0475 ..  2>?@>AC > A8AB5<5 D0:B>@>2 ?>2545=8O G5;>25:0// !>F8>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O. "18;8A8, 1971. !. 102 104. * !<.: McGuire W. The Nature of Attitudes and Attitude Change//The Handbook of Social Psychology. 1969. Vol. 3. P. 156-157. ** !<.: Tittle C., Hill A'Attitude measurement and prediction of behavior: an evaluation of conditions and measurement techniques//Sociometry. 1967. Vol. 39. P. 199-213. 427 F8N 2KH5 0,60. 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