ࡱ> L%%w%x%y%z%{%|%}%~%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%`#bjbjssAz9l$4j^j^j^h^|Nc'>g.l.l.l.lIrfx$zh{=UqIr.l.l'.l.l@@ .l2g G8j^GX n40'&4LZ{(T5f{{{cR{{{'Uj^j^   TOC \o "1-3"  !  PAGEREF _Toc5370761 \h 2 " +!(% !%'!%  &!!  PAGEREF _Toc5370762 \h 6 !B0=>2;5=85 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2  PAGEREF _Toc5370763 \h 6 >3@C65=85 8 A25@BK20=85  PAGEREF _Toc5370764 \h 10 $>@<8@>20=85 ?@>872>;L=>AB8  PAGEREF _Toc5370765 \h 13 A?>;L7>20=85 ?@8=F8?0 ?>3@C65=8O ?@8 >1CG5=88  PAGEREF _Toc5370766 \h 15 ! /"  PAGEREF _Toc5370767 \h 17 A=>2=K5 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 2>A?@8OB8O  PAGEREF _Toc5370768 \h 17 :B82=>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O 8 7=0G5=85 >1@0B=>9 A2O78  PAGEREF _Toc5370769 \h 21 1J5< 8 AB@C:BC@0 8=D>@<0F88 8 045:20B=>5 2>A?@8OB85  PAGEREF _Toc5370770 \h 25 5@5AB@>9:0 2>A?@8OB8O ?@8 >1CG5=88  PAGEREF _Toc5370771 \h 29   PAGEREF _Toc5370772 \h 34 =8<0=85 :0: >3@0=8G5=85 ?>;O 2>A?@8OB8O  PAGEREF _Toc5370773 \h 35 %0@0:B5@8AB8:8 2=8<0=8O  PAGEREF _Toc5370774 \h 39 0728B85 ?@>872>;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O.  PAGEREF _Toc5370775 \h 42 0<5G0=8O ?> C?@02;5=8N 2=8<0=85<  PAGEREF _Toc5370776 \h 43 /",  PAGEREF _Toc5370777 \h 50 84K ?0<OB8.  PAGEREF _Toc5370778 \h 51 $>@<K ?0<OB8.  PAGEREF _Toc5370779 \h 59 @><56CB>G=0O ?0<OBL 8 <5E0=87<K A=0  PAGEREF _Toc5370780 \h 68 >;3>2@5<5==0O ?0<OBL  PAGEREF _Toc5370781 \h 76 !?>A>1K C?@02;5=8O ?0<OBLN  PAGEREF _Toc5370782 \h 88 +(  PAGEREF _Toc5370783 \h 95 >?>=OB89=>5 8 ?>=OB89=>5 <KH;5=85  PAGEREF _Toc5370784 \h 96 -B0?K <KA;8B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0  PAGEREF _Toc5370785 \h 106 %0@0:B5@8AB8:8 <KA;8B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0  PAGEREF _Toc5370786 \h 110 !?>A>1K 0:B82870F88 <KH;5=8O  PAGEREF _Toc5370787 \h 120 -&  PAGEREF _Toc5370788 \h 131 8>;>38G5A:>5 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 M<>F89  PAGEREF _Toc5370789 \h 131 0728B85 M<>F89  PAGEREF _Toc5370790 \h 140 !B@5AA 8 53> >A>15==>AB8  PAGEREF _Toc5370791 \h 143 #?@02;5=85 M<>F8O<8  PAGEREF _Toc5370792 \h 151 ',  /+  PAGEREF _Toc5370793 \h 159 0728B85 @5G8  PAGEREF _Toc5370794 \h 160 A?><>30B5;L=K5 A@54AB20 O7K:0  PAGEREF _Toc5370795 \h 171 !  PAGEREF _Toc5370796 \h 177 !>7=0=85 :0: 2KAH0O ABC?5=L @0728B8O ?A8E8:8  PAGEREF _Toc5370797 \h 178 708<>459AB285 A>7=0=8O 8 ?>4A>7=0=8O  PAGEREF _Toc5370798 \h 184 !?>A>1K ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK  PAGEREF _Toc5370799 \h 189 @5>4>;5=85 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK  PAGEREF _Toc5370800 \h 197 !%'!  &!!+  !" / #(   PAGEREF _Toc5370801 \h 205 A8<<5B@8O ?>;CH0@89 8 A?5F8D8:0 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2  PAGEREF _Toc5370802 \h 206 =BC8F8O: <=>3>:@0B=0O A<5=0 4><8=8@>20=8O  PAGEREF _Toc5370803 \h 217 CB8 @0728B8O 8=BC8F88  PAGEREF _Toc5370804 \h 222 -DD5:B82=>ABL >1CG5=8O 8 @>;L ?@02>3> ?>;CH0@8O  PAGEREF _Toc5370805 \h 231 '! $#" '!"  PAGEREF _Toc5370806 \h 235 "5<?5@0<5=B 8 ?@>4C:B82=>ABL 45OB5;L=>AB8  PAGEREF _Toc5370807 \h 243 040B:8 8 A?>A>1=>AB8  PAGEREF _Toc5370808 \h 247  !"+ !!" '!"  PAGEREF _Toc5370809 \h 253 A>15==>AB8 ?A8E>;>388 N=>H5A:>3> 2>7@0AB0  PAGEREF _Toc5370810 \h 254 !?5F8D8:0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 2 7@5;>< 2>7@0AB5  PAGEREF _Toc5370811 \h 263 )  '!",  PAGEREF _Toc5370812 \h 272 !0<>>F5=:0 8 C@>25=L ?@8BO70=89  PAGEREF _Toc5370813 \h 274 ;8O=85 ?@>D5AA88 =0 >1I5=85  PAGEREF _Toc5370814 \h 282 2B>@8B5B ?@5?>4020B5;O 8 MDD5:B82=>ABL >1I5=8O  PAGEREF _Toc5370815 \h 286 C@0B>@ 8 42>9=0O 040?B0F8O ABC45=B0  PAGEREF _Toc5370816 \h 291 @>1;5<K >1I5=8O 2 A5<L5  PAGEREF _Toc5370817 \h 296 "+ "+ #'/  PAGEREF _Toc5370818 \h 312 >=:@5B=K5 A8BC0F88  PAGEREF _Toc5370819 \h 324 5B>4 8=F845=B0  PAGEREF _Toc5370820 \h 327 "@5=8@>2:0 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8  PAGEREF _Toc5370821 \h 330 >73>20O 0B0:0  PAGEREF _Toc5370822 \h 334 5;>2K5 83@K  PAGEREF _Toc5370823 \h 339 5B>4 ?>3@C65=8O  PAGEREF _Toc5370824 \h 342 &!"!", !%'!%  &!!  PAGEREF _Toc5370825 \h 354 .'  PAGEREF _Toc5370826 \h 379 !,/ " "#   PAGEREF _Toc5370827 \h 381   PAGEREF _Toc5370828 \h 395  88  77 5F5=75=BK: 4-@ ?A8E>; =0C: . . >328=5=:> (>A:. C=-B), 4-@ ?A8E>; =0C: .  >;:>2 (5=8=3@. 8=-B D878G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K) 5G0B05BAO ?> ?>AB0=>2;5=8N 540:F8>==>-8740B5;LA:>3> A>25B0 5=8=3@04A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0 @0=>2A:0O . .  77 -;5<5=BK ?@0:B8G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388. 2-5 874. .: 740B5;LAB2> 5=8=3@04A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0. 1988. 560 A. =830 2 4>ABC?=>9 4;O =5A?5F80;8AB>2 D>@<5 7=0:><8B A 206=59H8<8 ?@>F5AA0<8, 87CG05<K<8 ?A8E>;>3859: 2>A?@8OB85<, 2=8<0=85<, ?0<OBLN, <KH;5=85<, @5GLN, M<>F8O<8, A>7=0=85<. =0 A>45@68B ?@0:B8G5A:85 @5:><5=40F88, ?><>30NI85 :064><C =0?@02;5==> D>@<8@>20BL MB8 DC=:F88 8 C?@02;OBL 8<8 2 ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O, B@C40 8 >1I5=8O. =830 ?@54=07=0G5=0 4;O ?@5?>4020B5;59 2C7>2, @C:>2>48B5;59 ?@54?@8OB89, 8=65=5@>2, 2A5E, :B> ?> @>4C A2>59 45OB5;L=>AB8 4>;65= C<5BL ?@028;L=> >1I0BLAO A ;N4L<8. 740B5;LAB2> 5=8=3@04A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0, 1988  ! &5;L 40==>9 :=838  >7=0:><8BL A M;5<5=B0<8 ?A8E>;>388 2A5E 65;0NI8E, 8 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L B5E, :B> 70=OB ?@5B2>@5=85< 2 687=L 3@0=48>7=>9 7040G8 :><<C=8AB8G5A:>3> AB@>8B5;LAB20. 5 @5H5=85 =0 A>2@5<5==>< MB0?5 @0728B8O AB@0=K A2O70=> A A>25@H5=AB2>20=85< >1I5AB25==KE >B=>H5=89, ?5@5AB@>9:>9 <KH;5=8O, 2K@01>B:>9 =>2>9 ?A8E>;>388, CB25@645=85< 48=0<87<0 :0: >1@070 687=8, =>@<K 1KB8O [7, A. 10]. #:070==K5 ?@5>1@07>20=8O 4>;6=K =0G0BLAO A ?5@5AB@>9:8 A>7=0=8O, >B:070 >B A;>682H8EAO AB5@5>B8?>2 <KH;5=8O 8 ?@0:B8:8, OA=>3> ?>=8<0=8O =>2KE 7040G [7, A. 38].  MB>< 1>;LHCN ?><>IL <>3CB >:070BL 7=0=8O >A=>2 ?A8E>;>388 G5;>25:0. A5, :><C ?> @>4C A2>59 45OB5;L=>AB8 =C6=> @01>B0BL A ;N4L<8, C?@02;OBL 8<8 8 2>A?8BK20BL 8E, 4>;6=K 8<5BL =0CG=>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > B0:8E ?@8ACI8E :064><C 87 =0A ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA0E, :0: 2>A?@8OB85 8 <KH;5=85, 2=8<0=85 8 ?0<OBL, M<>F88 8 @5GL 8 B. 4. KBC5B <=5=85, GB> 7=0=8O >A=>2 ?A8E>;>388 ;8HL =5A:>;L:> C3;C1OB C65 8<5NI85AO ?@54AB02;5=8O, AD>@<8@>20==K5 =0 1075 A>1AB25==>3> 687=5==>3> >?KB0. > MB> =5 B0:. >-?5@2KE, 4;O ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E 7=0=89 E0@0:B5@=> =5A>2?045=85 8E 68B59A:>3> 8 =0CG=>3> A<KA;>2, 2>-2B>@KE, >2;045=85 4065 M;5<5=B0<8 =0CG=KE 7=0=89 ?> ?A8E>;>388 =5 B>;L:> :>;8G5AB25==> C25;8G8205B 2>7<>6=>AB8 G5;>25:0, => 8 A?>A>1AB2C5B :0G5AB25==K< 87<5=5=8O< AB@0B5388 53> ?>2545=8O. 8HL A?;02 =0C:8 8 ?@0:B8:8 >15A?5G8205B A>7=0B5;L=>5 8 F5;5=0?@02;5==>5 @5H5=85 ?>AB02;5==>9 ?0@B859 7040G8. =0=85 >A=>2 ?A8E>;>388 =5>1E>48<> ;N1><C 3@0640=8=C.  2>B ?>G5<C. A>1K9 0:F5=B 2> 2A5E =K=5H=8E ?@5>1@07>20=8OE 45;05BAO =0 ?>2KH5=85 @>;8 G5;>25G5A:>3> D0:B>@0. BAN40 7=0=85 G5;>25:>< ?CB59 A0<>>@30=870F88 4;O A>E@0=5=8O >?B8<0;L=>9, @01>B>A?>A>1=>AB8 2 ;N1>< 2>7@0AB5, 2K@01>B:0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 3>B>2=>AB8 : ?5@5<5=0<, : 2>A?@8OB8N =>2>3>  70;>3 ?@>4C:B82=>9 >@30=870F88 A2>53> ?>2545=8O. <5==> ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O 3@0<>B=>ABL ?>72>;8B G5;>25:C ?>=OBL ACI=>ABL 2>7@0AB=KE 87<5=5=89 :0: 2 N=>AB8, B0: 8 2 ?>68;>< 2>7@0AB5, ?>43>B>28BLAO : ?@028;L=><C 8A?>;L7>20=8N ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E ?@8A?>A>18B5;L=KE <5E0=87<>2, A>E@0=5=8N 0:B82=>9 687=5==>9 ?>78F88 4> 3;C1>:>9 AB0@>AB8. 5 >1>9B8AL 157 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E 7=0=89 8 ?@8 @5H5=88 7040G, AD>@<C;8@>20==KE 2 0:>=5 !!!  > B@C4>2KE :>;;5:B820E. -B> 7040G8 A>740=8O 2 =8E 1;03>?@8OB=>3> ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> :;8<0B0. #<5=85 C?@02;OBL A2>8<8 M<>F8O<8, ?>=8<0=85 M<>F8>=0;L=>3> A>AB>O=8O 4@C38E ;N459, 3>B>2=>ABL : A>?5@56820=8N 8 A>GC2AB25==>5 >B=>H5=85 : 701>B0< 8 ?>B@51=>ABO< >:@C60NI8E @0A?>;030NB : B2>@G5A:8< :>=B0:B0< 8 A>B@C4=8G5AB2C 2 >1AB0=>2:5 4@C65;N18O 8 2708<>?>=8<0=8O. A>15==>ABLN ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:8, ACI5AB25==> >B;8G0NI59 55 >B B0:8E =0C:, :0:, A:065<, D878:0 8;8 E8<8O, O2;O5BAO B>, GB> 7=0=8O, ?>;CG05<K5 =0CG=>9 ?A8E>;>3859, <>3CB 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=K =5 B>;L:> 4;O CA:>@5=8O :C;LBC@=>3> 8 =0CG=>-B5E=8G5A:>3> ?@>3@5AA0, =5 B>;L:> 4;O 2708<>459AB28O A 2=5H=8< ?> >B=>H5=8N : G5;>25:C <8@>< (2 40==>< A;CG05  A 4@C38<8 ;N4L<8), => 8 4;O A0<>CA>25@H5=AB2>20=8O. 59AB28B5;L=>, ?@8<5=OO A2545=8O, 4>1KBK5 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>9 8 B5>@5B8G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>3859, G5;>25: A?>A>15= @048:0;L=> CA>25@H5=AB2>20BL A2>8 2KAH85 ?A8E8G5A:85 DC=:F88. !B0=CB 4>AB868<K<8 C?@02;5=85 A2>8< 2=8<0=85<, A>A@54>B>G5=85 8 C45@60=85 53> =0 =081>;55 7=0G8<KE 4;O A51O ?@>1;5<0E, >2;045=85 A2>59 ?0<OBLN, A B5<, GB>1K, =5 @074@060O 2=570?=>9 701K2G82>ABLN, >=0 A2>52@5<5==> ?>AB02;O;0 20< 2A5 =5>1E>48<K5 A2545=8O. >6=> @0728BL ;>38G5A:>5 8 >1@07=>5 <KH;5=85 8 =0CG8BLAO ?@5>4>;520BL @07;8G=K5 2=CB@5==85 10@L5@K =0 ?CB8 : >@838=0;L=K< B2>@G5A:8< @5H5=8O<, >@30=87>20BL 8 48AF8?;8=8@>20BL A2>8 M<>F88 A B5<, GB>1K 2>7=8:0NI85 ?5@56820=8O =5 B>;L:> =5 @07@CH0;8 74>@>2L5, =>, =0>1>@>B, O2;O;8AL <>I=K< AB8<C;><, ?@840NI8< 2:CA : 687=8. >6=> =0CG8BLAO ?>;=>F5==> 2;045BL =0H8< <>3CG8< >@C485<  @5GLN, 8A?>;L7CO 55 @575@2K 4;O >1I5=8O A 4@C38<8 ;N4L<8 8 A0<8< A>1>9, >A>7=020BL 8 @07C<=> ?5@5@010BK20BL 4065 C3=5B0NI85 8 B@02<8@CNI85 A2545=8O > A515 A B5<, GB>1K 2AB0BL =0 ?CBL ?@5>4>;5=8O =54>AB0B:>2 8 ?>;=>ABLN 0:BC0;878@>20BLAO :0: ;8G=>ABL. "5?5@L =5<=>3> ?>4@>1=55 > ?@54;0305<>9 G8B0B5;N :=835. 0B@>=CBK5 2 =59 B5<K 40NB :@0B:89 >G5@: >A=>2=KE ?@>1;5< ?A8E>;>388 8 7=0:><OB A B5<8 D0:B0<8, =01;N45=8O<8 8 B5>@5B8G5A:8<8 ?@54AB02;5=8O<8, :>B>@K<8 2 40==K9 <><5=B @0A?>;0305B ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O =0C:0 4;O @5H5=8O 8=B5@5ACNI8E :064>3> ?@0:B8G5A:8E 7040G. >38:0 87;>65=8O <0B5@80;0 B0:>20. =0G0;5 >1AC640NBAO ?@>1;5<K ?@8687=5==>3> @0728B8O 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 8 >1I85 MB0?K 8E D>@<8@>20=8O. 0B5< ?@82>48BAO 1>;55 ?>4@>1=>5 >?8A0=85 :064>3> 87 =8E  2>A?@8OB8O 8 2=8<0=8O, ?0<OB8 8 <KH;5=8O, M<>F89 8 @5G8, 0 B0:65 A>7=0=8O :0: 8E A8=B570.  @0745;5 >1 0A8<<5B@88 ?>;CH0@89 70B@03820NBAO ?@>1;5<K 2708<>A2O78 ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 A AC1AB@0B>< 3>;>2=>3> <>730. 5@0 0A8<<5B@88 @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: >48= 87 8AB>G=8:>2 @07=>>1@078O 8=48284C0;L=KE ?@>O2;5=89 ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 C @07=KE ;N459. 0B5< A;54C5B ?5@5E>4 : >?8A0=8N >A=>2=KE A>AB02;ONI8E 18>;>38G5A:>3> DC=40<5=B0 ;8G=>AB8  B5<?5@0<5=B0, 7040B:>2 8 A?>A>1=>AB59; 8<5==> >=8 >?@545;ONB 2@>645==CN C=8:0;L=>ABL G5;>25:0. 0;55 845B @0745;, ?>A2OI5==K9 2@5<5==>9 48=0<8:5 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2, :>B>@0O ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 2>7@0AB=KE >A>15==>ABOE ;8G=>AB8.  ?@>1;5<5 >1I5=8O >1@0I5= @0745;, 345 @0AA<0B@8205BAO AB0=>2;5=85 ;8G=>AB8 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B @0728B8O A0<>>F5=:8, C@>2=O ?@8BO70=89 8 2;8O=8O A5<59=KE 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=KE @>;59. >A;5 =53> 87;030NBAO A>2@5<5==K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O >1 0:B82=KE <5B>40E >1CG5=8O, :>B>@K5 =5 B>;L:> ?>72>;ONB ?>;CG0BL 7=0=8O 1KAB@55, ;53G5, A 1>;LH8< 8=B5@5A>< 8 A ;CGH8< 70?><8=0=85<, => 8 A?>A>1AB2CNB 2A5AB>@>==5<C @0728B8N ;8G=>AB8. >A;54=OO 3;020  &5;>AB=>ABL ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 83@05B 2 :=835 A>25@H5==> >A>1CN @>;L.  =59 ?@>A;56820NBAO 3;C18==K5 A2O78 <564C >B45;L=K<8 ?A8E8G5A:8<8 ?@>F5AA0<8. -B8 A2O78 =5 <>3CB 1KBL 2>A?@8=OBK G8B0B5;5<, ?>:0 >= =5 7=0:>< A> A?5F8D8:>9 :064>3> ?@>F5AA0. >MB><C, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 55 7040G0  A8=B57 2A53> 87;>65==>3>, A 4@C3>9, O2;OOAL F5;>AB=K< ?@54AB02;5=85< 02B>@A:>9 :>=F5?F88, MB0 3;020 4>;6=0 @0AH8@8BL ?@545;K 8A?>;L7>20=8O ?@0:B8G5A:8E @5:><5=40F89, ?@82545==KE 2 >AB0;L=KE 3;020E.  :064>< @0745;5 A45;0= >17>@ 38?>B57 > <5E0=87<0E 459AB28O @0AA<0B@8205<>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 DC=:F88.  ?A8E>;>388, :0: 8 2 4@C38E =0C:0E, ?@8 D>@<8@>20=88 ?@54AB02;5=89 >1 >:@C60NI5< <8@5 @07;8G=K5 38?>B57K, :0: ?@028;>, =5 8A:;NG0NB, 0 A:>@55 4>?>;=ONB 4@C3 4@C30. E 87;>65=85 ?><>305B C3;C1;5==><C ?>=8<0=8N ACI5AB20 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2, 157 G53> 70B@C4=O5BAO @07C<=>5 ?@8<5=5=85 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E 7=0=89 =0 ?@0:B8:5. @><5 B>3>, 38?>B57K E0@0:B5@87CNB A>2@5<5==K9 C@>25=L ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:8, ;>38:C 55 @0728B8O, 8E >1AC645=85 CA8;8205B 55 02B>@8B5B 8 2=CB@5==NN A2O7=>ABL 87;>65=8O. 0640O 87 3;02 70:0=G8205BAO @5:><5=40F8O<8, ?@8720==K<8 ?><>GL G8B0B5;N 8A?>;L7>20BL ?>;CG5==K5 7=0=8O 2 A2>59 ?>2A54=52=>9 687=8. 4=0:> =5>1E>48<> 8<5BL 2 284C, GB> 8E =5;L7O @0AA<0B@820BL :0: =01>@ 3>B>2KE @5F5?B>2. !:>@55 >=8 <>3CB A;C68BL >@85=B8@0<8 ?@8 @5H5=88 :>=:@5B=KE 2>?@>A>2, 2>7=8:0NI8E 2 @50;L=KE A8BC0F8OE. 2B>@>< A45;0=0 ?>?KB:0 >@30=87>20BL B5:AB B0:, GB>1K >= >B25G0; 8=B5@5A0< @07=>>1@07=KE :0B53>@89 G8B0B5;59. @8 MB>< ?>@O4>: ?@>GB5=8O 3;02 <>65B 1KBL 87<5=5= 2 A>>B25BAB288 A ;8G=K<8 70?@>A0<8. ;02=>5, GB>1K :064K9 =0H5; 7=0G8<K9 4;O A51O <0B5@80;. 0?@8<5@, ?@5?>4020B5;L <>65B @0AH8@8BL A2>8 7=0=8O > B><, :0: A45;0BL O7K: ;5:F89 1>;55 4>ABC?=K<, C45@6820BL 2=8<0=85 A;CH0B5;59, ?@54AB02;OBL CG51=K9 <0B5@80;, GB>1K >1;53G8BL 53> 70?><8=0=85, 0:B82878@>20BL >1@07=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O 8 <KA;8B5;L=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL G5;>25:0, :0: 8A?>;L7>20BL =>2K5 <5B>4K >1CG5=8O, ?>72>;ONI85 =5 B>;L:> ?@5?>4=5AB8 7=0=8O, => 8 AD>@<8@>20BL =02K:8 B2>@G5A:>3> ?>4E>40 : ?@>1;5<0< C CG0I8EAO. =>38< G8B0B5;O< 1C45B ?>;57=> C7=0BL, :0: :>@@5:B8@>20BL ?@>O2;5=8O A2>8E M<>F89, GB>1K >1;53G8BL >1I5=85 A 4@C38<8 ;N4L<8 2 @07;8G=KE 687=5==KE A8BC0F8OE 8 ?@54>B2@0B8BL =565;0B5;L=K5 ?>A;54AB28O =5@2=KE ?5@53@C7>:. ;O @>48B5;59 1C4CB 206=K A2545=8O > ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E >A>15==>ABOE 45B59 2 :064>< 2>7@0AB=>< ?5@8>45, >1 >?B8<0;L=KE A?>A>10E 2708<>459AB28O 27@>A;KE A 45BL<8 8 ?@5AB0@5;K<8 @>48B5;O<8. '8B0B5;8 7@5;>3> 2>7@0AB0 A<>3CB ?>7=0:><8BLAO A B5<, :0: 70@0=55 87<5=8BL A2>8 2=CB@5==85 CAB0=>2:8, GB>1K A>E@0=8BL B2>@G5A:89 ?>B5=F80; 8 C4>2;5B2>@5==>ABL 687=LN =0 4>;385 3>4K. !C?@C38 =094CB 2 :=835 ?>;57=K5 4;O A51O A2545=8O > A?>A>10E ?@54>B2@0I5=8O A5<59=KE :>=D;8:B>2. , =0:>=5F, :064K9 G8B0B5;L =57028A8<> >B @>40 70=OB89, 2>7@0AB0 8 A5<59=>3> ?>;>65=8O, ?@>G8B02 :=83C, C1548BAO 2 3@><04=KE @575@20E A2>59 ?A8E8:8  ?0<OB8, M<>F89, 8=B5;;5:B0, A>7=0=8O, GB> ?><>65B 5<C ?@>4C:B82=> @072820BL A2>8 A?>A>1=>AB8 8 A:;>==>AB8 =0 1;03> >1I5AB20.  CA;>28OE CA:>@5=8O A>F80;L=>-M:>=><8G5A:>3> @0728B8O AB@0=K >A>10O 7040G0  @5H8B5;L=>5 ?@5>4>;5=85 8=5@F88, 70AB>9=>AB8 8 :>=A5@20B87<0  2A53>, GB> A45@68205B >1I5AB25==K9 ?@>3@5AA [7, A. 21]. "5?5@L <=>3>5, 0 ?> ACI5AB2C, 2A5, >B<5G0;>AL =0 XXVII AJ5745 !!, 1C45B 7028A5BL >B B>3>, =0A:>;L:> MDD5:B82=> <K AC<55<... >1=>28BL CAB0@52H85 >1I5AB25==K5 D>@<K, AB8;L 8 <5B>4K @01>BK, ?@825AB8 8E 2 A>>B25BAB285 A 87<5=82H8<8AO CA;>28O<8 [7, A. 5 6].  A25B5 A:070==>3> 2B>@>5 8740=85 :=838 4>?>;=5=> =>2K<8 <0B5@80;0<8, @0A:@K20NI8<8 ?CB8 ?@5>4>;5=8O AB5@5>B8?>2, D>@<8@>20=8O F5;5=0?@02;5==>3> 0:B82=>3>, B2>@G5A:>3> >B=>H5=8O : ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K<, >1I5AB25==K< 8 ;8G=K< ?@>1;5<0<. -B8< 65 >1JOA=ONBAO 8 4@C385 4>?>;=5=8O ?> A@02=5=8N A ?5@2K< 8740=85<. "0:, 2 3;02C KH;5=85 22545= @0745; %0@0:B5@8AB8:8 <KA;8B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0, C3;C1;ONI89 ?>=8<0=85 7028A8<>AB8 <KH;5=8O >B F5;8, CAB0=>2:8 8 >A>15==>AB59 ?0<OB8. ;02C !>7=0=85 7025@H05B =>2K9 ?0@03@0D @5>4>;5=85 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK, @0A:@K20NI89 =5:>B>@K5 A?>A>1K =>@<0;870F88 A0<>GC2AB28O 8 ?>2545=8O 4;O A>E@0=5=8O 0:B82=>9 687=5==>9 ?>78F88.  3;025 A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK 8 0A8<<5B@8O ?>;CH0@89 >1=>2;5= <0B5@80; > ?CBOE @0728B8O 8=BC8F88, =0?@02;5==K9 =0 0:B82870F8N B2>@G5A:8E A?>A>1=>AB59 ;8G=>AB8. 0745; @>1;5<K >1I5=8O 2 A5<L5 4>?>;=5= B5?5@L =5:>B>@K<8 ?@0:B8G5A:8<8 @5:><5=40F8O<8 4;O <>;>4KE AC?@C3>2. 0:>=5F, 22545=85 @0745;0 B=>H5=85 : =>2><C 8 ?@5>4>;5=85 AB5@5>B8?>2 2 3;02C :B82=K5 <5B>4K >1CG5=8O 2K720=> A=>2=K<8 =0?@02;5=8O<8 ?5@5AB@>9:8 2KAH53> 8 A@54=53> A?5F80;L=>3> >1@07>20=8O 2 AB@0=5. 0?><=8<, GB> 8<8 ?@54CA<0B@8205BAO 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 >15A?5G8BL ?>B@51=>AB8 CG51=>3> ?@>F5AA0 2 M;5:B@>==>-2KG8A;8B5;L=>9 B5E=8:5 [8].  MB>< @0745;5 @0AA<0B@820NBAO ?@8G8=K 2>7=8:=>25=8O C ?@5?>4020B5;59 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E 10@L5@>2 2 8A?>;L7>20=88 - (:><?LNB5@=0O D>18O 8 :><?LNB5@=K9 D0=0B87<), =0<5G0NBAO ?CB8 8E ?@5>4>;5=8O. A?>;L7>20==K9 2 :=835 <0B5@80; >A=>20= =0 :;0AA8G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=8OE >A=>2>?>;>6=8:>2 A>2@5<5==>9 A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:8 . . =0=L520, . !. K3>BA:>3>, . . 8=G5=:>, . . 5>=BL520, . $. ><>20, . . C@8O, !. . C18=HB59=0 8 >A25I05B 2>?@>AK, 70B@>=CBK5 2 A>25BA:>9 8 70@C156=>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5. 2B>@ AG8B05B A2>8< ?@8OB=K< 4>;3>< 2K@078BL 8A:@5==NN 1;03>40@=>ABL A;CH0B5;O< D0:C;LB5B>2 ?>2KH5=8O :20;8D8:0F88 ?@5?>4020B5;59 ?@8 5=8=3@04A:>< 3>AC40@AB25==>< C=825@A8B5B5 8<5=8 . . 40=>20 8 5=8=3@04A:>< ?>;8B5E=8G5A:>< 8=AB8BCB5 8<5=8 . . 0;8=8=0, A;CH0B5;O< D0:C;LB5B0 CA>25@H5=AB2>20=8O 48?;><8@>20==KE 8=65=5@>2 ?@8 5=8=3@04A:>< ?>;8B5E=8G5A:>< 8=AB8BCB5 8<5=8 . . 0;8=8=0, ABC45=B0< 5=8=3@04A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0, ?@>A;CH02H8< :C@A ;5:F89 02B>@0 8 >:0702H8< 5<C B5?;K9 ?@85< 8 2KA:0702H8< F5==K5 70<5G0=8O ?> 53> A>45@60=8N. ! 25;8G09H59 1;03>40@=>ABLN 02B>@ 2A?><8=05B A2>8E CG8B5;59 . . 5>=BL520 8 . . C@8O, ?>4 2;8O=85< :>B>@KE 2>7=8: 70<KA5; MB>9 :=838. A>15==CN 1;03>40@=>ABL 8A?KBK205B 02B>@ : .. . >;:>2C, G59 =587<5==K9 8=B5@5A : :=835, ACI5AB25==0O ?>445@6:0 8 4@C65A:>5 CG0AB85 ?>72>;8;8 7025@H8BL @01>BC =04 @C:>?8ALN, 0 B0:65 : .. !. @860=A:>9, 0:B82=> A?>A>1AB2>202H59 ?>O2;5=8N 2 ?5G0B8 MB>9 :=838. '@572KG09=> 1>;LHCN ?><>IL 2 ?>43>B>2:5 @C:>?8A8 >:070;0 02B>@C 55 1;8609H89 A>B@C4=8: . /. 5@57=0O. ;03>40@O 55 CG0AB8N :=830 ACI5AB25==> 2K83@0;0 2 OA=>AB8 8 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 87;>65=8O <0B5@80;0.  A?@0254;82>AB8 @048 =04> A:070BL, GB> >=0 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 O2;O5BAO @57C;LB0B>< A>2<5AB=>9 @01>BK. " +!(% !%'!%  &!! =0G0;5 1K;> 45;>. 5B5 !B0=>2;5=85 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2  MB>9 :=835 1C4CB @0AA<0B@820BLAO @07;8G=K5 ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK G5;>25:0. >;57=> =0G0BL A COA=5=8O B>3>, 2 G5< A?5F8D8:0 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2, : :>B>@K< >1KG=> >B=>AOB 2>A?@8OB85, 2=8<0=85, ?0<OBL, <KH;5=85, M<>F88 8 @5GL. =0 A>AB>8B, 2>-?5@2KE, 2 B><, GB> =8 >48= 2KAH89 ?A8E8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA =5 O2;O5BAO A;54AB285< B>;L:> 2>7@0AB=>3> @0728B8O 8 A>7@520=8O. 5?@5<5==>5 CA;>285 8E D>@<8@>20=8O  2>A?8B0=85 8 4@C385 D>@<K A>F80;L=KE :>=B0:B>2 [71]. @C30O 8E ?@8=F8?80;L=0O >A>15==>ABL A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> ?@5>1@07>20=8O A83=0;>2, A>25@H0NI85AO 2 <>73C  >@30=5 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2, 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO G5;>25:>< :0: A>1KB8O, @07K3@K20NI85AO 2=5 53>. =8 ?@54AB02;ONBAO ?@>8AE>4OI8<8 2> 2=5H=5< ?@>AB@0=AB25, =5 A>2?040NI5< A ?@>AB@0=AB2>< <>730. I5 0@; 0@:A ?8A0;, GB> A25B>2>5 2>7459AB285 25I8 =0 7@8B5;L=K9 =5@2 2>A?@8=8<05BAO =5 :0: AC1J5:B82=>5 @074@065=85 A0<>3> 7@8B5;L=>3> =5@20, 0 :0: >1J5:B82=0O D>@<0 25I8, =0E>4OI59AO 2=5 3;07 [6, A. 82]. =K<8 A;>20<8, A?5F8D8:0 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> >=8 2 :>=5G=KE >A>7=0205<KE ?0@0<5B@0E >?@545;ONBAO A2>9AB20<8 2=5H=8E >1J5:B>2. 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> D878G5A:>5 ACI5AB2>20=85 2=5H=8E >1J5:B>2 =8:0: =5 A2O70=> A <>73><, E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 ?@54AB02;ONBAO =0< :0: A2>9AB20 8 >B=>H5=8O 2=5H=8E >1J5:B>2, A>AB02;ONI8E 8E A>45@60=85. "0:, <KA;L @0A:@K205BAO 2 ?@87=0:0E B5E >1J5:B>2, >B=>H5=8O <564C :>B>@K<8 >=0 >B@0605B, 0 M<>F8O  2 B5@<8=0E, >1>7=0G0NI8E >B=>H5=8O : B5< A>1KB8O<, ?@54<5B0< 8;8 ;8F0<, :>B>@K5 55 2K7K20NB. "0:8< >1@07><, ?A8E8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA 8 53> @57C;LB0B >B=5A5=K : @07=K< >1J5:B0<: ?5@2K9  : <>73C, 2B>@>9  : 2=5H=8< ?@54<5B0< 8 O2;5=8O<. ;O D878>;>38G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0, =0?@8<5@, =5B B0:>3> @0745;5=8O: 8 A0< ?@>F5AA, 8 53> @57C;LB0B >B=>AOBAO =0<8 : >4=><C 8 B><C 65 >1J5:BC  >@30=C, :>B>@K9 53> @50;87C5B. 10 06=>9 >A>15==>ABLN ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> 8E D878>;>38G5A:89 :><?>=5=B, B. 5. B5 87<5=5=8O 2 @01>B5 F5=B@0;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, :>B>@K5 >15A?5G820NB A>>B25BAB2CNI89 ?A8E8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA, G5;>25:>< A>25@H5==> =5 2>A?@8=8<05BAO. 59@>D878>;>38G5A:85 A>AB02;ONI85 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 >:07K20NBAO ?@0:B8G5A:8 =54>ABC?=K<8 4;O A0<>=01;N45=8O [68]. >7=8:05B ?0@04>:A: A>1KB8O, @072820NI85AO 2 =0A A0<8E, 2 =0H5< <>73C, <K =5 >ICI05<, 0 A2>9AB20 25I59, =0E>4OI8EAO 2=5 =0A, >ICI05<. -B> ?@>B82>@5G85 <564C @50;L=> ACI5AB2CNI8<8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<8 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 8 8E 2>A?@8=8<05<K<8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<8 ?>@>48;> @07;8G=K5 A?>A>1K 53> @07@5H5=8O. !8;L=> C?@>I0O, <>6=> A:070BL, GB> 2 4><0@:A8ABA:>9 D8;>A>D88 >=> A2>48;>AL : 42C< :@09=8< ?>78F8O<: C?@>I5==>-<0B5@80;8AB8G5A:>9, >B@8F0NI59 ACI5AB2>20=85 >1@070 8 ?@87=0NI59 @50;L=K< 2=CB@5==89 <8@ :0: A>AB>OI89 87 25I5AB25==KE <8:@>4C1;8:0B>2 2=5H=8E >1J5:B>2 (-<?54>:;, 5<>:@8B), 8 AC1J5:B82=>-8450;8AB8G5A:>9, >B@8F0NI59 ACI5AB2>20=85 <0B5@80;L=KE >1J5:B>2 2=5H=53> <8@0, CB25@640NI59 <8@ >1@07>2 :0: 548=AB25==CN @50;L=>ABL (5@:;8, .< [?> 68]). !>3;0A=> 480;5:B8G5A:><C <0B5@80;87<C, ?@8 2708<>459AB288 G5;>25:0 A >:@C60NI59 A@54>9 >=0 ?>@>6405B 2 AB@C:BC@5 53> <>730 ?@>F5AAK, >B@060NI85 A2>9AB20 MB>9 2=5H=59 A@54K. "0:8< >1@07><, :0: ?@8G8=K 2>7=8:=>25=8O, B0: 8 >A>15==>AB8 @0728B8O ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 >:07K20NBAO ;560I8<8 2=5 >@30=87<0. BAN40 ?>=OB=>, ?>G5<C E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 ?@8=F8?80;L=> =5 <>3CB 1KBL 2K2545=K B>;L:> 87 70:>=><5@=>AB59 DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O <>730, @50;87CNI53> MB8 ?@>F5AAK. ;O ?>=8<0=8O 8E >A>15==>AB59 =04> 2:;NG8BL 2 @0AA<>B@5=85 2A5 <=>3>>1@0785 A>F80;L=KE A2O759, 2=5H=8E ?> >B=>H5=8N : 40==><C 8=48284C, GB> ?>:0 ?@54AB02;O5B =5?@5>4>;8<CN B@C4=>ABL. <5==> MB>9 B@C4=>ABLN <>6=> >1JOA=8BL ?@54AB02;5=8O > =57028A8<>AB8 ?@>B5:0=8O ?A8E8G5A:>3> 8 D878>;>38G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA>2  ?A8E>D878>;>38G5A:89 ?0@0;;5;87< [319]. A>15==>ABL ?A8E8:8, A2O70==0O A B5<, GB> D878>;>38G5A:0O A>AB02;ONI0O ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 2 2>A?@8OB88 ?@0:B8G5A:8 A>25@H5==> =5 ?@54AB02;5=0, O28;0AL, 25@>OB=>, A;54AB285< M2>;NF88 ?@8A?>A>18B5;L=KE A2>9AB2 ?A8E8:8. A;8 1K <K >ICI0;8 D878>;>38G5A:CN AB>@>=C A2>8E ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2, B> MB> B>;L:> 8A:060;> 1K :0@B8=C 2=5H=53> <8@0 8 <5H0;> 53> ?@028;L=><C 2>A?@8OB8N 8 ?>=8<0=8N. "0:8< >1@07><, 2 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA0E D878G5A:85 87<5=5=8O, @07K3@K20NI85AO 2 >3@0=8G5==>< ?@>AB@0=AB25 >@30=>2 2>A?@8OB8O 8 <KH;5=8O, ?@54AB0NB ?5@54 =0<8 :0: ?@>8AE>4OI85 2=5 =0A 2 =5>3@0=8G5==>< 2=5H=5< ?@>AB@0=AB25 8 2@5<5=8. B<5G5==K5 >A>1K5 :0G5AB20 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 8 ;560B 2 >A=>25 2K45;5=8O ?@54<5B0 ?A8E>;>388. 06=59H0O ?@>1;5<0 ?A8E>;>388  87CG5=85 @0728B8O ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2.  ?>A;54CNI8E @0745;0E <K @0AA<>B@8< A?5F8D8:C ?@>O2;5=8O >B45;L=KE ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89, 0 745AL ?>?KB05<AO >?@545;8BL B> >1I55, GB> >1=0@C68205BAO 2 8E @0728B88. > ?@5645 2A53> >AB0=>28<AO =0 2>?@>A5: @072820NBAO ;8 2>>1I5 ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK 2 B5G5=85 G5;>25G5A:>9 687=8 8;8 ?@>AB> A 2>7@0AB>< ?>A;54>20B5;L=> ?@>O2;ONBAO =0A;54AB25==> 7040==K5 :0G5AB20? > MB><C ?>2>4C ACI5AB2C5B =5A:>;L:> B>G5: 7@5=8O. "0:, ?@54AB028B5;8 35HB0;LB-?A8E>;>388 ?@845@6820NBAO <=5=8O, GB> ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK 2 B5G5=85 687=8 =5 @072820NBAO, 0 >1=0@C6820NBAO :0: A;54AB285 ?>AB5?5==> ?@>O2;ONI8EAO 2@>645==KE 7040B:>2 [365]. ;O B0:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O 5ABL =5:>B>@K5 >A=>20=8O. #AB0=>2;5=>, GB> ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK =5 ?>;=>ABLN 7028AOB >B >?KB0: ACI5AB2CNB 8 2@>645==K5 ?5@28G=K5 AB@C:BC@K A2O759, =5>1E>48<K5, 2 G0AB=>AB8, 4;O >ACI5AB2;5=8O ?5@2KE :>=B0:B>2 @515=:0 A >:@C60NI8< <8@>< [214]. 5HB0;LB-?A8E>;>38 AG8B0NB, GB> A?>A>1=>AB8, 2 >B;8G85 >B 7=0=89 8 =02K:>2, >A=>20=K =0 2@>645==KE 7040B:0E 8 ?>MB><C 8E @0728B85 A;01> 7028A8B >B >1CG5=8O. @8 B0:>9 ?>78F88 8AA;54>20=85 A?>A>1=>AB59 C 45B59 >1KG=> =0?@02;5=> B>;L:> =0 8E 2KO2;5=85, 0 =5 =0 8E D>@<8@>20=85. @>1;5<0 =0?@02;5==>3> 87<5=5=8O 8 ?@5>1@07>20=8O A0<8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 2 ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O ?@8 B0:>< 273;O45, 5AB5AB25==>, =5 <>65B 4065 AB028BLAO. 7 MB>3> =5?>A@54AB25==> 2KB5:05B =5?@028;L=K9 8 @50:F8>==K9 2K2>4, GB> >1CG0BL 45B59, ;8H5==KE A>>B25BAB2CNI8E =0A;54AB25==KE :0G5AB2, 15A?>;57=>. > MB> >4=0 87 :@09=8E ?>78F89 2 2>?@>A5 > <5E0=87<5 @0728B8O 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89. !CI5AB2C5B ?@><56CB>G=0O ?>78F8O, ?@54AB028B5;8 :>B>@>9 ?@87=0NB 12 ?@8687=5==>5 @0728B85, => >3@0=8G820NB MB>B ?5@8>4 2@5<5=5< <>@D>;>38G5A:>3> 8 DC=:F8>=0;L=>3> A>7@520=8O, 0 8AB>G=8: @0728B8O ?><5I0NB 2=CB@L >@30=87<0 157 CG5B0 2;8O=8O 2=5H=59 A@54K. A=>2>?>;>6=8: 40==>3> ?>4E>40 8065 [214] AG8B05B, GB> ?@8687=5==>5 @0728B85 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 G5;>25:0 >?@545;O5BAO ?>A;54>20B5;L=K<8 D070<8 D878G5A:>3> A>7@520=8O 8 >2;045=8O >?@545;5==K<8 ;>38G5A:8<8 AB@C:BC@0<8, => MB>B ?@>F5AA 7025@H05BAO A >:>=G0=85< D878>;>38G5A:8E 87<5=5=89. "0:>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > @0728B88 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 2 45BA:>< 8 N=>H5A:>< 2>7@0AB5 1078@C5BAO =0 >A=>20B5;L=>< M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>< DC=40<5=B5. > =5;L7O A>3;0A8BLAO A ?@54AB028B5;O<8 MB>3> =0?@02;5=8O 2 A;54CNI5<: =5?@02><5@=> >B2>48BL >A=>2=CN @>;L 2 @0728B88 ?A8E8:8 @515=:0 D878>;>38G5A:><C A>7@520=8N, A2>4O 2;8O=85 A@54K : <8=8<C<C 8 CB25@640O, 1C4B> D0:B>@K A@54K B>;L:> ?>445@6820NB ?@>O2;ONI85AO D>@<K ?>2545=8O 8 =5 ?>@>640NB =>2KE D>@<. ! MB>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O =5B =5>1E>48<>AB8 ?@>2>48BL AB@>3>5 @073@0=8G5=85 <564C D878G5A:8< 8 C<AB25==K< @0728B85<. #<AB25==K9 @>AB, B0: 65 :0: 8 @>AB D878G5A:89, ;8HL ?@>F5AA <>@D>;>38G5A:>9 >@30=870F88 [201]. 081>;55 ?@02><5@=>9 O2;O5BAO :>=F5?F8O, A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 @0728B85 ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 A2O70=> A >A>15==>ABO<8 2708<>459AB28O G5;>25:0 A 2=5H=59 A@54>9, =5 >3@0=8G5=> 7025@H5=85< <>@D>;>38G5A:8E 87<5=5=89 8 ?@>4>;605BAO 2AN 687=L. 5 >1>A=>20;8 A>25BA:85 ?A8E>;>38, ?@>4>;60B5;8 8459 . !. K3>BA:>3>  . . 5>=BL52, . . C@8O, . /. 0;L?5@8=, . . =0=L52, . . 0?>@>65F, . . 8=G5=:> [15, 70, 108, 110, 159, 173] 8 4@. 54CI8< 2 =59 O2;O5BAO ?>;>65=85 > B><, GB> 2KAH85 ?A8E8G5A:85 DC=:F88 D>@<8@CNBAO 2 45OB5;L=>AB8, 0 2@>645==K<8 <>3CB 1KBL B>;L:> 7040B:8, ?>=8<05<K5 :0: ?@54?>AK;:8 8;8 CA;>28O @0728B8O A?>A>1=>AB59. 0 AG5B :0:8E 65 <5E0=87<>2 8 AB@C:BC@ >ACI5AB2;O5BAO @0728B85 ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 ?>A;5 7025@H5=8O <>@D>;>38G5A:>3> A>7@520=8O? 0 AG5B DC=:F8>=0;L=KE >@30=>2. AA;54>20=8O<8 H:>;K . . 5>=BL520 [159] ?>:070=>, GB> ?@8 >1CG5=88 D>@<8@CNBAO, B0: =07K205<K5 DC=:F8>=0;L=K5 >@30=K  A8AB5<0 =5@2=KE F5=B@>2, <564C :>B>@K<8 2 ?@>F5AA5 <=>3>:@0B=>9 A>2<5AB=>9 @01>BK CAB0=02;820NBAO >A>1> ?@>G=K5 A2O78. -B> ?>72>- 13 ;O5B B0:>9 A8AB5<5 2 40;L=59H5< @01>B0BL :0: 548=><C F5;><C. !>25@H5==> OA=>, GB> 70:0=G820NI55AO A 2>7@0AB>< <>@D>;>38G5A:>5 @0728B85 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K (?>=8<05<>5 :0: >@30=870F8O A8AB5<K A2O759) =5 ?@5?OBAB2C5B 87<5=5=8N ?@>2>48<>AB8 2=CB@8 =0A;54AB25==> 7040==>9 A8AB5<K D8:A8@>20==KE A2O759, 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, DC=:F8>=0;L=K5 >@30=K <>3CB D>@<8@>20BLAO 2AN 687=L 8 1KBL >A=>2>9 @072820NI8EAO A?>A>1=>AB59 : >1CG5=8N 8 B2>@G5AB2C 8 ?>A;5 >:>=G0=8O <>@D>;>38G5A:>3> A>7@520=8O. >A:>;L:C B0:0O AB@C:BC@0 40;55 DC=:F8>=8@C5B :0: 548=K9 >@30=, B> ?@>F5AAK, :>B>@K5 >=0 @50;87C5B, :06CBAO A AC1J5:B82=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O ?@>O2;5=85< 2@>645==KE A?>A>1=>AB59. "0:>2K, =0?@8<5@, =5?>A@54AB25==>ABL 8 >4=><><5=B=>ABL AE20BK20=8O ?@>AB@0=AB25==KE, :>;8G5AB25==KE 8;8 ;>38G5A:8E >B=>H5=89. 1=0@C65=0 1>;LH0O CAB>9G82>ABL DC=:F8>=0;L=KE >@30=>2. 0?@8<5@, C ;N459, ?>B5@O2H8E 7@5=85, A?>A>1=>ABL 7@8B5;L=>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O >AO70B5;L=> 2>A?@8=8<05<KE D>@< A>E@0=O5BAO 45AOB:8 ;5B, E>BO ?@O<>5 2>71C645=85 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E A2O759 2 CA;>28OE A;5?>BK =52>7<>6=> [200]. 'B> 2 1>;LH59 <5@5 2;8O5B =0 @0728B85 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2: =0A;54AB25==> 7040==0O AB@C:BC@0 8;8 B5 87<5=5=8O 2 =59, :>B>@K5 2=>A8B ?@0:B8G5A:89 >?KB 40==>3> G5;>25:0? A;8 ?@8=OBL 70 >A=>2C, GB> @5H0NI55 7=0G5=85 8<55B B>;L:> 8AE>4=0O, =0A;54AB25==> 7040==0O AB@C:BC@0, B> <K ?@845< : ?>78F88 35HB0;LB-?A8E>;>388. A;8 AG8B0BL >?@545;ONI8<8 87<5=5=8O AB@C:BC@K, A2O70==K5 B>;L:> A <>@D>;>38G5A:8< A>7@520=85<, 0 =5 A @0728B85< 8 >1CG5=85<, B> <K 2AB0=5< =0 ?>78F8N H:>;K 8065. !>25BA:0O ?A8E>;>38O AB@>3> >1>A=>20;0 ACI5AB25==>5 2;8O=85 ?@0:B8:8 8 >1CG5=8O, ?>:0702 2>7<>6=>ABL @0728B8O 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 8 ?>A;5 7025@H5=8O D878>;>38G5A:>3> A>7@520=8O. 73;O4K H:>;K 8065 8 A>25BA:8E ?A8E>;>3>2 7=0G8B5;L=> @07;8G0NBAO 8 2 2>?@>A5 > 4286CI8E A8;0E ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O. 8065 @0AA<0B@8205B C<AB25==>5 @0728B85 @515=:0 :0: A?>=B0==K9, =5 7028AOI89 >B >1CG5=8O ?@>F5AA, :>B>@K9 ?>4G8=O5BAO 18>;>38G5A:8< 70:>=0<, A2>48B 2;8O=85 A@54K : 7045@6:5 8;8 AB8<C;OF88 C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O, 0 A0< 8AB>G=8: ?><5I05B 2=CB@L G5;>25:0.  ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL MB>9 :>=F5?F88 A>25BA:85 ?A8E>;>38 ?>4G5@:820NB 206=CN @>;L A>F80;L=>9 A@54K, AG8B0O, GB> 14 C<AB25==>5 @0728B85 @515=:0 >?@545;O5BAO 2708<>459AB285< 53> 2=CB@5==8E ?>B5=F89 A A>F80;L=K<8 2;8O=8O<8. "5?5@L >1@0B8<AO : >1I8< <><5=B0< 2 @0728B88 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89: ?>3@C65=8N, A25@BK20=8N, ?@>872>;L=>AB8. >3@C65=85 8 A25@BK20=85 =5H=85 <0B5@80;L=K5 459AB28O, A>25@H05<K5 @515=:><, ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 8AE>4=K9 <0B5@80; 4;O @0728B8O 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89.  ?5@8>4 <;045=G5AB20 MB8 ?>7=020B5;L=K5 459AB28O 4>ABC?=K =01;N45=8N: <;045=5F 15@5B ?@54<5B, A>A5B 53>, 7@8B5;L=> >1A;54C5B.  2>7@0AB5 4> 42CE ;5B @515=>: 2K=C645= 42830B5;L=> @50;87>2K20BL :064>5 459AB285, GB>1K @5H8BL AB>OICN ?5@54 =8< 7040GC.  MB>B ?5@8>4 53> 459AB28O 5I5 <0:A8<0;L=> @0725@=CBK, >=8 A>45@60B <=>3> 2848<KE :><?>=5=B>2. @8 2>7@0AB=>< @0728B88 MB8 459AB28O 284>87<5=ONBAO: :><?>=5=BK :0G5AB25==> ?@5>1@07CNBAO 8 8E G8A;> ?>AB5?5==> C<5=LH05BAO. "0:>5 87<5=5=85 =07K20NB A25@BK20=85<. 0 =5:>B>@>< MB0?5 B0:>3> @0728B8O ?@8 >1CG5=88 =0@O4C A> A25@BK20=85< AB0=>28BAO 2>7<>6=K< 8 ?>3@C65=85  8AG57=>25=85 2=5H=8E, 42830B5;L=KE :><?>=5=B>2 ?>7=020B5;L=>3> 459AB28O 8 ?@52@0I5=85 8E 2 <KA;8B5;L=K5 >?5@0F88. # @515=:0 ?@>8AE>48B ?>AB5?5==>5 A<5I5=85 0:F5=B>2: A=0G0;0 >= ?>7=05B <8@ 1;03>40@O 459AB28O<, 70B5<  8 2 >1@070E, 40;55 C =53> D>@<8@C5BAO 8 A8<2>;8G5A:>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 <8@0  G5@57 O7K: 8 <KH;5=85. "0:8< >1@07><, 2=5H=85 459AB28O ?>AB5?5==> A25@BK20NBAO 8 ?>3@C60NBAO. 5@2>=0G0;L=>5 ?>3@C65=85 =>A8B D@03<5=B0@=K9 E0@0:B5@: @515=>: ?>2B>@O5B 2 C<5 ;8HL =5:>B>@K5 459AB28O, :>B>@K5 >= 3>B>28BAO 2K?>;=8BL.  40;L=59H5< ?>7=020B5;L=K5 459AB28O AB0=>2OBAO 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 AE5<0B8G=K<8 8 01AB@0:B=K<8 8 ?@52@0I0NBAO 2 <KA;8B5;L=K5 >?5@0F88. > 4065 2 A2>5< 70:>=G5==>< 2845 <KA;8B5;L=K5 >?5@0F88 ?>-?@56=5<C ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 459AB28O, => C65 A25@=CBK5, 02B><0B8G5A:85 8 A:>>@48=8@>20==K5 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 2 F5;>AB=K5 A8AB5<K. =K<8 A;>20<8, >B:@KB> ?@>B5:02H85 70<54;5==K5 459AB28O 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 ?@5>1@07CNBAO 2 <>;=85=>A=K5 2KA>:>>@30=87>20==K5 A8AB5<K 2=CB@5==8E >?5@0F89. 15 . /. 0;L?5@8= [74] 2K45;8; A;54CNI85 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 C<AB25==>3> 459AB28O: AB5?5=L >2;045=8O, ?>;=>BC @50;L=> 2K?>;=O5<KE >?5@0F89, AB5?5=L A>:@0I5==>AB8 8 <5@C >A2>5==>AB8. !B5?5=L >2;045=8O, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, >?@545;O5BAO C@>2=5< ?@54<5B=>3> 459AB28O, C@>2=5< 3@><:>9 @5G8 C65 157 >?>@K =0 @50;L=K5 ?@54<5BK 8 C@>2=5< 459AB28O 2 C<5. -B> >1O70B5;L=K5 D07K ?@52@0I5=8O 2=5H=53> 459AB28O 2> 2=CB@5==55. >;=>B0 @50;L=> 2K?>;=O5<KE >?5@0F89 A2O70=0 A 45;5=85< 459AB28O =0 B0:85 M;5<5=B0@=K5 >?5@0F88, <5;:85 459AB28O, :>B>@K5 ?>A8;L=K @515=:C. @>8;;NAB@8@C5< ?@>F5AAK ?>3@C65=8O 8 A25@BK20=8O ?@8<5@0<8. 0: 8725AB=>, =0G0;L=K5 AB0488 CA2>5=8O 45BL<8 >B2;5G5==>3> <0B5@80;0 A2O70=K A ?@>3>20@820=85< 7040=8O 2A;CE 2=0G0;5 3@><:>, 70B5< H5?>B>< 8, =0:>=5F, ?@>3>20@820=85< ?@> A51O. >AB5?5==>, ?> <5@5 CA2>5=8O 7=0=89 8 02B><0B870F88 C<AB25==KE >?5@0F89 =5>1E>48<>ABL ?@>3>20@820=8O 2A;CE >B?0405B. =5H=55 ?@>3>20@820=85 70<5=O5BAO @54CF8@>20==>9, A>:@0I5==>9 2=CB@5==59 @5GLN, :>B>@0O O2;O5BAO >A=>2>9 D>@<8@CNI8EAO C<AB25==KE 459AB289. =CB@5==OO @5GL A>25@H05BAO ?@8 <0:A8<0;L=>< A>:@0I5=88 @5G542830B5;L=KE :><?>=5=B>2. >340 @515=>:, 8A?>;L7CO ?0;>G:8, CG8BAO AG8B0BL, >= 8E ?5@5:;04K205B, =07K20O ?@8 MB>< G8A;0. 0;55 42865=8O @C: 70<5=ONBAO 42865=8O<8 273;O40, => AG5B 2A5 5I5 845B 2A;CE.  B>;L:> ?>74=55 =0G8=05BAO AG5B ?@> A51O, 2 C<5. A;8 70?@5B8BL @515=:C, :>B>@K9 C<55B AG8B0BL B>;L:> =0 ?0;LF0E, 42830BL @C:0<8, >= =5 A<>65B ?@>8725AB8 2KG8A;8B5;L=CN >?5@0F8N [81]. ;O ?@>872>;L=KE 42865=89 0=0;>38G=K9 ?CBL @0728B8O ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;8 . . 0?>@>65F 8 53> A>B@C4=8:8 [108]. =8 ?>:070;8, GB> 2K@01>B:0 :064>3> 42830B5;L=>3> =02K:0 A2O70=0 A ?5@5E>4>< >B @0725@=CB>9 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 459AB289, >?8@0NI59AO =0 2=5H=85 A@54AB20, : A25@=CBK< 8 A>:@0I5==K< AE5<0< 42865=8O, >?8@0NI8<AO =5 =0 4@>1=>5 C?@02;5=85 :064>9 <KHF59 >B45;L=>, 0 =0 >1>1I5==K5 42830B5;L=K5 :><0=4K. 1@07CNI85AO 2 @57C;LB0B5 A25@BK20=8O 48=0<8G5A:85 AE5<K ?>72>;ONB =0AB>;L:> ?;02=> 8 M:>=><8G=> >ACI5AB2;OBL A;>6=K5 42865=8O, GB> >=8 ?>;CG8;8 =0720=85 :8=5B8G5A:85 <5;>488. 2C:>2KA>B=K9 A;CE C G5;>25:0 ?@>E>48B 0=0;>38G=K9 ?CBL @0728B8O A B>9 ;8HL @07=8F59, GB> ?5@8D5@8G5A:89 16 >@30= 2>A?@8OB8O 72C:0, 2 >B;8G85 >B @C:8 8 3;070, ;8H5= A>1AB25==KE 42865=89. "5< =5 <5=55 2 @01>B0E . . 5>=BL520 A .. . 8??5=@59B5@ [163] 8 A . . 2G8==8:>2>9 [165] ?>:070=>, GB> 72C:>2KA>B=K9 (<C7K:0;L=K9) A;CE <>65B A>25@H5=AB2>20BLAO =0 >A=>25 42830B5;L=>9 B@5=8@>2:8. 2830B5;L=>5 <>45;8@>20=85 72C:>2KE  B>=0;L=KE 8 <5;>48G5A:8E  >1@07>2 @50;87C5B 0??0@0B 2>:0;870F88 (?@>?520=8O), :>B>@K9 ?>72>;O5B 35=5@8@>20BL >A=>2=CN G0AB>BC 2>A?@>872>48<>3> 72C:0. "0:, 5A;8 ?@8 >1CG5=88 <C7K:5 CG0I8<AO ?@54;030;8 A=0G0;0 ?@>?5BL ?@54;>65==CN <5;>48N, 0 ?>B>< A@02=8BL A2>N 8=B5@?@5B0F8N A >@838=0;><, B> ?>@>38 @07;8G5=8O 2KA>BK 72C:0 =587<5==> A=860;8AL, 0, :0: 8725AB=>, <C7K:0;L=K9 A;CE >?@545;O5BAO 8<5==> 25;8G8=>9 MB8E ?>@>3>2. @8 B0:>9 D>@<5 >1CG5=8O MB>B MDD5:B A>E@0=O5BAO 8 ?@8 ?5@5E>45 : >BA@>G5==><C ?@>?520=8N 8 : ?@>?520=8N 15772CG=><C  2=CB@5==5<C, B0: GB> 2=5H=85 <>B>@=K5 725=LO 2>A?@8OB8O 2KA>BK 72C:0 ?@52@0I0NBAO 2> 2=CB@5==85 A:@KBK5 8 B@0=AD>@<8@>20==K5 ?@>F5AAK. "0:8< >1@07><, =0 @0==8E ABC?5=OE @0728B8O A;CE>2>3> 2>A?@8OB8O 206=CN @>;L B0:65 83@0NB 2=5H=85 42865=8O, @50;87>20==K5 G5@57 2>:0;870F8N. $>@<8@>20=85 2>A?@8OB8O @5G52KE 72C:>2 ?@>B5:05B B>65 A CG0AB85< 42830B5;L=KE :><?>=5=B>2  0@B8:C;OF88. !;CE>0@B8:C;OB>@=K9 0=0;87 C 45B59 =>A8B A=0G0;0 @0725@=CBK9 E0@0:B5@ 8 ;8HL ?>AB5?5==> A25@BK205BAO.  4>H:>;L=><C 2>7@0ABC @5G52>9 A;CE =0G8=05B >ACI5AB2;OBLAO 157 2848<>3> CG0AB8O 0@B8:C;OF88. 4=0:>, :0: ?>:070=> . . C@8O [173], AB>8B ?@54JO28BL @515=:C 4;O =0?8A0=8O A;>6=>5 2 72C:>2>< >B=>H5=88 A;>2>, :0: CG0AB85 0@B8:C;OB>@=>3> 0??0@0B0, ?@>IC?K20NI53> 8 CB>G=ONI53> 72C:>2>9 A>AB02 A;>20, A=>20 ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 @0725@=CB>< 2845. >94O : ?5@2>:;0AA=8:0< =0 C@>: @CAA:>3> O7K:0 2 ?5@2K5 420-B@8 <5AOF0 8E H:>;L=>9 687=8, <>6=> CA;KH0BL 1>@<>B0=85  MB> >=8 ?@>3>20@820NB B>, GB> ?8HCB. > 2@5<O 8=B5@5A=>3> M:A?5@8<5=B0 . . 070@>2>9 [193] >4=8 H:>;L=8:8 ?8A0;8 48:B0=B A ?@>3>20@820=85<, 4@C385  70602 O7K: 7C10<8 (2 MB>< A;CG05 ?@>3>20@820=85 8A:;NG5=> ?>;=>ABLN), B@5BL8  70602 ;52CN @C:C 2 :C;0: (?@>3>20@820=85 2>7<>6=>, => 2=8<0=85 >B2;5G5=>, :0: 8 2> 2B>@>< A;CG05). 57C;LB0BK 1K;8 A;54CNI8<8: 2> 2B>@>9 3@C??5 :>;8G5AB2> >H81>: 1K;> 2 H5ABL @07 1>;LH5, G5< 2 ?5@- 17 2>9, 8 ACI5AB25==> 1>;LH5, G5< 2 B@5BL59. "0:8< >1@07><, 1K;> ?>4B25@645=>, GB> 0=0;87 A;>20, =5>1E>48<K9 4;O 53> ?@028;L=>3> =0?8A0=8O, =0@CH05BAO ?@8 >BACBAB288 0@B8:C;OF88. 065 C 27@>A;KE :>;8G5AB2> >H81>: 2>7@0AB05B, 5A;8 >3@0=8G8BL 2>7<>6=>AB8 2=CB@5==53> ?@>3>20@820=8O ?@8 ?8AL<5. =CB@5==OO @5GL  B@0=AD>@<0F8O 2=5H=59 @5G8. =0 2>7=8:05B 2=0G0;5 :0: ?>2B>@5=85 A;CH05<>9 8 ?@>87=>A8<>9 @5G8, 0 2 40;L=59H5< AB0=>28BAO 2A5 1>;55 A25@=CBK< 55 2>A?@>872545=85< 2 2845 @5G52KE ?;0=>2 8 AE5<. "5< =5 <5=55, :0: CAB0=>28; 65:>1A>= [359], ?@8 2=CB@5==59 @5G8 B>65 A>:@0I0NBAO <CA:C;K O7K:0 8 3C1, :0: 1C4B> A;>20 ?@>87=>AOBAO 1KAB@> 8 A25@=CB>; 5A;8 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>:>O 0:B82=>ABL @5G52>9 <CA:C;0BC@K <0;0, B> ?@8 A;CH0=88 7040=8O >=0 2> <=>38E A;CG0OE C25;8G8205BAO 2 2 3 @070, 0 ?@8 ?>A;54CNI5< <KA;5==>< 2K?>;=5=88 7040=8O =5@54:> ?@52KH05B 0:B82=>ABL ?>:>O 2 10 @07. 4=0:> 206=> >B<5B8BL, GB>, =5A<>B@O =0 =5>A?>@8<CN @>;L @5G52KE 42865=89 2 0=0;875 A>AB020 A;>20, 2>71C645=8O, 84CI85 >B A:@KBKE @5G52KE <8:@>42865=89, =5 =0 2A5E MB0?0E @0728B8O 2>A?@8OB8O O2;ONBAO =5>1E>48<K<8 2 @02=>9 <5@5. >340 @5G52K5 AB5@5>B8?K C65 2K@01>B0=K 8 C?@>G5=K, 2>A?@8OB85 <>65B >ACI5AB2;OBLAO ?@0:B8G5A:8 157 CG0AB8O @5G52>9 <CA:C;0BC@K. ">340 <5E0=8G5A:0O 7045@6:0 0@B8:C;OF88, B0:0O, :0: 2 C?><8=02H8EAO M:A?5@8<5=B0E A> H:>;L=8:0<8, ?5@5AB05B >:07K20BL >B@8F0B5;L=>5 2;8O=85 =0 0=0;87 A;>20 8 <>65B 2KABC?0BL 4065 :0: ?>;>68B5;L=K9 D0:B>@, CA:>@ONI89 <KA;8B5;L=K5 459AB28O. -B> ?>4B25@640NB 8AA;54>20=8O . . !>:>;>20 [249], 2 :>B>@KE 27@>A;K< 8A?KBC5<K< ?@54;030;8 G8B0BL 2A;CE AB8E>B2>@5=85 8 >4=>2@5<5==> A;CH0BL 8 CA20820BL 4@C3>9 B5:AB.  ?@>F5AA5 70CG820=8O AB8E>B2>@5=8O C 8A?KBC5<KE =5 =01;N40;>AL 0@B8:C;OF88, A2O70==>9 A 0=0;87>< 8 ?>=8<0=85< 4@C3>3> B5:AB0. > <5@5 2>7@0AB0=8O 02B><0B87<0 ?@>87=5A5=8O AB8E>B2>@5=8O ?>AB5?5==> ?>O28;>AL 2=CB@5==55 (A:@KB>5) 0@B8:C;8@>20=85 2>A?@8=8<05<KE A;>2 4@C3>3> B5:AB0, 8 8A?KBC5<K5, =5A<>B@O =0 70=OB>ABL @5G52>3> 0??0@0B0 =5?@5@K2=K< ?@>3>20@820=85< 70CG5==KE A;>2 AB8E>B2>@5=8O, C;02;820;8 8 70:@5?;O;8 A<KA; 2>A?@8=8<05<KE A;>2 4@C3>3> B5:AB0. =B5@5A=> >1@0B8BL 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB> ?@8 MB><, =0@O4C A @538AB@0F859 70G0B>G=>9 0@B8:C;O- 18 F88 >?>@=KE A;>2 2>A?@8=8<05<>3> B5:AB0, 2A5 8A?KBC5<K5 >B<5G0;8 C A51O ?>O2;5=85 =03;O4=KE >1@07>2, :>B>@K5 C =8E >1KG=> >BACBAB2>20;8 8 :>B>@K<8 >=8 ?>;L7>20;8AL 2 MB>< A;CG05 :0: A@54AB2>< ?>=8<0=8O 8 70:@5?;5=8O A<KA;0. KO2;ONI85AO 2 ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O 87<5=5=8O 2=CB@5==59 @5G8 (A>:@0I5=85 42865=89 @5G52>3> 0??0@0B0) <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?>3@C65=8O C<AB25==KE 459AB289 8 70<5I5=8O @5G542830B5;L=KE :><?>=5=B>2 4@C38<8 :><?>=5=B0<8 @5G8: A;CE>2K<8  ?@8 A;CH0=88 @5G8, 8 7@8B5;L=K<8  ?@8 GB5=88. @8=F8? ?>3@C65=8O 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL 459AB2>20BL 2 2>>1@065=88. KA;5==>5 2K?>;=5=85 =0<5G05<KE @50;L=KE 459AB289 8<55B A2>8 ?>;>68B5;L=K5 <><5=BK. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 5A;8 A?>@BA<5= ?5@54 A;>6=K< C?@06=5=85< 45B0;L=> 53> A515 ?@54AB028B, B> >= 8 2K?>;=8B 53> ;CGH5. >4@>1=K9 <KA;5==K9 ?@>A<>B@ >?5@0F88 E8@C@3>< 8;8 ?@54AB>OI53> ?>;5B0 ;5BG8:>< C;CGH05B :0G5AB2> ?>A;54CNI8E 459AB289. #?@06=5=85 2 <KA;5==>< 2>A?@>872545=88 =5:>B>@KE 459AB289 ?@8 ?0@0;8G0E A?>A>1AB2C5B CA?5EC 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O =5@2=>9 ?@>2>48<>AB8. B0:, A;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> 2A5 2KAH85 ?A8E8G5A:85 DC=:F88, =5A<>B@O =0 =5A><=5==CN 8E A?5F8D8G=>ABL, @072820NBAO ?> >1I5<C ?CB8. =8 ?5@2>=0G0;L=> D>@<8@CNBAO, >?8@0OAL =0 2=5H=85 459AB28O, 0 70B5< ?> <5@5 @0728B8O @50;87CNBAO :0: 2=CB@5==85 459AB28O 157 2=5H=8E >?>@. >3@C65=85 8 A25@BK20=85  >A=>2=K5 <5E0=87<K @0728B8O 8 A>25@H5=AB2>20=8O ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89. @8 MB>< =5?@5@K2=> ?>2KH05BAO A:>@>ABL 8E @50;870F88, GB> ACI5AB25==> C;CGH05B ?@8A?>A>1;5=85 G5;>25:0 : 2=5H=59 A@545. >=8<0=85 <5E0=87<>2 ?>3@C65=8O 8 A25@BK20=8O 40;> 2>7<>6=>ABL ?A8E>;>30< @07@010BK20BL =>2K5 <5B>4K >1CG5=8O. $>@<8@>20=85 ?@>872>;L=>AB8 0@O4C A ?>3@C65=85< 8 A25@BK20=85<, A :>B>@K<8 <K ?>7=0:><8;8AL, >1I59 G5@B>9 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 O2;O5BAO ?@>872>;L=>ABL. C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:0O :>=5F5?F8O . !. K3>BA:>3> [70] A2O7K205B @0728B85 ?@>872>;L=>AB8 ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 A A>F80;L=K<8 D0:B>@0<8. !>3;0A=> . !. K3>BA:><C, 2KAH85 ?A8E8G5A- 19 :85 DC=:F88 D>@<8@CNBAO 2=0G0;5 :0: 2=5H=85 D>@<K A>2<5AB=>9, :>;;5:B82=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 ;N459, 8 ;8HL ?>AB5?5==>, 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?>3@C65=8O, >=8 AB0=>2OBAO ?A8E8G5A:8<8 ?@>F5AA0<8 8=482840. @8 MB>< @0728B85 ?A8E8:8 G5;>25:0 >?@545;O5BAO =5 D878>;>38G5A:8< A>7@520=85<, 0 53> A>F80;L=>9, B@C4>2>9, >@C489=>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN. K3>BA:89 AG8B0;, GB> 8A?>;L7>20=85 7=0:>2 2 :0G5AB25 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E >@C489 ?>72>;O5B G5;>25:C ?5@5AB@0820BL A2>N ?A8E8G5A:CN 45OB5;L=>ABL B0: 65, :0: ?@8<5=5=85 8A:CAAB25==KE >@C489 ?@8=F8?80;L=> @0AH8@O5B 3@0=8FK 53> B@C4>2>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. @8<5@0<8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E >@C489 <>3CB A;C68BL O7K:, =C<5@0F8O, AG8A;5=85, 0;351@08G5A:0O A8<2>;8:0.  B> 2@5<O :0: MB8 8 4@C385 >@C48O =0?@02;5=K 2>2=5 8 O2;ONBAO A@54AB20<8 2=5H=59 45OB5;L=>AB8, 7=0: 5ABL ?@5645 2A53> A@54AB2> ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> 2>7459AB28O =0 A2>5 ?>2545=85, A@54AB2> 2=CB@5==59 45OB5;L=>AB8, =0?@02;5==>9 =0 >2;045=85 G5;>25:>< A0<8< A>1>9. -B0 ?5@5AB@>9:0 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 2 =5A:>;L:> MB0?>2. =0G0;5 7=0: :0: ?A8E>;>38G5A:>5 >@C485 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O ?@028;L=>3> 2708<>459AB28O A 4@C38< G5;>25:><. 0;55 >= AB0=>28BAO 4;O G5;>25:0 2=5H=8< A@54AB2>< ?@>872>;L=>3> C?@02;5=8O A2>8<8 ?A8E8G5A:8<8 ?@>F5AA0<8.  ;8HL 70B5< ?@>8AE>48B 2@0I820=85 7=0:0 :0: >@C48O 2=CB@L, ?@8 MB>< >B?0405B =04>1=>ABL 8A?>;L7>20=8O 53> 2> 2=5H=5< ?;0=5. "0:8< >1@07><, >B;8G85 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 2KABC?05B 745AL :0: 8A?>;L7>20=85 8A:CAAB25==> A>740==KE AB8<C;>2, =5 8<5NI8E ?@O<>9 A2O78 A =0;8G=>9 A8BC0F859. -B8 AB8<C;K, ?@>872>;L=> 22>48<K5 G5;>25:><, A;C60B 4;O A0<>@53C;OF88. 'B> 65 2K?>;=O5B @>;L ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E >@C489, 8A?>;L7C5<KE G5;>25:>< 4;O C?@02;5=8O A2>8< ?>2545=85<? 725AB=> <=>65AB2> B0:8E >@C489, ?@8 ?><>I8 :>B>@KE 2K18@05BAO B0 8;8 8=0O 0;LB5@=0B820. =8 22>4OBAO 2 :0G5AB25 A@54AB20 4;O ?@>872>;L=>3> 2K1>@0 87 2>7<>6=KE 20@80=B>2. 4=> 87 B0:8E A@54AB2  6@5189. . . 5>=BL52 [159] 4>?CA:05B, GB> =0 >?@545;5==>9 ABC?5=8 8AB>@8G5A:>3> @0728B8O, 2 =0G0;5 A>7=0B5;L=>3> A0<>:>=B@>;O 2K?>;=O5<KE 459AB289, 6@5189 A>AB028; 70@>4KH 7=0G8<>9 B5=45=F88: G5;>25: A0< >?@545;8; A2>N @50:F8N ?@8 ?><>I8 8A:CAAB25==>3> AB8<C;0, ?@>872>;L=> 2<5H0;AO 2 A8BC0F8N, ?@>O28; A51O 0:B82=>. AB>@8O @0728B8O AG5B0 B0:65 E>@>H> 8;;NAB@8@C5B 20 22545=85 2 A8BC0F8N 2A?><>30B5;L=KE AB8<C;>2. 5?>A@54AB25==>5 2>A?@8OB85 :>;8G5AB20 ;568B 2 >A=>25 0@8D<5B8:8. >AB><, ?> :>B>@><C G5;>25: ?5@5H5; >B =5?>A@54AB25==>3> 2>A?@8OB8O :>;8G5AB20 : AG5BC, O28;AO AG5B =0 ?0;LF0E. 5@2>1KB=K9 G5;>25:, =5 7=02H89 =0720=89 G8A;>2KE >1>7=0G5=89, ?>;L7>20;AO ?@8 AG5B5 ?0;LF0<8 =0 @C:0E 8 =>30E. >340 8E =5 E20B0;>, >= ?@81530; : ?0;>G:0<, @0:>28=0< 8 4@C38< =51>;LH8< ?@54<5B0<. > 2A5E MB8E A;CG0OE >= 22>48; 8A:CAAB25==K5 AB8<C;K, 0 2?>A;54AB288 >=8 1K;8 70<5=5=K 7=0:0<8  G8A;>2K<8 >1>7=0G5=8O<8. A>15==> 2K@078B5;L=0 @>;L >?>A@54>20==>AB8 7=0:>< ?@8 D>@<8@>20=88 ?@>872>;L=>3> 2A?><8=0=8O. 0: ?8A0; . . 5>=BL52, G5;>25: :>=AB@C8@C5B ?@>F5AA 2A?><8=0=8O 872=5 A ?><>ILN C75;:0, 702O7K205<>3> =0 ?0<OBL. "5< A0<K< >= 70AB02;O5B 2=5H=89 ?@54<5B =0?><8=0BL A515 =5GB>, B. 5. =0?><8=05B A0< A515 >1 MB>< =5GB> G5@57 2=5H=89 ?@54<5B, :0: 1K 2K=>AO ?@>F5AA 70?><8=0=8O =0@C6C 8 ?@52@0I0O 53> 2> 2=5H=NN 45OB5;L=>ABL. -B> ?@54AB02;5=85 ?><>305B @0A:@KBL <5E0=87< ?@>872>;L=>AB8 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89.  B> 2@5<O :0: ?@8 =5?@>872>;L=>< 70?><8=0=88 A2O7L <564C A>1KB8O<8 CAB0=02;8205BAO 1;03>40@O A>2?045=8N 42CE @074@068B5;59, >4=>2@5<5==> 2>7459AB2CNI8E =0 >@30=87<, ?@8 ?@>872>;L=>< 70?><8=0=88 G5;>25: A0< A>7405B A ?><>ILN 8A:CAAB25==>3> A>G5B0=8O AB8<C;>2 2@5<5==CN A2O7L. A;8 2 ?5@2>< A;CG05 CAB0=02;8205BAO ?@O<0O =5?>A@54AB25==0O A2O7L <564C 459AB2CNI8< AB8<C;>< 8 >B25B=>9 @50:F859, B> 2> 2B>@>< A2O7L >ACI5AB2;O5BAO G5@57 8A:CAAB25==> 22545==K9 >1J5:B 8;8 >?5@0F8N, GB> 2545B : B><C 65 @57C;LB0BC, => 4@C38< ?CB5<. AB5AB25==><C ?@>F5AAC 70<K:0=8O CA;>2=>9 A2O78 A ?><>ILN ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> >@C48O  7=0:0  ?@8405BAO 4@C3>5 =0?@02;5=85. "0:8< >1@07><, <5AB> 459AB28O ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> >@C48O  <564C >1J5:B>< 8 =0?@02;5==>9 =0 =53> ?A8E8G5A:>9 @50:F859, GB> 8 ?>72>;O5B A 53> ?><>ILN 87<5=OBL =0?@02;5=85 ?@>F5AA0. ?>A@54>20==K9 E0@0:B5@ <KA;8B5;L=KE >?5@0F89, 2>7<>6=K9 1;03>40@O 22545=8N ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E >@C489, 8 4>AB8305<>5 A 8E ?><>ILN >2;045=85 A>1AB25==K< ?>2545=85<  2>B B5 206=59H85 <><5=BK, :>B>@K5 >?@545;ONB A2>5>1@0785 8AB>@8G5A:>9 M2>;NF88 ?>2545=8O 2 >B;8G85 >B 53> 18>;>38G5A:>9 M2>;NF88. 21 @>872>;L=>ABL O2;O5BAO >?@545;ONI59 E0@0:B5@8AB8:>9 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89, >4=0:> MB> =5 7=0G8B, GB> :0640O 87 =8E @50;87C5BAO 2A5340 ?>4 A>7=0B5;L=K< :>=B@>;5<. >7=8:=C2 :0: ?@>872>;L=K5, 2 40;L=59H5< >=8 <>3CB @50;87>20BLAO 8 :0: ?@>872>;L=K5 8 :0: =5?@>872>;L=K5. ?>A@54>20==> >?@545;O5B =5 B>;L:> ?@>872>;L=>ABL C?@02;5=8O ?A8E8G5A:8<8 ?@>F5AA0<8, => 8 8E :0G5AB25==CN ?5@5AB@>9:C. >340 459AB28O A 2=5H=8<8 ?@54<5B0<8 ?@5>1@07CNBAO 2 ?@>F5AAK 2 C<AB25==>< ?;0=5, >=8 ?>425@30NBAO A?5F8D8G5A:>9 B@0=AD>@<0F88  >1>1I0NBAO, A25@BK20NBAO, 25@10;87CNBAO  8 2 MB>< =>2>< :0G5AB25 AB0=>2OBAO A?>A>1=K<8 : 40;L=59H5<C @0728B8N, :>B>@>5 ?@8=F8?80;L=> =54>AB868<> A ?><>ILN 2=5H=59 45OB5;L=>AB8, B5< A0<K< <5=O5BAO 8 A>25@H5=AB2C5BAO ?A8E8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA. "0:8< >1@07><, 2A5 ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK, @072820OAL =0 1075 =0A;54AB25==KE 7040B:>2, =0 ?@>BO65=88 687=8 G5;>25:0 ?@>E>4OB 2 A2>5< @0728B88 A;>6=CN 8AB>@8N. 0G0;L=K5 AB0488 2A5340 A2O70=K A @0725@=CBK<8 2=5H=8<8 459AB28O<8, 70B5< E0@0:B5@ 459AB289 87<5=O5BAO, G8A;> 8E A>:@0I05BAO, 8, =0:>=5F, =0ABC?05B 7025@H0NI0O AB048O, :>340 =5B 2=5H=8E 459AB289  >=8 ?>3@C65=K, A25@=CBK 8 <>3CB 1KBL ?@>872>;L=K<8. A?>;L7>20=85 ?@8=F8?0 ?>3@C65=8O ?@8 >1CG5=88 !25@BK20=85 8 ?>3@C65=85  =5?@5<5==K5 MB0?K @0728B8O 2A5E 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89. BAN40 A;54C5B, GB>, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, =52>7<>6=> AD>@<8@>20BL ?A8E8G5A:CN DC=:F8N, <8=CO 42830B5;L=K9 MB0?, 0 A 4@C3>9  A>E@0=ONI85AO @0725@=CBK5 42830B5;L=K5 :><?>=5=BK B>@<>7OB 40;L=59H55 A>25@H5=AB2>20=85 40==>9 DC=:F88. -B> ?@>B82>@5G85  :;NG52>5 4;O ?@0:B8G5A:>3> 8A?>;L7>20=8O 87;>65==KE ?>;>65=89.  ?>A;54=85 3>4K 1K;0 @07@01>B0=0 ?@>4C:B82=0O <5B>48:0 >1CG5=8O G5;>25:0 CA:>@5==><C (48=0<8G5A:><C) GB5=8N.  >A=>25 MB>9 <5B>48:8 ;568B F5;5=0?@02;5==>5 8A?>;L7>20=85 7=0=89 > 48=0<8:5 CG0AB8O 8 A<5=K 42830B5;L=KE :><?>=5=B>2 2 ?@>F5AA5 GB5=8O. AA;54>20=8O ?>:070;8, GB> CA:>@5=8N GB5=8O >1KG=> 22 ?@5?OBAB2CNB, 2>-?5@2KE, @0725@=CB>5 ?@>3>20@820=85 B5:AB0, 2>-2B>@KE, =54>AB0B>G=K9 >1J5< >4=>2@5<5==> 2>A?@8=8<05<>9 G0AB8 B5:AB0 (?>;O D8:A0F88) 8, 2-B@5BL8E, 1>;LH>5 G8A;> 2>72@0B=KE 42865=89 3;07 : =5?>=OB=K< <5AB0< [94, 143]. 5@20O >A>15==>ABL O2;O5BAO ?@8<5@>< ?@>B82>@5G82>9 @>;8 0@B8:C;OF88 2 D>@<8@>20=88 =02K:0 GB5=8O =0 @07=KE MB0?0E @0728B8O. 0: <K C65 >B<5G0;8, 2 =0G0;5 >1CG5=8O GB5=8N @0725@=CB0O 0@B8:C;OF8O =5>1E>48<0, => 4;O ?>A;54CNI53> CA:>@5=8O GB5=8O >=0 4>;6=0 1KBL A2>52@5<5==> 8 ?@028;L=> A25@=CB0. 4=8< 87 A?>A>1>2 A25@BK20=8O 8 ?>3@C65=8O A;C68B 70<5=0 A;CE>2KE >1@07>2 7@8B5;L=K<8. A;8 GB5=85 A>?@>2>6405BAO @0725@=CB>9 0@B8:C;OF859, >=> >?8@05BAO =0 A;CE>2K5 >1@07K. @8 0@B8:C;OF88 A:>@>ABL GB5=8O >1KG=> =5 ?@52KH05B 150 A;>2 2 <8=CBC, ?>A:>;L:C ?>4:;NG05BAO A;CE>2>9 :0=0;, >1@01>B:0 8=D>@<0F88 2 :>B>@>< ?@>872>48BAO ACI5AB25==> <54;5==55, G5< 2 7@8B5;L=><. 5B>48:0 48=0<8G5A:>3> GB5=8O ?@54;0305B 8A?>;L7>20BL <5B>4 >B1820=8O @8B<0 4;O C<5=LH5=8O 0@B8:C;OF88 (?@>3>20@820=8O). @8 GB5=88 ?@> A51O A8=E@>==> A GB5=85< A;54C5B 2KABC:820BL >?@545;5==K9 @8B<. 0: B>;L:> 2>7=8:05B 0@B8:C;OF8O, @8B< A18205BAO. -B>B A1>9 A;C68B >1@0B=>9 A2O7LN, :>B>@0O 8 ?>72>;O5B ACI5AB25==> C<5=LH8BL 0@B8:C;OF8N. ;O C25;8G5=8O ?>;O D8:A0F88 =5>1E>48<> @048:0;L=> @0AH8@8BL F5=B@0;L=>5 ?>;5 7@5=8O 8 @0728BL ?5@8D5@8G5A:>5 7@5=85. 1KG=> 2 ?@>F5AA5 >4=>9 D8:A0F88 2>A?@8=8<05BAO >4=> A;>2> 8;8 >4=0 D@070. CB5< B@5=8@>2:8 ?5@8D5@8G5A:>3> 7@5=8O 65;0B5;L=> =0CG8BLAO >4=>2@5<5==> 2>A?@8=8<0BL F5;K9 0170F. > <5B>48:5 48=0<8G5A:>3> GB5=8O B0:0O B@5=8@>2:0 ?@>872>48BAO A ?><>ILN A?5F80;L=KE B01;8F, ;81> 8A?>;L7C5BAO ?@8=F8? 25@B8:0;L=>3> GB5=8O.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 GB5=85 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO ?@8 ?>AB>O==>9 D8:A0F88, :@0A=>9 G5@BK, ?@>2545==>9 25@B8:0;L=> ?>A5@548=5 ;8AB0, 0 =5 42865=85< 3;07 ?> AB@>G:0<, :0: MB> 45;05BAO ?@8 >1KG=>< GB5=88. ;O 0:B82870F88 ?5@8D8@8G5A:>3> 7@5=8O ?@8 GB5=88 A :@0A=>9 G5@B>9 2@5<O GB5=8O AB@0=8FK AB@>3> >3@0=8G8205BAO.  =0G0;5 >1CG5=8O ?@>F5=B ?>=OB>3> <0B5@80;0 >G5=L <0;, => 2 ?@>F5AA5 B@5=8@>2:8 70 AG5B ?@>4C:B82=>3> 8A?>;L7>20=8O ?5@8D8@8G5A:>3> 7@5=8O ?>=8<0=85 G8B05<>3> B5:AB0 C;CGH05BAO. 23 ;O B>3> GB>1K C<5=LH8BL G8A;> 2>72@0B=KE 42865=89 : =5?>=OB=K< A;>20<, D@070< 8 0170F0<, =5>1E>48<> 7=0BL F5;L GB5=8O 8 =0CG8BLAO 2K45;OBL 2 :064>< 0170F5 7=0G8<K5 8<5==> 4;O MB>9 F5;8 :;NG52K5 A;>20. * * B0:, ?A8E8:0 G5;>25:0 @0728205BAO :0: @57C;LB0B 53> ?@0:B8G5A:>3> 2708<>459AB28O A 2=5H=8< <8@>< 2 ?@>F5AA5 45OB5;L=>AB8, 8 2>7=8:=C2, 2 40;L=59H5< ACI5AB25==> 87<5=O5B MB> 2708<>459AB285. 5OB5;L=>ABL 8 >?@545;O5B 40;L=59H89 ?@>3@5AA 2A5E ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2. !>3;0A=> B5>@88 45OB5;L=>AB8, @07@01>B0==>9 >A=>2>?>;>6=8:0<8 A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388, 2KAH85 ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK  2>A?@8OB85, 2=8<0=85, ?0<OBL, <KH;5=85, M<>F88  @0AA<0B@820NBAO :0: >A>1K5 D>@<K 2=CB@5==8E 459AB289, 4;O ?0<OB8  MB> <=5<8G5A:85 459AB28O, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 70?><8=0=85 <0B5@80;0, 4;O <KH;5=8O  MB> C<AB25==K5 459AB28O, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 2KOA=5=8O >B=>H5=89 <564C >1J5:B0<8 2 A2O78 A @5H5=85< =0ACI=KE ?@>1;5<, 0 4;O M<>F89  MB> ?5@56820=8O, :>B>@K5, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 2KO2;ONB AC1J5:B82=K5 >B=>H5=8O G5;>25:0 : G5<C-;81>, 0 A 4@C3>9  2>AAB0=02;820NB 53> 4CH52=>5 @02=>25A85. A=>2=>9 >A>15==>ABLN ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 O2;O5BAO 8E >?>A@54>20==>ABL. -B> 8E :0G5AB2> A0<K< =5?>A@54AB25==K< >1@07>< A2O70=> A A>F80;L=>-8AB>@8G5A:>9 45B5@<8=0F859 ?A8E8:8, ?>A:>;L:C DC=:F8N >?>A@54>20=8O >15A?5G820NB ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 >@C48O, @>;L :>B>@KE 2K?>;=ONB 7=0:8. >A@54AB2>< 7=0:>2 ?@>8AE>48B, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, >2;045=85 A>1AB25==K< ?>2545=85<, B. 5. @0728205BAO ?@>872>;L=>ABL. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, ?@>8AE>48B 8 ?@8>1I5=85 : :C;LBC@5.  B> 8 4@C3>5 ?5@5AB@08205B ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK, CA8;820O 8 @0AH8@OO 480?07>= 8E 045:20B=>AB8. ;O @0728B8O 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 =5B 2>7@0AB=KE >3@0=8G5=89. >A;5 7025@H5=8O <>@D>;>38G5A:>3> A>7@520=8O, >3@0=8G5==>3> 45BA:8< 8 N=>H5A:8< 2>7@0AB><, >=> <>65B ?@>4>;60BLAO 2AN >AB0;L=CN 687=L, >?8@0OAL =0 D>@<8@CNI85AO DC=:F8>=0;L=K5 >@30=K, 8 A>25@H5=AB2>20BLAO 70 AG5B ?@>F5AA>2 ?>3@C65=8O 8 A25@BK20=8O. ! /" @>I09, A:070; 8A. >B <>9 A5:@5B, >= >G5=L ?@>AB: 7>@:> >4=> ;8HL A5@4F5, A0<>3> 3;02=>3> 3;070<8 =5 C2848HL. !5=B--:7N?5@8  A=>2=K5 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 2>A?@8OB8O  ?@54K4CI5< @0745;5 <K @0AA<0B@820;8 =5:>B>@K5 >1I85 MB0?K @0728B8O 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2. "5?5@L ?5@5945< : >1AC645=8N >A>15==>AB59 :064>3> 87 =8E. 0G=5< A 2>A?@8OB8O. >A?@8OB85< =07K205BAO >B@065=85 ?@54<5B>2 8;8 O2;5=89 ?@8 8E =5?>A@54AB25==>< 2>7459AB288 =0 >@30=K GC2AB2. <5==> >=> =081>;55 B5A=> A2O70=> A ?@5>1@07>20=85< 8=D>@<0F88, ?>ABC?0NI59 =5?>A@54AB25==> 87 2=5H=59 A@54K. @8 MB>< D>@<8@CNBAO >1@07K, A :>B>@K<8 2 40;L=59H5< >?5@8@CNB 2=8<0=85, ?0<OBL, <KH;5=85, M<>F88.  7028A8<>AB8 >B 0=0;870B>@>2 @07;8G0NB A;54CNI85 284K 2>A?@8OB8O: 7@5=85, >AO70=85, A;CE, :8=5AB578N, >1>=O=85, 2:CA. ;03>40@O A2O7O<, >1@07CNI8<AO <564C @07=K<8 0=0;870B>@0<8, 2 >1@075 >B@060NBAO B0:85 A2>9AB20 ?@54<5B>2 8;8 O2;5=89, 4;O :>B>@KE =5B A?5F80;L=KE 0=0;870B>@>2, =0?@8<5@ 25;8G8=0 ?@54<5B0, 25A, D>@<0, @53C;O@=>ABL, GB> A2845B5;LAB2C5B > A;>6=>9 >@30=870F88 MB>3> ?A8E8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. >AB@>5=85 >1@070 2>A?@8=8<05<>3> >1J5:B0 B5A=> A2O70=> A> A?>A>1>< 53> >1A;54>20=8O. @8 <=>3>:@0B=>< 2>A?@8OB88 >1J5:B0 2 ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O A >4=>9 (2=5H=59) AB>@>=K ?@>8AE>48B 8=B5@8>@870F8O  284>87<5=5=85 AB@C:BC@K 459AB289 A >1J5:B><. >6=> =01;N40BL, GB> A?>A>1K >1A;54>20=8O >1J5:B0 C?@>I0NBAO 8 CA:>@ONBAO 70 AG5B C<5=LH5=8O G8A;0 8 A?;02;5=8O 2 :><?;5:AK 42830B5;L=KE :><?>=5=B>2. ! 4@C3>9 (2=CB@5==59) AB>@>=K, ?@>8AE>48B D>@<8@>20=85 >1@070 >1J5:B0, A :>B>@K< G5;>25: 2708<>459AB2C5B. >;CG5==0O ?>A@54AB2>< 42830B5;L=>3> >1A;54>20=8O 2 0:B82=>< 2708<>459AB288 A >1J5:B>< 8=D>@<0F8O > 53> A2>9AB20E (D>@<5, 25;8G8=5 8 B. 4.) ?@5>1@07C5BAO 2 ?>A;54>20B5;L=K5 @O4K E0@0:B5@8AB8:, 87 :>B>@KE 2 40;L=59H5< 2=>2L @5:>=AB@C8@CNBAO F5;>AB=K5 >B>1@065=8O >1J5:B>2  >1@07K. 5@2>=0G0;L=> 45OB5;L=>ABL G5;>25:0 =0?@02;O5BAO 8 :>@@5:B8@C5BAO 2>7459AB285< ;8HL 2=5H=8E >1J5:B>2, 26 => ?>AB5?5==> >=0 =0G8=05B @53C;8@>20BLAO 8 >1@070<8. >6=> A:070BL, GB> >1@07 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 AC1J5:B82=CN D>@<C >1J5:B0, >=  ?>@>645=85 2=CB@5==53> <8@0 40==>3> G5;>25:0. #65 2 ?@>F5AA5 D>@<8@>20=8O >1@070 =0 =53> 2>7459AB2CNB CAB0=>2:8, 8=B5@5AK, ?>B@51=>AB8 8 <>B82K ;8G=>AB8, >?@545;OO 53> C=8:0;L=>ABL 8 >A>15==>AB8 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 >:@0A:8. >A:>;L:C 2 >1@075 >4=>2@5<5==> ?@54AB02;5=K B0:85 @07=K5 A2>9AB20 >1J5:B0, :0: 53> @07<5@K, F25B, D>@<0, D0:BC@0, @8B<, B> <>6=> A:070BL, GB> MB> F5;>AB=>5 8 >1>1I5==>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 >1J5:B0, @57C;LB0B A8=B570 <=>38E >B45;L=KE >ICI5=89, :>B>@>5 C65 A?>A>1=> @53C;8@>20BL F5;5A>>1@07=>5 ?>2545=85.  >A=>2=K< E0@0:B5@8AB8:0< 2>A?@8OB8O >B=>AOB :>=AB0=B=>ABL, ?@54<5B=>ABL, F5;>AB=>ABL 8 >1>1I5==>ABL. >=AB0=B=>ABL  MB> >B=>A8B5;L=0O =57028A8<>ABL >1@070 >B CA;>289 2>A?@8OB8O, ?@>O2;ONI0OAO 2 53> =587<5==>AB8: D>@<0, F25B 8 @07<5@ ?@54<5B>2 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO =0<8 :0: ?>AB>O==K5, =5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> A83=0;K, ?>ABC?0NI85 >B MB8E ?@54<5B>2 2 >@30=K GC2AB2, =5?@5@K2=> <5=ONBAO. 0: 8725AB=>, @07<5@ ?@>5:F88 ?@54<5B0 =0 A5BG0B:5 3;070 7028A8B >B @0AAB>O=8O <564C ?@54<5B>< 8 3;07>< 8 >B C3;0 7@5=8O, => ?@54<5BK =0< :06CBAO =587<5==>9 25;8G8=K 2=5 7028A8<>AB8 >B MB>3> @0AAB>O=8O (@07C<55BAO, 2 8725AB=KE ?@545;0E). >A?@8OB85 F25B0 7028A8B >B <=>38E D0:B>@>2: >A25I5==>AB8, D>=0, 8=B5=A82=>AB8.  B> 65 2@5<O F25B 7=0:><KE ?@54<5B>2 2A5340 2>A?@8=8<05BAO >48=0:>2>, 0=0;>38G=> 8 D>@<0 7=0:><KE >1J5:B>2 2>A?@8=8<05BAO :0: ?>AB>O==0O, =57028A8<> >B CA;>289 =01;N45=8O. =0G5=85 :>=AB0=B=>AB8 >G5=L 25;8:>. 5 1C4L MB>3> A2>9AB20, ?@8 2AO:>< =0H5< 42865=88, ?@8 :064>< 87<5=5=88 @0AAB>O=8O 4> ?@54<5B0, ?@8 <0;59H5< ?>2>@>B5 3>;>2K 8;8 ?5@5<5=5 >A25I5=8O ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5?@5@K2=> 87<5=O;8AL 1K 2A5 >A=>2=K5 ?@87=0:8, ?> :>B>@K< G5;>25: C7=05B ?@54<5B. = ?5@5AB0; 1K 2>A?@8=8<0BL <8@ CAB>9G82KE 25I59, 8 2>A?@8OB85 =5 <>3;> 1K A;C68BL A@54AB2>< ?>7=0=8O >1J5:B82=>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. 06=>9 E0@0:B5@8AB8:>9 2>A?@8OB8O O2;O5BAO 53> ?@54<5B=>ABL. @54<5B=>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 B><, GB> >1J5:B 2>A?@8=8<05BAO =0<8 8<5==> :0: >1>A>1;5==>5 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25 8 2> 2@5<5=8 >B45;L=>5 D878G5A:>5 B5;>. 081>;55 O@:> 40==>5 A2>9AB2> ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 D5=>- 27 <5=5 2K45;5=8O D83C@K 87 D>=0. @8 MB>< 2AO =01;N405<0O G5;>25:>< 459AB28B5;L=>ABL @0745;O5BAO =0 425 =5@02=K5 ?> 7=0G8<>AB8 G0AB8: >4=0  ?@54<5B  2>A?@8=8<05BAO :0: :>=:@5B=>5, G5B:> >G5@G5==>5, @0A?>;>65==>5 =0 ?5@54=5< ?;0=5 70<:=CB>5 F5;>5, 0 2B>@0O  D>=  :0: 1>;55 0<>@D=>5, =5>?@545;5==>5, @0A?>;>65==>5 ?>7048 ?@54<5B0 8 =5>3@0=8G5==>5 ?>;5. "0:8< >1@07><, 2>A?@8=8<05<0O @50;L=>ABL 2A5340 @0745;O5BAO :0: 1K =0 420 A;>O: =0 D83C@C  >1@07 ?@54<5B0, 8 D>=  >1@07 >:@C60NI53> ?@54<5B ?@>AB@0=AB20. ?5@2K5 ?>?KB:C A8AB5<0B8G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O A>>B=>H5=8O D83C@K 8 D>=0 ?@54?@8=O; C18= [385]. = >1=0@C68;, GB> ?@8 ?@>G8E @02=KE CA;>28OE ?>25@E=>ABL A G5B:8<8 3@0=8F0<8, >1;040NI0O <5=LH59 ?;>I04LN, AB@5<8BAO ?@8>1@5AB8 AB0BCA D83C@K, 8 B>340 2A5, >:@C60NI55 55, 2>A?@8=8<05BAO :0: D>=; 745AL 2>7<>6=>ABL @0745;5=8O =0 D83C@C 8 D>= >?@545;O5BAO >3@0=8G5==>ABLN 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25. >;LH>5 7=0G5=85 8<55B AB5?5=L :>=B@0AB=>AB8: 5A;8 >=0 <0;0, B> D83C@0 A;8205BAO A D>=>< 8 >AB05BAO =52>A?@8=OB>9. @0=8FC <564C D>=>< 8 D83C@>9 >1KG=> >B=>AOB : D83C@5, 0 =5 : D>=C, :>B>@K9 2 >1I5< A;CG05 <>65B =5 1KBL >1>7@8<K<. N1>9 >1@07 F5;>AB5=. >4 MB8< ?>=8<05BAO 2=CB@5==OO >@30=8G5A:0O 2708<>A2O7L G0AB59 8 F5;>3> 2 >1@075. @8 0=0;875 F5;>AB=>AB8 2>A?@8OB8O <>6=> 2K45;8BL 420 2708<>A2O70==KE 0A?5:B0: >1J548=5=85 @07=KE M;5<5=B>2 2 F5;>5 8 =57028A8<>ABL >1@07>20==>9 F5;>AB=>AB8 (2 >?@545;5==KE 3@0=8F0E) >B :0G5AB20 M;5<5=B>2. @8 MB>< 2>A?@8OB85 F5;>3> 2;8O5B 8 =0 2>A?@8OB85 G0AB59. 5A:>;L:> ?@028; 3@C??8@>2:8 G0AB59 2 F5;>5 1K;8 2?5@2K5 AD>@<C;8@>20=K 5@BE59<5@>< [399]. @028;> ?>4>18O: G5< 1>;LH5 G0AB8 :0@B8=K ?>E>68 4@C3 =0 4@C30 ?> :0:><C-;81> 7@8B5;L=> 2>A?@8=8<05<><C :0G5AB2C, A B5< 1>;LH59 25@>OB=>ABLN >=8 1C4CB 2>A?@8=8<0BLAO :0: @0A?>;>65==K5 2<5AB5.  :0G5AB25 3@C??8@CNI8E A2>9AB2 <>65B 2KABC?0BL AE>4AB2> ?> @07<5@C, D>@<5, ?> @0A?>;>65=8N G0AB59.  548=CN F5;>AB=CN AB@C:BC@C >1J548=ONBAO B0:65 M;5<5=BK A B0: =07K205<>9 E>@>H59 D>@<>9, B. 5. >1;040NI85 A8<<5B@859 8;8 ?5@8>48G=>ABLN. @028;> >1I59 AC4L1K: <=>65AB2> M;5<5=B>2, 4286CI8EAO A >48=0:>2>9 A:>@>ABLN 8 ?> >4=>9 B@05:B>@88, 2>A?@8=8<05BAO F5;>AB=>  :0: 548=K9 4286CI89AO >1J5:B. -B> ?@028;> ?@8<5=8<> 8 B>340, :>340 28 >1J5:BK =5?>4286=K, => 42865BAO =01;N40B5;L. @028;> 1;87>AB8: 2 ;N1>< ?>;5, A>45@60I5< =5A:>;L:> >1J5:B>2, B5 87 =8E, :>B>@K5 @0A?>;>65=K =081>;55 1;87:> 4@C3 : 4@C3C, 287C0;L=> <>3CB 2>A?@8=8<0BLAO F5;>AB=>, :0: >48= >1J5:B. 57028A8<>ABL F5;>3> >B :0G5AB20 A>AB02;ONI8E 53> M;5<5=B>2 ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 4><8=8@>20=88 F5;>AB=>9 AB@C:BC@K =04 55 A>AB02;ONI8<8. K45;ONB B@8 D>@<K B0:>3> 4><8=8@>20=8O. 5@20O 2K@0605BAO 2 B><, GB> >48= 8 B>B 65 M;5<5=B, 1C4CG8 2:;NG5==K< 2 @07=K5 F5;>AB=K5 AB@C:BC@K, 2>A?@8=8<05BAO ?>-@07=><C. B>@0O ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 B><, GB> ?@8 70<5=5 >B45;L=KE M;5<5=B>2, => A>E@0=5=88 A>>B=>H5=8O <564C =8<8 >1I0O AB@C:BC@0 >1@070 >AB05BAO =587<5==>9. 0: 8725AB=>, <>6=> 87>1@078BL ?@>D8;L 8 HB@8E0<8, 8 ?C=:B8@><, 8 A ?><>ILN 4@C38E M;5<5=B>2, A>E@0=OO ?>@B@5B=>5 AE>4AB2>. , =0:>=5F, B@5BLO D>@<0 ?>;CG05B A2>5 2K@065=85 2 E>@>H> 8725AB=KE D0:B0E A>E@0=5=8O 2>A?@8OB8O AB@C:BC@K :0: F5;>3> ?@8 2K?045=88 >B45;L=KE 55 G0AB59. "0:, 4;O F5;>AB=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O G5;>25G5A:>3> ;8F0 4>AB0B>G=> ;8HL =5A:>;L:8E M;5<5=B>2 53> :>=BC@0 [76]. I5 >4=>9 206=>9 E0@0:B5@8AB8:>9 >1@070 O2;O5BAO 53> >1>1I5==>ABL. =0 >7=0G05B >B=5A5==>ABL :064>3> >1@070 : =5:>B>@><C :;0AAC >1J5:B>2, 8<5NI5<C =0720=85.  MB>< >B@0605BAO 2;8O=85 =5 B>;L:> O7K:0, => 8 >?KB0 40==>3> G5;>25:0. > <5@5 @0AH8@5=8O >?KB0 2>A?@8OB8O >1@07, A>E@0=OO A2>N 8=48284C0;L=>ABL 8 >B=5A5==>ABL : :>=:@5B=><C ?@54<5BC, ?@8G8A;O5BAO :> 2A5 1>;LH59 A>2>:C?=>AB8 ?@54<5B>2 >?@545;5==>9 :0B53>@88, B. 5. :;0AA8D8F8@C5BAO. <5==> :;0AA8D8:0F8O >15A?5G8205B =0456=>ABL ?@028;L=>3> C7=020=8O >1J5:B0 =57028A8<> >B 53> 8=48284C0;L=KE >A>15==>AB59 8 8A:065=89, =5 2K2>4OI8E >1J5:B 70 ?@545;K :;0AA0. =0G5=85 >1>1I5==>AB8 C7=020=8O ?@>O2;O5BAO, =0?@8<5@, 2 A?>A>1=>AB8 G5;>25:0 A2>1>4=> G8B0BL B5:AB =57028A8<> >B H@8DB0 8;8 ?>G5@:0, :>B>@K< >= =0?8A0=. !;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> >1>1I5==>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O ?>72>;O5B =5 B>;L:> :;0AA8D8F8@>20BL 8 C7=020BL ?@54<5BK 8 O2;5=8O, => 8 ?@54A:07K20BL =5:>B>@K5 A2>9AB20, =5?>A@54AB25==> =5 2>A?@8=8<05<K5. >;L A:>@> >1J5:B ?> >B45;L=K< A2>8< :0G5AB20< >B=5A5= : 40==><C :;0AAC, B> A >?@545;5==>9 25@>OB=>ABLN <>6=> >6840BL, GB> >= >1;0405B 8 4@C38<8 A2>9AB20<8, E0@0:B5@=K<8 4;O MB>3> :;0AA0. 29 564C 2A5<8 ?5@5G8A;5==K<8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<8 2>A?@8OB8O 5ABL =5:>B>@>5 DC=:F8>=0;L=>5 AE>4AB2>.  :>=AB0=B=>ABL, 8 ?@54<5B=>ABL, 8 F5;>AB=>ABL, 8 >1>1I5==>ABL ?@840NB >1@07C 206=CN G5@BC  =57028A8<>ABL 2 =5:>B>@KE ?@545;0E >B CA;>289 2>A?@8OB8O 8 8A:065=89.  MB>< A<KA;5 :>=AB0=B=>ABL  MB> =57028A8<>ABL >B D878G5A:8E CA;>289 2>A?@8OB8O, ?@54<5B=>ABL  >B B>3> D>=0, =0 :>B>@>< >1J5:B 2>A?@8=8<05BAO, F5;>AB=>ABL  =57028A8<>ABL F5;>3> >B 8A:065=8O 8 70<5=K :><?>=5=B>2, A>AB02;ONI8E MB> F5;>5, 8, =0:>=5F, >1>1I5==>ABL  MB> =57028A8<>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O >B B0:8E 8A:065=89 8 87<5=5=89, :>B>@K5 =5 2K2>4OB >1J5:B 70 3@0=8FK :;0AA0. =K<8 A;>20<8, >1>1I5==>ABL  MB> 2=CB@8:;0AA>20O :>=AB0=B=>ABL, F5;>AB=>ABL  AB@C:BC@=0O, 0 ?@54<5B=>ABL  A5<0=B8G5A:0O :>=AB0=B=>ABL. >=OB=>, GB> 5A;8 1K 2>A?@8OB85 =5 >1;040;> MB8<8 :0G5AB20<8, =0H0 A?>A>1=>ABL 040?B8@>20BLAO : =5?@5@K2=> <5=ONI8<AO CA;>28O< ACI5AB2>20=8O 1K;0 1K 7=0G8B5;L=> A;0155. "0:0O >@30=870F8O 2>A?@8OB8O ?>72>;O5B =0< 381:> 8 045:20B=> 2708<>459AB2>20BL A> A@54>9, 0 B0:65 2 >?@545;5==KE ?@545;0E ?@54A:07K20BL =5?>A@54AB25==> =5 2>A?@8=8<05<K5 A2>9AB20 >1J5:B>2 8 O2;5=89. A5 @0AA<>B@5==K5 A2>9AB20 2>A?@8OB8O =5 O2;ONBAO 2@>645==K<8 8 @072820NBAO 2 B5G5=85 687=8 G5;>25:0. @82545< =5A:>;L:> ?@8<5@>2. "0:, C 2 3-;5B=53> @515=:0 :>=AB0=B=>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O 5I5 >G5=L =5A>25@H5==0: 2>A?@8=8<05<0O 25;8G8=0 ?@54<5B>2 C<5=LH05BAO A 8E C40;5==>ABLN, => : 10-;5B=5<C 2>7@0ABC >=0 CAB0=02;8205BAO =0 C@>2=5 27@>A;>3> [17]. =B5@5A=0 ?> MB><C 2>?@>AC ?>78F8O 8065. = AG8B05B, GB> :>=AB0=B=>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O 25;8G8=K 8 @0AAB>O=8O @0728205BAO 8 4>AB8305B 2KA>:>3> C@>2=O C65 2 ?5@8>4 <;045=G5AB20, => B>;L:> ?> >B=>H5=8N : 1;86=5<C ?@>AB@0=AB2C, 2 :>B>@>< @515=>: =5?>A@54AB25==> 459AB2C5B. 0;L=55 ?@>AB@0=AB2> 2 <;045=G5A:>< 8 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5 2>A?@8=8<05BAO =5:>=AB0=B=> 2A;54AB285 =54>AB0B:0 A>1AB25==>3> >?KB0 2 MB>9 A@545 [214]. !2>9AB2> >1>1I5==>AB8 B0:65 87<5=O5BAO 2 ?@>F5AA5 848284C0;L=>3> @0728B8O. -B> E>@>H> 8;;NAB@8@C5BAO =0 ?@8<5@5 A;5?KE >B @>645=8O ;N459, >1@5B0NI8E 7@5=85 2 7@5;>< 2>7@0AB5. # =8E >BACBAB2C5B A>1AB25==K9 >?KB >1>1I5=8O 7@8B5;L=KE >1J5:B>2. > 40==K< @53>@8, G5;>25:C, ?@>7@52H5<C 2 52 3>40 8 G8B02H5<C A 45BAB20 30 ?> @09;N, =5B@C4=> 1K;> =0CG8BLAO G8B0BL AB0=40@B=K9 ?5G0B=K9 B5:AB, => @C:>?8A=K9 B5:AB 4020;AO 5<C A 1>;LH8< B@C4><. 0 B@8 3>40 ?@0:B8:8 GB5=8O @C:>?8A=>3> B5:AB0 >= =0CG8;AO C7=020BL B>;L:> ?@>ABK5 :>@>B:85 A;>20 [91]. :B82=>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O 8 7=0G5=85 >1@0B=>9 A2O78 A=>2>9 AB0=>2;5=8O 2>A?@8OB8O :0: 2KAH59 ?A8E8G5A:>9 DC=:F88 8 2>A?@8OB8O :0: B5:CI53> ?@>F5AA0 A;C68B 0:B82=>5 42865=85.  @0745;5, ?>A2OI5==>< @0728B8N ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89, <K C65 >AB0=02;820;8AL =0 @>;8 42830B5;L=>9 B@5=8@>2:8 2 D>@<8@>20=88 72C:>2KA>B=>3> A;CE0. 4=0:> =5 B>;L:> @0728B85 A;CE0, => 8 ;N1>3> 2840 2>A?@8OB8O =52>7<>6=> 157 0:B82=>3> 42865=8O. 7OI=K5 M:A?5@8<5=BK %5;40 8 %59=0 [287] =0 :>BOB0E ?>4B25@640NB @>;L 0:B82=>3> 42865=8O 2 AB0=>2;5=88 2>A?@8OB8O. !CBL M:A?5@8<5=B0 B0:>20. >2>@>645==K5 :>BOB0 A>45@60;8AL 2 B5<=>B5, 0 =0 A25BC =0E>48;8AL B>;L:> 2 A?5F80;L=>< AB0=:5 (A<. @8A. 1).  8A 1 ;8O=85 0:B82=>3> 42865=8O =0 D>@<8@>20=85 2>A?@8OB8O ??0@0B %5;40 8 %59=0 4;O 8AA;54>20=8O 7028A8<>AB8 7@8B5;L=>3> C7=020=8O C :>BOB >B 0:B82=>3> (A;520) 8 ?0AA82=>3> (A?@020) >1CG5=8O (7 := @>1;5<K 18>=8:8  , 1965 ) 31 -B>B AB0=>: ?@54AB02;O; A>1>9 ?>4>185 :0@CA5;8 A 42C<O :>@78=0<8 4;O :>BOB, :0640O 87 :>B>@KE <>3;0 42830BLAO 2>:@C3 B@5E >A59: 3;02=>9 >A8 :0@CA5;8, 25@B8:0;L=>9 8 3>@87>=B0;L=>9 >A59 :>@78=K. :B82=> 42830;AO B>;L:> >48= :>B5=>:, :>B>@><C 2 :>@78=5 1K;8 A45;0=K >B25@AB8O 4;O ;0?, 4@C3>9 =5 <>3 ?@>872>48BL =8:0:8E 42865=89 8 ?5@5<5I0;AO ?0AA82=>  53> 2>78; ?5@2K9. @8 MB>< >15 :>@78=K A>25@H0;8 0=0;>38G=K5 42865=8O, B. 5. 7@8B5;L=K5 2?5G0B;5=8O :>BOB0 ?>;CG0;8 >4=>2@5<5==> 8 >48=0:>2K5. ?>A;54AB288 C ?5@2>3> :>B5=:0, :>B>@K9 42830;AO 0:B82=>, =5 =01;N40;>AL =8:0:8E 45D5:B>2 7@8B5;L=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: C 2B>@>3> >1=0@C68;0AL =5A?>A>1=>ABL @07;8G0BL D>@<C. -B8 45D5:BK 2>A?@8OB8O, ?@>O282H85AO 2 ?>2545=88 682>B=KE, >BG5B;82> ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;8, GB> 7@8B5;L=0O AB8<C;OF8O A0<0 ?> A515 =54>AB0B>G=0 4;O @0728B8O 2>A?@8OB8O. # ?5@2>3> :>B5=:0 87<5=5=8O 2 7@8B5;L=>9 AB8<C;OF88 A2O7K20;8AL A 53> 0:B82=K<8 42865=8O<8, C 2B>@>3> B0:>9 A2O78 =5 2>7=8:0;>. B0:, 70<5B8<, GB> ?@8 >1CG5=88 ?>;57=55 2>78BL, G5< :0B0BLAO. =0;>38G=K5 @57C;LB0BK ?>;CG5=K 2 >?KB0E 875=0 8 0@>=A0 [381], ?@>2545==KE =0 :>BOB0E 8 45B5=KH0E H8<?0=75. >2>@>645==KE H8<?0=75 A>45@60;8 2 ?>;=>9 B5<=>B5, => 5654=52=> 2>7459AB2>20;8 =0 =8E @0AA5O==K< A25B>< 2 B5G5=85 90 <8=CB, =5 4020O 8< ?@8 MB>< 42830BLAO.  B0:8E CA;>28OE G5@57 7 <5AOF52 >=8 =5 =0CG8;8AL C7=020BL 4065 1CBK;:C, 87 :>B>@>9 8E :>@<8;8. '5@57 3,5 <5AOF0 ?>A;5 B>3> :0: 682>B=KE 2K?CAB8;8 87 B5<=>9 :><=0BK, B>;L:> >4=0 >157LO=0 =0CG8;0AL >B;8G0BL 3>@87>=B0;L=K5 ?>;>AK >B 25@B8:0;L=KE, >4=0:> C7=020BL ;N459 >=0 AB0;0 3>@074> ?>74=55. -B8 M:A?5@8<5=BK 5I5 @07 ?>:070;8 01A>;NB=CN =5>1E>48<>ABL 0:B82=>3> 42865=8O 4;O ?@028;L=>3> D>@<8@>20=8O 7@8B5;L=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O. 06=> >B<5B8BL, GB> 0:B82=>ABL 42865=8O 8<55B 7=0G5=85 =5 B>;L:> 4;O D>@<8@>20=8O DC=:F88 2>A?@8OB8O, => 8 4;O D>@<8@>20=8O :064>3> >B45;L=>3> >1@070. !B@C:BC@0 7@8B5;L=>3> >1@070 01AB@038@C5BAO 87 ?>AB>O==KE (8=20@80=B=KE) 2708<>A2O759 <564C >?@545;5==K<8 42865=8O<8 8 B5< 87<5=5=85< 7@8B5;L=KE >ICI5=89, :>B>@K<8 3;07 >B25G05B =0 MB8 42865=8O. -B> <>6=> E>@>H> ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20BL @57C;LB0B0<8 8AA;54>20=89 42865=89 3;07 ?@8 7@8B5;L=>< 2>A?@8OB88 [318]. KO2- 32 ;5=>, GB> G5;>25: >A<0B@8205B >1J5:B =5 ?> A;CG09=>9 B@05:B>@88, 0 :0: 1K ?>A;54>20B5;L=> >IC?K205B 273;O4>< =081>;55 7=0G8<K5 M;5<5=BK D83C@K (@8A.  8A. 2. 0:>=><5@=>AB8 2 42865=8OE 3;07 ?@8 >A<>B@5 >1J5:B0. !;520: B5AB->1J5:B  D>B>3@0D8O 5D5@B8B8; A?@020  B@05:B>@88 42865=8O 3;07 ?@8 55 >A<>B@5. (7 :=.: 5<84>2 , , 0: <K 2848< B>, GB> <K 2848<. ., 1979.) 2). 0:>=><5@=K5 B@05:B>@88 >A<>B@0 D>@<8@CNBAO B>;L:> ?@8 0:B82=>< 2708<>459AB288 7@8B5;L=KE 8 42830B5;L=KE :><?>=5=B>2 2 ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O.  B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 <5E0=87< 0:B82=>3> >A<>B@0 >1J5:B0 ?> :0:8<-B> ?@8G8=0< =5 AD>@<8@>20=, 45D5:BK >A<>B@0 >1J5:B0 ?@>O2;ONBAO =081>;55 >BG5B;82>. 0?@8<5@, 4;O A;5?>@>645==KE 45B59, :>B>@K5 AB0=>2OBAO 7@OG8<8 ?>A;5 >?5@0F88 2 12 14 ;5B, 2848<K9 <8@ 2=0G0;5 ;8H5= 2AO:>3> A<KA;0, 7=0:><K5 ?@54<5BK >=8 C7=0NB ?>-?@56=5<C ;8HL =0 >IC?L. "0:, @07;8G85 <564C :204@0B>< 8 H5AB8C3>;L=8:>< MB8 45B8 >?@545;ONB ?CB5< =0?@O65==>3> ?>4AG5B0 :>;8G5AB20 C3;>2, :>B>@K5 >=8 =0IC?K20NB @C:>9, 0 ?5BCE0 >=8 ?CB0NB A ;>H04LN ?> B>9 ?@8G8=5, GB> C >1>8E 8<55BAO E2>AB. ">;L:> ?>A;5 4>;3>9 B@5=8@>2:8 C =8E @0728205BAO A?>A>1=>ABL 7@8B5;L=> C7=020BL ?@54<5BK [388]. AA;54>20=8O B0:65 ?>4B25@48;8 7=0G8<>ABL 0:B82=>3> 42865=8O 4;O @0728B8O >AO70B5;L=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O. 33 "0:, 5A;8 ?@54;>68BL G5;>25:C >?@545;8BL D>@<C =52848<>3> ?@54<5B0 A ?><>ILN B>;L:> ?0AA82=>3> >AO70=8O  2>48BL ?@54<5B>< ?> :>65 8A?KBC5<>3>, B> 2>7=8:0NI89 >1@07 =5 1C45B A>>B25BAB2>20BL D>@<5 @50;L=>3> ?@54<5B0. A;8 65 G5;>25: 8<55B 2>7<>6=>ABL 0:B82=> >AO70BL ?@54<5B, B. 5. 1@0BL 53>, ?>2>@0G820BL, ?@8:0A0BLAO : =5<C A @07=KE AB>@>=, B> A>7405BAO ?@028;L=>5 >B@065=85 D>@<K >1J5:B0 [16]. "0:8< >1@07><, 42865=85 ?@8ACBAB2C5B ?@8 :064>< 0:B5 2>A?@8OB8O. I5 . . !5G5=>2 >B<5G0;, GB> ?5@5<5I5=8O GC2AB2CNI8E A=0@O4>2 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25... A?>A>1AB2CNB @0AG;5=5=8N GC2AB2>20=8O; 70B5< 42865=8O 4@>1OB =5?@5@K2=>5 >ICI5=85 =0 @O4 >B45;L=KE 0:B>2 A >?@545;5==K< =0G0;>< 8 :>=F><; =0:>=5F, :>A25==> A;C60B A>548=8B5;L=K< 725=>< <564C :0G5AB25==> @07;8G=K<8 >ICI5=8O<8 [239, A. 41], A?>A>1AB2CO B5< A0<K< 0=0;87C 8 A8=B57C. 7=0G0;L=> ?@>F5AA 2>A?@8OB8O ?@>8AE>48B ?CB5< ?>A;54>20B5;L=>3> 42830B5;L=>3> 0=0;870 >1J5:B0. 0;L=59H85 53> MB0?K 2?;>BL 4> ?>;=>3> ?>3@C65=8O =54>ABC?=K ?@O<><C M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=><C =01;N45=8N. ">;L:> <>45;8 <5E0=87<0 2=CB@5==8E ?@5>1@07>20=89, E>@>H> A>3;0ACNI85 =01;N405<K5 >A>15==>AB8 2E>40 8 2KE>40 =0 @07=KE MB0?0E >1CG5=8O, ?>72>;ONB AC48BL > @072820NI8EAO 2=CB@5==8E 87<5=5=8OE. !>3;0A=> >4=>9 87 B0:8E <>45;59, @07@01>B0==KE . . @0=>2A:>9 [86], ?>AB5?5==>5 ?@5>1@07>20=85 8 A25@BK20=85 42830B5;L=KE :><?>=5=B 2>A?@8OB8O 2 ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O <>6=> ?@54AB028BL A;54CNI8< >1@07><: ?>A;54>20B5;L=K9 0=0;87 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 ?0@0;;5;L=K9. !>1AB25==> 42830B5;L=>5 ?5@5<5I5=85 2>A?@8=8<0NI8E A8AB5< >B=>A8B5;L=> >1J5:B0 70<5I05BAO ?5@8>48G5A:8< 87<5=5=85< 8E GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8, D>@<8@CO AB@C:BC@C 2=CB@5==53> M:2820;5=B0 42865=8O, :>B>@0O 8 DC=:F8>=8@C5B 2 40;L=59H5<, 70<5=82 A>1>9 42830B5;L=K9 0=0;87. 1@0B=0O A2O7L  ACI5AB25==>5 CA;>285 D>@<8@>20=8O 045:20B=>3> >1@070. A;8 55 =5B, B> 4065 ?@8 =0;8G88 0:B82=>3> 42865=8O 2>A?@8=8<0NI53> >@30=0 2708<>A2O78 <564C A83=0;0<8 42830B5;L=>3> 8 4@C38E 0=0;870B>@>2 =5 CAB0=02;820NBAO. -B> E>@>H> ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20; C?><O=CBK9 M:A?5@8<5=B A :>BOB0<8, => <>6=> ?@825AB8 8 1>;55 2?5G0B;ONI85, =0?@8<5@ 2>7459AB285 =0 2>A?@8OB85 @07=>>1@07=KE 8A:060NI8E >G- 34 :>2. "0:85 >G:8 <>3CB <5=OBL <5AB0<8 ?@02CN 8 ;52CN, 25@E=NN 8 =86=NN G0AB8 A5BG0B>G=>3> >1@070, ?@8 MB>< >4=0 87 G0AB59 <>65B A68<0BLAO, 0 4@C30O @0AH8@OBLAO. # G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 =045=5B B0:85 >G:8, A>>B25BAB25==> 8A:078BAO 8 =01;N405<0O 8< :0@B8=0 >:@C60NI53> <8@0. A;8 8A?KBC5<><C =5 ?@54AB02;O;0AL 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@0:B8G5A:>3> 2708<>459AB28O A >:@C60NI59 A@54>9 2> 2@5<O =>H5=8O >G:>2, B> 53> 2>A?@8OB85 ;81> =5 ?5@5AB@0820;>AL 2>>1I5 (>AB020;>AL =5045:20B=K<), ;81> ?5@5AB@>9:0 1K;0 ;8HL =57=0G8B5;L=>9. > 5A;8 G5;>25: 0:B82=> 2708<>459AB2>20; A >:@C60NI8<8 >1J5:B0<8, B>, :0: ?>:070;8 M:A?5@8<5=BK !B@MBB>=0 [255] 8 4@C38E 8AA;54>20B5;59 [337, 366], 4065 ?@8 =>H5=88 B0:8E >G:>2 =58A:065==>5 2>A?@8OB85 <8@0 C =53> <>65B 2>AAB0=>28BLAO.  B>< A;CG05, :>340 8A?KBC5<K5 2 8A:060NI8E >G:0E ;8H0;8AL 2>7<>6=>AB8 A>25@H0BL ?@82KG=K5 459AB28O ?> A0<>>1A;C6820=8N, ?><5I0;8AL 2 :@5A;>, 345 =5 <>3;8 =8 <0=8?C;8@>20BL A ?@54<5B0<8, =8 ?8A0BL, =8 G8B0BL, 0 ?@8 ?5@542865=88 8E 2A5340 A>?@>2>640; M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@, >=8 ?@>4>;60;8 2845BL <8@ 8A:065==K<, =0?@8<5@ ?5@525@=CBK<. A;8 65 8A?KBC5<K5, =>A82H85 B0:85 >G:8, =5A<>B@O =0 B@C4=>AB8, ?@>4>;60;8 70=8<0BLAO >1KG=>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN, E>48;8 ?> C;8F0<, ?8A0;8, B>, E>BO 2=0G0;5 8E 459AB28O 1K;8 :@09=5 =5C40G=K, ?>AB5?5==> >=8 ?@8A?>A01;820;8AL : 8A:065==><C 2>A?@8OB8N 8 2A;54 70 B5< =0ABC?0; <><5=B, :>340 2>A?@8OB85 ?5@5AB@0820;>AL 8 >=8 =0G8=0;8 ?@028;L=> 2845BL <8@. 0?@8<5@, :>340 >;5@ [366] ?>AB028; A51O 2 ?>;>65=85 8A?KBC5<>3>  G5BK@5 <5AOF0 =>A8; >G:8 A :;8=>284=K<8 ;8=70<8, B> C65 G5@57 H5ABL 4=59 C =53> =0AB>;L:> 2>AAB0=>28;0AL ?@028;L=0O :>>@48=0F8O 42865=89, GB> >= 1K; A?>A>15= :0B0BLAO =0 ;K60E. =B5@5A=>, GB> 5A;8 8A?KBC5<><C ?>72>;O;8 4>B@>=CBLAO 4> >1J5:B0 5I5 4> ?>;=>3> ?@8A?>A>1;5=8O, B> =5<54;5==> ?@>8AE>48;> 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 =>@<0;L=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O. @C38< D0:B>@><, >1;53G02H8< ?5@5E>4 : ?@028;L=><C 2845=8N, O2;O;>AL >G5284=>5 ?@8ACBAB285 A8;K BO65AB8. A;8 8A?KBC5<><C 4020;8 3@C7, ?>425H5==K9 =0 =8B8, >= ?@028;L=> 2>A?@8=8<0; ?>;>65=85 MB>3> 3@C70 >B=>A8B5;L=> =8B8, =5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> >AB0;L=K5 ?@54<5BK >AB020;8AL ?5@525@=CBK<8. , =0:>=5F, 5I5 >48= D0:B>@  7=0:><AB2> A >1J5:B>< 2 ?@>H;><  CA:>@O; ?5@5E>4 : ?@028;L=><C 2845=8N. !25G0, 35 :>B>@0O 2K3;O45;0 ?5@525@=CB>9, ?>:0 =5 3>@5;0, 2>A?@8=8<0;0AL ?@028;L=>, :0: B>;L:> 55 706830;8. 53:> 2845BL, GB> 8 MB8 B@8 D0:B>@0 A2845B5;LAB2CNB >1 >3@><=>9 @>;8 >1@0B=>9 A2O78 2 D>@<8@>20=88 045:20B=>3> >1@070. >;L >1@0B=>9 A2O78 2 ?5@5AB@>9:5 2>5 ?@8OB8O C1548B5;L=> @0A:@K205BAO B0:65 2 >?KB0E 8; 0B@8:0 [368], ?> 2>A?@8OB8N ?@>AB@0=AB25==KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2 45D>@<8@>20==KE :><=0B0E. -B8 >?KBK 70:;NG0;8AL 2 45<>=AB@0F88 ?5@54 8A?KBC5<K<8 @07;8G=KE 45D>@<8@>20==KE :><=0B, A:>=AB@C8@>20==KE B0: GB> ?@8 >?@545;5==>< ?>;>65=88 =01;N40B5;O >=8 2>A?@8=8<0;8AL :0: =>@<0;L=K5: ?>;CG05<0O >B =8E =0 A5BG0B:5 :>=D83C@0F8O B>645AB25==0 ?>;CG05<>9 >B >1KG=KE :><=0B. '0I5 2A53> ?>:07K20;8AL :><=0BK, AB5=K :>B>@KE >1@07CNB >AB@K5 8 BC?K5 C3;K. 01;N40B5;L, A8452H89 C A<>B@>2>3> >B25@AB8O, 2>A?@8=8<0; B5< =5 <5=55 B0:CN :><=0BC :0: =>@<0;L=CN. 0 704=59 55 AB5=5 >= 2845; <0;5=L:>5 8 1>;LH>5 >:=0.  459AB28B5;L=>AB8 65 >:=0 8<5;8 @02=K5 @07<5@K, => 2A;54AB285 B>3>, GB> >4=0 AB5=0 1K;0 @0A?>;>65=0 7=0G8B5;L=> 1;865 : =01;N40B5;N, G5< 4@C30O, 1;86=55 >:=> :070;>AL 5<C 1>;LH5, G5< 40;L=55. A;8 70B5< 2 >1>8E >:=0E ?>O2;O;8AL 7=0:><K5 ;8F0, B> =01;N40B5;L 1K20; ?>B@OA5= =5>1JOA=8<K< 4;O =53> @07;8G85< 2 @07<5@0E ;8F, GC4>28I=>9 25;8G8=>9 ;8F0 2 1;86=5< >:=5. '5;>25: <>65B, >4=0:>, ?>AB5?5==> =0CG8BLAO 045:20B=> 2>A?@8=8<0BL B0:CN :><=0BC, 5A;8 >=0 A;C68B >1J5:B>< 53> ?@0:B8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. "0:, 5A;8 8A?KBC5<><C ?@54;030NB 1@>A0BL <OG 2 @07=K5 CG0AB:8 :><=0BK 8;8 2@CG0NB ?0;:C A @07@5H5=85< ?@8:0A0BLAO 5N : AB5=0< 8 C3;0< :><=0BK, B> A=0G0;0 >= =5 <>65B B>G=> 2K?>;=8BL C:070==K5 459AB28O: 53> ?0;:0 B> =5>6840==> =0B0;:8205BAO =0, :070;>AL 1K, 40;5:> @0A?>;>65==CN AB5=C, B> =8:0: =5 <>65B :>A=CBLAO 1;86=59 AB5=K, :>B>@0O AB@0==K< >1@07>< >BABC?05B. >AB5?5==> 459AB28O AB0=>2OBAO 2A5 1>;55 CA?5H=K<8, 8 G5;>25: >1@5B05B A?>A>1=>ABL 045:20B=> 2845BL 459AB28B5;L=CN D>@<C :><=0BK. AA;54>20B5;59 8=B5@5A>20;0 7028A8<>ABL 4>AB865=8O 045:20B=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O >B A?>A>10 ?>;CG5=8O 8=D>@<0F88 > 45D>@<0F8OE, B. 5. 1C45B ;8 =01;N40B5;L ?@028;L=> 2>A?@8=8<0BL 8A:065==CN :><=0BC, 5A;8 5<C ?@54>AB028BL 2>7<>6=>ABL A0<><C F5;5A>>1@07=> 459AB2>20BL 2 =59, 8;8 =01;N40BL 459AB28O, 36 A>25@H05<K5 4@C38<8, 8;8, =0:>=5F, ?@>AB> A>>1I8BL 5<C A2545=8O >1 8AB8==>9 D>@<5 :><=0BK. KOA=8;>AL, GB> 2 ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 ?5@5E>40 : 25@=><C 2>A?@8OB8N =5 ?@>8AE>48B. 0@80=B 0=0;>38G=>3> M:A?5@8<5=B0 ?>:070= =0 @8A. 3.  8A . 3. >;H51=0O :><=0B0 4;O A>740=8O 8;;N789 C =01;N40B5;59. ;;N788 =01;N40B5;O: 0  <0;LG8: :@C?=55 A>10:8; 1  A>10:0 :@C?=55 <0;LG8:0; 2  8AB8==>5 A>>B=>H5=85 @07<5@>2 <0;LG8:0 8 A>10:8; 3  ?>78F88 =01;N40B5;O, A>>B25BAB2CNI85 8;;N78O< 0 8 1. (7 :=.: 5<84>2 . . 0: <K 2848< B>, GB> <K 2848<. ., 1979.) 1J5< 8 AB@C:BC@0 8=D>@<0F88 8 045:20B=>5 2>A?@8OB85 @><5 0:B82=>AB8 8 8A?>;L7>20=8O >1@0B=>9 A2O78 >1O70B5;L=K< 4;O ?@028;L=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O O2;O5BAO B0:65 2K?>;=5=85 A;54CNI8E CA;>289: ?>445@60=85 >?@545;5==>3> <8=8<C<0, 8=D>@<0F88, ?>ABC?0NI59 2 <>73 37 87 2=5H=59 8 2=CB@5==59 A@54K, 8 A>E@0=5=85 ?@82KG=>9 AB@C:BC@8@>20==>AB8 MB>9 8=D>@<0F88. =0G5=85 ?5@2>3> CA;>28O 45<>=AB@8@C5BAO 2 8AA;54>20=8OE ?> 87>;OF88 8A?KBC5<KE >B @074@068B5;59, ?>ABC?0NI8E 87 >:@C60NI59 A@54K 8 87 A>1AB25==>3> >@30=87<0 (A5=A>@=0O 8 ?5@F5?B82=0O 45?@820F88). !CI5AB2> A5=A>@=>9 45?@820F88 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> 8A?KBC5<KE 87>;8@CNB >B 2=5H=8E 2>7459AB289 A ?><>ILN A?5F80;L=KE ?@85<>2. 0?@8<5@, 4;O A=865=8O :>6=>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 8A?KBC5<KE ?><5I0NB 2 B5?;CN 20==C, 4;O C<5=LH5=8O 7@8B5;L=>9 8=D>@<0F88 =04520NB 8< A25B>=5?@>=8F05<K5 >G:8, 4;O 8A:;NG5=8O A;CE>2>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?><5I0NB 2 72C:>87>;8@>20==>5 ?><5I5=85. >@<0;L=K9, D878G5A:8 74>@>2K9 G5;>25:, ?>3@C65==K9 2 B0:CN 20==C, 345 4> =53> =5 4>E>4OB =8:0:85 0:CAB8G5A:85 8 A25B>2K5 @074@068B5;8 8 ?>GB8 8A:;NG5=K >AO70B5;L=K5 8 >1>=OB5;L=K5 >ICI5=8O, 0 B0:65 >ICI5=8O B5<?5@0BC@K, 8A?KBK205B 1>;LH85 B@C4=>AB8 2 C?@02;5=88 A2>8<8 <KA;O<8, ?@54AB02;5=8O<8, >= B5@O5B >@85=B8@>2:C 2 AB@>5=88 A>1AB25==>3> B5;0, C =53> =0G8=0NBAO 30;;NF8=0F88 8 :>H<0@K. @8 >1A;54>20=88 8A?KBC5<KE A@07C ?>A;5 B0:>9 87>;OF88 C =8E =01;N40;8 =0@CH5=8O 2>A?@8OB8O, >A>15==> 7@8B5;L=>3>: 87<5=O;>AL 2>A?@8OB85 F25B0, D>@<K, @07<5@0 8 @0AAB>O=8O.  >4=8E CA;>28OE F25B :070;AO 1>;55 O@:8< 8 =0AKI5==K<, 0 2 4@C38E B5@O;>AL @07;8G5=85 F25B>2. "0:, 8725AB=K9 A?5;5>;>3 !8DD@ [244] =5 @07;8G0; 75;5=>3> 8 A8=53> F25B>2 5I5 F5;K9 <5AOF ?>A;5 42CE<5AOG=>3> 45D8F8B0 8=D>@<0F88 2A;54AB285 >48=>G=>3> ?@51K20=8O 2 ?5I5@5. >A;5 ?@51K20=8O 2 87>;OF88 ?@>8AE>48B B0:65 87<5=5=85 2>A?@8OB8O 3;C18=K 8 ?>AB>O=AB20 @07<5@>2, 2A5 2>:@C3 <>65B ?@54AB02;OBLAO 8A?KBC5<><C ?;>A:8<, >:@C60NI85 ?@54<5BK :06CBAO =0E>4OI8<8AO 2 >4=>9 ?;>A:>AB8, :0: 1K =0@8A>20==K<8, 0 AB5=K ?><5I5=8O B> ?@81;860NBAO, B> >B40;ONBAO >B =53>. =>340 =01;N40;0AL CB@0B0 :>=AB0=B=>AB8 2>A?@8OB8O, ?@8 MB>< ?;>A:85 ?>25@E=>AB8 2>A?@8=8<0;8AL :0: 87>3=CBK5. # CG0AB=8:>2 0=B0@:B8G5A:8E M:A?548F89, @01>B02H8E 2 CA;>28OE :@09=5 >4=>@>4=>9 2 7@8B5;L=>< >B=>H5=88 A@54K, >B<5G0;0AL A:;>==>ABL ?5@5>F5=820BL @07<5@K ?@54<5B>2 8 =54>>F5=820BL @0AAB>O=8O 4> =8E, 0 B0:65 87<5=5=85 2>A?@8OB8O A:>@>AB8 42865=8O [290]. 38 !5=A>@=0O 45?@820F8O ?@82>48;0 : 87<5=5=8O< 2>A?@8OB8O 8 2@5<5=8: :>@>B:0O  : 702KH5=8N, 0 4;8B5;L=0O  : 70=865=8N 2@5<5==KE 8=B5@20;>2. 01;N40;8AL 87<5=5=8O 7@8B5;L=>9 8 A;CE>2>9 148B5;L=>AB8. 1I8< 65 =0?@02;5=85< 87<5=5=89 ?>A;5 87>;OF88 4;O 2A5E 284>2 2>A?@8OB8O O2;O5BAO C25;8G5=85 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8. 0: C65 C?><8=0;>AL, ?@8 A5=A>@=>9 45?@820F88 ?@>8AE>48B CB@0B0 :>=AB0=B=>AB8 2>A?@8OB8O, =0@CH5=85 F25B>2>3> 7@5=8O, 8A:065=85 2>A?@8OB8O D>@<K 8 B. 4. A5 MB> A2845B5;LAB2C5B > B><, GB> 4;O =>@<0;L=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O =5>1E>48< >?@545;5==K9 ?@8B>: A83=0;>2 87 2=5H=59 A@54K. A;8 1K 2>A?@8OB85 A2>48;>AL ;8HL : ?0AA82=><C ?@85<C 8=D>@<0F88, B> <>6=> 1K;> >6840BL, GB> ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK =5 =0@CH0;8AL 1K ?@8 2@5<5==KE ?5@5@K20E 2 ?>ABC?;5=88 8=D>@<0F88. 4=0:> >?KBK A A5=A>@=>9 45?@820F859 ?>:070;8 >1@0B=>5.  CA;>28OE 87>;OF88 C<AB25==0O 45OB5;L=>ABL G5;>25:0 ?@8E>48B 2 C?04>:.  E>45 M:A?5@8<5=B0 8A?KBC5<K5, >1=0@C682 2 A515 =5A?>A>1=>ABL : >1KG=><C <KH;5=8N, ?KB0;8AL :><?5=A8@>20BL >BACBAB285 2=5H=8E @074@068B5;59 2>A?><8=0=8O<8 8;8 2>>1@065=85<, => 2A:>@5 2A?><8=05<K5 8 2>>1@0605<K5 :0@B8=K AB0=>28;8AL =02O7G82K<8 8 =5:>=B@>;8@C5<K<8, =5 7028AOI8<8 >B 2>;8 G5;>25:0, :0: 5A;8 1K >=8 1K;8 =02O70=K 5<C 872=5. "0:>9 ?@>F5AA ?@82>48; 4065 : 30;;NF8=0F8O<. A;8 8A?KBC5<K5 8<5;8 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@>872>;L=> 42830BLAO, B> MB8 O2;5=8O A<O3G0;8AL, => =5 CAB@0=O;8AL ?>;=>ABLN. 0<5G5=>, GB> 2 CA;>28OE 5AB5AB25==>3> A5=A>@=>3> 3>;>40=8O ;N48 AB@5<OBAO : B2>@G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8: ;5?OB, ?8HCB AB8E8, @0AA:07K [73]. =B5@5A=>, GB> 2 CA;>28OE >48=>G5AB20 2=CB@5==OO @5GL <>65B A=>20 AB0=>28BLAO 2=5H=59, >ACI5AB2;OO DC=:F8N >1I5=8O G5;>25:0 A A0<8< A>1>9. @82KG=K5 D>@<K A>F80;L=>3> >1I5=8O (A>25BK, >4>1@5=8O, ?>@8F0=8O, CB5H5=8O, =0?><8=0=8O) 2 MB8E CA;>28OE 8A:;NG0NBAO, 8 G5;>25: 2K=C645= 2 ?@>F5AA5 ?@8A?>A>1;5=8O : >48=>G5AB2C 2K@010BK20BL >A>1K5 <5E0=87<K @53C;8@>20=8O A2>53> ?>2545=8O.  ?>2545=88 1>;LH8=AB20 ;N459 ?>A;5 ?@5:@0I5=8O 4;8B5;L=>3> >48=>G5AB20 =01;N40;0AL ?>2KH5==0O 0:B82=>ABL A >682;5==>9 <8<8:>9, 8 <=>385 87 =8E =02O7G82> AB@5<8;8AL 2ABC?8BL 2 @5G52>9 :>=B0:B A >:@C60NI8<8. @82545==K5 40==K5 :0A0;8AL @57:>3> A>:@0I5=8O ?>B>:0 8=D>@<0F88 87 2=5H=59 A@54K. 4=0:> C<5=LH5=85 39 >1J5<0 A83=0;>2, ?>ABC?0NI8E 87 2=CB@5==59 A@54K >@30=87<0, B0:65 >:07K205B =51;03>?@8OB=>5 2>7459AB285 =0 2>A?@8OB85. >OA=8< MB> =0 ?@8<5@0E. @>2>48;8AL =01;N45=8O 70 2>A?@8OB85< ;N459, =0E>4OI8EAO 2 A>AB>O=88 =525A><>AB8, B. 5. 2 CA;>28OE, :>340 @57:> A>:@0I05BAO ?>B>: 8<?C;LA>2 >B A:5;5B=>9 <CA:C;0BC@K, 2=>AOI59 7=0G8<K9 2:;04 2 8=D>@<0F8N, ?>ABC?0NICN 2 <>73. 48= 8A?KBC5<K9 B0: >?8AK20; A2>8 ?5@56820=8O: / ?>=O;, GB> =0ABC?8;> A>AB>O=85 =525A><>AB8. # <5=O 2=570?=> 2>7=8:;> >ICI5=85 AB@5<8B5;L=>3> ?045=8O 2=87, GB> 2A5 :@C3>< @CH8BAO, @0720;8205BAO 8 @07;5B05BAO 2 AB>@>=K. 5=O >E20B8;> GC2AB2> C60A0, 8 O =5 ?>=8<0;, GB> 2>:@C3 <5=O ?@>8AE>48B [243, A. 101]. "5?5@L 8725AB=>, GB> 87<5=5=85 2>A?@8OB8O >:@C60NI53> <8@0, =01;N405<>5 ?@8 @07=KE 20@80=B0E ?5@F5?B82=>9 45?@820F88, 2K7K205BAO 87<5=5=85< @01>BK <>730 87-70 @0AA>3;0A>20=8O 8 872@0I5=8O 8=D>@<0F88, ?>ABC?0NI59 : =5<C >B <CA:C;0BC@K 8 >@30=>2 GC2AB2. =>385 :>A<>=02BK ?@8 =0ABC?;5=88 =525A><>AB8 ?5@56820;8 8;;N78N ?5@52>@0G820=8O, B. 5. 87<5=5=85 2>A?@8OB8O ?>;>65=8O A2>53> B5;0 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25 [309]. 4=><C :070;>AL, GB> >= =0E>48BAO 2 ?>;CA>3=CB>< ?>;>65=88 ;8F>< 2=87, 0 4@C3><C  GB> >= ?5@525@=CB 2=87 3>;>2>9. ;;N78O 8A?KBK20;0AL :0: ?@8 >B:@KBKE, B0: 8 ?@8 70:@KBKE 3;070E 8 <>3;0 ?@>4>;60BLAO <=>385 G0AK. >G5<C MB> ?@>8AE>48B? 725AB=>, GB> <KHFK A>AB02;ONB >:>;> 40% <0AAK B5;0.  A>AB>O=88 =525A><>AB8 =03@C7:0 =0 <KHFK, ?>AB>O==> @01>B02H85 2 CA;>28OE 3@028B0F88, @57:> ?0405B, GB> ?@82>48B : C<5=LH5=8N ?>B>:0 =5@2=KE 8<?C;LA>2 >B <KHF 2 >?@545;5==K5 AB@C:BC@K <>730. 06=> >B<5B8BL, GB> C:070==K5 8;;N788 8AG570;8, :0: B>;L:> <KHFK ?>;CG0;8 =03@C7:C.  A>AB>O=88 =525A><>AB8 87<5=O;>AL =5 B>;L:> 2>A?@8OB85 ?>;>65=8O A>1AB25==>3> B5;0 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25, => 8 7@8B5;L=>5 2>A?@8OB85, =0?@8<5@, >B<5G0;8AL 7=0G8B5;L=K5 >H81:8 2 287C0;L=>9 >F5=:5 @0AAB>O=8O [309]. >A<>=02B C?5@ A>>1I0;, GB>, ?@>;5B0O =04 "815B><, >= 2845; =52>>@C65==K< 3;07>< 4><0 8 4@C385 ?>AB@>9:8 =0 5<;5. 4=0:>, :0: ?>:070;8 @0AG5BK, =>@<0;L=0O @07@5H0NI0O A?>A>1=>ABL G5;>25G5A:>3> 3;070 =5 ?>72>;O5B @07;8G0BL ?>4>1=K5 ?@54<5BK A B0:>9 2KA>BK. -B> O2;5=85 8AA;54>20B5;8 2=0G0;5 @0AF5=8;8 B>;L:> :0: 30;;NF8=0F8N, 2>7=8:HCN 2A;54AB285 >48=>G5AB20 8 A5=A>@- 40 =>3> 3>;>40, => 0=0;>38G=K5 A>>1I5=8O ?>ABC?8;8 >B <=>38E :>A<>=02B>2. 0?@8<5@, . . !52>ABLO=>2 >1@0B8; 2=8<0=85, GB> 2 ?5@2K5 4=8 :>A<8G5A:>3> ?>;5B0 >= @07;8G0; <0;> >1J5:B>2 =0 5<;5. >B>< AB0; @07;8G0BL AC40 2 >:50=5, 70B5< AC40 C ?@8G0;0, 70B5< ?>5740.  :>=F5 ?>;5B0 >= @07;8G0; ?@8CA0451=K5 CG0AB:8 8 ?>AB@>9:8 =0 =8E [236]. ;O 2KOA=5=8O <5E0=87<0 ?>4>1=>3> ?>2KH5=8O GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 1K;8 ?@>2545=K A?5F80;L=K5 M:A?5@8<5=BK.  AC@4>:0<5@C ?5@54020;8AL 72C:8 87 A>A54=59 :><=0BK (0??0@0B=>9) ?@83;CH5==>, =0 ?>4?>@>3>2>< C@>2=5. A?KBC5<K9 4>;65= 1K; A>>1I0BL > 2>A?@8=OBKE 72C:0E 2 D>@<5 @5?>@B060.  B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 8A?KBC5<K9 1K; >A254><;5= > ?@>8AE>4OI8E 2=5 :0<5@K O2;5=8OE, >= 4>AB0B>G=> B>G=> 8 045:20B=> 2>A?@8=8<0; HC<K 8 @073>2>@K 2 0??0@0B=>9, GB> >15A?5G820;>AL ?>2KH5=85< A;CE>2>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8. >340 >= =5 1K; >A254><;5= (5A;8 >= =5 <>3 4>3040BLAO > B><, GB> B0< ?@>8AE>48B), B> 2A5 72C:8 2>A?@8=8<0; (8=B5@?@5B8@>20;) >H81>G=>, >4=0:> 8 2 MB>< A;CG05 1K; B25@4> C15645= 2 @50;L=>AB8 A2>8E 2>A?@8OB89 [243]. 0 >A=>20=88 MB8E M:A?5@8<5=B>2 1K;> A45;0=> 70:;NG5=85, GB> ?>2KH5=85 @07@5H0NI59 A?>A>1=>AB8 7@5=8O 8 A;CE0 2 CA;>28OE =5:>B>@>3> 45D8F8B0 8=D>@<0F88 (=0?@8<5@, 2 =525A><>AB8) <>65B 1KBL >1JOA=5=> =5 B>;L:> ?>2KH5=85< GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8, => 8 B5<, GB> 87<5=8;0AL AB5?5=L 4>ABC?=>AB8 @07;8G=KE 38?>B57 87-70 =0@CH5=8O A>>B=>H5=8O ?>B>:0 8=D>@<0F88 87 F5=B@0 8 ?5@8D5@88 2 AB>@>=C F5=B@0. B0:, D5=><5=K, 2>7=8:0NI85 ?@8 =525A><>AB8, =03;O4=> ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;8 7=0G5=85 ?>AB>O=AB20 ?@8B>:0 8=D>@<0F88 87 2=CB@5==59 A@54K 4;O ?@028;L=>9 @01>BK 2>A?@8OB8O. 06=K< CA;>285< =>@<0;L=>3> DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O >1@070 2>A?@8OB8O O2;O5BAO >@30=870F8O 8 AB@C:BC@8@>20==>ABL ?>;CG05<>9 8=D>@<0F88. '5;>25: 6825B 2 <8@5 25I59 8 O2;5=89, >B3@0=8G5==KE 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25 8 2> 2@5<5=8 8 =0E>4OI8EAO <564C A>1>9 2 >?@545;5==KE A2O7OE. >?02 2 CA;>28O, 345 2 ?>;5 2>A?@8OB8O =5B ?@82KG=>9 @0AG;5=5==>AB8 8 >@30=87>20==>AB8, G5;>25: =5 <>65B =5 B>;L:> 045:20B=> 8 4;8B5;L=> 2>A?@8=8<0BL B0:>9 >:@C60NI89 <8@, => 8 8A?KBK205B =0@CH5=8O 4@C38E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89. "0:85 =0@CH5=8O =01;N40NBAO C ;N459, =0E>4OI8EAO 2 7=>9=>9 ?CABK=5 8;8 41 0@:B8G5A:>< 157<>;288. >?CA:0NB, GB> 2>7=8:0NI85 <8@068 5ABL A;54AB285 ?>?KB>: ?A8E8:8 :><?5=A8@>20BL >BACBAB285 AB@C:BC@8@>20==>AB8 2=5H=59 A@54K A ?><>ILN ?@54AB02;5=89, 872;5G5==KE 87 ?0<OB8, 8 B5< A0<K< 4>AB8GL ?@82KG=>9 >@30=87>20==>AB8 2>A?@8OB8O. @C38< ?@8<5@>< <>65B A;C68BL M:A?5@8<5=B, 2 ?@>F5AA5 :>B>@>3> 8A?KBC5<>3> 2 A:0D0=4@5 ?><5I0;8 2 @575@2C0@ A 2>4>9.  B0:>< ?>;>65=88 8A?KBC5<K5 2 ?5@2K5 ?>;G0A0 70AK?0;8, 0 :>340 ?@>AK?0;8AL, B> C =8E 2>7=8:0;8 =0@CH5=8O 2>A?@8OB8O. =8 =5 <>3;8 @07;8G0BL 25@E 8 =87, ;52>5 8 ?@02>5. @><5 B>3>, 2 8E A>7=0=88 F0@8;0 ;8HL >4=0 :0:0O-=81C4L <KA;L, >B :>B>@>9 >=8 =5 <>3;8 871028BLAO. A;8 G5@57 =0CH=8:8 ?>4020;8 :0:CN-B> D@07C, B> MB0 =02O7G820O <KA;L 70<5I0;0AL =>2>9, 7028AOI59 >B MB>9 D@07K.  B>;L:> :>340 G5@57 =0CH=8:8 ?>4020;AO A2O7=K9 B5:AB 8;8 <C7K:0, B> <KH;5=85 8A?KBC5<KE =>@<0;87>2K20;>AL [387]. >B 5I5 ?@8<5@. A?KBC5<KE ?@>A8;8 4>;3> A<>B@5BL =0 B5;5M:@0=, =0 :>B>@>< 1K;8 ;8HL 15A?>@O4>G=K5 A>G5B0=8O ?OB5= (15;K9 HC<). 8G53>, :@><5 M:@0=0, 2 ?>;5 8E 7@5=8O =5 1K;>.  MB>< A;CG05 =0@CH0;>AL 2>A?@8OB85, 8 MB> =0@CH5=85 1K;> 0=0;>38G=> 2>7=8:02H5<C ?@8 A5=A>@=>9 87>;OF88 [38, 394]. 5@5AB@>9:0 2>A?@8OB8O ?@8 >1CG5=88 > A8E ?>@ <K >1AC640;8 CA;>28O, =5>1E>48<K5 4;O ?>;=>F5==>3> @0728B8O 2>A?@8OB8O. 59AB28B5;L=>, 8 0:B82=>5 2708<>459AB285 A >1J5:B><, 8 =0;8G85 >1@0B=>9 A2O78, 8 @O4 4@C38E CA;>289 A?>A>1AB2CNB ?>AB@>5=8N 045:20B=KE >1@07>2, ?>72>;ONI8E C7=020BL >@838=0;K 8 1KAB@>, 8 B>G=>, 8 =0456=>. 4=0:> =5 A@07C >1@07K 4>AB830NB B0:>3> A>25@H5=AB20. 0 MB>< ?CB8 2KO2;5= @O4 ?@><56CB>G=KE MB0?>2. >=8<0=85 <5E0=87<>2 MB8E ?>A;54>20B5;L=KE MB0?>2 ?>72>;O5B ?@54AB02;OBL 2>A?@8=8<05<K9 <0B5@80; >?B8<0;L=K< A?>A>1>< 8 B5< CA:>@OBL 8 :>@@5:B8@>20BL ?@>F5AA D>@<8@>20=8O 2>A?@8OB8O. @8B5;L=>5 =01;N45=85  F5;5A>>1@07=> >@30=87>20==>5 2>A?@8OB85, ?>4G8=5==>5 AB>OI59 ?5@54 G5;>25:>< 7040G5. 1KG=> >A=>2=K5 7040G8 =01;N45=8O D>@<C;8@CNB :0: >1=0@C65=85, >?>7=020=85 (C7=020=85), 845=B8D8:0F8N. @8 >1=0@C65=88 =01;N40B5;L D8:A8@C5B B>;L:> =0;8G85 >1J5:B0 (5ABL >= 8;8 =5B), ?@8 >?>7=0=88 >= >B=>A8B 53> : :;0AAC >1J5:B>2 (?> >1>1I5==K< E0@0:B5@8AB8:0< :;0AA0), 0 ?@8 845=B8D8:0F88 ?@>872>48B A;8G5=85 >1J5:B0 A :>=:@5B=K< MB0;>=><, E@0=OI8<AO 2 ?0<OB8, 8 =0 >A=>20=88 MB>9 8=D>@<0F88 >?@545;O5B 7=0G8<>ABL >1J5:B0 2 40==>9 A8BC0F88 8 ?@8=8<05B A>>B25BAB2CNI55 @5H5=85. ;O >1=0@C65=8O >1J5:B0 A <0:A8<0;L=>9 A:>@>ABLN G5;>25: 4>;65= 8A?>;L7>20BL B0:85 A2>9AB20 >1@07>2, :0: :>=AB0=B=>ABL, >1>1I5==>ABL, ?@54<5B=>ABL. 0?@8<5@, B>;L:> 4>AB0B>G=> AD>@<8@>20==0O :>=AB0=B=>ABL 4>?CA:05B B>G=>5 >?@545;5=85 ?@>AB@0=AB25==>3> ?>;>65=8O 8 >@85=B0F88 >1J5:B0 =57028A8<> >B 53> @0AAB>O=8O 4> =01;N40B5;O, @0:C@A0 =01;N45=8O, F25B0 8 D>@<K. ?>7=0=85 >1J5:B0 <>65B 1KBL @50;87>20=> 4>AB0B>G=> 1KAB@> 8 =0456=>, 5A;8 G5;>25: >?8@05BAO =0 MDD5:B82=CN A8AB5<C ?@87=0:>2. 0 >A=>20=88 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>3> 8 B5>@5B8G5A:>3> 0=0;870 <5E0=87<>2 2>A?@8OB8O 8 C7=020=8O 7@8B5;L=KE 87>1@065=89 =0<8 1K;0 2K428=CB0 38?>B570 > 85@0@E8G5A:>9 AB@C:BC@5 ?@>F5AA>2 2>A?@8OB8O 8 >?>7=020=8O [87, 88]. "0:0O AB@C:BC@0 @0728B8O 2>A?@8OB8O ?>72>;O5B ?>=OBL ?5@5E>4 >B ?>4@>1=>3> 8 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>3> >1A;54>20=8O >1J5:B0, 7028AOI53> B>;L:> >B 53> :>=D83C@0F88, : 0:B82=><C 2K42865=8N 38?>B57 > 2>7<>6=>9 53> D>@<5 =0 >A=>25 8=D>@<0F88 > :;0AA5 1;87:8E D83C@, =0:>?;5==>9 2 4>;3>2@5<5==>9 ?0<OB8, 8 ?@>25@:5 B>;L:> :@8B8G5A:8E B>G5: MB8E 38?>B57. 0640O 7@8B5;L=0O 7040G0 A>45@68B >3@0=8G5=8O ?> A:>@>AB8 8 B>G=>AB8 @5H5=8O. =8 =0?@02;ONB ?>8A: 2 @07;8G=K5 ?>;O 4>;3>2@5<5==>9 ?0<OB8, >?@545;OO >1@0I5=85 : 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 >1>1I5==K< ?@87=0:0<. >340 G5;>25: 4>;65= @5H8BL 7040GC 4>AB0B>G=> B>G=>, 0 2@5<O @5H5=8O 65AB:> =5 >3@0=8G5=>, >=, ?> =0H5<C <=5=8N, ?@815305B : >?8A0=8N >1J5:B0 A ?><>ILN @5:C@A82=>-2KG8A;O5<KE ?@87=0:>2 @07=>3> C@>2=O >1>1I5==>AB8. A;8 7040G0 @5H05BAO 2 45D8F8B5 2@5<5=8 8 =5:@8B8G=0 : B>G=>AB8 @5H5=8O, B> 8A?>;L7CNBAO >?8A0=8O 4@C3>3> B8?0  F5;>AB=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O >1J5:B>2. $>@<8@>20=85 B0:8E ?@54AB02;5=89 A2O70=> A @07=K<8 2840<8 ?@>AB@0=AB25==KE ?@5>1@07>20=89 2A59 D83C@K 2 <KA;5==>< ?>;5. @54?>;0305BAO, GB> ?@87=0:8 ?5@2>3> B8?0 D>@- 43 <8@CNBAO <5E0=87<0<8 ;52>3> ?>;CH0@8O 3>;>2=>3> <>730, 0 2B>@>3>  <5E0=87<0<8 ?@02>3> ?>;CH0@8O [90]. @>F5AA D>@<8@>20=8O ;52>?>;CH0@=KE ?@87=0:>2 ;N1>3> C@>2=O 2:;NG05B 2>A?@8OB85 >B45;L=KE A2>9AB2 >1J5:B0 8 ;>38G5A:85 >?5@0F88, A>25@H05<K5 =04 >?8A0=8O<8 :>4>2 MB8E A2>9AB2 2> 2=CB@5==5< ?>;5. '8A;> 8 A>AB02 MB8E ;>38G5A:8E >?5@0F89 8 >?@545;ONB >B;8G85 :064>3> C@>2=O 2 85@0@E88 >1>1I5==>AB8 ?@87=0:>2. '5< 2KH5 C@>25=L, B5< 1>;LH0O G0ABL >?5@0F89 ?> 2KG8A;5=8N ?@87=0:>2 >1J5:B0 ?@8 53> 0=0;875 ?@>872>48BAO <KA;5==>, A @07@K2>< 2> 2@5<5=8 <564C 2>A?@8OB85< 8 C7=020=85< >1J5:B0. 2865=85 >B =87H53> C@>2=O 85@0@E88 ?@87=0:>2 :> 2A5 1>;55 2KA>:8< A>>B25BAB2C5B ?>AB5?5==><C ?5@5E>4C ?@8 C7=020=88 >B 459AB289 B>;L:> A >1J5:B>< G5@57 A>G5B0=85 459AB289 A >1J5:B>< 8 8=D>@<0F859, E@0=OI59AO 2 ?0<OB8, : 459AB28O< 3;02=K< >1@07>< A 8=D>@<0F859 2 ?0<OB8. =K<8 A;>20<8, MB>B ?@>F5AA A>?>AB02;O5BAO A ?>3@C65=85< (8=B5@8>@870F859) ?5@5E>4>< ?@8 C7=020=88 >B 2=5H=8E 42830B5;L=KE >?5@0F89 A >1J5:B>< : 70<5=5 2=5H=8E 459AB289 =0 <KA;8B5;L=K5 >?5@0F88 >1>1I5=8O 8 01AB@038@>20=8O. > <5@5 ?@>42865=8O ?> MB>9 85@0@E88 1>;55 <54;5==K5  42830B5;L=K5  >?5@0F88 2=>AOB 2A5 <5=LH89 2:;04 2 D>@<8@>20=85 ?@87=0:>2, 8, >2;04520O ?@87=0:0<8 1>;55 2KA>:8E C@>2=59 >1>1I5==>AB8, G5;>25: 8A?>;L7C5B ?@8 2>A?@8OB88 2A5 1>;55 >1>1I5==K5 >?5@0B82=K5 548=8FK.  A2O78 A B5<, GB> >1J5< :@0B:>2@5<5==>9 ?0<OB8 >3@0=8G5= (>1 MB>< 1>;55 ?>4@>1=> A<. 2 @0745;5 0<OBL), ?@8 ?>2KH5=88 AB5?5=8 >1>1I5==>AB8 >?5@0B82=KE 548=8F, 8A?>;L7C5<KE 2 :0G5AB25 ?@87=0:>2, @0AB5B 8=D>@<0B82=K9 >1J5< >?5@0B82=>3> ?>;O. 5@2K9, =87H89 C@>25=L 85@0@E8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K ?@87=0:>2 2>A?@8OB8O A>AB02;ONB ;>:0;L=K5 (?5@28G=K5) ?@87=0:8, E0@0:B5@87CNI85 >B45;L=K5 CG0AB:8 :>=BC@0 >1J5:B0, =0?@8<5@ 2K?C:;>ABL CG0AB:0, 87;><, :@8287=C, 4;8=C. '8A;> CG0AB:>2, =0 :>B>@K5 @0718205BAO :>=BC@ >1J5:B0 ?@8 53> >?8A0=88 A ?><>ILN ?5@28G=KE ?@87=0:>2 (?5@28G=K9 :>4), A>?>AB028<> A> A;>6=>ABLN >1J5:B0: >=> B5< 1>;LH5, G5< >= A;>6=55. @8 >?>7=0=88 ?@>872>48BAO A;8G5=85 :>4>2 >1J5:B0, D>@<8@C5<>3> ?@8 2>A?@8OB88 8 E@0=OI53>AO 2 ?0<OB8. !@02=5=85 ?5@28G=KE :>4>2 045:20B=> =0;>65=8N :>=BC@>2 >1J5:B>2 4@C3 44 =0 4@C30 8 8E ?>2>@>BC 4> A>2<5I5=8O 2A5E >48=0:>2KE CG0AB:>2. !;54CNI89 C@>25=L 85@0@E88 A>AB02;ONB >1>1I5==K5 (2B>@8G=K5) ?@87=0:8, E0@0:B5@87CNI85 =5 >B45;L=K5 CG0AB:8 :>=BC@0 >1J5:B0, 0 25AL >1J5:B 2 F5;><, =0?@8<5@ G8A;> C3;>2 (@0=3), G8A;> 2>3=CB>AB59, AB5?5=L 87@570==>AB8 2A53> :>=BC@0 8 4@. >38G5A:85 >?5@0F88 D8;LB@0F88, :><?@5AA88 8 AC<<0F88, ?@>872>48<K5 2 ?0<OB8, ?>72>;ONB 87 ?5@28G=>3> :>40 >1J5:B0 ?>;CG0BL 53> >1>1I5==K5 ?@87=0:8. >A:>;L:C C65 =5 2AO >1@01>B:0 >1J5:B0 ?@8 53> 2>A?@8OB88 ?@>872>48BAO 2> 2=5H=5< ?>;5, 0 G0ABL >?5@0F89 2K?>;=O5BAO <KA;5==>, 2> 2=CB@5==5< ?>;5, ?>AB>;L:C A:>@>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O ?>2KH05BAO, => ?@>8AE>48B =5:>B>@0O ?>B5@O B>G=>AB8 C7=020=8O >1J5:B0 87-70 >1>1I5==>AB8 ?@87=0:>2. "@5B89 C@>25=L A>AB02;ONB 5I5 1>;55 >1>1I5==K5  B@5B8G=K5  ?@87=0:8. =8 E0@0:B5@87CNB =5 A0< :>=BC@ 2>A?@8=8<05<>3> >1J5:B0, 0 53> A>>B=>H5=85 A :>=BC@>< 4@C3>3> 2A?><>30B5;L=>3> >1J5:B0, :>B>@K9 F5;8:>< D>@<8@C5BAO <KA;5==>.  B0:8< ?@87=0:0< <>6=> >B=5AB8 C4;8=5==>ABL >1J5:B0, 53> :><?0:B=>ABL, ?;>I04L, >@85=B0F8N. ?5@0F88, 2KG8A;ONI85 B@5B8G=K5 ?@87=0:8, A>>B=>AOB 2>A?@8=8<05<K9 >1J5:B A> 2A?><>30B5;L=K<, 8 1>;LH0O G0ABL >?5@0F89 ?> >1@01>B:5 A2545=89 >1 >1J5:B5 2K?>;=O5BAO <KA;5==>, ?>MB><C A:>@>ABL C7=020=8O =0 8E >A=>25 @0AB5B ?> A@02=5=8N A C7=020=85< ?@8 8A?>;L7>20=88 2B>@8G=KE ?@87=0:>2, => B>G=>ABL 53> ?>=8605BAO. KAH89 C@>25=L 85@0@E88  ?@87=0:8 AE>4AB20. =8 >1>7=0G0NBAO A;>20<8: ?>E>6, =0?><8=05B, 1;87>: 8 A>45@60B A2545=8O =5 >1 >4=><, 0 > =5A:>;L:8E >1J5:B0E 2 8E 2708<=KE >B=>H5=8OE. ?@545;5=85 ?@87=0:>2 AE>4AB20 1078@C5BAO =0 <KA;5==KE >?5@0F8OE  A>>B=5A5=88 >B>1@065=89 >1J5:B>2 A A8AB5<>9 01AB@0:B=KE >A59 :>>@48=0B. 0640O >AL 2 MB>9 A8AB5<5  ?@87=0:, ?> :>B>@><C A@02=820NBAO >1J5:BK. 57C;LB0BK A@02=5=8O ?>;>65=8O >1J5:B>2 >B=>A8B5;L=> 2A5E 8A?>;L7>20==KE >A59 (2K1@0==>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20 ?@87=0:>2) 8 5ABL ?@87=0:8 AE>4AB20. =8 E@0=OBAO 2 ?0<OB8 :0: A2545=8O > AB5?5=8 :0G5AB25==>3> 8 :>;8G5AB25==>3> AE>4AB20 >1J5:B>2. "0:8< >1@07><, ?@87=0:8 AE>4AB20 >B@060NB C65 8=D>@<0F8N =5 > A2>9AB20E A0<8E >1J5:B>2, 0 B>;L:> >1 >B=>H5=8OE 8E A2>9AB2. 45 A;8 G5;>25: 2;0455B C:070==>9 ;52>?>;CH0@=>9 A8AB5<>9 ?@87=0:>2, B> ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL C7=020=8O <>65B 1KBL ?@54AB02;5=0 B0:8< >1@07><. =0G0;5 CAB0=02;8205BAO 2708<=>5 @0A?>;>65=85 8 >1>1I5==>5 AE>4AB2> D83C@, 70B5< :0640O 87 =8E :0B53>@87C5BAO A ?><>ILN B@5B8G=KE, 2B>@8G=KE 8;8 ?5@28G=KE ?@87=0:>2 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B =5>1E>48<>9 A:>@>AB8 8 B>G=>AB8 >?>7=0=8O. A>15==>AB8 ?@02>AB>@>==8E ?@54AB02;5=89 O2;ONBAO A;54AB285< 8=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O >1J5:B0 8 8=KE D>@< 53> <KA;5==>3> ?@5>1@07>20=8O. 0: 8725AB=>, :064K9 >1J5:B <K E0@0:B5@87C5< ?@5645 2A53> A> AB>@>=K ?@0:B8G5A:>9  GB> <K <>65< 45;0BL A =8<. 50;87CO A?5F8D8G5A:85 4;O 40==>3> >1J5:B0 459AB28O, <K ?>AB5?5==> D>@<8@C5< 53> >1@07, 8 2 40;L=59H5<, 2>A?@>872>4O 2 ?@545;L=> A>:@0I5==>< 20@80=B5 =0G0;L=K5 :><?>=5=BK MB>9 A8AB5<K 459AB289 2 2845 ;8HL =0<5:0 =0 459AB28O, <K ?>;CG05< >1@07 >1J5:B0. 06=> ?>4G5@:=CBL, GB>, ?>A:>;L:C ?@02>5 ?>;CH0@85 >B25BAB25==> 70 2>A?@8OB85 ?@>AB@0=AB25==KE >B=>H5=89 8 =0?@02;5=8O 42865=8O, ?>AB>;L:C >=> 8 >15A?5G8205B @0728B85 B0: =07K205<>3> 35><5B@8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O, ?>72>;ONI53>, =0?@8<5@, 2K45;OBL B>?>;>38G5A:85 8=20@80=BK 5I5 4> A>7@520=8O ;>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O, :;0AA8D8:0F88 8 8AB8==KE ?>=OB89. "0:85 A2>9AB20 ?@02>AB>@>==8E ?@5>1@07>20=89 2=>AOB 25A><K9 2:;04 2 DC=:F8>=8@>20=85 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> 8=B5;;5:B0, :>B>@K9 ?>72>;O5B >ACI5AB28BL =5 B>;L:> 25@10;L=>-;>38G5A:>5, => 8 =03;O4=>-459AB25==>5 2K45;5=85 ?@87=0:>2. A?>;L7CO >A>1CN ;>38:C  ?@>AB@0=AB25==>-2@5<5==CN 8 ;>38:C 459AB28O, ?@02>5 ?>;CH0@85 D>@<8@C5B B5 3@0=8 >1@070, 2 :>B>@KE <>65B 1KBL >B@065=> =5 B>;L:> F5;>AB=>5 2>A?@8OB85 >1J5:B0, => 8 A8=B578@>20=> 2845=85 53> A =5A:>;L:8E @0:C@A>2 >4=>2@5<5==>. A;8 ?@54AB028BL A515 ;52>AB>@>==89 >1@07 :0: ?@>5:F8N >1J5:B0 =0 ?;>A:>ABL 2 =5:>B>@K9 548=AB25==K9 <><5=B 2>A?@8OB8O, B> ?@02>AB>@>==89 >1@07  MB> >1>1I5==K9 ?>@B@5B >1J5:B0. @02>5 ?>;CH0@85 8A?>;L7C5B 4@C385 A?>A>1K >?8A0=8O :>=D83C@0F88 87>1@065=8O.  >B;8G85 >B 85@0@E88 ;52>AB>@>==8E ?@87=0:>2, >=8 C65 =0 =86=5< C@>2=5 A2>59 85@0@E88 E0@0:B5@87CNB =5 >B45;L=K9 CG0AB>: D83C@K, 0 2AN 55 >4=>2@5<5==>, F5;>AB=>.  B0:8< F5;>AB=K< ?@87=0:0< <>6=> >B=5AB8 A8<<5B@8N, >A>1K< >1- 46 @07>< CB>=LH5==CN 8AE>4=CN D83C@C, ?>;CG82HCN =0720=85 A:5;5B, 8 A;>6=>ABL. @8 MB>< A;>6=>ABL O2;O5BAO 25AL<0 >1>1I5==>9 E0@0:B5@8AB8:>9, B0: :0: 2:;NG05B 2 A51O <5@C @53C;O@=>AB8 A2>9AB2 >1J5:B0, G8A;> 53> M;5<5=B>2 8 8E @07=>>1@0785, 0 B0:65 CG8BK205B :>=:@5B=CN ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL 0=0;870 40==>3> >1J5:B0 ?@8 53> 2>A?@8OB88. !:5;5B, A>E@0=OO A2O7=>ABL, >@85=B0F8N 8 A8<<5B@8N 8AE>4=>9 D83C@K, A>7405B 2>7<>6=>ABL =5 B>;L:> 2>A?@8=OBL ?@>AB@0=AB25==CN >@30=870F8N D83C@K, => 8 C?@>AB8BL <KA;5==K5 ?@>AB@0=AB25==K5 ?@5>1@07>20=8O A =59. @><5 C65 C?><O=CBKE ?@87=0:>2 : ?@02>?>;CH0@=K< <>6=> >B=5AB8 B0:>5 F5;>AB=>5 ?@54AB02;5=85, :0: F25B D83C@K. 0: 8725AB=>, 2>A?@8OB85 F25B0 >:07K205B =0 G5;>25:0 3;C1>:>5 8 <=>3>3@0==>5 2;8O=85.  :0G5AB25 ?@02>AB>@>==59 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 2>A?@8OB85 F25B0 B5A=> A2O70=> A ?5@28G=K<8 A5=A>@=K<8 ?@>F5AA0<8, =5>A>7=0205<K<8 4CH52=K<8 A>AB>O=8O<8, >:07K205B <>I=>5 2>7459AB285 =0 @01>B>A?>A>1=>ABL 8 =0AB@>5=85.  :>=B5:AB5 >1AC6405<KE ?@>1;5< =5>1E>48<> ?>4G5@:=CBL, GB> F25B 2;8O5B =0 2>A?@8OB85 G5;>25:>< 25A0 B5;0, B5<?5@0BC@K ?><5I5=8O, >F5=:C C40;5==>AB8 >1J5:B0 8 @07;8G8<>ABL ?@54<5B>2. 06=0O @>;L A;>6=>AB8 :0: 1>;55 >1>1I5==>3> >?8A0=8O :>=D83C@0F88 87>1@065=8O, G5< AE>4AB2>, ?@>O28;0AL 2 =0H8E M:A?5@8<5=B0E, :>340 8A?KBC5<K< ?@54JO2;O;8 =01>@K =5A<KA;>2KE D83C@ 8 8E ?@>A8;8 @07;>68BL MB8 D83C@K =0 425 3@C??K ?> A;>6=>AB8 8;8 ?> AE>4AB2C.  :064>< =01>@5 D83C@K 1K;8 ;81> >4=>3> F25B0, ;81> ?OB8 @07;8G=KE F25B>2. -:A?5@8<5=BK ?>:070;8, GB> AB@0B538O 8A?KBC5<KE ?@8 :;0AA8D8:0F88 ?> A;>6=>AB8 =5 7028A5;0 >B F25B0 (1K;0 AB0=40@B=>9 ?@8 2A5E F25B0E), 0 >?8@0;0AL B>;L:> =0 D>@<C D83C@. 'B> :0A05BAO 4@C3>3> :@8B5@8O  AE>4AB20, B> 459AB28O 8A?KBC5<KE O2=> 7028A5;8 >B F25B0. "0:8< >1@07><, A;>6=>ABL, A>>B=>A8<0O A 85@0@E859 ?@02>AB>@>==8E >?8A0=89 :>=D83C@0F88 87>1@065=8O, ?@>O28;0 A51O :0: 1>;55 >1>1I5==>5 >?8A0=85, G5< ?@87=0: AE>4AB20, A>>B=>A8<K9 A 2KAH8< C@>2=5< 85@0@E88 ;52>AB>@>==8E >?8A0=89. A?>;L7>20=85 >?B8<0;L=KE :><?>78F89 ?@02>- 8 ;52>?>;CH0@=KE ?@87=0:>2 ?>72>;O5B <>45;8@>20BL ?@>F5AA C7=020=8O 4;O B0:8E A;>6=KE >1J5:B>2, :0: @C:>?8A=K5 1C:2K, @07@CH5==K5, 45D>:CA8@>20==K5 87>1@065=8O 8 D>B>3@0D8G5A:85 ?>@B@5BK [87, 88, 349]. 47 2B><0B8G5A:>5 @0A?>7=020=85 @C:>?8A=KE 7=0:>2 1C:2 8 F8D@  ?@8>1@5B05B >A>1CN 0:BC0;L=>ABL 2 A2O78 A :><?LNB5@870F859. -B>3> B@51CNB 7040G8 >1@01>B:8 8 @540:B8@>20=8O @C:>?8A=KE B5:AB>2, >1@01>B:8 8=D>@<0F88 2 10=:0E 8 @O4 4@C38E. "@048F8>==K5 <5B>4K @5H5=8O MB>9 7040G8 >A=>20=K =0 0=0;875 2A5E B>G5: :>=BC@0 1C:2K, ?@8 MB>< :064K9 48A:@5B=K9 M;5<5=B 55 :>=D83C@0F88 @0AA<0B@8205BAO =5A:>;L:> @07 (<8=8<C< 42064K), GB> ?@82>48B : 1>;LH>9 70B@0B5 2@5<5=8 =0 ?5@51>@ 8 70<54;O5B C7=020=85. 07@01>B0==K5 =0<8 0;3>@8B<K @0A?>7=020=8O =0 >A=>25 A10;0=A8@>20==>3> 8A?>;L7>20=8O ?@02>- 8 ;52>?>;CH0@=KE ?@87=0:>2 ?>72>;ONB @048:0;L=> A>:@0B8BL ?5@51>@ 8=D>@<0B82=KE B>G5: 87>1@065=8O 1C:2K 8 B5< A0<K< CA:>@8BL 8 C?@>AB8BL ?@>F5AA @0A?>7=020=8O. !CI5AB2> 8A?>;L7>20==>3> ?>4E>40 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> ?@>F5AA 0=0;870 =0G8=05BAO A D>@<8@>20=8O >1>1I5==>3> ?@02>?>;CH0@=>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O 1C:2K 2 2845 55 :0@:0A0  A:5;5B0. @8 ?>AB@>5=88 :0@:0A0 8A?>;L7C5BAO <5=55 45AOB8 B>G5: :>=BC@0 1C:2K, 8 <=>385 1C:2K >B;8G0NBAO C65 ?> :0@:0AC. ;O @07;8G5=8O 7=0:>2 A B>645AB25==K<8 :0@:0A0<8 B@51C5BAO A;54CNI89 MB0?  ?@8<5=5=85 ;52>?>;CH0@=KE ?@87=0:>2, E0@0:B5@87CNI8E D>@<C >B45;L=KE :>@>B:8E CG0AB:>2 1C:2K. @>3@0<<=0O @50;870F8O 0;3>@8B<>2 ?>72>;8;0 A>:@0B8BL 2 2 3 @070 ?5@51>@ ?@8 @0A?>7=020=88 1C:2 @07;8G=KE 0;D028B>2  @CAA:>3>, 0=3;89A:>3>, 3@C78=A:>3>, 0@<O=A:>3>, E8=48, C@4C. 45O =0G8=0BL 0=0;87 A >1>1I5==>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O 87>1@065=8O ?@8<5=O;0AL B0:65 4;O 02B><0B8G5A:>3> @0A?>7=020=8O <=>3>B>=>2KE D83C@, @07@CH5==KE (45D>:CA8@>20==KE) 2 B0:>9 AB5?5=8, GB> =52>7<>6=> 1K;> 2K45;8BL 8E :>=BC@K.  MB>< A;CG05 >?>7=0=85 B>65 =0G8=0;>AL A ?>AB@>5=8O :0@:0A0. 4=0:> 5A;8 :0@:0A 1C:2K ?@54AB02;O; A>1>9 55 2=5H=NN >1>;>G:C, B> 745AL >= D>@<8@>20;AO :0: AB@C:BC@0 87 42CE 8;8 G5BK@5E 7>=48@CNI8E ;8=89, ?5@5A5:02H8E D83C@C.  :0G5AB25 ;52>AB>@>==8E @07;8G8B5;L=KE ?@87=0:>2 8A?>;L7>20;8AL A>>B=>H5=8O A;54>2 D83C@K =0 ;8=8OE :0@:0A0. ;3>@8B< >:070;AO MDD5:B82=K< ?@8 @0A?>7=020=88 =5A:>;L:8E 45AOB:>2 :;0AA>2 D83C@, 45D>:CA8@>20==KE 2 @07=>9 AB5?5=8, 2?;>BL 4> B0:>9, :>340 G5;>25: =5 @07;8G0; C65 =8:0:8E E0@0:B5@=KE >A>15==>AB59 D83C@. =0;>38G=K9 ?>4E>4 8A?>;L7>20;AO 8 ?@8 >1@01>B:5 48 @50;L=KE <=>3>B>=>2KE D>B>?>@B@5B>2. ;O 02B><0B8G5A:>3> 2K45;5=8O :>=BC@>2 =0 =8E D>@<8@>20;AO :0@:0A :0: AB@C:BC@0 7>=48@CNI8E ;8=89, => B5?5@L C65 A CG5B>< ?@54K=D>@<0F88 > B8?>2>< AB@>5=88 ;8F0 (=0?@8<5@, > B><, GB> >10 3;070 =5 <>3CB =0E>48BLAO ?> >4=C AB>@>=C >B =>A0). @8 @5H5=88 MB>9 7040G8 B0:65 C40;>AL 4>AB8GL ACI5AB25==>3> CA:>@5=8O >1@01>B:8 70 AG5B A>:@0I5=8O ?5@51>@0 B>G5: =0 2E>4=>< D>B>?>@B@5B5. #?><O=CBK5 8AA;54>20=8O ?>4B25@48;8 ?5@A?5:B82=>ABL ?>A;54>20B5;L=>3> 2A:;NG5=8O ?@02>AB>@>==8E 8 ;52>AB>@>==8E ?@87=0:>2 =0 @07=KE MB0?0E @0A?>7=020=8O. -B> 8 =5C4828B5;L=>.  3;025 A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK 8 0A8<<5B@8O ?>;CH0@89 1C45B ?>:070=>, GB> B0:0O AB@0B538O O2;O5BAO <038AB@0;L=>9 ?@8 @5H5=88 G5;>25:>< 7@8B5;L=>9 7040G8, ?>A:>;L:C 4><8=8@>20=85 ?@02>3> 8 ;52>3> ?>;CH0@89, A<5=OO 4@C3 4@C30 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>, 2:;NG0NB @07=K5 A?>A>1K >1@01>B:8 8=D>@<0F88. B0:, 2 ?@>F5AA5 2>A?@8OB8O G5;>25: =0:0?;8205B A2545=8O > ?@54<5B0E 8 O2;5=8OE =5 :0: AC<<C >B45;L=KE >ICI5=89, 0 CA208205B >B=>H5=8O <564C ?@54<5B0<8 8 8E A2>9AB20<8. >A?>;=5=85 =0;8G=KE A2545=89 A;540<8 ?@>H;>3> >?KB0 A>7405B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@54A:070=8O 8 B5< A0<K< =5 B>;L:> ACI5AB25==> CA:>@O5B ?@>F5AA C7=020=8O, => 8 1>;55 CA?5H=> 040?B8@C5B G5;>25:0 : A@545. 0: ?A8E8G5A:0O DC=:F8O, 2>A?@8OB85 >1;0405B B0:8<8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<8, :0: :>=AB0=B=>ABL, ?@54<5B=>ABL, F5;>AB=>ABL 8 >1>1I5==>ABL. =8 45;0NB 53> >B=>A8B5;L=> =57028A8<K< >B ?>AB>O==> 87<5=ONI59AO 2=5H=59 A@54K. 1@07 2>A?@8=8<05<>3> >1J5:B0 2>7=8:05B, 5A;8 G5;>25: B0: 8;8 8=0G5 0:B825= ?> >B=>H5=8N : >1J5:BC, B. 5. 5A;8 8<55B <5AB> 0:B82=0O ?@54<5B=0O 45OB5;L=>ABL. !8AB5<0 459AB289, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>9 A>74020;AO >1@07, A25@BK205BAO, ?>3@C605BAO, 8 :064K9 @07, :>340 G5;>25: >1@0I05BAO : MB><C >1@07C, >= 2>A?@>872>48B A>>B25BAB2CNICN, E>BO 8 ?@5>1@07>20==CN, A8AB5<C 459AB289. 49 45:20B=>ABL >1@070 ?>445@68205BAO 8 :>@@5:B8@C5BAO ?@028;L=> DC=:F8>=8@CNI59 >1@0B=>9 A2O7LN ?@8 4>AB0B>G=>< >1J5<5 ?>ABC?0NI59 2=5H=59 8 2=CB@5==59 8=D>@<0F88. =5H=OO 8=D>@<0F8O @53C;8@C5B >?B8<0;L=K9 C@>25=L GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 2>A?@8OB8O, A>2>:C?=>ABL ?>ABC?0NI59 872=5 8 87=CB@8 8=D>@<0F88 A>7405B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@028;L=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O A2>53> ?>;>65=8O 2> 2@5<5=8 8 ?@>AB@0=AB25, 8, =0:>=5F, ?@82KG=0O AB@C:BC@8@>20==>ABL 2=5H=59 8=D>@<0F88 2 A>G5B0=88 A 8=48284C0;L=K< >?KB>< G5;>25:0 >15A?5G8205B 70:>=><5@=CN @01>BC 53> ?A8E8:8.  >B :0:>9 @0AA5O==K9 ! C;8FK 0AA59=>9! !. 0@H0:.  =8<0=85 :0: >3@0=8G5=85 ?>;O 2>A?@8OB8O :BC0;L=K5, ;8G=>AB=>-7=0G8<K5 A83=0;K 2K45;ONBAO 2=8<0=85<. K1>@ >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 87 <=>65AB20 2A5E A83=0;>2, 4>ABC?=KE 2>A?@8OB8N 2 40==K9 <><5=B.  >B;8G85 >B 2>A?@8OB8O, A2O70==>3> A ?5@5@01>B:>9 8 A8=B57>< 8=D>@<0F88, ?>ABC?0NI59 >B 2E>4>2 @07=>9 <>40;L=>AB8, 2=8<0=85 >3@0=8G8205B ;8HL BC 55 G0ABL, :>B>@0O 1C45B @50;L=> >1@010BK20BLAO. 725AB=>, GB> G5;>25: =5 <>65B >4=>2@5<5==> 4C<0BL > @07=KE 25I0E 8 2K?>;=OBL @07=>>1@07=K5 @01>BK. -B> >3@0=8G5=85 ?@82>48B : =5>1E>48<>AB8 4@>18BL ?>ABC?0NICN 872=5 8=D>@<0F8N =0 G0AB8, =5 ?@52KH0NI85 2>7<>6=>AB8 >1@010BK20NI59 A8AB5<K. &5=B@0;L=K5 <5E0=87<K ?5@5@01>B:8 8=D>@<0F88 C G5;>25:0 <>3CB 8<5BL 45;> 2 40==K9 <><5=B 2@5<5=8 ;8HL A >4=8< >1J5:B><. A;8 A83=0;K > 2B>@>< >1J5:B5 ?>O2;ONBAO 2> 2@5<O @50:F88 =0 ?@54K4CI89, B> >1@01>B:0 =>2>9 8=D>@<0F88 =5 ?@>872>48BAO, ?>:0 MB8 <5E0=87<K =5 >A2>1>4OBAO. >MB><C 5A;8 =5:>B>@K9 A83=0; ?>O2;O5BAO G5@57 :>@>B:>5 2@5<O ?>A;5 ?@54K4CI53>, B> 2@5<O @50:F88 G5;>25:0 =0 2B>@>9 A83=0; 1>;LH5, G5< 2@5<O @50:F88 =0 =53> ?@8 >BACBAB288 ?5@2>3>. "0:, . . ;575@ [82] >1=0@C68;, GB> 5A;8 2 ?>;5 7@5=8O G5;>25:0 =0E>48BAO =5A:>;L:> >1J5:B>2, B> >?>7=0=85 2B>@>3> >1J5:B0 =0G8=05BAO ?@0:B8G5A:8 ;8HL ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: ?5@2K9 C65 >?>7=0=. 0=0;K F5=B@0;L=KE <5E0=87<>2 >1@01>B:8 <>3CB 1KBL 70=OBK =5 B>;L:> 2>A?@8OB85< 2=5H=8E A83=0;>2, => 8 :>=B@>;5< 70 >B25B=K<8 459AB28O<8. -B> B0:65 <>65B O2;OBLAO A45@6820NI8< <><5=B>< 4;O @50:F88 =0 =>2K9 A83=0;. >?KB:0 >4=>2@5<5==> A;548BL 70 >4=8< A>>1I5=85< 8 >B25G0BL =0 4@C3>5 ?>=8605B 8 B>G=>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O, 8 B>G=>ABL >B25B0. #?><O=CBK5 >3@0=8G5=8O 2>7<>6=>AB8 >4=>2@5<5==>3> 2>A?@8OB8O =5A:>;L:8E =57028A8<KE <564C A>1>9 A83=0;>2, 8=D>@<0F8O > :>B>@KE ?>ABC?05B 87 2=5H=59 8 2=CB@5==59 A@54K, A2O70=K A >A=>2=>9 E0@0:B5@8AB8:>9 52 2=8<0=8O  53> D8:A8@>20==K< >1J5<><. 06=>9 8 >?@545;ONI59 >A>15==>ABLN >1J5<0 2=8<0=8O O2;O5BAO B>, GB> >= ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 ?>4405BAO @53C;8@>20=8N ?@8 >1CG5=88 8 B@5=8@>2:5. 0?@8<5@, ?KB0;8AL >1CG8BL ;5BG8:>2 25AB8 A0<>;5B >G5=L =87:> (=0 2KA>B5 50 100 < =04 75<;59) 8 >4=>2@5<5==> >BKA:820BL =0 75<;5 <5;:>@07<5@=K5 >@85=B8@K. AA;54>20=85 459AB289 ;5BG8:>2 2 MB8E CA;>28OE ?>:070;> =52>7<>6=>ABL @0742>5=8O 2=8<0=8O <564C 42C<O C:070==K<8 =57028A8<K<8 459AB28O<8, ?>A:>;L:C :064>5 87 =8E B@51>20;> <0:A8<0;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O. 0B@C4=5=8O ;5BG8:0 70:;NG0;8AL 2 ?@0:B8G5A:>9 =52>7<>6=>AB8 B0: ?5@5:;NG0BL 2=8<0=85 8 >@30=87>2K20BL A1>@ 8=D>@<0F88, GB>1K >15A?5G8BL 2K?>;=5=85 >158E 7040G. @5>4>;5BL MB> 70B@C4=5=85 ?CB5< B@5=8@>2:8 =5 C4020;>AL [309]. 3@0=8G5==>ABL >1J5<0 2>A?@8=8<05<>3> 8 ?5@5@010BK205<>3> <0B5@80;0 70AB02;O5B =5?@5@K2=> 4@>18BL =0 G0AB8 ?>ABC?0NICN 8=D>@<0F8N 8 >?@545;OBL ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL (>G5@54=>ABL) 0=0;870 A@54K. 'B> 65 >?@545;O5B 8718@0B5;L=>ABL 2=8<0=8O, 53> =0?@02;5=85? K45;ONB 425 3@C??K D0:B>@>2.  ?5@2>9 >B=>AOB D0:B>@K, E0@0:B5@87CNI85 AB@C:BC@C 2=5H=8E @074@068B5;59, 4>E>4OI8E 4> G5;>25:0, B. 5. AB@C:BC@C 2=5H=53> ?>;O.  =8< ?@8G8A;ONB D878G5A:85 ?0@0<5B@K A83=0;0, =0?@8<5@ 8=B5=A82=>ABL, 53> G0AB>BC 8 4@C385 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 >@30=870F88 A83=0;>2 2> 2=5H=5< ?>;5. > 2B>@>9 3@C??5 >B=>AOB D0:B>@K, E0@0:B5@87CNI85 45OB5;L=>ABL A0<>3> G5;>25:0, B. 5. AB@C:BC@C 2=CB@5==53> ?>;O. 59AB28B5;L=>, :064K9 A>3;0A8BAO, GB> 5A;8 2 ?>;5 2>A?@8OB8O ?>O2;O5BAO A83=0;, >1;040NI89 ;81> 1>;LH59 8=B5=A82=>ABLN, G5< 4@C385 (=0?@8<5@, 72C: 2KAB@5;0 8;8 2A?KH:0 A25B0), ;81> 1>;LH59 =>287=>9 (=0?@8<5@, 2 :><=0BC =5>6840==> 2E>48B B83@), B> MB>B @074@068B5;L 02B><0B8G5A:8 ?@82;5G5B 2=8<0=85. $0:B, GB> =5:>B>@K5 D878G5A:85 ?0@0<5B@K A83=0;0 O2=> >1CA;>2;820NB =0?@02;5==>ABL 2=8<0=8O, 1K; ?5@2K< 2:;NG5= 2 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?@54AB02;5=8O > AB@C:BC@5 MB>3> ?@>F5AA0. "0:, @>415=B [44], [327] >?8AK20; 2=8<0=85 :0: D8;LB@, >B18@0NI89 8=D>@<0F8N C65 =0 2E>40E.  53> ?5@2>9 <>45;8 2=8<0=8O A5;5:F8O >ACI5AB2;O;0AL =0 >A=>25 B>;L:> D878G5A:8E ?0@0<5B@>2 ?> ?@8=F8?C 2A5 8;8 =8G53>. 45AL G5;>25: ?>=8<0;AO :0: ?0AA82=K9 ?@85<=8: 8=D>@<0F88. "0:0O ?>78F8O 53 1078@>20;0AL =0 >1=0@C65==>< 8< D0:B5, GB> 5A;8 G5;>25:C ?>4020;8 >4=>2@5<5==> 8=D>@<0F8N 2 >10 CE0 8 A>3;0A=> 8=AB@C:F88 >= 4>;65= 1K; 2>A?@8=8<0BL ;8HL 8=D>@<0F8N, ?>ABC?0NICN 2 ;52>5 CE>, B> ?>40202H0OAO ?@8 MB>< 2 ?@02>5 CE> 4@C30O 8=D>@<0F8O ?>;=>ABLN 8< 83=>@8@>20;0AL. 0;L=59H85 8AA;54>20=8O >1@0B8;8 273;O4 CG5=KE =0 D0:B>@K F5=B@0;L=>3> (2=CB@5==53>) ?@>8AE>645=8O, 2;8ONI85 =0 8718@0B5;L=>ABL 2=8<0=8O: A>>B25BAB285 ?>ABC?0NI59 8=D>@<0F88 ?>B@51=>ABO< G5;>25:0, 53> M<>F8>=0;L=><C A>AB>O=8N, 0:BC0;L=>AB8 4;O =53> 40==>9 8=D>@<0F88. @><5 B>3>, 2=8<0=8O : A515 B@51CNB 459AB28O, =54>AB0B>G=> 02B><0B878@>20==K5, 0 B0:65 =5 4>2545==K5 4> :>=F0.  <=>3>G8A;5==KE M:A?5@8<5=B0E >1=0@C65=>, GB> A;>20, 8<5NI85 >A>1K9 A<KA; 4;O G5;>25:0, =0?@8<5@ 53> 8<O, 8<5=0 53> 1;87:8E 8 B. ?., ;53G5 872;5:0NBAO 87 HC<0, ?>A:>;L:C =0 =8E 2A5340 =0AB@>5=K F5=B@0;L=K5 <5E0=87<K 2=8<0=8O. /@:8< ?@8<5@>< 2>7459AB28O >A>1> 0:BC0;L=>9 8=D>@<0F88 O2;O5BAO D0:B, 8725AB=K9 ?>4 =0720=85< D5=><5= 25G5@8=:8. @54AB02LB5 A515, GB> 2K =0E>48B5AL =0 25G5@8=:5 8 ?>3;>I5=K 8=B5@5A=>9 15A54>9. =570?=> 2K A;KH8B5 A2>5 8<O, =53@><:> ?@>87=5A5==>5 :5<-B> 2 4@C3>9 3@C??5 3>AB59. K 1KAB@> ?5@5:;NG05B5 2=8<0=85 =0 @073>2>@, ?@>8AE>4OI89 <564C MB8<8 3>ABO<8, 8 <>65B5 CA;KH0BL :>5-GB> 8=B5@5A=>5 > A515. > 2 B> 65 2@5<O 2K ?5@5AB05B5 A;KH0BL B>, GB> 3>2>@OB 2 B>9 3@C??5, 345 2K AB>8B5, B5< A0<K< 2K C?CA:05B5 =8BL @073>2>@0, 2 :>B>@>< CG0AB2>20;8 @0=LH5. K =0AB@>8;8AL =0 2B>@CN 3@C??C 8 >B:;NG8;8AL >B ?5@2>9. <5==> 2KA>:0O 7=0G8<>ABL A83=0;0, 0 =5 53> 8=B5=A82=>ABL, 65;0=85 C7=0BL, GB> > 20A 4C<0NB 4@C385 3>AB8, >?@545;8;8 87<5=5=8O =0?@02;5=8O 20H53> 2=8<0=8O. -:A?5@8<5=BK "@59A<0= [?> 126], [398] CB>G=8;8 8 @0AH8@8;8 ?5@2>=0G0;L=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O 8 ?>:070;8, GB> 8718@0B5;L=>ABL 2=8<0=8O <>65B >ACI5AB2;OBLAO =5 B>;L:> =0 >A=>25 D878G5A:8E ?0@0<5B@>2 A83=0;>2, => 8 ?> A5<0=B8G5A:8< E0@0:B5@8AB8:0< B5:AB0. A;8 =0 >10 CE0 >4=>2@5<5==> ?>4020;8 @07=CN 8=D>@<0F8N A 8=AB@C:F859 A;CH0BL, =0?@8<5@, B>;L:> ;52K<, 0 70B5< =5>6840==> 4;O G5;>25:0 40;8 ?@>4>;65=85 ;52>3> @0AA:070 =0 ?@02>5 CE>, B> >= ?5@5:;NG0;AO =0 8=D>@- 54 <0F8N A?@020 8 4065 =5 A@07C MB> 70<5G0;. #G8BK20O MB8 40==K5, ?@54?>;>68;8, GB> 2AO ?@>?CI5==0O =0 2E>40E 8=D>@<0F8O ?@8E>48B 2 F5=B@K, ?>A;5 G53> 2K45;5==0O B0< G0ABL A>E@0=O5BAO 2 ?0<OB8, 0 >AB0;L=0O >G5=L 1KAB@> 701K205BAO. "0:8< >1@07><, 1K;> 22545=> ?@54AB02;5=85 5I5 >1 >4=>< D8;LB@5  F5=B@0;L=><.  ?>AB@>5==>9 A CG5B>< MB>3> <>45;8 2E>4=>9 D8;LB@ C65 =5 ?>;=>ABLN 1;>:8@C5B =50:BC0;L=CN, =5 A2O70==CN A 8=AB@C:F859 8=D>@<0F8N, 0 ;8HL =5A:>;L:> >A;01;O5B 55. @8 MB>< >3@0=8G5=85 ?>B>:0 ?5@5@010BK205<>9 8=D>@<0F88 <>65B ?@>8AE>48BL 2 42CE :;NG52KE ?>78F8OE: ?5@8D5@8G5A:89 D8;LB@ >ACI5AB2;O5B >B1>@ ?> D878G5A:8< E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<, 0 F5=B@0;L=K9 ?@>872>48B A5;5:F8N ?> :0B53>@80;L=K< 8 A5<0=B8G5A:8< ?@87=0:0<. -B> ?@54AB02;5=85 CB>G=O5B 09AA5@ [194]. 5@8D5@8G5A:>5 2=8<0=85 >= =07K205B ?@542=8<0=85< 8 A2O7K205B 53> A >B=>A8B5;L=> 3@C1>9 8 ?0@0;;5;L=>9 >1@01>B:>9 8=D>@<0F88, 4>?CA:0O, GB> >=> 2K?>;=O5B DC=:F88 2K45;5=8O D83C@K 87 D>=0 8 A;565=8O 70 2=570?=K<8 87<5=5=8O<8 2> 2=5H=5< ?>;5. &5=B@0;L=>5 2=8<0=85 >= =07K205B D>:0;L=K< 8 A>?>AB02;O5B 53> A 45B0;L=>9 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>9 8 >A>7=0==>9 >1@01>B:>9, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 25@10;L=>9. !;54CNI8< H03>< =0 ?CB8 CG5B0 2A5 1>;55 A;>6=KE <5E0=87<>2 2 48=0<8:5 >@30=870F88 2=8<0=8O O28;>AL ?@54AB02;5=85 > =5< :0: >1 0:B82=>< ?@542>AE8I5=88 @57C;LB0B>2 2>A?@8OB8O A B5<8 65 42C<O C@>2=O<8 >1@01>B:8 8=D>@<0F88: 3@C1K<8 8 1KAB@K<8 ?0@0;;5;L=K<8 >F5=:0<8  A ?><>ILN ?@542=8<0=8O, 8 <54;5==K<8 45B0;L=K<8 ?>A;54>20B5;L=K<8  A ?><>ILN D>:0;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O. B;8G8B5;L=>9 >A>15==>ABLN <>45;8 AB0; F8:;8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@ ?@>F5AA0. = <>65B 1KBL ?@>8;;NAB@8@>20= A ?><>ILN @07@01>B0==>3> 09AA5@>< 8 5:;8=>< 287C0;L=>3> 0=0;>30 <5B>48:8 8718@0B5;L=>3> A;CH0=8O. =8 70?8A0;8 =0 2845><03=8B>D>= 425 @07=K5 A?>@B82=K5 83@K A <OG>< 8 A<>3;8 >ACI5AB28BL A ?><>ILN 75@:0;0 ?>;=>5 =0;>65=85 42CE ?5@540G, :0: 5A;8 1K =0 B5;52878>==>< M:@0=5 >=8 45<>=AB@8@>20;8AL >4=>2@5<5==>. A?KBC5<KE ?@>A8;8 =01;N40BL 70 >4=>9 83@>9 8 83=>@8@>20BL 4@C3CN, =068<0O =0 :;NG ?@8 :064>< C40@5 ?> <OGC 2 =01;N405<>9 83@5. @8 B5<?5 4> 40 C40@>2 2 <8=CBC ?> <OGC 8A?KBC5<K5 ;53:> A;548;8 70 83@>9 =57028A8<> >B B>3>, 45<>=AB@8@>20;0AL >=0 2<5AB5 A 4@C3>9 8;8 >B45;L=>. 57C;LB0BK CEC4H0;8AL, 55 :>340 8A?KBC5<K5 4>;6=K 1K;8 A;548BL 70 >158<8 83@0<8 >4=>2@5<5==>. K?>;=5=85 MB>3> 7040=8O A>?@>2>640;>AL <=>3>G8A;5==K<8 60;>10<8 =0 B@C4=>ABL 53> 2K?>;=5=8O 8 ?@82>48;> : 1>;LH><C G8A;C >H81>:. &8:;8G5A:0O <>45;L 2>A?@8OB8O ?>72>;O5B >1JOA=8BL MB8 @57C;LB0BK. ">;L:> M?87>4, =0 :>B>@K9 >1@0I5=> 2=8<0=85, 2:;NG5= 2 F8:; ?@542>AE8I5=8O, >1A;54>20=89 8 A1>@0 8=D>@<0F88, ;8HL >= 8 2>A?@8=8<05BAO. ">340 2=8<0=85  MB> B0:0O >@30=870F8O 2>A?@8OB8O, ?@8 :>B>@>9 G5;>25: 2K18@05B B>, GB> >= E>G5B 2845BL, ?@542>AE8I0O AB@C:BC@C 8=D>@<0F88, :>B>@0O 1C45B ?@8 MB>< ?>;CG5=0. "0:8< >1@07><, 745AL 2 AB@C:BC@5 2=8<0=8O CG8BK20NBAO =5 B>;L:> F5=B@0;L=K5 8 ?5@8D5@8G5A:85 D8;LB@K, => 2:;NG05BAO 2 @0AA<>B@5=85 8 48=0<8:0 8E 2708<>2;8O=8O. 'B> 65 8725AB=> > <5E0=87<0E, >ACI5AB2;ONI8E D8;LB@0F8N? >;LHCN @>;L 2 >@30=870F88 ?@542=8<0=8O 83@05B ?5@8D5@8G5A:0O =0AB@>9:0 >@30=>2 GC2AB2. @8A;CH820OAL : A;01><C 72C:C, G5;>25: ?>2>@0G8205B 3>;>2C 2 AB>@>=C 72C:0 8 >4=>2@5<5==> A>>B25BAB2CNI0O <KHF0 =0BO38205B 10@010==CN ?5@5?>=:C, ?>2KH0O 55 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL. @8 >G5=L A8;L=>< 72C:5 =0BO65=85 10@010==>9 ?5@5?>=:8 87<5=O5BAO, ?@82>4O : >A;01;5=8N ?5@540G8 G@57<5@=KE :>;510=89 2> 2=CB@5==55 CE>, ?>4>1=> B><C, :0: AC65=85 7@0G:0 CAB@0=O5B 87;8H=55 :>;8G5AB2> A25B0. AB0=>2:0 8;8 7045@6:0 4KE0=8O 2 <><5=BK =082KAH53> 2=8<0=8O B0:65 >1;53G05B ?@8A;CH820=85. @8A<0B@820OAL, G5;>25: ?@>872>48B F5;K9 @O4 >?5@0F89: :>=25@35=F8N (A2545=85 >A59) 3;07, D>:CA8@>2:C E@CAB0;8:0, 87<5=5=85 480<5B@0 7@0G:0. A;8 =5>1E>48<> 2845BL 1>;LHCN G0ABL AF5=K, B> D>:CA=>5 @0AAB>O=85 C:>@0G8205BAO, :>340 8=B5@5A=K 45B0;8, >=> C4;8=O5BAO, A>>B25BAB2CNI85 G0AB8 AF5=K 2K45;ONBAO 8 AB0=>2OBAO A2>1>4=K<8 >B 2;8O=8O ?>1>G=KE 45B0;59. 0E>4OAL 2 D>:CA5, 2K45;5==K9 CG0AB>: ;8H05BAO, B0:8< >1@07><, :>=B5:AB0, A :>B>@K< ?5@2>=0G0;L=> 1K; A2O70=: >= 2845= >BG5B;82>, 0 53> >:@C65=85 (:>=B5:AB) :065BAO @07<KBK<. "0:8< >1@07><, >48= 8 B>B 65 CG0AB>: <>65B ?@8>1@5B0BL @07=>5 7=0G5=85 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B F5;8 8;8 CAB0=>2:8 =01;N40B5;O. 4=0:> 2 >A=>25 8718@0B5;L=>AB8 2=8<0=8O ;560B =5 B>;L:> ?@>F5AAK ?5@8D5@8G5A:>9 ?>4AB@>9:8 >@30=>2 GC2AB2, => 8 F5=B@0;L=0O =0AB@>9:0. <?C;LAK, 84CI85 87 F5=B@0 : ?5@8D5@88 ?> A;CE>2><C 8;8 7@8B5;L=><C 56 =5@2C, <>3CB 8718@0B5;L=> C?@02;OBL GC2AB28B5;L=>ABLN 2>A?@8=8<0NI8E 2E>4>2. "0:, =0?@8<5@, @>415=B [328] AG8B05B, GB> 4;O ?@542=8<0=8O E0@0:B5@=> ?>AB>O==>5 A=865=85 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?> >B=>H5=8N : G0AB> 2AB@5G0NI8<AO :><18=0F8O< ?@87=0:>2. . /. 0;L?5@8= [74] >1>1I8; ?@54AB02;5=8O > F5=B@0;L=KE <5E0=87<0E 2=8<0=8O. >B>@=K5 B5>@88 2=8<0=8O >= >1J548=8; 2 ?5@2CN 3@C??C.  =8E 2=8<0=85 @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: @57C;LB0B 42830B5;L=>3> ?@8A?>A>1;5=8O, C;CGH0NI53> 2>A?@8OB85 ?@54<5B0. A=>2>?>;030NI8< 4;O MB>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O O2;O5BAO B>B D0:B, GB> :064>5 2>A?@8OB85 A2O70=> A :0:8<-;81> 42865=85< 8, 2>A?@>87254O MB> 42865=85, G5;>25: A>>1I05B 2>A?@8OB8N 4>?>;=8B5;L=CN 8=B5=A82=>ABL. > 2B>@CN 3@C??C >B=5A5=K B5>@88, 45;0NI85 0:F5=B =0 >3@0=8G5=88 >1J5<0 2=8<0=8O, ?>MB><C 1>;55 A8;L=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O 2KB5A=ONB 87 =53> 1>;55 A;01K5. ! MB>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O 1>;55 A8;L=K<8 1C4CB B5 ?@54AB02;5=8O, : :>B>@K< 4>102;O5BAO 2>A?><8=0=85 AE>4=>3> >?KB0. !8;0 ?@54AB02;5=8O 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 >?@545;O5BAO A;>65=85< 8=B5=A82=>AB8 2=5H=53> @074@065=8O 8 0:B82=>AB8 B>9 G0AB8 ?@>H;>3> >?KB0, :>B>@0O ?@8A>548=O5BAO : =5<C ?> 0AA>F80F88. BAN40, 2 G0AB=>AB8, 15@5B A2>5 ?@>8AE>645=85 8725AB=0O ?5403>38G5A:0O @5:><5=40F8O: 4;O ;CGH53> CA2>5=8O =>2>3> <0B5@80;0, 4;O 53> CA8;5=8O 65;0B5;L=> ?@8720BL =0 ?><>IL AE>4=K5 G0AB8 ?@>H;>3> >?KB0. "@5BLN 3@C??C A>AB02;ONB B5>@88, A2O7K20NI85 2=8<0=85 A <>B820F859: ?@82;5:05B 2=8<0=85 B>, GB> A2O70=> A 8=B5@5A0<8 G5;>25:0; MB> 8 A>>1I05B >1J5:BC 2>A?@8OB8O 4>?>;=8B5;L=CN 8=B5=A82=>ABL, 0 A =59 ?>2KH05BAO OA=>ABL 8 >BG5B;82>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O. "0:, CG5=K9, 87CG0NI89 40==CN :>=:@5B=CN ?@>1;5<C, A@07C >1@0B8B 2=8<0=85 =0, :070;>AL 1K, <0;CN 45B0;L, => A2O70==CN A MB>9 ?@>1;5<>9, :>B>@0O CA:>;L7=5B >B 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0, =5 ?@>O2;ONI53> 8=B5@5A0 : MB><C 2>?@>AC. $878>;>38G5A:89 0A?5:B ?5@5G8A;5==KE B5>@89 A2O70= A @0AA<>B@5=85< 2=8<0=8O :0: @57C;LB0B0 4>?>;=8B5;L=>3> =5@2=>3> 2>71C645=8O, 8AE>4OI53> 87 2KAH8E =5@2=KE F5=B@>2 8 254CI53> : CA8;5=8N >1@070 8;8 ?>=OB8O. 3> 48=0<8:0 ?@54AB02;O5BAO A;54CNI8< >1@07><: =02AB@5GC 2>71C645=8N, ?>ABC?0NI5<C >B >@30=>2 GC2AB2, F5=B@0;L=0O =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 ?>AK;05B A83=0;K, :>B>@K5 8718@0B5;L=> CA8;820NB =5:>B>@K5 AB>@>=K 2=5H=53> @07- 57 4@065=8O, 2K45;OO 8E 8 ?@84020O 8< ?>2KH5==CN OA=>ABL 8 G5B:>ABL.  G0AB=>AB8, . . #EB><A:89 [272] AG8B0;, GB> 2>71C645=85 @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO ?> =5@2=>9 A8AB5<5 =5@02=><5@=>, 8 :064K9 284 45OB5;L=>AB8 ?@8 >?@545;5==>9 G0AB>B5 ?>2B>@5=8O 8 7=0G8<>AB8 <>65B A>74020BL >G038 >?B8<0;L=>3> 2>71C645=8O, :>B>@K5 ?@8>1@5B0NB 4><8=8@CNI89 E0@0:B5@. -B8 4><8=0=B=K5 >G038 >B;8G0NBAO >A>1>9 A?>A>1=>ABLN 0::C<C;8@>20BL 2>71C645=85 8 4;8B5;L=> 53> C45@6820BL. BAN40 ?@>OA=O5BAO <5E0=87< 2>7=8:=>25=8O ?@5>1;040NI8E 8=B5@5A>2: 4><8=0=B=K5 >G038 =5 B>;L:> B>@<>7OB 4@C385 >G038 2>71C645=8O 2 :>@5 <>730, => 8 ?@8>1@5B0NB A?>A>1=>ABL CA8;820BLAO ?>4 2;8O=85< 2>71C645=89, ?>AB>@>==8E 4;O 40==>3> 2840 45OB5;L=>AB8. > 2A5E ?5@5G8A;5==KE 3@C??0E ?@54AB02;5=89 <>6=> 2K45;8BL >1I89 8 >G5=L 206=K9 ?@8=F8?  2>7=8:=>25=85 2 F5=B@0;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<5 4>?>;=8B5;L=>3> 2>71C645=8O, CA8;820NI53> 2>A?@8OB85 :>=:@5B=>3> >1J5:B0  ?@82;5G5=85 : =5<C 2=8<0=8O.  >4=>< A;CG05 MB> 4>?>;=8B5;L=>5 2>71C645=85 ?>@>6405BAO 8<?C;LA0<8 >B <KHF ?@8 ?>2B>@5=88 @O40 42865=89, 2 4@C3><  >?@545;O5BAO 2>7459AB285< AE>4=>3> ?@>H;>3> >?KB0, 2 B@5BL5<  A2O70=> A A8AB5<>9 8=B5@5A>2 ;8G=>AB8 8 M<>F8>=0;L=K< =0AB@>5=85< G5;>25:0. #45;OBL 2=8<0=85  7=0G8B 2>A?@8=8<0BL =5:>B>@CN 25IL A ?><>ILN 2A?><>30B5;L=KE <5E0=87<>2. =8<0=85 2A5340 ?@54?>;0305B =5A:>;L:> D878>;>38G5A:8E 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E 2AB02>: (@07;8G=>9 ?@8@>4K 8 @07=>3> C@>2=O), ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@KE 2K45;O5BAO 8 ?@>OA=O5BAO =5GB> :>=:@5B=>5. "0:8< >1@07><, 2=8<0=85 2K?>;=O5B A2>5>1@07=>5 >IC?K20=85, >A<>B@, 0=0;87 >:@C60NI59 A@54K. >A:>;L:C >IC?K20=85 A@07C 2A59 A@54K =52>7<>6=>, 2K45;O5BAO 55 G0ABL ?>;5 2=8<0=8O. -B> B0 G0ABL A@54K, :>B>@0O >E20BK205BAO 2=8<0=85< 2 40==K9 <><5=B. =0;8B8G5A:89 MDD5:B 2=8<0=8O <>6=> @0AA<0B@820BL :0: A;54AB285 53> CA8;820NI53> 2;8O=8O. =B5=A8D8F8@CO 2>A?@8OB85 G0AB8 ?>;O 8 ?>A;54>20B5;L=> ?5@5=>AO MB> CA8;5=85 =0 4@C385 G0AB8, G5;>25: <>65B 4>AB8GL ?>;=>3> 0=0;870 A@54K. %0@0:B5@8AB8:8 2=8<0=8O 3@0=8G5==K9 >1J5< 2=8<0=8O >?@545;O5B >A=>2=K5 53> E0@0:B5@8AB8:8: CAB>9G82>ABL, :>=F5=B@0F8N, @0A?@545;5=85, ?5@5:;NG05<>ABL 8 ?@54<5B=>ABL. #AB>9G82>ABL  MB> 4;8B5;L=>ABL ?@82;5G5=8O 2=8<0=8O : >4=><C 8 B><C 65 >1J5:BC 8;8 : >4=>9 8 B>9 65 7040G5. =0 <>65B >?@545;OBLAO ?5@8D5@8G5A:8<8 8 F5=B@0;L=K<8 D0:B>@0<8. #AB>9G82>ABL, >?@545;O5<0O ?5@8D5@8G5A:8<8 D0:B>@0<8, =5 ?@52KH05B 2 3 A5:C=4, ?>A;5 G53> 2=8<0=85 =0G8=05B :>;510BLAO. > CAB>9G82>ABL ACI5AB25==> ?>2KH05BAO, 5A;8 G5;>25: 0:B82=> 2708<>459AB2C5B A >1J5:B><, @0AA<0B@8205B 53> 8 87CG05B, 0 =5 ?@>AB> A<>B@8B =0 =53>. #AB>9G82>ABL F5=B@0;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O <>65B A>AB02;OBL 7=0G8B5;L=> 1>;LH89 8=B5@20;  4> =5A:>;L:8E <8=CB. >=OB=>, GB> :>;510=8O ?5@8D5@8G5A:>3> 2=8<0=8O ?@8 MB>< =5 8A:;NG0NBAO, => >=> 2>72@0I05BAO 2A5 2@5<O : >4=><C 8 B><C 65 >1J5:BC. @8 MB>< 4;8B5;L=>ABL ?@82;5G5=8O F5=B@0;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O, ?> <=5=8N !. . C18=HB59=0 [230], 7028A8B >B 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?>AB>O==> @0A:@K20BL 2 >1J5:B5 =>2>5 A>45@60=85. >6=> A:070BL, GB>, G5< 8=B5@5A=55 4;O =0A >1J5:B, B5< CAB>9G8255 1C45B =0H5 2=8<0=85. #AB>9G82>ABL 2=8<0=8O B5A=> A2O70=0 A 53> :>=F5=B@0F859. >=F5=B@0F8O >?@545;O5BAO 548=AB2>< 42CE 206=KE D0:B>@>2  ?>2KH5=85< 8=B5=A82=>AB8 A83=0;0 ?@8 >3@0=8G5==>AB8 ?>;O 2>A?@8OB8O. . . #EB><A:89 [272] ?>;030;, GB> 8718@0B5;L=>ABL 8 :>=F5=B@0F8O 2=8<0=8O A2O70=K A >A>15==>ABO<8 DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O 4><8=0=B=>3> >G030, 2 G0AB=>AB8, :>=F5=B@0F8O O2;O5BAO A;54AB285< 2>71C645=8O 2 4><8=0=B=>< >G035 ?@8 >4=>2@5<5==>< B>@<>65=88 >AB0;L=KE 7>= :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730. >4 @0A?@545;5=85< ?>=8<0NB AC1J5:B82=> ?5@568205<CN A?>A>1=>ABL G5;>25:0 C45@6820BL 2 F5=B@5 2=8<0=8O >?@545;5==>5 G8A;> @07=>@>4=KE >1J5:B>2 >4=>2@5<5==>. <5==> MB> :0G5AB2> 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL A>25@H0BL A@07C =5A:>;L:> 459AB289, A>E@0=OO 8E 2 ?>;5 2=8<0=8O. =>385 A;KH0;8 > D5=><5=0;L=KE A?>A>1=>ABOE .;8O &570@O, :>B>@K9 <>3, ?> ?@540=8N, 45;0BL >4=>2@5<5==> A5<L =5A2O70==KE <564C A>1>9 45;. 725AB=> B0:65, GB> 0?>;5>= <>3 >4=>2@5<5==> 48:B>20BL A2>8< A5:@5B0@O< A5<L >B25BAB25==KE 48?;><0B8G5A:8E 4>:C<5=B>2. 4=0:> 5ABL 2A5 >A=>20=8O ?@54?>;030BL, GB> >4=>2@5<5==> ?@>- 59 B5:05B B>;L:> >48= 284 A>7=0B5;L=>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, 0 AC1J5:B82=>5 >ICI5=85 >4=>2@5<5==>AB8 2K?>;=5=8O =5A:>;L:8E >1O70=> 1KAB@><C ?>A;54>20B5;L=><C ?5@5:;NG5=8N A >4=>9 =0 4@C3CN. I5 @01>B0<8 C=4B0 [67] ?>:070=>, GB> G5;>25: =5 <>65B A>A@54>B>G8BL 2=8<0=85 =0 42CE >4=>2@5<5==> ?@54JO2;O5<KE @074@068B5;OE, @0A?@545;5=85 2=8<0=8O D0:B8G5A:8 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 1KAB@K< 53> ?5@5=>A><. =>340 A>7405BAO 2?5G0B;5=85, GB> G5;>25: >ACI5AB2;O5B 420 2840 45OB5;L=>AB8 >4=>2@5<5==>. 0 A0<>< 45;5 2 B0:8E A;CG0OE >48= 87 =8E =0AB>;L:> 02B><0B878@>20=, GB> =5 B@51C5B : A515 2=8<0=8O. > 5A;8 MB>3> =5B, B> A>2<5I5=85 =52>7<>6=>. 0?@8<5@, =5B@5=8@>20==>3> G5;>25:0, 84CI53> ?> 38<=0AB8G5A:><C 1@52=C, 15A?>;57=> ?@>A8BL @5H8BL A0<CN ?@>ABCN 0@8D<5B8G5A:CN 7040GC, >= =5 A<>65B MB> 2K?>;=8BL, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: >?KB=K9 38<=0AB ;53:> A?@02;O;AO A @0A?@545;5=85< 2=8<0=8O, =5>1E>48<K< 4;O A>>B25BAB2CNI8E <KA;8B5;L=KE >?5@0F89. "0:8< >1@07><, @0A?@545;5=85 2=8<0=8O, ?> ACI5AB2C, O2;O5BAO >1@0B=>9 AB>@>=>9 53> ?5@5:;NG05<>AB8. 5@5:;NG05<>ABL >?@545;O5BAO A:>@>ABLN ?5@5E>40 >B >4=>3> 2840 45OB5;L=>AB8 : 4@C3><C. @8 MB>< ?5@52>4 2=8<0=8O A >4=>3> =0 4@C3>5 2A5340 A>?@>2>6405BAO =5:>B>@K< =5@2=K< =0?@O65=85<, :>B>@>5 @50;87C5BAO 2>;52K< CA8;85<. =>340 G5;>25:, 3;C1>:> A:>=F5=B@8@>20==K9 =0 2=CB@5==59, >A>1> 206=>9 4;O =53> 7040G5, ?>4A>7=0B5;L=> ?KB05BAO 871560BL MB8E CA8;89 8 =5 ?5@5:;NG05BAO A MB>9 7040G8 =0 2=5H=85 @074@068B5;8. 06=CN @>;L MB>9 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 ;53:> ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20BL ?@8 0=0;875 B0:>3> 8725AB=>3> 8 H8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5==>3> O2;5=8O, :0: @0AA5O==>ABL, :>B>@0O A2>48BAO ?> ?@58<CI5AB2C : ?;>E>9 ?5@5:;NG05<>AB8. =>65AB2> 0=5:4>B>2 ?>A2OI5=> @0AA5O==>AB8 CG5=KE. 4=0:> 8E @0AA5O=>ABL G0AB> O2;O5BAO >1>@>B=>9 AB>@>=>9 <0:A8<0;L=>9 A>1@0==>AB8 8 A>A@54>B>G5==>AB8 =0 >A=>2=>< ?@54<5B5 8=B5@5A>2: >=8 B0: ?>3@C65=K 2 A2>8 <KA;8, GB> ?@8 AB>;:=>25=88 A 68B59A:8<8 <5;>G0<8 =5 ?5@5:;NG0NBAO 8 <>3CB >:070BLAO 2 A<5H=>< ?>;>65=88. >B =5A:>;L:> D0:B>2 B0:>3> @>40. 5<0;> @0AA:07K20;8 > @0AA5O==>AB8 8725AB=>3> :><?>78B>@0 8 E8<8:0 . . >@>48=0 [190], 0:-B> @07, :>340 C =53> 1K;8 3>AB8, CB><82H8AL, >= AB0; ?@>I0BLAO A =8<8, 3>2>@O, GB> 5<C ?>@0 4><>9, B0: :0: C =53> 702B@0 ;5:F8O, 60 8 ?>H5; >4520BLAO 2 ?5@54=NN. ;8 B0:>9 A;CG09. >@>48= ?>5E0; A 65=>9 70 3@0=8FC. @8 ?@>25@:5 ?0A?>@B>2 =0 ?>3@0=8G=>< ?C=:B5 G8=>2=8: A?@>A8;, :0: 7>2CB 53> 65=C. >@>48= ?> A2>59 @0AA5O==>AB8 =8:0: =5 <>3 2A?><=8BL 55 8<O. '8=>2=8: ?>A<>B@5; =0 =53> ?>4>7@8B5;L=>.  MB> 2@5<O 2 :><=0BC 2>H;0 53> 65=0, :0B5@8=0 !5@3552=0, 8 >@>48= 1@>A8;AO : =59: 0BO! 048 1>30, :0: B51O 7>2CB?. 725AB=0 8 B0:0O 8AB>@8O. @8E>48B . . C:>2A:89 : A515 4><>9, 72>=8B, 87-70 425@8 A?@0H820NB: 0< :>3>?. = 2 >B25B: !:068B5, 4><0 ;8 E>7O8=?. 5B.  E>7O9:0?. 5B 8 E>7O9:8.  GB> ?5@540BL?. !:068B5, GB> ?@8E>48; C:>2A:89.  5I5 >48= D0:B. 4=064K C 8725AB=>3> <0B5<0B8:0 8;L15@B0 1K; 720=K9 25G5@. >A;5 ?@8E>40 >4=>3> 87 3>AB59 <040< 8;L15@B >B25;0 <C60 2 AB>@>=C 8 A:070;0 5<C: 0284, ?>948 8 A<5=8 30;ABC:. 8;L15@B CH5;. @>H5; G0A, 0 >= 2A5 =5 ?>O2;O;AO. AB@52>65==0O E>7O9:0 4><0 >B?@028;0AL =0 ?>8A:8 AC?@C30 8, 703;O=C2 2 A?0;L=N, >1=0@C68;0 53> 2 ?>AB5;8. ">B :@5?:> A?0;. @>A=C2H8AL, >= 2A?><=8;, GB>, A=O2 30;ABC:, 02B><0B8G5A:8 AB0; @074520BLAO 40;LH5 8, =0452 ?860<C, ;53 2 :@>20BL [246]. 45AL <K >?OBL AB0;:8205<AO A 3;C18==>9 2708<>A2O70==>ABLN 2A5E E0@0:B5@8AB8: 2=8<0=8O.  G5< ?@8G8=0 >?8A0==>9 @0AA5O==>AB8? ;02=K< >1@07>< 2 B><, GB>, 2K@01>B02 1KB>2K5 AB5@5>B8?K, CG5=K5 ?>;L7>20;8AL :064K< A;CG05<, GB>1K 2K25AB8 87 A>7=0=8O :>=B@>;L 70 8E 8A?>;=5=85< 8;8 A2>52@5<5==K< ?5@5:;NG5=85< =0 4@C3CN ?@>3@0<<C 8 B5< A0<K< >A2>1>48BL ?>;5 2=8<0=8O 4;O @5H5=8O >A=>2=>9 =0CG=>9 7040G8. "5?5@L >1@0B8<AO : A;54CNI59 E0@0:B5@8AB8:5 2=8<0=8O  ?@54<5B=>AB8. 0: C65 1K;> C?><O=CB>, F5=B@0;L=K5 <5E0=87<K 2=8<0=8O 459AB2CNB ?CB5< 87<5=5=8O GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 (?>@>3>2) >@30=>2 GC2AB2 @07=>9 <>40;L=>AB8. > G5;>25: >?5@8@C5B A :>=:@5B=K<8 >1J5:B0<8, 0 =5 A >1>1I5==>9 <>40;L=>ABLN. 0?@8<5@, <>6=> A;CH0BL >@:5AB@, =5 70<5G0O :0H;O A>A540 8 HC<0 25=B8;OB>@0, A<>B@5BL :8=>D8;L<, =5 70<5G0O H;O?K 2?5@548 A84OI53> 7@8B5;O, B. 5. 2K45;OBL >?@545;5==K5 :><?;5:AK A83=0;>2 2 A>>B25BAB288 A F5=B@0;L=K<8 CAB0=>2:0<8, ;8G=>9 7=0G8<>ABLN 8 0:BC0;L=>ABLN. 0728B85 ?@>872>;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O. #?><O=CBK5 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 2=8<0=8O (CAB>9G82>ABL, :>=F5=B@0F8O 8 4@.) 61 2 :0:>9-B> <5@5 A2>9AB25==K =5 B>;L:> G5;>25:C, => 8 682>B=K<. > >A>1>5 A2>9AB2> 2=8<0=8O  ?@>872>;L=>ABL O2;O5BAO 8AB8==> G5;>25G5A:8<. 82>B=K5 >1;040NB ;8HL =5?@>872>;L=K< 2=8<0=85<. 5@2>=0G0;L=> 2=8<0=85 C @515=:0 @50;87C5BAO A ?><>ILN =0A;54AB25==KE <5E0=87<>2. > 10 <5AOF52 >= A?>A>15= ;8HL : =5?@>872>;L=><C 2=8<0=8N, 53> 3;070 >AB0=02;820NBAO =0 1;5ABOI8E, O@:8E ?@54<5B0E 8 7=0:><KE ;8F0E. =8<0=85 C @515=:0 ?@>O2;O5BAO 2=5H=5 2> 2@5<5==>9 7045@6:5 4KE0=8O 8 >3@0=8G5=88 42865=89, 2 70B>@<>65==>AB8, :>B>@0O A;C68B 4;O ?>43>B>2:8 : 459AB28N. >A;5 10 <5AOF52 @0728205BAO ?@>872>;L=>5 2=8<0=85, :>B>@>5 2AN >AB0;L=CN 687=L A>ACI5AB2C5B A =5?@>872>;L=K<. >340 <0BL =07K205B ?@54<5B 8 C:07K205B =0 =53> @515=:C 65AB><, B5< A0<K< 2K45;OO 53> 87 A@54K, ?@>8AE>48B ?5@5AB@>9:0 2=8<0=8O @515=:0. => ?5@5AB05B ?>4G8=OBLAO B>;L:> 5AB5AB25==K< >@85=B8@>2>G=K< @50:F8O<, :>B>@K5 C?@02;ONBAO ;81> =>287=>9, ;81> A8;>9 @074@068B5;O, 8 =0G8=05B ?>4G8=OBLAO @5G8 8;8 65ABC [178]. 01;N45=85 ?>:07K205B, GB> 2 A0<>< =0G0;5 D>@<8@>20=8O ;N1>3> =02K:0 ?@>872>48BAO 1>;LH>5 G8A;> 15A?>;57=KE 42865=89. 515=>:, :>B>@K9 CG8BAO ?8A0BL, 428305B 2A59 @C:>9, 3;070<8, 3>;>2>9, G0ABLN BC;>28I0 8 O7K:><. 1CG5=85 A>AB>8B 2 CA8;5=88 B>;L:> >?@545;5==>9 G0AB8 42865=89, :>>@48=0F88 8E 2 3@C??K 8 2 8A:;NG5=88 =5=C6=KE 42865=89. @>872>;L=>5 2=8<0=85 8 =0?@02;O5BAO =0 B>@<>65=85 =5=C6=KE 42865=89. 0728B85 CAB>9G82>AB8 ?@>872>;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O C 45B59 87CG0NB, >?@545;OO <0:A8<0;L=>5 2@5<O, :>B>@>5 <>3CB ?@>25AB8 45B8 @07=>3> 2>7@0AB0, A>A@54>B>G82H8AL =0 >4=>9 83@5. @82545< 40==K5. "0:, 5A;8 <0:A8<0;L=0O 4;8B5;L=>ABL >4=>9 83@K C ?>;C3>4>20;>3> @515=:0 A>AB02;O5B 2A53> 14 <8=CB, B> : H5AB8 3>40< >=0 2>7@0AB05B 4> ?>;CB>@0 G0A>2. =0;>38G=> @0728205BAO 8 :>=F5=B@0F8O 2=8<0=8O. A;8 2 B@8 3>40 70 10 <8=CB 83@K @515=>: >B2;5:05BAO 2 A@54=5< 4 @070, B> 2 H5ABL ;5B  2A53> >48= @07 [230]. 06=> >B<5B8BL, GB> @07;8G=K5 A2>9AB20 2=8<0=8O 4>AB830NB A2>53> @0AF25B0 =5 >4=>2@5<5==>. "0:, ?> 40==K< . . =0=L520 [15], >?B8<C< >1J5<0 2=8<0=8O >B=>A8BAO : 33 3>40<, =08<5=LH89 >1J5< =01;N405BAO 2 ?5@8>4 A 18 4> 21 3>40. 08;CGH0O 8718@0B5;L=>ABL 62 2=8<0=8O B>65 4>AB8305BAO : 33 3>40<. 0:A8<C< ?5@5:;NG0B5;L=>9 A?>A>1=>AB8 2=8<0=8O ?@8E>48BAO =0 29 ;5B. #AB>9G82>ABL 2=8<0=8O 4>AB8305B >?B8<C<0 2 34 3>40. 0: AG8B05B . /. 0;L?5@8= [75], =5?@>872>;L=>5 2=8<0=85 >1J548=O5B A ?@>872>;L=K< B>, GB> MB> B>65 :>=B@>;L 70 >1J5:B>< 2>A?@8OB8O 8;8 <KH;5=8O, => 2 =5< ?>@O4>: >1A;54>20=8O 8 :@8B5@88 :>=B@>;O >?@545;ONBAO 5I5 =5 ?@>872>;L=>, 0 B5<, GB> ?>4A:07K205B >1J5:B A2>8<8 1@>A0NI8<8AO 2 3;070 ?@87=0:0<8. =8<0=85 AB0=>28BAO ?@>872>;L=K<, :>340 2K1>@ A>45@60=8O, ?>@O4>: >1A;54>20=8O 8 A?>A>1 :>=B@>;O >@30=87CNBAO G5;>25:><, 8AE>4O 87 >1J5:B82=KE B@51>20=89 7040G8.  >B;8G85 >B =5?@>872>;L=>3>, ?@>872>;L=>5 2=8<0=85 ?> A2>5<C ?@>8AE>645=8N =5 18>;>38G5A:>5, 0 A>F80;L=>5. => =5 ?@>4C:B A>7@520=8O >@30=87<0, 0 D>@<8@C5BAO C @515=:0 B>;L:> ?@8 53> >1I5=88 A> 27@>A;K<8. ?5@2K5 =0 A>F80;L=K5 :>@=8 2KAH8E D>@< 2=8<0=8O C:070; . !. K3>BA:89 [70]. = >1=0@C68;, GB> =0 @0==8E D070E @0728B8O DC=:F8O ?@>872>;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O @0745;5=0 <564C 42C<O ;N4L<8  27@>A;K< 8 @515=:><. 5@2K9 2K45;O5B >1J5:B 87 A@54K, C:07K20O =0 =53> 65AB>< 8;8 >1>7=0G0O 53> A;>2><, 2B>@>9 >B25G05B =0 MB>B A83=0;, D8:A8@CO 273;O4>< =0720==K9 ?@54<5B 8;8 AE20BK20O 53>. #:070=85 =0 ?@54<5B 65AB>< 8;8 A;>2>< ?@8=C48B5;L=> >@30=87C5B 2=8<0=85 @515=:0, <5=OO 53> =0?@02;5=85. "0:8< >1@07><, 40==K9 ?@54<5B 2K45;O5BAO 4;O @515=:0 87 2=5H=53> ?>;O. >340 C @515=:0 @0728205BAO A>1AB25==0O @5GL, >= <>65B A0< =0720BL ?@54<5B, B0:8< >1@07>< ?@>872>;L=> 2K45;8BL 53> 87 >AB0;L=>9 A@54K. $C=:F8O 0=0;870 A@54K, :>B>@0O @0=LH5 1K;0 @0745;5=0 <564C 27@>A;K< 8 @515=:><, AB0=>28BAO 4;O @515=:0 2=CB@5==59 (?>3@C605BAO) 8 2K?>;=O5BAO 8< A0<>AB>OB5;L=>. 0728B85 ?@>872>;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O C 45B59 2=0G0;5 >15A?5G8205B @50;870F8N B>;L:> B5E F5;59, :>B>@K5 AB02OB ?5@54 =8<8 27@>A;K5, 0 70B5< 8 B5E, :>B>@K5 AB02OBAO 45BL<8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>. @>872>;L=>5 2=8<0=85 A0<K< B5A=K< >1@07>< A2O70=> A @5GLN. 0728B85 ?@>872>;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O C @515=:0 ?@>O2;O5BAO 2=0G0;5 2 ?>4G8=5=88 A2>53> ?>2545=8O @5G52>9 8=AB@C:F88 27@>A;KE, 0 70B5< 2 ?>4G8=5=88 A2>53> ?>2545=8O A>1AB25==>9 @5G52>9 8=AB@C:F88. ">;L:> 2 2 2,5 3>40 ?@>AB0O @5G520O 8=AB@C:F8O 27@>A;>3> >BG5B;82> =0?@02;O5B ?>2545=85 @515=:0. 7<5=5=8O ?@>872>;L=>3> 63 ;5=89. @8<5@K MDD5:B82=>AB8 C?@5640NI53> :>=B@>;O >1I58725AB=K. A;8 ?@5420@8B5;L=> 40NB ?@>A;CH0BL :0<5@B>=, B> A>>B25BAB2CNI89 72C: ;53:> 2K45;O5BAO 87 A;>6=>3> 0::>@40; 5A;8 ?5A=O 7=0:><0, 55 A;>20 @07;8G0NBAO 4065 2 ?;>E>9 70?8A8; 5A;8 8725AB=>, > G5< 845B @5GL, B> A;>20 3>@074> ;53G5 C7=0NBAO 8 2 =5@071>@G82>< B5:AB5. >340 <K A;CH05< @048>?5@540GC =0 @>4=>< O7K:5, B> ?>=8<05< A<KA; B5:AB0 4065 ?@8 >G5=L 1>;LH>9 70HC<;5==>AB8, 0 ?>=8<0=85 B5:AB0, ?@>87=>A8<>3> =0 8=>AB@0==>< O7K:5, B@51C5B C65 2KA>:>3> :0G5AB20 ?5@540G8.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 C7=020=85 70B@C4=5=>, ?>A:>;L:C =0H0 ?0<OBL =5 ?>AB02;O5B =0< A 4>AB0B>G=>9 A:>@>ABLN C?@5640NI85 38?>B57K > 2>7<>6=>< A;>25A=>< A>AB025 2>A?@8=8<05<>9 @5G8. A?>;L7>20=85 ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >1@07F0, 872;5:05<>3> 87 :@0B:>2@5<5==>9 8;8 4>;3>2@5<5==>9 ?0<OB8, C25;8G8205B @07;8G8B5;L=CN A?>A>1=>ABL 2 >B=>H5=88 40==>3> >1J5:B0 8 B5< A0<K< ?>2KH05B :>=B@0AB 4;O =53> ?> >B=>H5=8N : 4@C38< >1J5:B0<. 0<5G0=8O ?> C?@02;5=8N 2=8<0=85< 02K:8 C?@02;5=8O 2=8<0=85< 0C48B>@88 >G5=L 206=K 4;O ?@>?030=48AB>2, @C:>2>48B5;59 8 ?@5?>4020B5;59. 0: C65 C?><8=0;>AL, D0:B>@K, ?@82;5:0NI85 2=8<0=85, @0745;ONBAO =0 2=5H=85 8 2=CB@5==85.  2=5H=8< >B=>AOBAO ?@5645 2A53> 8=B5=A82=>ABL 8 D878G5A:85 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 A83=0;>2, 0 : 2=CB@5==8<  8E =>287=0, 0:BC0;L=>ABL 4;O 40==>3> G5;>25:0, A>>B25BAB285 53> ?>B@51=>ABO< 8 M<>F8>=0;L=><C =0AB@>N. @><5 B>3>, 2=8<0=85 A>E@0=O5BAO, C45@68205BAO 4>;LH5 =0 459AB28OE, =54>AB0B>G=> 02B><0B878@>20==KE 8 ?>MB><C B@51CNI8E B5:CI53> :>=B@>;O 8 =5 70:>=G5==KE (?@5@20==KE 2=570?=>) 87-70 =5>1E>48<>AB8 C45@60=8O F5;8 459AB28O 4;O 53> ?>A;54CNI53> 7025@H5=8O. >=>B>==>ABL, H01;>==>ABL, AB5@5>B8?=>ABL 2K?>;=O5<KE >?5@0F89 (4065 <KA;8B5;L=KE) ?>=860NB CAB>9G82>ABL 2=8<0=8O.  MB>< A;CG05 4;O 53> ?>445@60=8O ?@8E>48BAO ?@8:;04K20BL 2A5 1>;LH85 CA8;8O, GB>, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, ?>@>6405B CB><;5=85. 4=>>1@0785 8=D>@<0F88 8 55 <0;K9 ?@8B>:, ?>@>640NI85 C G5;>25:0 A>AB>O=85 <>=>B>=88, A>?@>2>640NBAO >ICI5=85< A:C:8 8 <54- 65 ;5==> B5:CI53> 2@5<5=8, 2K7K20O B>@<>65=85, A>=;82>ABL. 4=0:> 2 @O45 ?@>D5AA89 2KA>:0O >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 >H81:C 8;8 70?074K20=85 @50:F88 ?@8 =5>1E>48<>AB8 1KAB@> 8 B>G=> >B25G0BL =0 >B45;L=K5 (>A>15==> 020@89=K5) A83=0;K B@51C5B, GB>1K A?5F80;8AB ?>AB>O==> =0E>48;AO 2 A>AB>O=88 3>B>2=>AB8 : 459AB28O<. "0:85 ?@>D5AA88, :0: 1@0:>2I8:, :>=B@>;5@, A1>@I8:, >?5@0B>@, 48A?5BG5@, B@51CNB 4;8B5;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O, CAB>9G82>3> 2 B5G5=85 2A53> @01>G53> 4=O. "0:, 2> 2@5<O 456C@AB20 C ?C;LB0 48A?5BG5@C =5@54:> ?@8E>48BAO 70 AG5B 2>;52KE CA8;89 ?>445@6820BL 2KA>:89 C@>25=L ?@>872>;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O. ;8B5;L=K5 CA8;8O 4;O ?>445@60=8O 148B5;L=>AB8 <>3CB ?@82>48BL : M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8, A?>A>1AB2CNI59 @0728B8N CB><;5=8O, GB> 2 A;CG05 2>7=8:=>25=8O >AB@>9 A8BC0F88 <>65B ?@>O28BLAO 2 @57:>< AC65=88 7>=K 2=8<0=8O, =0@CH5=88 53> ?5@5:;NG05<>AB8 8 @0A?@545;O5<>AB8. -B> E>@>H> 284=> 87 B0:8E =01;N45=89: 2 =>@<0;L=KE CA;>28OE >?5@0B>@, @02=><5@=> @0A?@545;OO 2=8<0=85, C45;O5B 2A?><>30B5;L=K< ?@81>@0< 4> 70% 2@5<5=8, 0 2 020@89=>9 A8BC0F88 :>=F5=B@8@C5B 2=8<0=85 =0 =51>;LH>< G8A;5 >A=>2=KE, C45;OO 2A?><>30B5;L=K< 2A53> 7% 2@5<5=8. @><5 ?>=865=8O @0A?@545;5==>AB8 2=8<0=8O 53> 87<5=5=85 2K@0605BAO 2 ?5@5E>45 >B :>;8G5AB25==>3> : :0G5AB25==><C GB5=8N ?>:070=89 ?@81>@>2. ;8O=85 <>=>B>=88 >A>15==> O@:> >B<5G05BAO C 2>48B5;59 3@C7>28:>2 2 40;L=8E @59A0E, C =01;N40B5;59 70 @07;8G=K<8 M:@0=0<8, C ?8;>B>2 2 4;8B5;L=KE ?>;5B0E. !=865=85 @01>B>A?>A>1=>AB8, ?@56452@5<5==>5 =0ABC?;5=85 CB><;5=8O ?@8 <>=>B>=88 CAC3C1;O5BAO, 5A;8 @01>G55 ?><5I5=85 70?>;=5=> 3C45=85< ?@81>@>2, HC<>< @01>B0NI8E CAB0=>2>: 8;8, =0>1>@>B, 5A;8 2 =5< B8E> 8 ?CABK==>. (:>;L=8:8, 70=8<0NI85AO 2 :;0AA5 A 3;04:8<8 15;K<8 AB5=0<8 157 @8AC=:>2 8 C:@0H5=89, A <0B>2K<8 AB5:;0<8 2 >:=0E, CAB0NB 1KAB@55 8 CA20820NB ?@54<5B EC65, G5< 2 =>@<0;L=KE :;0AA0E. #B><;5=85 >B <>=>B>=88 <>65B 1KBL C<5=LH5=> 8 =5>1E>48<K9 C@>25=L 2=8<0=8O A>E@0=5= @O4>< ?@85<>2: ?5@5:;NG5=8O<8  70<5=>9 A;CE>2>9 8=D>@<0F88 =0 7@8B5;L=CN, 87<5=5=85< =0 :>@>B:>5 2@5<O B5<?0 @01>BK, =>, 3;02=>5, 4;O ?>445@60=8O 148B5;L=>AB8 >G5=L 206=> A>E@0=8BL 0:B82=>5 2708<>459AB285 G5;>25:0 A 02B><0B8:>9.  ;N1>9 A8BC0F88 A>45@60B5;L=>ABL 7040=8O, 2>7<>6=>ABL B2>@G5A:>3> ?>4E>40 : 53> @5- 66 H5=8N, 0 B0:65 >B25BAB25==>5 >B=>H5=85 : @57C;LB0BC ?>445@6820NB CAB>9G82>5 2=8<0=85. 48= 87 8725AB=KE ?@85<>2 >@30=870F88 2=8<0=8O >?8@05BAO =0 D0:B>@ =>287=K. -DD5:B=K9 @0AA:07, 87;>65=85 :0:>3>-;81> ?0@04>:A0;L=>3> A;CG0O 8;8 A?>@=>3> CB25@645=8O A@07C AB028B A;CH0B5;59 ?5@54 ?@>1;5<>9, 8=B@83C5B 8 70AB02;O5B A:>=F5=B@8@>20BL 2=8<0=85. @>8;;NAB@8@C5< A?>A>1K ?@82;5G5=8O 2=8<0=8O. 0<5G0B5;L=K9 @CAA:89 N@8AB . $. >=8 1K; 25;8:>;5?=K< >@0B>@><. = ?@82>48; B0:>9 ?@8<5@ 87 A2>59 ?@0:B8:8: 04> 3>2>@8BL > 0;83C;5, @8<A:>< 8<?5@0B>@5. A;8 ;5:B>@ =0G=5B A B>3>, GB> 0;83C;0 1K; AK=>< 5@<0=8:0 8 3@8??8=K, GB> @>48;AO 2 B0:><-B> 3>4C, C=0A;54>20; B0:85-B> G5@BK E0@0:B5@0, B0:-B> 8 B0<-B> 68; 8 2>A?8BK20;AO, B>... 2=8<0=85 2@O4 ;8 1C45B 70F5?;5=>. >G5<C? >B><C, GB> 2 MB8E A2545=8OE =5B =8G53> =5>1KG=>3> 8, ?>60;C9, 8=B5@5A=>3> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 702>520BL 2=8<0=85. 020BL MB>B <0B5@80; 2A5 @02=> ?@845BAO, => =5 A@07C =04> 4020BL 53>, 0 B>;L:> B>340, :>340 ?@82;5G5=> C65 2=8<0=85 ?@8ACBAB2CNI8E, :>340 >=> 87 @0AA5O==>3> AB0=5B A>A@54>B>G5==K<. !B>OBL =C6=> =0 ?>43>B>2;5==>9 ?>G25, 0 =5 =0 ?5@2>9 ?>?02H59AO A;CG09=>9. -B>  70:>=. 5@2K5 A;>20 4>;6=K 1KBL A>25@H5==> ?@>ABK<8... >6=> =0G0BL B0::  45BAB25 O ;N18; G8B0BL A:07:8.  87 2A5E A:07>: =0 <5=O >A>15==> A8;L=> 2;8O;0 >4=0: A:07:0 > ;N4>545, ?>68@0B5;5 45B59. =5, <0;5=L:><C, 1K;> >G5=L 60;:> B5E @51OB, :>B>@KE 25;8:0= @570; :0: ?>@>AOB >3@><=K< =>6>< 8 1@>A0; 2 4K<OI89AO :>B5;. >340 O ?>4@>A 8 C7=0;... 40;55 ?5@5E>4=K5 A;>20 : 0;83C;5. K A?@>A8B5, ?@8G5< BCB ;N4>54?  ?@8 B><, GB> ;N4>54 2 A:07:5 8 0;83C;0 2 687=8  1@0BLO ?> 65AB>:>AB8 [137, A. 106]. ;O ?@82;5G5=8O 2=8<0=8O 8=>340 8A?>;L7CNBAO 8 =5>6840==K5 ?@85<K. "0:, 2 :>=F5 60-E 3>4>2 ?@5?>4020B5;8 18>;>388 0;8D>@=89A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0 !( ?@8H;8 : 70:;NG5=8N, GB> :;0AA8G5A:0O ;5:F8>==0O A8AB5<0 B5@?8B :@0E. !BC45=BK ?5@5AB0;8 ?>A5I0BL <=>385 ;5:F88.  B>340 ?@>D5AA>@C 8G0@4C :8=C, G8B02H5<C :C@A ?> 8AB>@88 18>;>388, ?@8H;0 2 3>;>2C 845O: 4;O ?@82;5G5=8O 2=8<0=8O ABC45=B>2 3@8<8@>20BLAO ?>4 25;8:8E 18>;>3>2 ?@>H;>3> 8 @0AA:07K20BL >1 8E >B:@KB8OE >B ?5@2>3> ;8F0 2 <0=5@5 8 AB8;5 02B>@0. = ?>43>B>28; 8 ?@>25; 67 ?>4>1=K< >1@07>< =5A:>;L:> ;5:F89 (@8A. 4). 3> 2KABC?;5=8O ?>;L7>20;8AL =587<5==K< CA?5E><, >=8 ?@82;5:0;8 =5 B>;L:> <=>65AB2> ABC45=B>2, => 8E ?>A5I0;> A C4>2>;LAB285< 8 1>;LH8=AB2> :>;;53 :8=0, ?>A:>;L:C MB>B ?@85< ?>72>;O; ?>;=55 @0A:@KBL @04>AB8 8 B@C4=>AB8 =0CG=>3> B2>@G5AB20 [334].  8A 4 48= 87 <5B>4>2 :>=F5=B@0F88 =5?@>872>;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O ABC45=B>2 =0 ;5:F88 @>D5AA>@ :8= G8B05B ;5:F88 ?> 18>;>388 2 >1;8:5 2K40NI8EAO 18>;>3>2 ?@>H;>3>. 5@E=89 @O4: 2 F5=B@5  A0< :8=, A;520  >= 2 >1;8:5 #8;LO<0 0@25O, A?@020  '0@;L70 0@28=0, =86=89 @O4 A;520 =0?@02> :8= 2 >1;8:5 #8;LO<0 ><>=0, @53>@0 5=45;O, C8 0AB5@0 (7 := Cakin R M Great scientists speak again London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c=>2845=85 =5 =0@CH05B A>=, 0 >15@5305B 53>, 2:;NG0O 2 D01C;C A=0 B>, GB> <5H05B =0< A?0BL, E>BO =0< :065BAO, GB> <K A?0;8 1K ;CGH5, 5A;8 1K =5:>B>@KE A=>2845=89 =5 1K;>. @8 MB>< A=>2845=85 =5 ?@>AB> >B@0605B :0:>5-=81C4L >?@545;5==>5 65;0=85, 0 CAB@0=O=O5B, C=8GB>605B 53> ?@8 ?><>I8 >A>1>3> @>40 ?5@56820=8O. -B> ?@54AB02;5=85 A>72CG=> 4@52=59 ?>78F88 ;0B>=0, :>B>@K9 ?8A0;, GB> E>@>H85 ;N48 4>2>;LAB2CNBAO A=>2845=8O<8 > B><, GB> 4C@=K5 A>25@H0NB =0 A0<>< 45;5 [219]. !=>2845=8O 2>7=8:0NB :0: 1K 2 @57C;LB0B5 :>=D;8:B0 0=B03>=8AB8G5A:8E B5=45=F89: 2KB5A=5==KE ?5@56820=89, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 8 148B5;L=>3> :>=B@>;O A>7=0=8O, ?@8>1@5B0NI53> E0@0:B5@ F5=7C@K, A 4@C3>9.  ?5@8>4 =>G=>3> A=0 :>=B@>;L >A;015205B, E>BO 8 =5 =0AB>;L:>, GB>1K =5?@85<;5<K5 <>B82K <>3;8 >A>7=020BLAO 2 8E 8AB8==>< 2845. ;O B>3> GB>1K 8<5BL 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@>=8:=CBL 2 A>7=0=85, B0:85 <>B82K 8 ?@54AB02;5=8O B@0=AD>@<8@CNBAO, <0A:8@CNBAO 2 =5?>=OB=K5 4;O A>7=0=8O >1@07K A=>2845=89, 8 B0:8< ?CB5< >1E>4OB F5=7C@C. @>=8:=>25=85 ?@5>1@07>20==KE <>B82>2 2 A>7=0=85 2545B : G0AB8G=><C A=OB8N M<>F8>=0;L=>3> =0?@O65=8O. $C=:F8O A=>284e=8O c MBo9 B>G:8 7pe=8O AocB>8B 2 ?A8x8Gec:>< C@02=>25H820=88 G5;>25:0: ?@8 A=>2845=88 >= >BG0AB8, 2 A8<2>;8G5A:>9 D>@<5 C4>2;5B2>@O5B 65;0=8O, @50;870F8O 106 :>B>@KE =0B0;:8205BAO =0 MB8G5A:85 8;8 D878G5A:85 ?@5?OBAB28O [353]. @8GC4;82>ABL A=>2845=89, 8E 0;>38G=>ABL @07;8G=K5 8AA;54>20B5;8 >1JOA=ONB ?>-@07=><C. $@594 AG8B0;, GB> >A>1K9 8 =5?>=OB=K9 O7K: A=>2845=89 A2O70= A B5<, GB> ?>1C645=85, 2KB5A=5==>5 2 ?>4A>7=0=85, 872@0I05B A?>A>1 A2>53> 2K@065=8O 2> A=5 4;O ?@5>4>;5=8O F5=7C@K <>@0;L=KE 8 A>F80;L=KE B01C. !>3;0A=> ?@54AB02;5=8O< $. . 0AA8=0, ?@8GC4;82>ABL A=>2 A2O70=0 A B5<, GB> 2> A=5 ?@>8AE>48B 2>72@0B : D>@<5 <KH;5=8O, A2>9AB25==>9 45BO< =0 @0==8E MB0?0E @0728B8O, : >?5@8@>20=8N :>=:@5B=K<8 7@8B5;L=K<8 ?@54AB02;5=8O<8.  MB>< A<KA;5 A=>2845=85 =>A8B E0@0:B5@ A8<2>;8G5A:8E ?>4AB0=>2>:, 345 7@8B5;L=K5 >1@07K 70<5=ONB A>1>9 01AB@0:B=K5 ?>=OB8O, ;>38G5A:85 8 O7K:>2K5 D>@<K, :>B>@K<8 >1KG=> ?>;L7CNBAO 27@>A;K5 [28]. ! MB>9 ?>78F88 2 A=>2845=8OE A>25@H05BAO :0: 1K >1@0B=K9, @53@5AA82=K9 ?5@5E>4 >B 01AB@0:B=KE A8<2>;>2 : =03;O4=K< D>@<0<. 0?@8<5@, B@C4=K5 687=5==K5 @5H5=8O C 27@>A;KE <>3CB @50;87>20BLAO A=>< > H:>;L=>< M:70<5=5. @8 =52@>75, :>340, G5;>25: 8A?KBK205B >A>1K5 B@C4=>AB8 2 ?@8=OB88 @5H5=8O, B8?8G=K< O2;O5BAO A>= > 4;8==>< 3>AB8=8G=>< :>@84>@5 A 15A:>=5G=K< @O4>< >48=0:>2KE 425@59, A@548 :>B>@KE >= =8:0: =5 <>65B >BKA:0BL A2>8 425@8. > :>=F5?F88 D@03<5=B0@=>AB8 . . >;L?5@B0 [66], A=>2845=85  MB> >A:>;>: ?5@56820=89, :>B>@K9 ?@8>1@5B05B E0@0:B5@ A8<2>;0 B>;L:> ?>B><C, GB> 2 =5< 2 A8;C 70:>=><5@=>AB59 D878>;>38G5A:>3> ?>@O4:0 >:070;0AL 2>A?@>872545==>9 B0 8;8 4@C30O G5@B0 8;8 45B0;L, >B=>AOI0O G5;>25:0 : A;>6=><C ?5@56820=8N. "0:>9 ?@8<5@ ?>:070= =0 @8A. 9. 5>1E>48<> >B<5B8BL, GB> 87;>65==K5 38?>B57K > O7K:5 A=>2845=89 =5 8<5NB ?>:0 ?@O<KE 8 >4=>7=0G=KE M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=KE 4>:070B5;LAB2, >=8 >?8@0NBAO 3;02=K< >1@07>< =0 =01;N45=8O 8 0=0;>388. >2K5 A2545=8O > A2>9AB20E 8 A>AB>O=8OE =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 2 ?5@8>4 A=0 ?>@>48;8 38?>B57K 53> <5E0=87<>2, CG8BK20NI85 8 4@C385 3@0=8 MB>3> A;>6=>3> O2;5=8O. =B5@5A5= ?>4E>4, A>3;0A=> :>B>@><C ?@54?>;0305BAO, GB> G5;>25:C, =5>1E>48<0 >?@545;5==0O 8=D>@<0F8>==0O =03@C7:0, 0 45D8F8B 55 2>A?>;=O5BAO A=>2845=8O<8, ?>AB02;ONI8<8 =54>AB0NICN 8=D>@<0F8N [312]. -B0 38?>B570 >A=>20=0 =0 M:A?5@8<5=B0E, 2KO282H8E A?5F8D8:C 2>A?@8OB8O 8 ?@5>1@07>20=8O 8=D>@<0F88 2 CA;>28OE @07;8G=KE D>@< A5=A>@=>9 87>;OF88, ?>:0702H8E, :0: <K C65 C?><8=0;8, GB> =54>AB0B>: 8=D>@<0F88 ?>@>6405B O@:85 A=K 8 7@8B5;L=K5 30;;NF8=0F88.  8A. 9. @8<5@ 2:;NG5=8O 2 A=>2845=8O @07;8G=KE 2>7459AB289 @50;L=KE D878G5A:8E @074@068B5;59. (0 ;>=5 ?@8@>4K. 7 := : %5@OCD 84AB@C?. L2>2, 1960 ) 725AB=K9 A?5;5>;>3 !8DD@ ?@>1K; 2 >48=>G5AB25 2 3;C18=0E 75<;8 (2 ?5I5@5) 108 1>;55 42CE <5AOF52. ! B5G5=85< 2@5<5=8 >= 2A5 EC65 ?5@5=>A8; >48=>G5AB2> 8 AB0; 70<5G0BL, GB> ?@>AK?05BAO A B@C4>< 8 5<C A=OBAO >A>1> O@:85 8 =5>1KG09=> ?@8OB=K5 A=K [244]. >?CA:0NB, GB> 2> 2@5<O 1KAB@>3> A=0, ?@8 A=>2845=8OE ?@>8AE>48B A8=B578@>20=85 B5:CI59 8=D>@<0F88 8 ?@>H;>3> >?KB0 8 DC=:F8>=8@CNB E0@0:B5@=K5 4;O 40==>3> G5;>25:0 D>@<K ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK. >;L A:>@> :>=D;8:B=0O 8;8 B@C4=0O A8BC0F8O 2=>2L ?5@568205BAO ?>A;5 A=>2845=89, B> G5;>25: >B=>A8BAO : =59 A?>:>9=55 8 @07C<=55, 8A?KBK20O <5=LHCN B@52>3C.  ?@54AB02;5=8O< $. . 0AA8=0 1;87:0 38?>B570 $@5=G0 8 $@><<0 [341], A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 2 A=>2845=8OE 8A?>;L7CNBAO <5E0=87<K B0: =07K205<>3> ?5@28G=>3> (>1@07=>3>) <KH;5=8O 4;O @5H5=8O <>B820F8>==KE :>=D;8:B>2, :>B>@K5 =5 C405BAO @07@5H8BL A ?><>ILN ;>38G5A:>3> 0=0;870 2> 2@5<O 1>4@AB2>20=8O. >=D;8:B CAB@0=O5BAO 2 A=>2845=88 A ?><>ILN O7K:0 >1@07>2, 0 =5 =0 >A=>25 ;>38G5A:>3> 0=0;870 8 =5 ?CB5< B@0=AD>@<0F88 8;8 ?A524>>1JOA=5=8O G5;>25:>< A2>53> ?>2545=8O, GB> E0@0:B5@=> 4;O ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK (> ?>A;54=59 <K 1C45< 3>2>@8BL ?>4@>1=> 2 @0745;5 > A>7=0=88). !=>2845=8O, A>3;0A=> C?><O=CB>9 38?>B575, ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 A0<>AB>OB5;L=K9 <5E0=87< ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK, 8 CEC4H5=85 A0<>GC2AB28O 2 A2O78 A ;8H5=85< 1KAB@>3> A=0 <>6=> >1JOA=8BL B5<, GB> 2K:;NG05BAO >48= 87 206=KE <5E0=87<>2 70I8BK, =0@CH0O 10;0=A ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 AB018;870F88 G5;>25:0 [350]. A5 ;N48 284OB A=K, => =5 2A5 ?><=OB > =8E. >;8G5AB2> 70?><8=0NI8EAO A=>2845=89 C25;8G8205BAO ?@8 2>7@0AB0=88 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =03@C7:8. !0<> A>45@60=85 A=>2845=89, >A>15==> 5A;8 >=> ?>2B>@O5BAO =5>4=>:@0B=>, <>65B C:07K20BL =0 =0G0;L=K5 MB0?K DC=:F8>=0;L=KE =0@CH5=89. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 4;O =0G8=0NI8EAO A5@45G=KE 701>;520=89 E0@0:B5@=K A?5F8D8G5A:85 A=K. '5;>25:C A=8BAO, GB> 53> ?@5A;54CNB, 4>3>=ONB, C1820NB 8 B. 4. = ?@>AK?05BAO 2 E>;>4=>< ?>BC, A A8;L=K< A5@4F5185=85< >1KG=> >:>;> B@5E G0A>2 =>G8. '5< >1CA;>2;5=> B0:>5 A>45@60=85 A=0? 5;> 2 B><, GB> A=>2845=8O  >E@0=8B5;8 A=0. "@02<8@CNI55 2>7459AB285 B@0=AD>@<8@C5BAO B0:8< >1@07><, GB> 2E>48B 2 AN65B A=>2845=8O, CB@0G820O 8=>340 A2>5 ?@>1C640NI55 7=0G5=85 [362]. 109 >A:>;L:C A>= 70I8I05B =0A >B ?5@5=0?@O65=8O 8 ?5@52>71C645=8O, B> ;CGH89 A?>A>1 871028BLAO >B BO65;>3> 15A?>:>9AB20 8;8 7=0G8B5;L=> C<5=LH8BL 53>  MB> 2KA?0BLAO. 8=5@ =07K20; A>= =5?0B>;>38G5A:8< >G8I5=85<. 01;N45=8O ?>:070;8, GB> 5A;8 22545=> ?@028;>, ?> :>B>@><C 60;>1K <>6=> ?>4020BL B>;L:> =0 2B>@>9 45=L ?>A;5 ?@>8AH5AB28O, B> :>;8G5AB2> ?>40==KE 60;>1 C<5=LH05BAO =0 60%. "0:>9 MDD5:B, 2>7<>6=>, >1JOA=O5BAO B5<, GB> ?>A;5 =>G=>3> A=0 G5;>25: <5=LH5 2>71C645= 8 A?>A>15= 1>;55 @07C<=> >B=5AB8AL : 2>7=8:H5<C :>=D;8:BC.  ?>A;54=85 3>4K <=>3> ?8A0;8 > A?>A>15 >1CG5=8O 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0  38?=>?5488 [234, 392]. 0: ?@54AB028BL A515 <5E0=87< MB>3> A?>A>10 >1CG5=8O 8 ?@>=8:=>25=8O =>2>9 8=D>@<0F88 2 <>73 A?OI53> G5;>25:0? K C65 >B<5G0;8, GB> >1@01>B:0 8=D>@<0F88 2> A=5 =>A8B D07=K9, ?5@8>48G5A:89 E0@0:B5@ 8 <54;5==K9 A>= A2O70= A ?5@52>4>< 8=D>@<0F88 87 ?@><56CB>G=>9 ?0<OB8 2 :@0B:>2@5<5==CN. >A:>;L:C MB0 D070 A>?@>2>6405BAO >B:;NG5=85< ?0<OB8 >B ?@85<0 8=D>@<0F88 872=5, B> >1CG5=85 2 MB>9 D075 <0;>25@>OB=>. KAB@K9 A>= A>?>AB02;O5BAO A ?5@52>4>< 8=D>@<0F88 2 AB@C:BC@K 4>;3>2@5<5==>9 ?0<OB8.  MB>9 D075 :@0B:>2@5<5==0O ?0<OBL >A2>1>6405BAO, 8 2 =55 <>65B 1KBL 22545=0 8=D>@<0F8O ;81> 87 ?@><56CB>G=>9 ?0<OB8, ;81> 87 2=5H=59 A@54K.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 <>65B ?@>8AE>48BL >1CG5=85, ?@8 MB>< =0 4>;3>2@5<5==>5 E@0=5=85 1C4CB ?5@54020BLAO =5 =0:>?;5==K5 2 ?@54K4CI89 45=L A2545=8O 87 ?@><56CB>G=>9 ?0<OB8, 0 B>;L:> GB> 22545==K5. 5@52>4 ?@>F5AA>2 >1@01>B:8 8=D>@<0F88 =0 =>2K5 @5;LAK <>65B ?@82>48BL : B><C, GB> >1KG=>9 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>AB8 =>G=>3> A=0 =5 E20B8B =0 >1@01>B:C 2A59 8=D>@<0F88, =0:>?;5==>9 70 ?@54K4CI89 45=L. 1CG5=85 2> A=5 ?@8 1>;LH>9 8=D>@<0B82=>9 =03@C7:5 4=5< <>65B ?@82>48BL : =0:>?;5=8N CAB0;>AB8 8 B0:8< BO65;K< ?>A;54AB28O<, :0: =52@>7. "0:8< >1@07><, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 459AB28B5;L=> <>6=> 225AB8 2 ?0<OBL 8=D>@<0F8N 8 2> A=5. 0;> B>3>, >=0 22>48BAO ?@0:B8G5A:8 157 ?><5E, D>=0, A<5H5=8O A 4@C38<8 A>1KB8O<8 4=O 8 157 ;8G=>AB=KE, =5 2A5340 ?>;>68B5;L=KE >F5=>:, B. 5. ?@8 25AL<0 1;03>?@8OB=KE CA;>28OE. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, =565;0B5;L=> ?@81530BL : MB><C 284C >1CG5=8O 157 >A>1>9 =5>1E>48<>AB8, ?>A:>;L:C, :0: 1K;> ?>:070=>, 2> 2@5<O =>G=>3> A=0 ?@>8AE>48B >G5=L 206=0O 110 8 A>25@H5==> =5>1E>48<0O 4;O =>@<0;L=>3> A0<>GC2AB28O G5;>25:0 >1@01>B:0 8=D>@<0F88. >MB><C =5 A;54C5B @0AA<0B@820BL >1CG5=85 2> A=5 :0: ?5@A?5:B82=K9 <5B>4, 0 B>;L:> :0: 2>7<>6=>ABL >1CG5=8O 2 >A>1KE >1AB>OB5;LAB20E. ?5@0B82=0O ?@><56CB>G=0O ?0<OBL AB@0405B ?@8 =54>AK?0=88  G5;>25: ?><=8B AB0@CN 8=D>@<0F8N, => A B@C4>< 2A?><8=05B A>45@60=85 =>2KE A>>1I5=89. !>=  >G5=L GC2AB28B5;L=K9 ?@>F5AA, >= A2O70= A <5E0=87<0<8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK, ?>MB><C ?>B@51=>ABL 2> A=5 C ;N459 A ?>2KH5==>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABLN 1>;LH0O. !CI5AB25==0 =5?@5@K2=>ABL A=0, <=>3>:@0B=> ?@5@K205<K9 A>= =5 ?@8=>A8B 4>;6=>3> GC2AB20 >B4KE0, ?>A:>;L:C =0@CH05BAO =>@<0;L=0O AB@C:BC@0 D07 A=0 (A>>B=>H5=85 D07). %@>=8G5A:>5 CB><;5=85 E>@>H> 7=0:><> <0B5@O< A 3@C4=K<8 45BL<8 8 2A5<, :B> ?> @>4C ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8<55B 4@>1=K9 A>=, E>BO >1I0O ?@>4>;68B5;L=>ABL A=0 C =8E <>65B 4065 ?@52>AE>48BL =>@<C. >;57=> A>3;0A>2K20BL @0A?>@O4>: A=0 8 1>4@AB2>20=8O A 48=0<8:>9 A2>8E D878>;>38G5A:8E @8B<>2. ! MB>9 ?>78F88 2A5E ;N459 <>6=> 3@C1> @0745;8BL =0 425 3@C??K: A>2 8 602>@>=:>2. 02>@>=:0<8 =07K20NB B5E, :B> @0=> 8 ;53:> 2AB05B ?>CB@C, 8<55B 1>;LHCN @01>B>A?>A>1=>ABL CB@>< 8 2 ?5@2CN ?>;>28=C 4=O, 0 A>20<8  B5E, :B> ?@>AK?05BAO 8 2AB05B CB@>< A B@C4><, 8<55B ;CGHCN @01>B>A?>A>1=>ABL 25G5@>< 8 4065 =>GLN. #G5B 8=48284C0;L=>9 48=0<8:8 A=0 ?>72>;O5B MDD5:B82=55 @0A?@545;OBL =03@C7:C 2 B5G5=85 @01>G53> 4=O 8 C<5=LH8BL ?A8E>;>38G5A:CN =0?@O65==>ABL. 1KG=> ?@8 =>@<0;L=>< A=5, :0: C65 3>2>@8;>AL, ?@>8AE>48B >1I55 @0AA;01;5=85, @0AA;01;ONBAO <KHFK, A5@45G=K9 @8B< 70<54;O5BAO, 0 4KE0=85 AB0=>28BAO 3;C165. # AB@040NI8E 15AA>==8F59 =5 =01;N405BAO @5;0:A0F88, 8 ?>A:>;L:C >=8 =5 <>3CB @0AA;018BLAO, >=8 1;865 : A>AB>O=8N 1>4@AB2>20=8O. 0: A;54C5B 87 @0AA<>B@5==>3>, 70AK?0=8N A?>A>1AB2C5B C<5=LH5=85 ?>B>:0 ?>ABC?0NI8E 2 <>73 8<?C;LA>2, GB> <>65B 1KBL 4>AB83=CB> 8 A ?><>ILN ?>;=>F5==>3> <KH5G=>3> @0AA;01;5=8O  @5;0:A0F88. =0 ?>72>;O5B =0CG8BLAO 1KAB@> 70AK?0BL 8 ?>;=>F5==> A?0BL, 0 B0:65 >:070;0AL ?>;57=>9 =5 B>;L:> ;N4O< A =0@CH5=8O<8 A=0, => 8 ;8F0<, :>B>@K5 2 A2O78 A >A>15==>ABO<8 ?@>D5AA88 2K=C645=K A?0BL :>@>B:8<8 8=B5@20;0<8 8 2 ?@><56CB:0E 8=B5=A82=> @01>B0BL [395]. 111 >;3>2@5<5==0O ?0<OBL =D>@<0F8O, =0:>?;5==0O 2 B5G5=85 4=O 2 ?@><56CB>G=>9 ?0<OB8, ?>ABC?05B 2 4>;3>2@5<5==CN ?0<OBL ?>A;5 ?@5>1@07>20=8O 2 :@0B:>2@5<5==>9 ?0<OB8. >;3>2@5<5==0O ?0<OBL, 2 >B;8G85 >B 4@C38E 284>2 ?0<OB8, ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 >3@0=8G5=0 ?> >1J5<C 8 2@5<5=8 A>E@0=5=8O. 5A<>B@O =0 MB8 F5==K5 :0G5AB20 4>;3>2@5<5==>3> E@0=8;8I0, G5;>25: G0AB> =5 ?>;CG05B 4>ABC?0 : E@0=OI8<AO B0< 7=0=8O<, :>340 2 =8E 2>7=8:05B =5>1E>48<>ABL. >ABC?=>ABL 8=D>@<0F88 >?@545;O5BAO 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 >@30=870F859 E@0=5=8O. 0<OBL  =5 AB0F8>=0@=>5 E@0=8;8I5 8=D>@<0F88. =0 2:;NG05B C?@02;ONI85 ?@>F5AAK, 2;8ONI85 =0 2>A?@8OB85. 5?@5@K2=>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O >15A?5G8205BAO AE5<0<8 ?@542>AE8I5=8O, :>B>@K5 D>@<8@CNBAO 8 E@0=OBAO 2 ?0<OB8. 064K9 F8:; 2>A?@8OB8O 2:;NG05B 2 A51O 38?>B57C, ?@542>AE8I5=85 A ?><>ILN ?0<OB8 =5:>B>@>9 :>=:@5B=>9 8=D>@<0F88, >1A;54>20=85 @50;L=>9 :0@B8=K, 2K45;5=85 2 =59 7=0G8<KE :><?>=5=B>2 8, =0:>=5F, :>@@5:B8@>2:C 8AE>4=>9 AE5<K. 45AL A;54C5B ?@>25AB8 @073@0=8G5=85 <564C 42C<O B8?0<8 4>;3>2@5<5==>3> E@0=5=8O.  ?5@2><C E@0=8;8IC G5;>25: 8<55B ?@>872>;L=K9 4>ABC?, B0< 8=D>@<0F8O =5?@5@K2=> ?@5>1@07C5BAO (>1>1I05BAO, 3@C??8@C5BAO, :;0AA8D8F8@C5BAO) 2 A>>B25BAB288 A F5;O<8 8 @5H05<K<8 7040G0<8. > <5@5 >1CG5=8O 8 =0:>?;5=8O 687=5==>3> >?KB0 G5;>25: >2;045205B @07=>>1@07=K<8 A?>A>10<8 >@30=870F88 2>A?@8=8<05<>3> <0B5@80;0 8 B5< A0<K< >1;53G05B A515 70?><8=0=85 8=D>@<0F88 8 CA:>@O5B ?@>872>;L=K9 4>ABC? : =59 ?@8 @5H5=88 7040G. > 2B>@><C E@0=8;8IC ?@>872>;L=>3> 4>ABC?0 =5B, 8 8=D>@<0F8O E@0=8BAO 2 =5< =5?@5>1@07>20==0O  2 8AE>4=>< 2845. =0G0;5 @0AA<>B@8< A?>A>1K >@30=870F88 E@0=5=8O, A?>A>1AB2CNI85 ?@>872>;L=><C 2A?><8=0=8N, 0 70B5< :@0B:> >AB0=>28<AO =0 A2>9AB20E 2B>@>3> B8?0 E@0=5=8O. AA;54>20=85 D0:B>@>2, 2;8ONI8E =0 A:>@>ABL @50:F88, <>65B 40BL :>A25==K5 40==K5 > AB@C:BC@5 A2O759 2 4>;3>2@5<5==>9 ?0<OB8. 1@0B8<AO : 0=0;87C M:A?5@8<5=B>2 ?> 2@5<5=8 @50:F88. @8 8AA;54>20=8OE A:>@>AB8 @50:F88 8A?KBC5<><C 8725AB=K 8 >1J5:BK, =0 :>B>@K5 >= 4>;65= @5038@>20BL (:;0AA 0;LB5@=0B82), 8 459AB285, A>?>AB02;O5<>5 :064><C >1J5:BC. 040G0 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>1K :0: <>6=> 1KAB@55 112 >B@5038@>20BL =0 ?@54JO2;5==K9 >1J5:B. -B>, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, 7028A8B >B B>3>, :0: A:>@> G5;>25: 2A?><=8B, GB> =04> A45;0BL, B. 5. ?@>872545B 2K1>@ 87 :;0AA0 0;LB5@=0B82, E@0=OI8EAO 2 4>;3>2@5<5==>9 ?0<OB8. ;O G5;>25:0 7=0G8<0 =5 8=D>@<0F8O A0<0 ?> A515, 0 MDD5:B82=>ABL 459AB289 8 ?>ABC?:>2, @50;87C5<KE =0 55 >A=>25. '5< 1KAB@55 G5;>25: >BKI5B 2 ?0<OB8 =C6=CN 8=D>@<0F8N, B5< 1KAB@55 >= A<>65B @5038@>20BL =0 687=5==CN A8BC0F8N, ?>MB><C A:>@>ABL @50:F88 <>65B A;C68BL 8=48:0B>@>< >@30=87>20==>AB8 <0B5@80;0 2 ?0<OB8. 5@5G8A;8< D0:B>@K, >B :>B>@KE 7028A8B A:>@>ABL @50:F88. 5;8G8=0 :;0AA0. >:070=>, GB> ?> <5@5 C25;8G5=8O G8A;0 0;LB5@=0B82, 87 :>B>@KE ?@>872>48BAO 2K1>@, 2@5<O @50:F88 8 G8A;> >H81>: <>=>B>==> @0ABCB 4> =5:>B>@>3> ?@545;0 ?@8 CA;>288 @02=>25@>OB=>AB8 0;LB5@=0B82 [354]. >?@>A > E0@0:B5@5 A2O78 <564C 2@5<5=5< @50:F88 8 G8A;>< 0;LB5@=0B82 M:2820;5=B5= 2>?@>AC > B><, :0: 845B A>?>AB02;5=85 ?@54JO2;5==>3> >1J5:B0 A> A;540<8, =0E>4OI8<8AO 2 ?0<OB8: ?>A;54>20B5;L=> A :064K< A;54>< 8;8 ?0@0;;5;L=> A> 2A5<8.  ?5@2>< A;CG05 A2O7L 4>;6=0 1KBL ;8=59=>9, 2> 2B>@><  =5;8=59=>9: 2@5<O @50:F88 =5 4>;6=> @0AB8 A C25;8G5=85< G8A;0 0;LB5@=0B82.  M:A?5@8<5=B0E =01;N40NBAO >B:;>=5=8O >B ;8=59=>9 DC=:F88. "0<, 345 8A?KBC5<K9 <>3 CAB0=>28BL A2O78 <564C >1J5:B0<8, A>>B=>A8<K<8 A >48=0:>2>9 >B25B=>9 @50:F859, 8;8 =09B8 8E >1I85 ?@87=0:8, 2@5<O 2K1>@0 7028A5;> =5 >B G8A;0 0;LB5@=0B82, 0 >B G8A;0 :0B53>@89, >1J548=5==KE >1I8<8 ?@87=0:0<8. 0?@8<5@, @07=K5 0;LB5@=0B82K 2KABC?0NB 4;O G5;>25:0 >48=0:>2K<8 2 A;CG05, :>340 >=8 =0720=K >4=8< 8 B5< 65 8<5=5<. @5<O 2K1>@0 2>7@0AB05B A C25;8G5=85< G8A;0 0;LB5@=0B82 B>;L:> B>340, :>340 MB8 0;LB5@=0B82K =5 @0AA<0B@820NBAO 8A?KBC5<K< :0: 2E>4OI85 2 >4=C :0B53>@8N. !D>@<C;8@>20=0 <0B5<0B8G5A:0O 7028A8<>ABL 2@5<5=8 @50:F88 >B G8A;0 2>7<>6=KE 0;LB5@=0B82 (70:>= %8:0): " == a log N, 345 "  A@54=55 2@5<O @50:F88 =0 >48= >1J5:B, 0 N  G8A;> 0;LB5@=0B82. 8=59=>5 2>7@0AB0=85 2@5<5=8 @50:F88 =01;N405BAO 4> >?@545;5==>3> G8A;0 :0B53>@80;L=> @07;8G=KE 0;LB5@=0B82 (6 10), 70B5< @>AB ACI5AB25==> 70<54;O5BAO 8;8 ?@5:@0I05BAO [354].  ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O 2 ?0<OB8 G5;>25:0 D8:A8@CNBAO 25@>OB=>AB8 >B45;L=KE 0;LB5@=0B82, >?@545;OO ?>2545=85 113 2 AE>4=KE A8BC0F8OE. !;54CNI0O D>@<C;0 CG8BK205B 2;8O=85 25@>OB=>AB8 >B45;L=KE 0;LB5@=0B82: " = 0 + b log N, 345 0 CG8BK205B CA;>2=CN (2@5<5==CN) 25@>OB=>ABL, b  25@>OB=>ABL 40==>3> >1J5:B0 [357]. ;8O=85 25@>OB=>AB=>9 AB@C:BC@K A83=0;>2 284=> 87 M:A?5@8<5=B>2 @C=5@0 [46]. (5AB8 8A?KBC5<K< ?@54JO2;O;8AL 2 45D8F8B5 2@5<5=8 4;O @0A?>7=020=8O >4=>2@5<5==> 420 15AA<KA;5==KE A;>20, >1@07>20==KE :0: AB0B8AB8G5A:85 ?@81;865=8O : 0=3;89A:><C O7K:C ?5@2>3> 8 G5B25@B>3> ?>@O4:>2. A?KBC5<K5 ?@028;L=> >?@545;O;8 43% 1C:2 ?5@2>3> A;>20 8 93% 2B>@>3> (A CG5B>< 8E <5AB0 2 A;>25). 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?@54A:070=8O >B45;L=KE 1C:2 2 >158E ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABOE @02=>F5==K, @07;8G85 2 @57C;LB0B0E @0A?>7=020=8O 7028A5;> >B B>3>, GB> 8A?KBC5<K5 7=0;8 25@>OB=>ABL A;54>20=8O 1C:2 4@C3 70 4@C3>< 2 @>4=>< 4;O =8E 0=3;89A:>< O7K:5. '5;>25: =5@54:> 4>?CA:05B >H81:8, ?KB0OAL >F5=8BL G0AB>BC A>1KB89, ?@8G5< B5 87 =8E, :>B>@K5 ;53G5 2>A?@>872>4OBAO 53> ?0<OBLN (2A?><8=0NBAO), :06CBAO 5<C 1>;55 G0ABK<8. A?KBC5<K< ?@>G8B0;8 A?8A>: 87 >48=0:>2>3> G8A;0 <C6A:8E 8 65=A:8E D0<8;89 8 A?@>A8;8, :0:8E 1>;LH5? >;LH8=AB2> 8A?KBC5<KE >B25B8;>, GB> 65=A:8E, ?>A:>;L:C 65=A:85 D0<8;88 ?@8=04;560;8 B>;L:> 7=0<5=8B>ABO<, 0 A@548 <C6A:8E D0<8;89 B0:8E =5 1K;>. "0:8< >1@07><, 8A?>;L7>20=85 2A5 1>;55 @07=>>1@07=KE 284>2 ?@54K=D>@<0F88 >1 >1J5:B5 ?>72>;O5B A45;0BL ?@54A:070=85 1>;55 3;C1>:8< 8 MDD5:B82=K<. ACI5AB2;OO ?@54=0AB@>9:C : 459AB28O<, G5;>25: ?@8=8<05B 2> 2=8<0=85 B>;L:> B5 A8BC0F88, :>B>@K5 ?@>3=>78@CNBAO A 25@>OB=>ABLN, 1>;LH59 =5:>B>@>3> ?>@>30. !<KA; B0:>9 AB@0B5388 >G52845=: ?@8 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5>1>7@8<>< G8A;5 2>7<>6=>AB59 G5;>25: C?@>I05B A;>6=CN :0@B8=C A@54K, CG8BK20O ;8HL <0;>5 G8A;> 2KA>:> 25@>OB=KE A>1KB89. >6=> 1K;> 1K ?@54?>;>68BL, GB> C<5=LH5=85 2@5<5=8 @50:F88, A2O70==>5 A C<5=LH5=85< G8A;0 0;LB5@=0B82, >?>A@54>20=> A>?CBAB2CNI8< C25;8G5=85< 25@>OB=>AB8 ?>O2;5=8O :064>3> >1J5:B0. 4=0:>, :0: ?>:07K20NB 8AA;54>20=8O [328], 2@5<O @50:F88 =0 >1J5:B, 8<52H89 <5AB> 2 75% 2A5E ?@54JO2;5=88, 1K;> 1>;LH8<, :>340 >= 114 ?@54JO2;O;AO 2 >?KB5 A G5BK@L<O 0;LB5@=0B820<8, G5< :>340 A 42C<O. -B>B D0:B 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> G8A;> 0;LB5@=0B82 2;8O5B =0 2@5<O @50:F88 =57028A8<> >B 25@>OB=>AB8 ?>O2;5=8O AB8<C;0. !B@0B538O A;CG09=>3> ?5@51>@0 G5;>25:>< >1KG=> =5 8A?>;L7C5BAO. =>385 ?>ABC?:8, :>B>@K5 :06CBAO G5;>25:C A;CG09=K<8, 40;5:> =5 B0:>2K. 0?@8<5@, 5A;8 ?@54;>68BL @0A:@0A8BL :;5B:8 =0 1C<035 2 ?@>872>;L=>9 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 ?OBLN F25B=K<8 :0@0=40H0<8, B> >:065BAO, GB> @0A:@0H5==K5 >48=0:>2> :;5B:8 1C4CB A>A54AB2>20BL 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 7=0G8B5;L=> @565, G5< MB> 48:BC5B A;CG09. "0:>5 ?>2545=85 AB0=>28BAO ?>=OB=K<, 5A;8 >1@0B8BL 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB>, 87CG82 25@>OB=>AB=CN ?@8@>4C >:@C60NI53> <8@0 8 ?>;L7COAL MB>9 8=D>@<0F859, G5;>25: <>65B 2KE>48BL 70 ?@545;K =5?>A@54AB25==> 2>A?@8=8<05<KE A2>9AB2 ?@54<5B>2 8 ?@54A:07K20BL A2>9AB20, =54>ABC?=K5 2>A?@8OB8N. &5==>ABL 8=D>@<0F88. >7<>6=0 A8BC0F8O, :>340 =081>;LH55 7=0G5=85 2 @5H5=88 :>=:@5B=>9 7040G8 8<55B =5 A0<K9 25@>OB=K9 AB8<C;. ">340 =0 ?5@2K9 ?;0= 2K428305BAO 53> 8=D>@<0B82=>ABL (F5==>ABL). &5==>ABL A83=0;>2 4;O G5;>25:0 <>65B >?@545;OBLAO @07;8G=K<8 D0:B>@0<8: E0@0:B5@>< ?>;CG05<>3> ?>4:@5?;5=8O, 2>7<>6=>ABO<8 A83=0;0 A?>A>1AB2>20BL 2K1>@C 8 ?@54A:070=8N, @>;LN A83=0;0 2 4>AB865=88 F5;8 45OB5;L=>AB8. . . %0@:528G [284] >?@545;8; ?>=OB85 F5==>AB8 8=D>@<0F88 2 A>>1I5=88 G5@57 C25;8G5=85 25@>OB=>AB8 4>AB865=8O F5;8. = ?@54;>68; <5@C F5==>AB8, O2;ONICNAO DC=:F859 >B=>H5=8O 25@>OB=>AB59 4>AB865=8O F5;8 4> ?>;CG5=8O MB>3> 4>?>;=8B5;L=>3> A>>1I5=8O 8 ?>A;5 53> ?>;CG5=8O. . . >=30@4 [40] E0@0:B5@87>20; ?>=OB85 ?>;57=>9 8=D>@<0F88 2 A>>1I5=88 87<5=5=85< B@C4=>AB8 =5:>B>@>9 7040G8, @5H05<>9 G5;>25:><.  :0G5AB25 <5@K B@C4=>AB8 8A?>;L7>20;8AL ;>30@8D<K A@54=53> G8A;0 ?@>1, A45;0==KE 2 ?@>F5AA5 @5H5=8O 7040G8 4> 8 ?>A;5 ?>ABC?;5=8O MB>3> A>>1I5=8O. . . >;<>3>@>2 [130] 2>>1I5 8A:;NG8; 8A?>;L7>20=85 25@>OB=>AB8 ?@8 >?@545;5=88 F5==>AB8 8=D>@<0F88. < ?@54;>65= ?>4E>4, A>3;0A=> :>B>@><C F5==>ABL 8=D>@<0F88 >?@545;O5BAO G5@57 4;8=C ?@>3@0<<K, ?>B@51=>9 4;O 55 872;5G5=8O. =D>@<0B82=>ABLN >1;040NB A83=0;K, A=860NI85 =5>?@545;5==>ABL 8 B@C4=>ABL 7040G8 8 ?>2KH0NI85 25@>OB=>ABL 4>AB865=8O F5;8. A;8 =0945= A?>A>1 115 >BKA:0=8O B0:8E F5==KE AB8<C;>2, B> <>6=> C?>@O4>G8BL 8E ?> MB><C =>2><C :@8B5@8N, 2=>2L A>:@0B8BL 8AE>4=K9 :;0AA >1J5:B>2 8 CA:>@8BL 2@5<O 2K1>@0. KOA=8;>AL, =0?@8<5@, GB> ?@840=85 >4=><C 87 0;LB5@=0B82=KE A83=0;>2 020@89=>3> 7=0G5=8O CA:>@O5B @50:F8N =0 MB>B A83=0; >B=>A8B5;L=> 4@C38E, @02=>25@>OB=KE A =8< A83=0;>2 [164]. #AB0=>2:0. 718@0B5;L=>ABL ?0<OB8 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 >?@545;O5BAO AC1J5:B82=>9 F5==>ABLN A>1KB8O  CAB0=>2:>9. !:>@>ABL @50:F88 7028A8B =5 B>;L:> >B >1J5:B82=>9 25@>OB=>AB8 A>1KB8O, => 8 >B CAB0=>2:8 G5;>25:0 =0 >6840=85 8<5==> MB>3> A>1KB8O. >;L =5?>A@54AB25==>9 CAB0=>2:8 8 0?@8>@=>3> 7=0=8O 2 @0A?>7=020=88 ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;8 8AA;54>20=8O, 2 :>B>@KE 8A?KBC5<K< ?@54;030;8 ?@>A;CH0BL A8;L=> 70HC<;5==CN 70?8AL 15A54K 42CE ;8F [342]. >A;5 ?5@2>3> ?@>83@K20=8O 70?8A8 A;CH0B5;8 =8G53> =5 ?>=O;8, B>340 8< A>>1I8;8, GB> A>15A54=8:8 >1AC640NB 2>?@>A > 70:075 =>2>3> :>ABN<0, > ?>@B=KE, F5=0E =0 >4564C 8 D0A>=0E. 0B5< 70?8AL 1K;0 ?@>83@0=0 2B>@8G=>, 8 1>;LH8=AB2> A;CH0B5;59 >:070;>AL 2 A>AB>O=88 ?@>A;548BL 70 2A5< @073>2>@><. !;>20 :0: 1K A@07C 2A?;K;8 =0@C6C. >;CG5==K9 @57C;LB0B <>6=> >1JOA=8BL B5<, GB>, =5 8<5O =8:0:8E ?@5420@8B5;L=KE A2545=89 >B=>A8B5;L=> >1AC6405<>3> ?@54<5B0, A;CH0B5;8 2K42830;8 38?>B57K >B=>A8B5;L=> ;N1KE B5<. >;CG82 CAB0=>2:C > ?>@B=><, >=8 A<>3;8 AC78BL 480?07>= 38?>B57, A:>=F5=B@8@>20BL A2>5 2=8<0=85 B>;L:> =0 =8E 8 ?@028;L=> @0A?>7=0BL A>45@60=85 15A54K. # G5;>25:0 D>@<8@C5BAO >A>10O A8AB5<0, >6840=8O =0 >A=>20=88 7=0:><AB20 A A8BC0F859. A;8 MB0 A8AB5<0 =5 >?@024K205B A51O =0 ?@0:B8:5, B> ?@>872>48BAO 55 70<5=0. ?5G0B;5=8O >B ?>2B>@ONI8EAO A8BC0F89 D>@<8@CNB A>AB>O=85 2=CB@5==59 3>B>2=>AB8, :>B>@0O ?@>O2;O5BAO :0: B5=45=F8O 2>A?@8=8<0BL 2=>2L 2AB@5G0NI89AO ?@54<5B >?@545;5==K< >1@07><, >1CA;>2;5==K< >A>15==>ABO<8 ?@54H5AB2CNI8E 2>A?@8OB88. #AB0=>2:0 >1;53G05B 2>A?@8OB85 8 >?>7=0=85, ?>2KH0O 8E A:>@>ABL 8 B>G=>ABL, => 8=>340 <>65B ?@825AB8 8 : >H81:0<. 0?@8<5@, 5A;8 @0AA<0B@820BL 87>1@065=8O 2 25@E=5< @O4C @8A. 10, 42830OAL A;520 =0?@02>, B> ?>A;54=55 2>A?@8=8<05BAO :0: D83C@0 A84OI59 65=I8=K. A;8 @0AA<0B@820BL 87>1@065=85 2B>@>3> @O40 2 B>< 65 ?>@O4:5, B> ?>A;54=55 2>A?@8=8<05BAO :0: ;8F> <C6G8=K. "0: ?>4 2;8O=85< 116 @07=KE CAB0=>2>: >4=> 87>1@065=85 A>>B=>A8BAO A @07;8G=K<8 :0B53>@8O<8. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=> 8AA;54>20;>AL 2;8O=85 =5?>A@54AB25==>9 CAB0=>2:8 =0 2K428305<CN 38?>B57C. ! ?><>ILN 8=B@C:F88 C 8A?KBC5<KE 42CE 3@C?? A>74020;8 CAB0=>2:C =0 ?>O2;5=85 A;>2, >B=>AOI8EAO : >?@545;5==K< :0B53>@8O<: 682>B=KE 8;8 :>@01;59 [391]. 0B5< 8A?KBC5<K< ?@54JO2;O;>AL 15AA<KA;5==>5 A;>2> sael 2 45D8F8B5 2@5<5=8. @8 CAB0=>2:5 =0 682>B=KE MB> A;>2> 2>A?@8=8<0;>AL :0: seal BN;5=L, 5A;8 =0 :>@01;8, B> :0: sail  ?0@CA. 0B5< 8A?KBC5<K< >158E 3@C?? ?@54;030;0AL 4@C30O 7040G0  70?>;=8BL ?@>15;K 2 A;>20E A ?@>?CI5==K<8 1C:20<8. :070;>AL, GB> 2A5 8A?KBC5<K5 70?>;=8;8 ?@>15;K 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 2K@01>B0==>9 CAB0=>2:>9. !;54>20B5;L=>, CAB0=>2:0 ?@>4>;60;0 ACI5AB2>20BL 8 ?>A;5 2K?>;=5=8O 7040=8O, ?@8 :>B>@>< >=0 1K;0 AD>@<8@>20=0, 2;8OO =0 ?>A;54CNI55 @5H5=85 AE>4=>9 7040G8. 6840=85 >?@545;5==>3> :>=B5:AB0 >1CA;>2;8205B ?@5420@8B5;L=>5 ?>2KH5=85 0:B82=>AB8 >?@545;5==>3> =01>@0 :0B53>@89 2 ?0<OB8. 718@0B5;L=>5 ?@8A?>A>1;5=85 : 1C4CI8< A>1KB8O< A>E@0=O5BAO C G5;>25:0 2 2845 CAB0=>2:8. => >1CA;>2;8205BAO AB>OI59 ?5@54 G5;>25:>< 7040G59, =0?@02;5==>ABLN 53> 8=B5@5A>2, ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 > 25@>OB=>AB=KE E0@0:B5@8AB8:0E 8 ?@87=0:0E >1J5:B>2 [275]. #AB0=>2:0 >?@545;O5B 8 87<5=O5B 4065 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 7@8B5;L=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O (A<. @8A. 10).  >4=>< 87 M:A?5@8<5=B>2 [393] 45B59 ?@>A8;8 =0@8A>20BL 540 >@>70 2 @07=K5 4=8 45:01@O: 5, 21 8 31. '5< 1;865 1K; ?@074=8:, B5< 1>;LH5 <5AB0 70=8<0; 54 >@>7 =0 ;8AB5 1C<038 8 B5< 1>;LH5 =01CE0; 53> <5H>: A ?>40@:0<8. "0:8< >1@07><, =5 B>;L:> 25@>OB=>ABL ?>O2;5=8O A>1KB8O ?5@5>F5=820;0AL @515=:><, => 8 >1@07, 872;5:05<K9 87 ?0<OB8, B@0=AD>@<8@>20;AO ?>4 2;8O=85< =0?@O65==>3> >6840=8O. !:;>==>ABL G5;>25:0 2>A?@8=8<0BL A83=0;K >B 2=5H=53> <8@0 2 =081>;55 4>ABC?=KE 8 65;0B5;L=KE 4;O =53> :0B53>@8OE 1;>:8@C5B 53> A?>A>1=>ABL 8A?>;L7>20BL 8=K5, <5=55 4>ABC?=K5 :0B53>@88 8 <>65B ?>@>48BL >H81:8 =5?@028;L=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O. F5=:0 25@>OB=>AB8 A>1KB8O 2A5340 702KH05BAO 2 A;CG05 53> 65;0B5;L=>AB8. "0:, =0?@8<5@, M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=> 2KO2;5=>, GB> @07<5@ <>=5B (A>F80;L=> F5==>3> >1J5:B0) >F5=820;AO 2KH5, G5< @07<5@ @02=KE 8< ?> 480<5B@C A5@KE :@C6:>2. ! C25;8G5=85< 4>AB>8=AB20 <>=5B @>A;> >B:;>=5=85 :06CI53>AO @07<5@0 >B 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 [46].  8A. 10. ;8O=85 CAB0=>2:8 =0 2>A?@8OB85 8 C7=020=85. (7 :=.: Kagan I., Havemann E. Psychology, an introduction. New York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b, a, f, g, k, B, r, n, s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de. The use o[ lateral thinking. New York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chneeglockchen, 2 0=3;89A:><  snowdrop, 2> D@0=FC7A:><  perce-niege. @>8AE>645=85 =0720=8O A2O70=> 2 @CAA:>< O7K:5 A @0==8< ?>O2;5=85< F25B:0 25A=>9 (?>4 A=53><), B. 5. =0720=85 >1@0I05B 2=8<0=85 =0 D0:B>@ 2@5<5=8, 2 =5<5F:><  A;>2> >7=0G05B A=56=K9 :>;>:>;LG8:, C:07K20O =0 53> D>@<C.  >A=>25 0=3;89A:>3> =0720=8O snowdrop (A=56=0O :0?;O) B0:65 ;568B D>@<0. $@0=FC7A:>5 =0720=85  perce-niege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lnprtvB D t v x z | ~ & ( X Z \ ` b d ӵӵӵӵqӵ jhe UmHnHu jkhe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu jyhe UmHnHuhsCJaJmHnHu jhe UmHnHujhsUmHnHuhsmHnHu hsCJjhsCJU hWCJ,v~ d T v  r@zX, &  & $ & a$gdxD##d   H J L P R T 8 : j l n r t v       f h u jhe UmHnHu jAhe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu jOhe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHuhsCJaJmHnHu j]he UmHnHujhsUmHnHuhsmHnHu. FHxz|46fhjnpr46ܺܩܘ܇v jhe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu j%he UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu j3he UmHnHuhsmHnHuhsCJaJmHnHujhsUmHnHu.68<>@Z\<>nprvxzLNPTVXjl j he UmHnHu jt he UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu j he UmHnHuhsCJaJmHnHuhsmHnHujhsUmHnHu/ "$(*,fh$&(.02lnZغةؘ؇v j he UmHnHu jJ he UmHnHu j he UmHnHu jX he UmHnHu j he UmHnHuhsCJaJmHnHuhsmHnHujhsUmHnHu jf he UmHnHu.2l,X~^ln !! &  & Z\,.^`bhjl "(*,HJz|~v jhe UmHnHu j he UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu j.he UmHnHu j he UmHnHuhsCJaJmHnHu j< he UmHnHuhsmHnHujhsUmHnHu.JLNTVX>@prtz|~BDtvxu johe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu j}he UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHujhsUmHnHuhsmHnHuhsCJaJmHnHu.x~  PRTZ\^,.^`bhjl jhe UmHnHu jShe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu jahe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHuhsCJaJmHnHujhsUmHnHuhsmHnHu.BDtvx~.0`bdjln   r t غةؘ؇v jhe UmHnHu j)he UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu j7he UmHnHu jhe UmHnHuhsCJaJmHnHuhsmHnHujhsUmHnHu jEhe UmHnHu. ! !!!!!X!Z!!!!!!!!!""""""r"t""""""""".#0#2#8#:#<#n#p######v jxhe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu j he UmHnHu jhe UmHnHuhsCJaJmHnHu jhe UmHnHuhsmHnHujhsUmHnHu.!""<## $$$`%%&z&&T''("(.(8(P(0))**n-.$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx &  & ####$$$$$ $H$J$z$|$~$$$$$$$$$$$$ %"%R%T%V%\%^%`%~%%%%%%%%%% & &&u jNhe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu j\he UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu jjhe UmHnHu jhe UmHnHujhsUmHnHuhsmHnHuhsCJaJmHnHu.&&&&:&<&l&n&p&v&x&z&&&&&&&&&''F'H'J'P'R'T'''''''''''(((((( (v(zt hCJjhsCJUh jhe UmHnHu j2he UmHnHu jhe UmHnHu j@he UmHnHu jhe UmHnHuhsCJaJmHnHujhsUmHnHuhsmHnHu-v(((()** **T*V*X*j*n*** //P/T/62>2D2N2|33338=<= FFLLRR2V6V`[d[]]]]:r@rssRtVtttttuu2u>uXuZuvvvv΀؀Ȏʎ<D’". ʚΚ6:Z`hhCJmHnHu h5CJ hCJ h6CJW././:?ZCN6Q:_cdfk:s.~`:ȎʎFH $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdxPΠβ4FҾ 8>Rv<B$a$gdx $@&a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx̠֬ڬ "2 Z`T.28<vbf $&<@blZ^t    vz,86:FJDH$  &h5CJmHnHu hIRCJ hCJhCJmHnHuVZ`&&&'*.2355AFFFBKXX^$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx&&))**n0r0|4455 DD>DJDFF KK TTTTTTW WXX6\:\\\``aaFcLcMUh[4\:\c6immjpuTz~ $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx^5`5h5r5666J6N66666667799|DDJJJJhKlKKKVV4\8\pa~adddeheffjjmmuu~~ЇČȌĖ(,"&@D8<RXjn$(h6CJmHnHu h6CJhCJmHnHu hCJjtphCJUR~~҇>v(.8>j $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdxjn8<$(248\`&rv&|6@$$&&.4:47799BB&C*CGGHHb  tv        26""^)l)p) hCJhIRhCJmHnHsH uhCJmH sH hIRhCJmH sH h6CJmHnHu h6CJjI"hCJUhCJmHnHu hCJ@28$%~)Z,`,H2N7\=b=6>A\FKNNPn[h_n_ai$a$gdx $@&a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxp)|)**Z,^, --\=`=@BHBKKNNQQWW\ \h_l_2a6ara|atbxb2d6dkkmm o.o|o~ooo ppTpVpppppqq0q4q$s>s@svv\z`z{{||@~D~FZ^prƌ̌֌8<>BJR h'CJh] h6CJh hCJ hCJhCJmHnHuSi o.o~oopVpppq q"q$q$s@s6z|@~F~،>D $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx,0r~ԝ֝6<İȰȳγڳFJ޺   "HLX^Vj  h}CJhIRhCJjh'UmHnHu h'CJ h6CJh'hCJ hCJhCJmHnHuJVFLVlpvx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx8B`dnr  TZvxLRT^dB\^*.δδh6CJmHnHuj/h}h}CJU h6CJh}CJmHnHu h}CJh}h}CJhCJmHnHu hCJGxNPRVkcc[[$a$gdx$a$gdxkd/$$If(Tr  H4 (a($$Ifa$gdx *006 x|tX$v)|)**@.,49::$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx.HNx~(,`d04      "r~4:@F|\b""""r#x###&&z''v)z)***88::IIzK~KQSSSSh^hCJaJmHnHuh^hCJaJh]h h]CJhCJmHnHu hCJM:rAIzKKQTHT[[_gllv}}<djʐ|06£ $@&a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxSTFTHTlTVVJWRW|W~WxY|YYY[[J\V\] ]^^b^``VbXbdefgllmmoouvwxxxyy"y$yyyyzzzzzzz|z{ {{{{{6{F{˺˺˺˺h5CJmHnHuh^CJmHnHu h^CJhCJmHnHu hCJ h5CJh^hCJaJh^h5CJaJh^h^CJaJmHnHu@F{.|2|||}}ЇdhƖҖnz\~04v~ΦҦ^d(4ޭޱHʻֻNV  "$.4.:2j'hCJUjhCJUj3nhCJUjYahG8CJU hG8CJ h^CJ h5CJhCJmHnHu hCJE£|ޱHX&*Z28 z$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx268*8np.4  &d$dZ\0F*DJ<@R V x | *hIRhCJ h5CJh hG8CJhCJmHnHu hCJhG8hCJhG8h5CJLDLF" * 2 $l-11l3v7@BBC`HdH $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx*|~NdfDDJx|<FTX* 0 J!X!$$%%& &6)t)*D*++h.t.X0b011$:(:::<<>>.BlBBB|CCEEFGHHHLH^H`HbHlHrHIjMhCJU hmCJhIRhCJ hG8CJhCJmHnHu hCJRdHHHhIpIrIPvTZZT[Xdfvh8mFʷx:\Rt$a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdxԢĦȦvҮ֮>DʷjzĻ.x~:<@BDHLNTVXZdf ީީh:uhCJh:uh5CJh6CJmHnHuhIRh6CJh6CJmH sH hCJmH sH hIRhCJ h6CJ h:uCJhCJmHnHuh hCJ;tzDnz:N`j Dtxlv,8<DV X ɾhIRhCJmH sH j hCJUh0CJmHnHu h0CJhCJmH sH hIRhCJ h:uCJ h6CJhCJmHnHu hCJBt|:xV    N $a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdxX \ ^ b f       PT^hN T R"V"**Z+\+..11r4t48CFCCCEEnFzFzL~LLLSSSSTTTTdVhVVVVVVVVWW"W.W2W8W h0CJ h6CJhCJmHnHuhIRhCJhCJmH sH hIRhCJmH sH  hCJLN V !*114;CCDIL`PTTZZajfrflbsww~}.~r $@&a$gdx$a$gdx8W[ \\(\.\]]h]l]^^aa|ddddjfpfl4mqqqqrrRs`sww~},~.~PZ`hrxVZX\ $ĖP*0h h05CJh0h5CJ h0CJ hCJhCJmHnHuSrzNҢ P*2"^fl$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx ^f   8Fz$bD2pjlz~">Br|h5CJmHnHuh6CJmH sH hIRh6CJ h6CJ hcCJ h5CJ hCJhCJmHnHuHl&x (T^V!!"* $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxb f h l          " 0 4 B F     v z *T\@FZb"&*!!(())2//f1j12"22234.444P4V4^8l8t;x;<<^=b=>>>>>>BBCD0P4P^S`SbS hyCJhcCJmHnHu hCJhCJmHnHuW*-(02$2n8>>ABBFKObSfS4XFX|XXXY&Y*Y,Y.Y $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxbSdSUUVV4XFXzXXXXY$Y&Y(Y,Y.YvYv]z]aabcfcffPfVfhhh,p0p@sBsss.v2v>8   d $a$gdx$a$gdx&*68LPʻл~\hrtv.204FRR`f. 2 2 6     $ ( z ~       8 h5CJmHnHuhXYCJmHnHu hXYCJhCJmHnHu hCJR8 F   X Z d j      8       ! ! " " " " " " " b# p# V$ \$ $ $ |% % % % ) ) ) ) ) ) * * + + "+ (+ x+ ~+ + + + + , $, (, 0, , , ^- `- - - - - . . ~. . . h6CJjhCJUjhCJUhXYhXYCJ hXYCJ hCJhCJmHnHuMd l B  " " $ % % ' &0 .0 3 6 6 = @ @ G M Q Q V [ b $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx. . H/ P/ R/ Z/ / / / / / / &0 ,0 .0 80 >0 H0 1 1 1 1 V3 X3 ~5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 @ @ J J L L M N N Q Q Q Q R R R 0U 6U U V V V V Z Z [ [ 2^ 6^ ` ` ,` 0` z` ` b b dg hg h h vi zi 4n @n s h]&CJ hGCJh6CJmHnHu h6CJ hoCJh hCJhCJmHnHuMb b Le Xk s (s s | ă ̃ H P 4 T 0 f ( Ҵ $a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx s &s ă ʃ Ċ F H N ܙ ޙ X \  T 0 ~ d h & ~ &   * h? hCJh? CJmHnHuhIRhCJ h? CJ hb6CJ h6CJhh^CJmHnHu hR-OCJ hCJhCJmHnHuBҴ Ƹ N " ( & X  &  X   $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx* h             n  z+ + + + 9 : < < > > rB xB F F G G H I XL hL L L |M M ^ ^ &b ,b c c Pk hk Jo 8p >p s s u "u \u `u v v N T r v H L 4 :   4 T V   2 4 ` d h h8Y3CJ hACJ hb CJhCJmHnHu hCJ h|CJS z    J! & z+ + - ~1 .6 < < P= @ F K |M M P Z ^ ^ ja \g 8p $@&a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx8p @p z ~ N V z 4 < 4 :   z d t @ H $a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx  p v V Z  @ F @ F Z ` ( j n | ~    @ F |   l n x . 6 B D hIRhCJjhCJUhOJlCJmHnHu hOJlCJ hCJhCJmHnHuPH P Z j l p "      $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdxD H L  6 : t      * j   1 1 7 7 ; ; b< d< 2@ 6@ j@ v@ ~B B .C 4C 2E 6E ~E E rH ~H K K M N R R 4T :T ܸܲܲ h3=CJj{hCJUhOJlCJmHnHuhOJlhOJlCJ hOJlCJ hCJhCJmHnHuhIRhCJhCJmH sH F  H   >& ^/ 1 1 |7 < "? .C 6C C H RJ R 4T F T V Η җ d h . 2 Ɵ ȟ ̟ ܦ  hhCJ h5CJ hLCJjhCJU h6CJ h}<CJhhL h3=5CJhCJmHnHu hCJFf ~k n nu u u { { ʀ  : n  Z | : V  $a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx v L * 2 f b j x  0 8    B $@&a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx    " \ ` µ L P z ~    * * 0 H T Z d     @ ` b h f j   2 > 0 6 H J L f j   . 2     @ ~   v z  " j ~ h CJ hdT!CJhhCJ h5CJ hCJ hCJhCJmHnHuP~ B H       X ^ " " $ $ $ $ $ $ P) Z) `) j) * * , $, - - 0 0 2 2 2 2 4 "4 24 44 d7 j7 ; ; ; ; DE dE E E ^H bH jK rK N N N N O O O O O Q Q tQ xQ .R 2R T T W W \ \ \ \ ] :^ J^ N^ ^ ^ a h hCJ h5CJh h CJhCJmHnHu hCJTB J  d v X `   l) * * `- 2 7 ; ; = DE dE jK rK S ~Z $a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx~Z \ \ ] j dn ln fs z   F T T \ j ȡ , 4 P $a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxa a e e dn jn fq jq t u y y z z } }   Ă ڃ ރ T $ ( $ * $ T Z * * h   " @ B X Z ơ ̤ ̥ ԥ b f | ֦ ަ n v p ~  \ d ¬  " ( f R V h6CJh h CJ hCJhCJmHnHuWV , 2 r v | , 2 س ܳ n r  " &   $ n r 0 4 4 @ N " b n  r x  b f  h hCJ h5CJ h CJhCJmHnHu hCJV  z B  D  \ d  N   $ ) 4, <, $a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx          \ b   > B     ) ) 4, :, 6 6 6 = = > > ? ? A A 0G 2G rL vL (N .N R R R S S S S S V V LX tX ] \] ] ] ^ ^ l l Rn Xn ~n n pq q "r &r r x  č n t   ޞ hh h CJh CJmH sH  h CJ hCJhCJmHnHuR<, - ,4 = = :B K (N 0N `P HT LX tX ] ] Dc i ~n n v { r z h $a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx n v > ܜ ԧ Z H > h  b l r$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx z |  8 : " , V \ r v f j F v z  rxzV X     JLdh rjRh h CJU h6CJhh hCJ h5CJ h CJhCJmHnHu hCJLrzV X   L%&---4t6 $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdxr4 < n$r$%%t&x&|&&&&&&&&&&&&&''''R(V())")$)))++++-$---//0077D:H:>>EEFF`IbIKKvK~KKKNNNNNNNNOO|PPU VWNXhMh5CJ h5CJhCJmH sH h0<hCJ hCJhCJmHnHuPt6:>>EdJ|PPT6[aa0iTk4sLV"0ȷзf4@&¿ƿ*.DR$(DH8>fjRV h CJj8 hCJU h6CJ hCJhCJmHnHuUV ֲ$,Tv8@z$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxVLN(,z~nrPXdfjt| fj(2"     %%%%%%%% hrCJhh6CJmHnHu h>_CJhCJmHnHu hCJSL:Z ''*-b288;<4DII.K $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx%''***++j-n- 0*0,060115677778899F:P:V:`:BBII.KFKUUUUWW6X8XZX\XYY``xb~bbbhcrcxcc&e*e8hDjlF R X b dnr|04hlLPT"X".####`%d%((((//&/*/// hCJ hx*CJ hCJhCJmHnHuY r0H ~<"##(%)1>3 $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx/00>3D3F34b==EEdQQVWWW__``gg.j:j@jLjrrXu\uuutxzx|xxxyzzDJ$(F–Ɩ&(.0Pޥhnp ̳&$&&BXʼм hBCJh?ICJmHnHu h?ICJh hCJhCJmHnHu hCJQ>3F379 ;b==EEI6O*TWWB\`dggl^ottx|xz $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdxDL˜(0hpzʼҼJ^f$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxм(HTZBnjF\^d|~0t @Hnx>Jhpkh5CJhpkh5CJmHnHu h:CJ hB:CJ hBCJhCJmHnHu hCJH|NV @"H"V%///335?$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxJLNTV>Bnzx@Dlz~     !!@"F" $$h$l$Z%^%`%b%f%h%j%v%z%,+0+//////\0001335555L6N6n6ĺĺĺhpkhpk5CJhpkh5CJh0<hCJ hpkCJ hBCJhCJmHnHu hCJhBCJmHnHuIn66689;H;= =?0?2?4?CCC`DFFFFF8GFGHGXGbGvGxGzGJ JLLMMMNPP*Q4QQQ>SBSTTVV[[8cxczccdddddd"dRd^dndeeh hWBuCJhWBuCJmHnHuhpkhpk5CJjxs hpkhpkCJUhCJmHnHu hpkCJ hCJ h>*CJhpkh5CJC?CCFFFHGJJMxW[[^zcc~kkpnum\pdpqyz$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdxeBiDii.j4j@jJjLjNjhjj~kkttuj\pbpssfyyyy|||0}F}H}}~"$ZfltxzڂThl*8<`d^bĒf h0<hCJ hq=CJhWBuCJmHnHuUhWBuhWBuCJ hWBuCJhCJmHnHu h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no-?>4@>1=55?. 45AL 0:F5=B A45;0= =0 206=>5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>5 725=>  G5;>25: =5 AB>;L:> 645B A>25B>2, A:>;L:> 5<C A0<><C =5>1E>48<> 2K3>2>@8BLAO 8 87;8BL 4CHC. # =5:>B>@KE ;N459 <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL 8;;N78O, GB> 8E ?>=O;8 8 ?><>3;8 (254L AB0;> ;53G5!). !>25@H5==> >G5284=>, GB> ?>4>1=K9 ?>4E>4 <>65B ?>@>640BL 8 @07>G0@>20=85. '5;>25: 70G0ABCN >B=>A8BAO : <0H8==K< @57C;LB0B0< :0: : 8AB8=5 2 ?>A;54=59 8=AB0=F88, 8 >=8 >1;040NB 4;O =53> 1>;LH59 AC1J5:B82=>9 4>:070B5;L=>ABLN, G5< 8=D>@<0F8O, ?>;CG5==0O 8=K< ?CB5<. >2KH5==>5 4>25@85 2 MB>< A;CG05 O2;O5BAO A;54AB285< ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 >BAB@0=5=8O >B ?@>F54C@K 2KG8A;5=89 8 C15645=- 462 =>AB8 2 >A>1>9 >1J5:B82=>AB8 2KG8A;5=89, =0 A0<>< 45;5 <=8<>9. -B> 2545B : >H81:0< 2 8=B5@?@5B0F88 @57C;LB0B>2. >7=8:05B A?5F8D8G5A:0O 2=CH05<>ABL, ?@>O2;ONI0OAO 2 B5=45=F88 A>3;0A>20BL >3@0=8G5=8O @5H05<>9 7040G8 B>;L:> 2 @0<:0E 2>7<>6=>AB59, =02O7K205<KE ?@>3@0<<8AB><, =5 87<5=OO 8E, =5 >1AC640O 8 =5 AB@5<OAL >?@545;8BL AB5?5=L 8E >1>A=>20==>AB8. >4>1=0O 2=CH05<>ABL @0A?>;0305B : ?0AA82=><C 2>A?@8OB8N A>>1I5=89 -, A25@E4>25@8N : =59, GB> 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 ?@82>48B : =5>1>A=>20==><C @0AH8@5=8N 7>=K ?@8<5=5=8O 70;>65==>3> 2 ?@>3@0<<C <0B5<0B8G5A:>3> 0??0@0B0. 06=> ?>4G5@:=CBL  CG51=K9 ?@>F5AA, 2:;NG0NI89 -, <>65B AB@>8BLAO A CG5B>< 8AE>4=>3> C@>2=O 7=0=89 8 C<5=89 :064>3> >B45;L=>3> CG0I53>AO ?>A@54AB2>< ?@54AB02;5=8O 8=48284C0;L=>9 ?><>I8, 8 B5< A0<K< ?@5>4>;520NBAO =54>AB0B:8 >1CG5=8O 2 1>;LH8E 3@C??0E. 1I58725AB=>, GB> >A=>2=>9 =54>AB0B>: B@048F8>==>9 A8AB5<K >1CG5=8O 70:;NG05BAO 8<5==> 2 A;01>< C?@02;5=88 45OB5;L=>ABLN :064>3> CG0I53>AO 2 CA;>28OE :;0AA0, 1>;LH>9 0C48B>@88. -DD5:B82=>ABL 8 :0G5AB2> >1CG5=8O 7=0G8B5;L=> 2KH5 2 <0;KE 3@C??0E, 345 ?@5?>4020B5;L <>65B C45;8BL =5>1E>48<>5 2=8<0=85 :064><C CG5=8:C. 4=0:> 4@>1;5=85 3@C??K 2 H8@>:8E <0AHB010E =5?@85<;5<> ?> M:>=><8G5A:8< ?@8G8=0< 8, :0: 8725AB=>, ?@>1;5<0 >1>AB@O5BAO ?> <5@5 C65AB>G5=8O B@51>20=89 : :0G5AB2C >1CG5=8O. :;NG5=85 - 8 ?@>3@0<<8@>20==K9 <5B>4 40NB 2>7<>6=>ABL E>@>H> CA?520NI8< 87CG0BL 4>?>;=8B5;L=K9 <0B5@80; 8 =5 B5@OBL 2@5<5=8 40@><, ?>:0 >BAB0NI85 2>A?>;=OB ?@>15;K. "0:85 2>7<>6=>AB8 45;0NB 7=0=8O 1>;55 ?@>G=K<8 8 3;C1>:8<8. @><5 B>3>, @57:> C25;8G8205BAO G8A;> 7040G, @5H05<KE CG0I8<8AO 8 B5< A0<K< ?>2KH05BAO ?>4286=>ABL <KH;5=8O, A=8605BAO 8=5@F8>==>ABL 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=KE >?5@0F89 8 @0AH8@O5BAO 7>=0 B@0=A?>=8@>20=8O  ?5@5=>A0 ?@8=F8?0 @5H5=8O. A5 MB> ?>72>;O5B ABC45=BC =0E>48BL 1>;55 >B40;5==K5 0=0;>38 8 A>?>AB02;5=8O, GB>, :0: 8725AB=>, A>AB02;O5B 206=K9 MB0? @5H5=8O ;N1>9 B2>@G5A:>9 7040G8. >6=> @01>B0BL A - 2 >?B8<0;L=>< 4;O A51O B5<?5, =5 >?0A0OAL >1=0@C68BL <54;8B5;L=>ABL 8 ?>;CG8BL >B@8F0B5;L=CN >F5=:C A> AB>@>=K 4@C38E ABC45=B>2 8;8 ?@5?>4020B5;O. 0?@8<5@, E>;5@8: >B25G05B >G5=L 1KAB@> 8 =5 >G5=L >14C<0==>. 5@54:> >= 405B ?@028;L=K9 >B25B 463 ?>A;5 45AOB8 CB>G=5=89  <0H8=0 4>68405BAO, =5 @074@060OAL. 5;0=E>;8: <>65B >G5=L 4>;3> <>;G0BL, A>18@0OAL A <KA;O<8, >=0 ?>4>645B, =5 2>7<CI0OAL. A5 MB> A>E@0=O5B ?A8E>;>38G5A:89 :><D>@B :064><C ABC45=BC 2> 2@5<O >1CG5=8O. 2B><0B8G5A:89 :>=B@>;L 7=0=89 =5 B>;L:> 8A:;NG05B AC1J5:B82=>ABL 2 >F5=:0E ?@5?>4020B5;O, => 8 ?>72>;O5B 381:> <5=OBL AB@0B538N M:70<5=0  AB@>8BL ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL ?@54;0305<KE =0 =5< 7040G 8 2>?@>A>2 A CG5B>< 8=48284C0;L=KE >A>15==>AB59, =0?@8<5@: 4;O G5;>25:0 A 70=865==>9 A0<>>F5=:>9  >B ?@>ABKE : A;>6=K<, GB> ?@54>?@545;O5B 42865=85 >B CA?5E0 : CA?5EC 8 B5< A0<K< A>E@0=5=85 <>B820F88 : ?@5>4>;5=8N 40;L=59H8E B@C4=>AB59, 4;O G5;>25:0 A 702KH5==>9 A0<>>F5=:>9  ;CGH5 A@07C =0G8=0BL A B@C4=>9 7040G8. '5< @565 M:70<5=K, B5< 25@>OB=55 A8;L=K5 2>;=5=8O, B@52>30 8 4065 AB@5AA, @07@CH0NI89 74>@>2L5. A;8 ?@>25@:0 7=0=89 ?@>872>48BAO G0AB> 8 ?>?CB=>, >=0 =5 2K7K205B >A>1KE M<>F89. A5 MB> ?>:07K205B, GB> 02B><0B878@>20==K9 :>=B@>;L  :>=AB@C:B82=K9 ?CBL A>E@0=5=8O 74>@>2LO ABC45=B0. @><5 B>3>, >1CG5=85 A ?><>ILN - ?>72>;O5B 5<C A2>1>4=55 @0A?@545;OBL A2>5 2@5<O. = A<>65B >B25B8BL =0 M:70<5=0F8>==K5 2>?@>AK 2 ;N1>5, C4>1=>5 4;O =53> 2@5<O, =5 4>6840OAL A5AA88, 8, B0:8< >1@07><, ?@>42830BLAO ?@8 >1CG5=88 2 A2>5< B5<?5. 4=8< A;>2><, >B >1I5=8O A - 2K83@K205B 8 ?5403>3, 8 CG5=K9, 8 ABC45=B, =>, :@><5 B>3>, >=> A?>A>1AB2C5B A>25@H5=AB2>20=8N >A=>2=KE ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 G5;>25:0. 2;045=85 =>2K<8 <5B>40<8 >1CG5=8O =5 B>;L:> AB8<C;8@C5B ?@5?>4020B5;O @072820BL A51O :0: ;8G=>ABL, => 8 ?><>305B 5<C A>E@0=8BL 4CE>2=CN <>;>4>ABL, :>B>@0O, :0: 8725AB=>, B5A=> A2O70=0 A> A?>A>1=>ABLN : @0728B8N. >6=> 2845BL ;N459 <>;>4KE, => C65 ?A8E8G5A:8 ?@56452@5<5==> ?>AB0@52H8E, 8 4@C38E, :>B>@K5, =5A<>B@O =0 ?@5:;>==K9 2>7@0AB, =5 >B<5G5=K ?A8E8G5A:8< AB0@5=85<. A8E8G5A:89 2>7@0AB, 2 >B;8G85 >B ?0A?>@B=>3>,?@8=F8?80;L=> >1@0B8<. '5;>25: <>65B @57:> (2 >4=>G0AL5) ?>AB0@5BL, 5A;8 4;O =53> =5>6840==> 2A5 >:065BAO ?>7048 (?@>87>H;> :@CH5=85 =04564 8 ?5@A?5:B82), 8 ?><>;>45BL, 5A;8 >B:@K;8AL 1>;LH85, >B40;5==K5 8 ?@82;5:0NI85 53> ?5@A?5:B82K. <5==> >=8 8 ?>O28;8AL A59G0A C ?@5?>4020B5;59 2 A2O78 A :><?LNB5@870F859. 464 #G8BK20O 25@>OB=>ABL 2>7@0AB=>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ?5@5AB@>9:8 8 65;0O A>E@0=8BL 4CH52=CN <>;>4>ABL, G5;>25: 7@5;>3> 2>7@0AB0 4>;65= A>7=0B5;L=> =0?@02;OBL CA8;8O =0 ?>445@60=85 2 A515 381:>AB8 8 B5=45=F88 : ?@5>4>;5=8N 8=5@F8>==>AB8 2> 273;O40E 8 459AB28OE, =5 4020O 8< ?5@5@0AB8 2 =5B5@?8<>ABL 8 =5A?>A>1=>ABL : 87<5=5=8O< CAB0=>2:8, B. 5. 2A5340 4>;65= AB@5<8BLAO 45@60BL A2>9 C< >B:@KBK< 4;O =>2KE 8459. 'B>1K =5 ?>B5@OBL :>=B0:B A <>;>456LN, ACI5AB25==> >?5@560O 8E 2 7=0=8OE, ?@5?>4020B5;L 4>;65= A>E@0=OBL 2>A?@88<G82>ABL : =>2><C 8 =5 B>;L:> =5?@5@K2=> A0<>A>25@H5=AB2>20BLAO, => 8 C45@6820BL 2KA>:85 B5<?K 2 MB>< ?@>F5AA5. >?>;=5=85 8 >1=>2;5=85 =0CG=>9 8=D>@<0F88, :>B>@>9 4>;65= >2;045BL A?5F80;8AB, ?@>8AE>48B A B0:>9 1KAB@>B>9, GB> ?@>AB>5 C25;8G5=85 A@>:>2 >1CG5=8O =5 @5H05B ?@>1;5<K  A2O78 A MB8< 84CB ?>8A:8 CA:>@5==KE A?>A>1>2 >1CG5=8O, : =8< >B=>AOBAO 8=B5=A82=> @07@010BK205<K5 2 ?>A;54=55 2@5<O 0:B82=K5 <5B>4K >1CG5=8O. :B82=K5 <5B>4K >1CG5=8O >:070;8AL =081>;55 ?@>4C:B82=K<8 4;O 27@>A;KE, ?>A:>;L:C >=8 @07C<=> 8A?>;L7CNB 687=5==K9 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K9 >?KB 8 2 =8E CGB5=K 2>7@0AB=K5 >A>15==>AB8 ?A8E8:8. :B82=K5 <5B>4K >1CG5=8O 1078@CNBAO =0 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=> CAB0=>2;5==KE D0:B0E > B><, GB> 2 ?0<OB8 G5;>25:0 70?5G0B;5205BAO (?@8 ?@>G8E @02=KE CA;>28OE) 4> 90% B>3>, GB> >= 45;05B, 4> 50% B>3>, GB> >= 2848B, 8 B>;L:> 10% B>3>, GB> >= A;KH8B [146], A;54>20B5;L=>, =081>;55 MDD5:B82=0O D>@<0 >1CG5=8O 4>;6=0 >A=>2K20BLAO =0 0:B82=>< 2:;NG5=88 2 A>>B25BAB2CNI55 459AB285. -B8 40==K5 45<>=AB@8@CNB F5;5A>>1@07=>ABL 8A?>;L7>20=8O 0:B82=KE <5B>4>2 >1CG5=8O A5 0:B82=K5 <5B>4K =0?@02;5=K =5 B>;L:> =0 >2;045=85 :>=:@5B=K<8 7=0=8O<8, => 8 =0 A>25@H5=AB2>20=85 @07;8G=KE ?A8E8G5A:8E =02K:>2 A?5F80;8AB>2: CA8;5=85 A?>A>1=>AB8 : 0=0;87C =5>G8I5==KE 7040G, C<5=85 C?@02;OBL A2>8<8 M<>F8O<8, ?@8=8<0O >B25BAB25==K5 @5H5=8O 2 =5>?B8<0;L=KE CA;>28OE 0AA<>B@8< >B45;L=> @07;8G=K5 <5B>4K >=:@5B=K5 A8BC0F88 5B>4 :>=:@5B=KE A8BC0F89 @0728205B A?>A>1=>ABL : 0=0;87C =5@0D8=8@>20==KE ?@>872>4AB25==KE 7040G 8 C<5=85 D>@<C;8@>20BL 7040GC A0<>AB>OB5;L=>. !B0;:820OAL A :>=:@5B=>9 7040G59, A?5F80;8AB ?@5645 2A53> 4>;65= >?@545;8BL, 5ABL ;8 2 =59 ?@>1;5<0 8 2 G5<, A>1AB25==>, >=0 A>AB>8B, >?@545;8BL A2>N ?>78F8N, 2KOA=8BL, GB> A;54C5B @5H0BL 8 5ABL ;8 2 MB>< =5>1E>48<>ABL. 0 @8A. 22 87>1@065=0 :>=:@5B=0O A8BC0F8O, A>45@60I0O ?>=OB=CN 2A5< ?@>1;5<C, @5H5=85 :>B>@>9 687=5==> 206=> 4;O :064>3> 87 CG0AB=8:>2. @8 B@048F8>==>< A?>A>15 >1CG5=8O 2 2C75 CA;>28O 7040G8 >1KG=> 2KABC?0NB ?5@54 ABC45=B0<8 A@07C 2 G5B:> AD>@<C;8@>20==>< 2845, 2 :>B>@>< >=8 <>3CB 2>9B8 2 @5H5=85. !>AB028B5;L 7040G8 C65 A>25@H8; BC A;>6=CN 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=CN @01>BC, :>B>@0O =5>1E>48<0 4;O B>G=>9 55 ?>AB0=>2:8. 4=0:> 2 @50;L=>9 687=5==>9 A8BC0F88 CA;>28O 7040G8 =5 B>;L:> 70@0=55 =5 8725AB=K, =8:5< =5 7040=K, => G0AB> 70<0A:8@>20=K, ?>25@=CBK 4;O G5;>25:0 =5 B>9 AB>@>=>9, 2 :0:>9 70B5< D83C@8@CNB 2 ?@>F5AA5 @5H5=8O. "0:8< >1@07><, ?@8 @5H5=88 CG51=>9 7040G8, :0: ?@028;>, =5 B@51C5BAO ?@5>1@07>20=8O 55 CA;>289 : 284C, ?@83>4=><C 4;O 8A?>;L7>20=8O 2 ?@>F5AA5 @5H5=8O, 0 ?@8 @5H5=88 ;N1>9 ?@0:B8G5A:>9, ?@>872>4AB25==>9 7040G8 B0:>5 ?@5>1@07>20=85 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 A0<>AB>OB5;L=CN A;>6=CN 7040GC. >;L A:>@> CG51=0O 7040G0 40=0 ABC45=BC, >B =53> =5 B@51C5BAO C<5=8O >1=0@C68BL ?@>1;5<C, 87 :>B>@>9 >=0 ?@>87>H;0. ;O =53> >AB05BAO 70304:>9, :0: <>6=> 87 >3@><=>3> <=>65AB20 AB>@>= 8 A2>9AB2, B0: 8;8 8=0G5 >B=>AOI8EAO : ?@>1;5<=>9 A8BC0F88, 2K45;8BL B5, :>B>@K5 ?>B@51CNBAO 4;O 55 @07@5H5=8O, 254L 2 CG51=>9 7040G5 2A5340 >3@0=8G5==>5 :>;8G5AB2> CA;>289 8, :0: ?@028;>, 8<5==> B5, :>B>@K5 1C4CB =5>1E>48<K. 5 A;CG09=> 4;O CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 =5@54:> E0@0:B5@=K D>@<0;L=K5 @5H5=8O, 8E 3;02=K9 ?@8=F8?  ?>8A: ?>4E>4OI53> A?>A>10 :><18=8@>20=8O 7040==KE CA;>289 157 0=0;870 A>45@60B5;L=>9 AB>@>=K 7040G8. @8 8A?>;L7>20=88 <5B>40 :>=:@5B=KE A8BC0F89 >1CG05<><C ?@54;030NB A1>@=8: A @0725@=CBK<8 >?8A0=8O<8 A8BC0F89, >?8A0=85 :064>9 A8BC0F88 A>AB02;O5B >B 2 4> 40 AB@0=8F <0H8=>?8A=>3> B5:AB0. 1CG0NI89AO 2K45;O5B A8<?B><K ?@>1;5<K, 206=CN 8=D>@<0F8N 8 @5H05B, GB> =C6=> CB>G=8BL 4>?>;=8B5;L=>.  >?8A0=8OE A8BC0F89 H8@>:> 8A?>;L7C5BAO D>@<0 480;>30  B0: >682;O5BAO ?>40G0 @O40 206=KE ?@>1;5<, :>B>@K5 2 4@C3>9 D>@<5 2K3;O45;8 1K <5=55 8=B5@5A=>. ?8A0=85 A8BC0F89 ?@54AB02;5=> B0:8< >1@07><, GB> >1CG05<><C =5>1E>48<> A0<><C >?@545;8BL, GB> 40=> 8 GB> B@51C5BAO =09B8. 466  8A. 22 @8<5@ :>=:@5B=>9 A8BC0F88. (7 := 8;L45   , (B0@:5   C6=K 8458  , 1973 ) 467 040G0 <>65B 8<5BL =5A:>;L:> 20@80=B>2 @5H5=8O, 2 @02=>9 AB5?5=8 1;87:8E : >?B8<0;L=><C 8 ?@85<;5<KE 2 :>=:@5B=>9 >1AB0=>2:5. 0 MB>< 55 A2>9AB25 8 1078@C5BAO 70:;NG8B5;L=0O 48A:CAA8O A CG0I8<8AO, 2 :>B>@>9 A@02=820NBAO =0945==K5 8<8 @07;8G=K5 20@80=BK @5H5=8O. 1AC645=85 @07;8G=KE 20@80=B>2 @5H5=8O >4=>9 8 B>9 65 A8BC0F88 ACI5AB25==> C3;C1;O5B >?KB >1CG05<KE: :064K9 87 =8E <>65B >7=0:><8BLAO A 20@80=B0<8 @5H5=8O, ?>A;CH0BL 8 2725A8BL <=>65AB2> 8E >F5=>:, 4>?>;=5=89 8 87<5=5=89. -B>, :>=5G=>, =5 @02=>F5==> <=>3>:@0B=><C A0<>AB>OB5;L=><C ?@8=OB8N @5H5=89 2 @50;L=>9 >1AB0=>2:5, => 2 :0:>9-B> <5@5 A?>A>1AB2C5B ?@8>1@5B5=8N 687=5==>3> >?KB0. 06=> >B<5B8BL, GB> 2 :>=:@5B=K5 A8BC0F88, :0: ?@028;>, 2:;NG5=0 4>?>;=8B5;L=0O 8=D>@<0F8O, :070;>AL 1K, =5 >B=>AOI0OAO ?@O<> : @5H05<>9 7040G5, =0?@8<5@, A2545=8O >1 8AB>@88 ?@54?@8OB8O, => >=0 ?>72>;O5B 0=0;878@>20BL ?@54;>65==K9 <0B5@80; :0: A >1J5:B82=>9, B0: 8 A AC1J5:B82=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O. ?8A0=8O A8BC0F89 A>45@60B =5 B>;L:> C:070=8O =0 >B=>H5=8O <564C ;N4L<8 8 ?>2545=85 CG0AB=8:>2 A>1KB89, => 2:;NG0NB 8 40==K5, A>2A5< =5 =C6=K5 4;O @5H5=8O. '0AB> 2 =8E =5B G5B:> AD>@<C;8@>20==>3> 2>?@>A0, 8 >=8 =5 B>;L:> =5 8<5NB >4=>7=0G=>3> @5H5=8O, => <>3CB 2>>1I5 =5 8<5BL @5H5=8O 2 >1I5?@8=OB>< A<KA;5 A;>20. =D>@<0F8O <>65B 1KBL 40=0 =5 2 ;>38G5A:>9 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8, 0 2 B>< ?>@O4:5 8 D>@<5, 2 :0:8E >=0 2AB@5G05BAO =0 ?@0:B8:5. @8 0=0;875 @07;8G=KE ?>4E>4>2 8 ?>?KB>: @5H5=8O 45<>=AB@8@C5BAO, :0: 206=> >B45;8BL D0:BK >B 8E B>;:>20=8O 8 ?>:07K205BAO, GB> 4;O MB>3> =5>1E>48<> CG8BK20BL, :B> 40; B5 8;8 8=K5 A2545=8O. 0: ?>:070;0 ?@0:B8:0, <5B>4 0=0;870 A8BC0F89 AB8<C;8@C5B >1@0I5=85 : ;8B5@0BC@=K< 8AB>G=8:0<, :>=AC;LB0F8O< 8 CA8;8205B AB@5<;5=85 : ?@8>1@5B5=8N B5>@5B8G5A:8E 7=0=89 4;O ?>;CG5=8O >B25B>2 =0 ?>AB02;5==K5 2>?@>AK. <5==> ?>MB><C <5B>4 70:@5?;O5B A2545=8O, ?>;CG05<K5 =0 ;5:F8OE, 8 405B ?@8<5@K ?@0:B8G5A:>3> 8A?>;L7>20=8O =>2KE 8459 8 7=0=89. 4=0:> 53> F5;L  =5 2 ?@>AB>< 70:@5?;5=88 B5>@5B8G5A:8E 7=0=89, A8BC0F88 4>;6=K @072820BL C >1CG0NI8EAO 8=8F80B82C, 0=0;8B8G5A:85 A?>A>1=>AB8, A?>A>1AB2>20BL ?@028;L=><C 8A?>;L7>20=8N 8<5NI59AO 2 8E @0A?>@O65=88 8=D>@<0F88 8 C<5=8N >1>A=>2K20BL A2>8 @5H5=8O. ;02=0O 7040G0 468 MB>3> <5B>40  @0728BL C<5=85 0=0;878@>20BL =5@0D8=8@>20==K5 7040G8, 2K@010BK20BL A0<>AB>OB5;L=K5 @5H5=8O. @>F5AA 2K@01>B:8 @5H5=8O A>AB02;O5B ACI=>ABL <5B>40 :>=:@5B=KE A8BC0F89 8 8<55B 3>@074> 1>;LH55 7=0G5=85, G5< A0<> @5H5=85. 1CG0NI89AO 4>;65= A0< 2KO28BL 8 AD>@<C;8@>20BL 7040GC 8 7=0G8<K5 D0:BK, ?><>30NI85 55 @5H8BL, 4;O G53> =5>1E>48<> BI0B5;L=> @0AA<>B@5BL 8 2725A8BL :064K9 D0:B, >1AB>OB5;LAB20, >3@0=8G820NI85 @5H5=85, @07@01>B0BL =5A:>;L:> 0;LB5@=0B82=KE A?>A>1>2 459AB28O, ?@>8725AB8 @071>@ ?>;>68B5;L=KE 8 >B@8F0B5;L=KE ?>A;54AB289 :064>3> 8, =0:>=5F, >1>A=>20BL ;CGH89 20@80=B @5H5=8O. A?>;L7>20=85 :>=:@5B=KE A8BC0F89  25AL<0 459AB25==K9 <5B>4 >1CG5=8O. !8BC0F88, @07@01>B0==K5 2 >A:>2A:>< 8=AB8BCB5 =0@>4=>3> E>7O9AB20 8<5=8 . . ;5E0=>20, >E20BK20NB @07=K5 AB>@>=K C?@02;5=G5A:>9 8 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, >=8 =5 ?@82O70=K 65AB:> : >?@545;5==>9 CG51=>9 48AF8?;8=5 8 CG8BK20NB @O4 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E 8 A>F80;L=KE D0:B>@>2. ;O @5H5=8O ?@>1;5< 2>A?8B0B5;L=>3> E0@0:B5@0 ?>;575= @071>@ A8BC0F89 <>@0;L=>3> 2K1>@0. ?KB 8A?>;L7>20=8O MB>3> <5B>40 =0 @O45 ;5=8=3@04A:8E ?@54?@8OB89 ?>:070;, GB> 0=0;87 A8BC0F89 A?>A>1AB2C5B D>@<8@>20=8N C A?5F80;8AB>2 >@30=870B>@A:8E 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E 7=0=89, C<5=89 8 =02K:>2 2708<>459AB28O. 5B>4 A CA?5E>< 8A?>;L7C5BAO B0:65 =0 70=OB8OE 2 H:>;0E :><<C=8AB8G5A:>3> B@C40 ?@8 >1CG5=88 =0AB02=8:>2 8 ?@>?030=48AB>2 [106, 117, 247, 308]. 5B>4 8=F845=B0 -B>B ?@85< =0?@02;5= =0 ?@5>4>;5=85 2>7@0AB=>9 8 ;8G=>AB=>9 8=5@F8>==>AB8 8 2K@01>B:C 045:20B=KE A?>A>1>2 ?>2545=8O 2 =0?@O65==KE AB@5AA>2KE A8BC0F8OE. = ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 <>48D8:0F8N <5B>40 :>=:@5B=KE A8BC0F89, => ACI5AB25==> >B;8G05BAO >B =53> B5<, GB> A8BC0F88 E0@0:B5@87CNBAO =51;03>?@8OB=K<8 CA;>28O<8 4;O ?@8=OB8O @5H5=89: 45D8F8B>< 8=D>@<0F88, 2@5<5=8, 020@89=>9 >1AB0=>2:>9, B. 5. D0:B>@0<8, ?@82>4OI8<8 : >G5=L 1>;LH>9 =0?@O65==>AB8. @8=OB85 >B25BAB25==>3> @5H5=8O 2 =0?@O65==KE CA;>28OE  >4=0 87 A;>6=KE ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E ?@>1;5<. 0?@8<5@, 2@0G, :>B>@K9 AB028B A5@L57=K9 4803=>7 ?@8 =5>4=>7=0G=> 2KO2;5==KE 469 A8<?B><0E, 8;8 AC4LO, 2K=>AOI89 ?@83>2>@ 2 A;>6=>< A;CG05 ?@>B82>@5G82KE 40==KE, >10 >ICI0NB =0 A515 BO65;K9 3@C7 ;8G=>9 >B25BAB25==>AB8. !>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O ?>:070;8, GB> 2>7@0AB G5;>25:0 2;8O5B =0 AB8;L ?@8=OB8O 8< @5H5=89.  30 40 ;5B G5;>25: ?@8=8<05B >B25BAB25==>5 @5H5=85 1KAB@55, => G0AB> 45;05B MB> ?> ?5@2><C 2?5G0B;5=8N, =5 2A5340 >1>A=>20==>.  45 60 ;5B @5H5=8O >1KG=> ?@8=8<0NBAO <54;5==55, =0 >A=>25 2A5AB>@>==59 >F5=:8 8AE>4=KE 40==KE, >=8 1>;55 >1>A=>20==K.  A2O78 A MB8< 65;0B5;L=>, GB>1K >A>1> >B25BAB25==K5 @5H5=8O (?@8 ?@>G8E @02=KE CA;>28OE) ?@8=8<0;8 1>;55 7@5;K5 A?5F80;8ABK. <5AB5 A B5< >B<5G5=>, GB> ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK 87<5=ONBAO A 2>7@0AB><: G5< AB0@H5 8 >?KB=55 A?5F80;8AB, B5< 1>;LH5 >= 2>;=C5BAO, ?@8=8<0O >B25BAB25==>5 @5H5=85. 5B>4 8=F845=B0 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@5>4>;5BL ?>2KH5==CN 8=5@F8>==>ABL ?A8E8:8 7@5;KE A?5F80;8AB>2 8 @0728BL C =8E =02K:8 ?@8=8<0BL >?B8<0;L=K5 @5H5=8O 157 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8. 0: 8725AB=>, 2 >AB@>9, :>=D;8:B=>9 >1AB0=>2:5 ;N48 G0AB> B5@ONBAO, C =8E >A;015205B :>=B@>;L =04 A>1>9. @8 ?>B5@5 A0<>:>=B@>;O ;N48 254CB A51O ?>-@07=><C. # >4=8E @50:F8O 8<55B B5=45=F8N : B>@<>65=8N.  MB8E CA;>28OE 70<54;O5BAO <KH;5=85, CEC4H05BAO 2A?><8=0=85, =0@0AB05B @0AA5O==>ABL  2A5 MB> ?>2KH05B 8E A:;>==>ABL : 8A?>;L7>20=8N AB5@5>B8?=KE @5H5=89, GB> =5 2A5340 >?B8<0;L=>. @C385 ?5@52>71C640NBAO, AB0=>2OBAO AC5B;82K<8, @074@068B5;L=K<8 8 2A?K;LG82K<8, 8=>340 ?@>O2;ONB 03@5AA82=>ABL, GB> B>65 =5 A?>A>1AB2C5B ?@8=OB8N ?@>4C:B82=KE @5H5=89. # B@5BL8E ?>2KH05BAO 2=CH05<>ABL 8 @5G520O 0:B82=>ABL; >=8 3>B>2K A;54>20BL 70 ;N1K<, :B> 405B G5B:85 C:070=8O. 4=0:> 5A;8 ?>4>1=K5 =0?@O65==K5 A8BC0F88 C65 =5>4=>:@0B=> 2AB@5G0;8AL 2 687=8 G5;>25:0, 53> @50:F88 ?>AB5?5==> =>@<0;87CNBAO. <5==> ?>MB><C A ?><>ILN <5B>40 8=F845=B0 ?@>2>48BAO B@5=8@>2:0 4;O =>@<0;870F88 @50:F89. 0 70=OB8OE 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E <8=CB 3@C??0 A?5F80;8AB>2 7=0:><8BAO A :0:8<-B> M:AB@0>@48=0@=K< A;CG05<, =0?@8<5@, 8=D>@<0F859 >1 020@88 8;8 >1 >B:075 2K?>;=8BL @0A?>@O65=85. 0B5< CG0I85AO 7040NB ?@5?>4020B5;N 2>?@>AK, GB>1K ?>;CG8BL 8 A8AB5<0B878@>20BL D0:B8G5A:85 40==K5, ?>A;5 G53> 2 B5G5=85 10 15 <8=CB 470 >=8 D>@<C;8@CNB ?@>1;5<C 8 2 B5G5=85 A;54CNI8E 30 <8= 0=0;878@CNB 8 ?@8=8<0NB @5H5=85, :>B>@>5 >1AC6405BAO 2 :>=F5 70=OB8O. "0:8< >1@07><, ?@>872>48BAO >1CG5=85 M:AB@5==><C ?@8=OB8N @5H5=8O 8 2K@010BK205BAO C<5=85 1KAB@> A>1@0BL =C6=CN 8=D>@<0F8N. A?>;L7CNBAO B0:65 A?5F80;L=K5 CG51=K5 A8BC0F88. 0: ?@8<5@, ?@82545< CG51=CN 83@>2CN A8BC0F8N '5BK@5 @C:8 8 3;8=0, :>B>@0O 8;;NAB@8@C5B >A>15==>AB8 A>2<5AB=>9 2K@01>B:8 @5H5=8O 42C<O ;N4L<8. # 2A5E CG0AB=8:>2 702O70=K 3;070, 8< 70?@5I5=> @073>20@820BL. #G0AB=8:>2 83@K @071820NB =0 ?0@K 8 ?0@B=5@>2 A060NB 70 AB>; 4@C3 ?@>B82 4@C30, :064K9 =5 7=05B, :B> 53> ?0@B=5@. 0 AB>; :;04CB 1>;LH>9 :CA>: <O3:>9 3;8=K. '5BK@5 @C:8 ?0@B=5@>2 =0IC?K20NB 3;8=C, 87 :>B>@>9 8< ?@54;0305BAO 2K;5?8BL GB>-=81C4L 2<5AB5 2 01A>;NB=>9 B8H8=5. 0 2K?>;=5=85 7040=8O 405BAO 15 20 <8=CB. >A;5 >:>=G0=8O CG0AB=8:8 >1<5=820NBAO 2?5G0B;5=8O<8, A<>B@OB, GB> A45;0;8 4@C385, 8 70B5< ?@>2>48BAO >1AC645=85. 0: 1K;> 4>AB83=CB> @5H5=85 > B><, GB> ;5?8BL? B> ?@8=O; @5H5=85? K;> ;8 MB> :>;;5:B82=>5 @5H5=85 8;8 2KO28;AO ;845@? 'B> >?@545;8;> 2K1>@? !CI5AB2>20;> ;8 2708<>?>=8<0=85? -B8 2>?@>AK 4>;6=K ?@825AB8 3@C??C : @07<KH;5=8O< > 2>7<>6=>ABOE @5G52>3> 8 =5@5G52>3> >1I5=8O 2 ?@>F5AA5 ?@8=OB8O @5H5=8O. 'B> E0@0:B5@=> 4;O @5H5=89, ?@8=8<05<KE 2 =0?@O65==KE A8BC0F8OE? '0I5 2A53>  MB> 65AB:85 CA;>28O 2@5<5=8, 2 :>B>@KE =C6=> 1KAB@> ?@8=8<0BL F5;5A>>1@07=K5 8 >B25BAB25==K5 @5H5=8O. @><5 B>3>, MB8 @5H5=8O 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 4>;6=K 1KBL >:>=G0B5;L=K<8, 81> E>4 A>1KB89 @54:> >AB02;O5B 2>7<>6=>ABL CB>G=8BL 70<KA5;. -B>, :0: ?@028;>, @01>B0 A =5?>;=>9 8=D>@<0F859, 8=>340 B0:85 A8BC0F88 2:;NG0NB 8 =5>1E>48<>ABL 84B8 =0 @8A:. @8 >AB@>< 45D8F8B5 2@5<5=8 =0 >14C<K20=85 8 ?>43>B>2:C B2>@G5A:8E @5H5=89 ?@8E>48BAO >?8@0BLAO ?@58<CI5AB25==> =0 H01;>==K5 ?@85<K, ?>MB><C >=8 4>;6=K 1KBL 2K@01>B0=K 701;03>2@5<5==> 8 2 4>AB0B>G=>< @07=>>1@0788. >;57=> 8<5BL 2 284C, GB> M<>F8>=0;L=>5 A>AB>O=85 G5;>25:0 A8;L=> 2;8O5B =0 53> 2=CH05<>ABL. >340 G5;>25: 8I5B M:AB@5==K9 2KE>4 87 A>7402H53>AO B@C4=>3> ?>;>65=8O, ?5@52>71C645= 8 =0E>48BAO 2 AB@5AA>2>9 A8BC0F88, >=, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, AB0=>28BAO 1>;55 ;53:>25@=K<, A:>@55 3>B>2 A;54>20BL ?5@2><C ?>?02H5<CAO A>25BC, 1KAB- 471 @> 8 ;53:> ?@8=8<05B 8 @50;87C5B F5;8, ?@>48:B>20==K5 4@C38<8. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, 2 CA;>28OE >?0A=>AB8 ?@8 2>;=5=88 8;8 2 A8BC0F88 =54>AB0B:0 8=D>@<0F88 ;N48 3>@074> B@C4=55 CA20820NB =>2K5 A2545=8O, B0: :0: C =8E 0:F5=B8@CNBAO 2K@01>B0==K5 2 ?@56=59 ?@0:B8:5 CAB0=>2:8 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K5 ?>78F88. >:065< MB> =0 ?@8<5@5 87 @01>BK $. . >@>4:8=0 8 . . >@O: [41]. 0 :0D54@C 2C70 1K;0 ?@8=OB0 ?> @0A?@545;5=8N <>;>4>9 A?5F80;8AB O;8=0, >:>=G82H0O B>B 65 8=AB8BCB. KAB@> >A2>82H8AL 2 4>;6=>AB8 0AA8AB5=B0, >=0 ?>GC2AB2>20;0 A51O 25AL<0 C25@5==>, B5< 1>;55, GB> 1;03>40@O A2>5<C >1I8B5;L=><C E0@0:B5@C 1K;0 7=0:><0 GCBL ;8 =5 A> 2A5<8 A>B@C4=8:0<8 8=AB8BCB0. ">;L:> A 70254CNI8< :0D54@>9 #<0=F52K< O;8=0 =5 A<>3;0 CAB0=>28BL E>@>H85 >B=>H5=8O. = O2=> =5 >4>1@O; ?>AB>O==K5 >B;CG:8 O;8=>9, 70B5205<K5 5N 15A:>=5G=K5 @073>2>@K A A>B@C4=8:0<8 =0 ?>AB>@>==85 B5<K. >=O2, GB> E>@>H53> >B=>H5=8O >B 70254CNI53> :0D54@>9 59 =5 4>18BLAO, O;8=0 @57:> 87<5=8;0 A2>5 ?>2545=85. A;8 @0=LH5 >=0 E>BL :0:-B> 2K?>;=O;0 53> @0A?>@O65=8O, B> B5?5@L >3@0=8G8;0 >1J5< A2>59 @01>BK B5< <8=8<C<><, :>B>@K9 1K; =5>1E>48<, GB>1K ?@>45@60BLAO =0 :0D54@5. @>O2;OO =54N68==CN 87>1@5B0B5;L=>ABL 8 =5:>B>@>5 7=0=85 B@C4>2>3> 70:>=>40B5;LAB20 8 ?>;L7COAL ?@828;538O<8 <>;>4>3> A?5F80;8AB0, >=0 =5 A>3;0H0;0AL @C:>2>48BL ?@0:B8:>9 ABC45=B>2, 4065 M?87>48G5A:8 G8B0BL ;5:F88, 2>>1I5 >B:07K20;0AL >B ?@5?>4020=8O 8 25;0 B>;L:> ;01>@0B>@=K5 8 ?@0:B8G5A:85 70=OB8O. 4=8< A;>2><, 2A5< A2>8< ?>2545=85< >=0 >B:@KB> ?@>2>F8@>20;0 #<0=F520 =0 :>=D;8:BK, 8 >= H5; =0 =8E, AG8B0O =865 A2>53> 4>AB>8=AB20 =5 ?@8=OBL 2K7>2, B5< 1>;55, GB> 4@C3>3> 2KE>40 87 A>7402H53>AO ?>;>65=8O >= =5 2845;. 5H8B5;L=>ABL 8 A<5;>ABL O;8=>9 A=8A:0;8 59 ?>?C;O@=>ABL =5 B>;L:> A@548 <>;>4KE A?5F80;8AB>2 8 0AA8AB5=B>2 MB>9 :0D54@K, => 8 70 55 ?@545;0<8. 0AAB0=>2:0 A8; A:;04K20;0AL =5 2 ?>;L7C 70254CNI53> :0D54@>9. >A;5 =5:>B>@KE @07<KH;5=89 #<0=F52 @57:> 87<5=8; AB@0B538N ?>2545=8O. 0 >G5@54=>< 70A540=88 :0D54@K 2A;54 70 B@51>20=85< O;8=>9 A=OBL A =55 G0ABL CG51=>9 =03@C7:8, >=, : C482;5=8N 2A5E A>B@C4=8:>2, =5 B>;L:> =5 2K@078; 2>7<CI5=8O, => >E>B=> ?>H5; 59 =02AB@5GC, A:0702, GB> @0A?@545;8B MBC =03@C7:C <564C >AB0;L=K<8 G;5=0<8 :>;;5:B820. '5@57 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O >4=>9 87 472 0AA8AB5=B>: ?@8H;>AL 2<5AB> O;8=>9 5E0BL 2 :><0=48@>2:C, 8 C482;5=85 A>B@C4=8:>2 A<5=8;>AL 2>7<CI5=85<. #<0=F520 >128=O;8 2 A;01>E0@0:B5@=>AB8, B5@?8<>AB8 A25@E <5@K : O;8=>9, ?>A:>;L:C 2A5 55 :0?@87K 8 ?@5B5=788 B>BG0A 65 C4>2;5B2>@O;8AL. A5, :B> 70 =55 @01>B0;, A<5=8;8 A8<?0B8N : =59 =0 O2=CN =54>1@>65;0B5;L=>ABL.  =59 AB0;8 3>2>@8BL, GB> >=0 ?>;L7C5BAO <O3:>ABLN 8 B5@?8<>ABLN #<0=F520, GB>1K 4>18BLAO >A>1>3> ?>;>65=8O =0 :0D54@5. O;8=0 AB@5<8B5;L=> B5@O;0 ?>?C;O@=>ABL, ?5@5AB0;0 1KBL ?@54<5B>< 2>AE8I5==>3> 2=8<0=8O 8 AB0;0 25AB8 A51O 70=>AG82> 8 3@C1>, 5I5 1>;LH5 CAC3C182 A2>5 ?>;>65=85. '5@57 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O >=0 2K=C645=0 1K;0 ?>40BL 70O2;5=85 >1 CE>45, => #<0=F52 C3>20@820; 55 >AB0BLAO, AAK;0OAL =0 70:>=>40B5;LAB2> > <>;>4KE A?5F80;8AB0E. ">340 O;8=0 >1@0B8;0AL : 45:0=C 8 4>18;0AL @07@5H5=8O =0 C2>;L=5=85. >A;5 55 CE>40 :0D54@0 274>E=C;0 A >1;53G5=85<, 8 <564C A>B@C4=8:0<8 8 70254CNI8< CAB0=>28;8AL ?@56=85 4@C65AB25==K5 8 45;>2K5 >B=>H5=8O.  >?8A0==>< 8=F845=B5 #<0=F52 =5 A@07C =0H5; 25@=K9 AB8;L ?>2545=8O. =0G0;5 >= @0AB5@O;AO, =5 AC<5; ?@028;L=> A>@85=B8@>20BLAO, C?CAB8; 8=8F80B82C, 2ABC?8; A O;8=>9 2 :>=D;8:B, => :>340 4@C385 A>B@C4=8:8 AB0;8 59 >B:@KB> A8<?0B878@>20BL 8 :>=D;8:B 3@>78; ?5@5@0AB8 2 >1I5:0D54@0;L=K9, >= ?>=O;, GB> ?>@0 >B M<>F89 ?5@5E>48BL : @0F8>=0;L=>9 AB@0B5388 ?>2545=8O 4;O A>E@0=5=8O A?;>G5==>3> :>;;5:B820 :0D54@K. ! MB>9 F5;LN >= 8 ?>AB028; O;8=C 2 ?@828;538@>20==>5 ?>;>65=85 70 AG5B 4@C38E. ">340 :>;;5:B82 2KABC?8; ?@>B82 =55, 8 >=0 =5 A<>3;0 @01>B0BL 2 =5<. 5B>4 8=F845=B0 D>@<8@C5B C<5=85 >?B8<0;L=> @07@5H0BL :>=D;8:B=K5 8 M:AB@5==K5 A8BC0F88. = 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL A?5F80;8ABC >B@01>B0BL =5A:>;L:> AB0=40@B=KE AB@0B5389 ?>2545=8O, :>B>@K5 ?><>30NB 5<C 2 ?5@2K9 8 A0<K9 =0?@O65==K9 ?5@8>4 B@C4=>9 A8BC0F88 2>9B8 2 =55 0:B82=>, :>=AB@C:B82=> 8 ?>MB><C A <8=8<0;L=K< M<>F8>=0;L=K< =0?@O65=85< 8 B5< A0<K< B@5=8@C5B A?>A>1=>ABL ?@5>4>;5=8O 2>7@0AB=>9 8 ;8G=>9 8=5@F8>==>AB8 [247, 248]. 31 "@5=8@>2:0 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 -B>B <5B>4 8=>340 =07K205BAO 5I5 A5=A8B82=K< 8;8 A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:8< B@5=8=3><. = D>@<8@C5B C G5;>25:0 C<5=85 C?@02;OBL AB8;5< A2>53> ?>2545=8O 70 AG5B >A>7=0=8O B>3>, :0: >= 2>A?@8=8<05BAO >:@C60NI8<8, :0:85 459AB28O ?@>2>F8@CNB 8E A8<?0B8N 8;8 0=B8?0B8N, @0728205B B0:85 ;8G=K5 :0G5AB20, :0: GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL, 2>A?@88<G82>ABL : ?A8E8G5A:><C A>AB>O=8N >:@C60NI8E ;N459, 8E CAB0=>2:0< 8 AB@5<;5=8O<. A8E>;>38G5A:>9 107>9 MB>3> <5B>40 A;C68B ?5@5AB@>9:0 CAB0=>2>: ;8G=>AB8, >?@545;ONI0O ?>A;54CNI55 87<5=5=85 >B=>H5=8O : A515 8 4@C38< ;N4O<.  E>45 B@5=8@>2:8 C G5;>25:0 @0728205BAO C<5=85 =01;N40BL, >?@545;OBL E>BO 1K 2 >1I8E G5@B0E A>AB>O=85 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0 ?> 2=5H=8< ?@87=0:0< (?>70, 2K@065=85 ;8F0, 3;07, ?>E>4:0, 42865=8O) 8 A>>B25BAB25==> AB@>8BL A2>5 ?>2545=85. = ?@82K:05B CG8BK20BL B0:65 >A>15==>AB8 B5<?5@0<5=B0 8 E0@0:B5@0 ?0@B=5@0 ?> >1I5=8N, ?>=8<05B, GB> 4;O MDD5:B82=>3> 2708<>459AB28O A ;N4L<8 =5>1E>48<> 7=0=85 =5:>B>@KE ?@85<>2: :0: A:070BL 4@C3><C 3>@L:CN, => =5>1E>48<CN ?@024C, :0: ?@54>B2@0B8BL 3>B>2CN 2A?KE=CBL AA>@C, :0: =09B8 2KE>4 2 :>=D;8:B=>9 A8BC0F88, :0: >B2;5GL 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0 >B BO65;KE ?5@56820=89. "@5=8@>2:C GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 =07K20NB 5I5 8 ?@>83@K20=85< @>;59, 8, ?> <5B:><C 2K@065=8N 0=3;89A:8E A?5F80;8AB>2, >=0 ?>72>;O5B =0< ?>E>48BL 2 GC68E 1>B8=:0E. 0: 8725AB=>, >4=8 ;N48 1;03>40@O AD>@<8@>202H59AO C =8E <0=5@5 >1I5=8O 2ABC?0NB 2 :>=B0:BK A >:@C60NI8<8 157 2AO:8E CA8;89 A> A2>59 AB>@>=K, ?>445@6820O 8;8 A>74020O C =8E E>@>H55 =0AB@>5=85, 4@C385 2=>AOB 2 A2>8 2708<>>B=>H5=8O A ;N4L<8 =0?@O65==>ABL 8 ?@>2>F8@CNB @0728B85 C ?>A;54=8E >B@8F0B5;L=KE M<>F89. '0AB> MB8 @07;8G8O 2 ?>;CG05<KE M<>F8>=0;L=KE >B:;8:0E O2;ONBAO A;54AB285< B>3>, 2K1@0= ;8 4;O :064>3> A;CG0O ?>4E>4OI89 AB8;L >1I5=8O.  B> 2@5<O :0: =5:>B>@K5 ;N48 C<5NB ?@>O2;OBL A2>5>1@07=CN 381:>ABL, CG8BK20O >A>15==>AB8 CG0AB2CNI8E 2 >1I5=88 ;N459, 2=>A8BL 2 A2>N <0=5@C >1I5=8O B@51C5<K5 >1AB>OB5;LAB20<8 :>@@5:B82K, 4@C385 =5A?>A>1=K =0 MB>, >1=0@C6820O 2 >1I5=88 A @07=K<8 :0B53>@8O<8 ;8F >48= 8 B>B 65, AB02H89 474 4;O =8E ?@82KG=K<, A?>A>1 ?>2545=8O. N48 A =5381:>9 <0=5@>9 ?>2545=8O <>3CB 2K7K20BL 1;03>?@8OB=CN >B25B=CN M<>F8>=0;L=CN @50:F8N G8AB> A;CG09=>, :>340 2K@01>B02H0OAO C =8E <0=5@0 >1I5=8O A>>B25BAB2C5B 8=48284C0;L=K< >A>15==>ABO< CG0AB=8:>2 2708<>459AB28O. 4=0:> 2> 2A5E >AB0;L=KE A;CG0OE, :>;L A:>@> 8E A?>A>1 >1I5=8O =5 A>>B25BAB2C5B A>AB>O=8N 8E ?0@B=5@>2, >=8 <>3CB AB8<C;8@>20BL =54>2>;LAB2> 8 ?@>2>F8@>20BL >B@8F0B5;L=K5 M<>F88 ?0@B=5@>2. "0:, ?@82;5:0B5;L=0O 65=I8=0, ?@82K:H0O A <>;>4KE ;5B :>:5B;82> 8 =5?@8=C645==> CAB0=02;820BL 45;>2K5 :>=B0:BK, G0AB> 2 7@5;>< 2>7@0AB5 A>E@0=O5B MBC 65 AB@0B538N ?>2545=8O, =5 70<5G0O, GB> B5?5@L 55 B0:B8G5A:85 ?@85<K AB0;8 =5 B>;L:> 15A?>;57=K<8, => 8 =5?@8OB=K<8. ;O :064>3> G5;>25:0 206=> B0:>5 :0G5AB2>, :0: ;8G=>5 >10O=85 2 >1@0I5=88 A 4@C38<8. !;54C5B 70<5B8BL, GB> >10O=85 =5 7028A8B >B 2=5H=>AB8 8 53> <>6=> 2 A515 @0728BL. => ?@5645 2A53> A2O70=> A M<>F8>=0;L=>9 >B7K2G82>ABLN, B0:B>< 8 GCB:>ABLN. A:@5==OO 708=B5@5A>20==>ABL, C2065=85 8 ;N1>2L : ;N4O< 45;0NB G5;>25:0 >G5=L ?@8OB=K< 4;O >:@C60NI8E. ;O B>3> GB>1K AB0BL >10OB5;L=K<, A;54C5B @072820BL 2 A515 A?>A>1=>ABL AE20BK20BL ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 8 A>AB>O=85 4@C38E ;N459, A?>A>1=>ABL <KA;5==> ?>AB028BL A51O 2 A8BC0F8N 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0 8 459AB2>20BL 70 =53>. 0728BK9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:89 B0:B  MB> ?@028;L=K9 ?>4E>4 : ;N4O< ?@8 CAB0=>2;5=88 2708<>>B=>H5=89 A =8<8. = ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 C<5=88 1KAB@> =09B8 =C6=K9 B>=, F5;5A>>1@07=CN D>@<C >1I5=8O 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B A>AB>O=8O A>15A54=8:0, 2 ?@>AB>B5 8 5AB5AB25==>AB8 >1I5=8O A ;N4L<8. !?>A>1=>ABL ?>GC2AB2>20BL A>AB>O=85 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0 =07K20NB M<?0B859. 5B>4 B@5=8@>2:8 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 =0?@02;5=, 2 G0AB=>AB8, =0 @0728B85 MB>9 A?>A>1=>AB8, 0:F5=B8@CO 2=8<0=85 =0 ?@028;L=>< >B=>H5=88 : 55 <5E0=87<0<, :>B>@K5 >A=>20=K =0 C<5=88 ?>AB028BL A51O =0 <5AB> 4@C3>3>, 273;O=CBL =0 25I8 A B>G:8 7@5=8O ?0@B=5@0. >=5G=>, 745AL =5 ?>4@07C<5205BAO ?5@5E>4 =0 ?>78F88 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0: 273;O=CBL =0 25I8 A 53> B>G:8 7@5=8O =5 >7=0G05B >B>645AB28BL A51O A 4@C38< G5;>25:><. @>O2;5=85 M<?0B88 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> ?@8=8<0NBAO 2 @0AG5B <>B82K ?>2545=8O 4@C3>3>, : =8< ?@>O2;O5BAO A>GC2AB285 8;8 A>?5@56820=85, => A2>O A>1AB25==0O AB@0B538O ?>2545=8O <>65B AB@>8BLAO A>2A5< ?>-8=><C.  ?@>F5AA5 B@5=8=30 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 2KO2;O5BAO, GB> M<?0B8O ?>72>;O5B ?>=8<0BL M<>F8>=0;L=>5 A>AB>O=85 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0 ?> 2=5H=5<C 284C, 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L  ?> 2K@065=8N ;8F0. 475 @8 MB>< 8A?>;L7CNBAO C?@06=5=8O, F5;5=0?@02;5==> B@5=8@CNI85 A?>A>1=>ABL CAB0=02;820BL :>=B0:B A ?0@B=5@>< ?@8 ?><>I8 42865=89 8 <8<8:8. 725AB=>, :0:>9 3;C1>:89, 8=>340 =5>1@0B8<K9 A;54 >AB02;O5B ?5@2>5 2?5G0B;5=85 >B G5;>25:0, ?>MB><C ?>;57=> ?@54AB02;OBL A515, :0:>5 ?5@2>5 2?5G0B;5=85 2K ?@>872>48B5. "@5=8=3 ?>72>;O5B =5 B>;L:> COA=8BL, => 8 :>@@5:B8@>20BL MB> 2?5G0B;5=85 =0 >A=>25 ?@028;L=> >@30=87>20==>9 >1@0B=>9 A2O78.  >1KG=KE CA;>28OE B0:0O :>@@5:F8O 70B@C4=5=0 2 A2O78 A >3@0=8G5==K<8 2>7<>6=>ABO<8 8A?>;L7>20=8O 2>A?@8OB8O 2 A0<>?>7=0=88. ">;L:> 1;03>40@O 75@:0;C 8;8 :8=>- 8 D>B>A=8<:0< G5;>25: <>65B =01;N40BL A2>5 ?>2545=85, ?>MB><C 2 B@5=8=35 AB0@0NBAO <0:A8<0;L=> 8A?>;L7>20BL 72C:>- 8 2845>70?8AL 4;O 45<>=AB@0F88 G;5=0< 3@C??K 8E ?>2545=8O, ?>A;5 G53> ?@>2>4OB 48A:CAA88. ;O B>3> GB>1K @0728BL 65;05<K5 :0G5AB20 C G5;>25:0, A;54C5B ?@5645 2A53> ?>:070BL 5<C =5MDD5:B82=>ABL 8<5NI8EAO C =53> AB5@5>B8?>2 2708<>459AB28O A 4@C38<8 ;N4L<8, 70B5< 87<5=8BL 53> ?>2545=85 8, =0:>=5F, 70:@5?8BL =>2K5 8 1>;55 381:85 AB@0B5388 >1I5=8O.  A>>B25BAB288 A MB8<8 7040G0<8 2 ?@>F5AA5 B@5=8=30 2K45;ONB B@8 AB0488: >BB0820=85, 87<5=5=85, 70<>@06820=85. ;02=0O 7040G0 ?5@2>9 AB0488  C<5=LH8BL A8;C, AB018;L=>ABL 8 F5==>AB8 ?@56=8E CAB0=>2>:. 1KG=> 65;05<>5 87<5=5=85 CAB0=>2>: ?@>8AE>48B ?@8 B0:8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E, :>340 AB0@K5 ?>4E>4K >1=0@C6820NB A2>N =5MDD5:B82=>ABL 8 ?@8 MB>< <>3CB AB0BL ?@54<5B>< :@8B8G5A:>3> @0AA<>B@5=8O.  A8BC0F8OE B@5=8=30 ?@54<5B>< >1AC645=8O >:07K20NBAO =5 A>1KB8O, ?@>8AE>482H85 345-B> 8 A :5<-B> (2 >B;8G85 >B <5B>40 :>=:@5B=KE A8BC0F89), 0 A>1KB8O 8 >B=>H5=8O, A:;04K20NI85AO 2 A0<>9 CG51=>9 3@C??5 745AL 8 B5?5@L. ;O MB>3> A?5F80;L=> >@30=87CNBAO M<>F8>=0;L=> 7=0G8<K5 4;O CG0AB=8:>2 A8BC0F88 2708<>459AB28O, 8 >=8 AB0=>2OBAO 4>AB0B>G=> <>B828@>20==K<8 4;O >1CG5=8O A ?><>ILN <5B>40 B@5=8@>2:8 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8. 5@54:> G;5=K 3@C??K ?>?040NB 2 ?>;>65=8O, ?@>B82>@5G0I85 A;>682H8<AO C =8E ?@54AB02;5=8O< 8 =>@<0<, 8, :0: A;54AB285 MB>3>, @072820NBAO =0?@O65=85 8 B@52>30. 'B>1K A?@028BLAO A B@C4=>9 A8BC0F859, 476 CG0AB=8:8 B@5=8=30 ?KB0NBAO <5=OBL A2>5 ?>2545=85. -B> 8 >?@545;O5B ?5@5E>4 :> 2B>@>9 53> AB0488. 0 B@5BL59 AB0488 ?@>8AE>48B AB018;870F8O B5E A?>A>1>2 ?>2545=8O, :>B>@K5 >:070;8AL =081>;55 ?>;57=K<8. "0:8< >1@07><, ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 >A=>2>9 >1AC6405<>3> <5B>40 O2;O5BAO A>25@H5=AB2>20=85 AB8;O ?>2545=8O 2 CA;>28OE C?@02;O5<>3> 87<5=5=8O F5==>AB=KE >@85=B0F88 8 CAB0=>2>: 8 70:@5?;5=8O 2>7=8:0NI8E =>2KE D>@<. A=>2=CN @>;L ?@8 B@5=8@>2:5 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 83@05B ?@028;L=> >@30=87>20==0O >1@0B=0O A2O7L. 0: >B<5G05B . . >40;52 [37], 8<5==> 1;03>40@O 459AB28N <5E0=87<0 >1@0B=>9 A2O78 G5;>25: <>65B :>@@5:B8@>20BL A2>5 ?>A;54CNI55 ?>2545=85 =0 >A=>25 4>AB8305<>3> 2 E>45 2708<>459AB28O A 4@C38<8 ;N4L<8 @57C;LB0B0, 70<5=OO 8A?>;L7C5<K5 A?>A>1K 2708<>459AB28O =>2K<8, :>B>@K5 :06CBAO 1>;55 MDD5:B82=K<8. "@5=8=3 ?@82>48B : ?>2KH5=8N B>G=>AB8 <56;8G=>AB=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O, A :>B>@>9 G5;>25: @07;8G05B CAB0=>2:8, GC2AB20 8 @50:F88 4@C38E, ?@8 MB>< 4>AB8305BAO =5 B>;L:> ?>2KH5=85 MDD5:B82=>AB8 2 AD5@5 >1I5=8O, => @0728205BAO 8 C<5=85 381:> :>@@5:B8@>20BL A2>5 ?>2545=85 2 40;L=59H5<. =>65AB2> D>@< B@5=8=30 <>6=> @0745;8BL =0 420 :;0AA0: >48= >@85=B8@>20= =0 @0728B85 A?5F80;L=KE C<5=89 (=0?@8<5@, 25AB8 ?5@53>2>@K, 48A:CAA8N 8;8 @07@5H0BL <56;8G=>AB=K5 :>=D;8:BK), 4@C3>9 =0F5;5= =0 C3;C1;5=85 >?KB0 0=0;870 A8BC0F89 >1I5=8O, 8<55BAO 2 284C 0=0;87 A51O, 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0, 3@C??>2>9 A8BC0F88 2 F5;><. -B8 <5B>4K ?>2KH0NB 0:B82=>ABL G5@57 2:;NG5=85 2 >1CG5=85 M;5<5=B0 8AA;54>20=8O, 4;O G53> 8A?>;L7CNBAO 3@C??>20O 48A:CAA8O 8 @>;52K5 83@K. @54<5B>< 3@C??>2>9 48A:CAA88 <>3CB A;C68BL @50;L=K5 <56;8G=>AB=K5 >B=>H5=8O G;5=>2 3@C??K, ?@>F5AAK, 48=0<8:0 ?@>8AE>4OI8E 2 3@C??5 A>1KB89 87CG0NBAO A0<8<8 G;5=0<8 3@C??K.  @57C;LB0B5 ?>4>1=>3> 0=0;870 ?>2KH05BAO :><?5B5=B=>ABL :064>3> G;5=0 3@C??K 2 >B=>H5=88 A>1AB25==KE <>B82>2, 2>7<>6=>AB59 2 <56;8G=>AB=>< >1I5=88, 0 B0:65 AB0=>28BAO 1>;55 3;C1>:8< ?>=8<0=85 <>B82>2, F5;59 8 AB@0B5389 ?>2545=8O ?0@B=5@>2 ?> >1I5=8N.  F5;>< 4>AB8305BAO B0:>5 A>AB>O=85, :>340 :064K9 G;5= 3@C??K A?>A>15= A2>1>4=> 8 B>G=> A>>1I0BL > A2>8E GC2AB20E 8 <>B820E. 477 06=K<8 CA;>28O<8 ?@>4C:B82=>AB8 >1@0B=>9 A2O78 O2;ONBAO 55 =5?>A@54AB25==>ABL 8 >?8A0B5;L=K9 E0@0:B5@. ;O =0;06820=8O >1@0B=>9 A2O78 F5;5A>>1@07=> A>A@54>B>G8BLAO =0 >?8A0=88 A>1AB25==KE GC2AB2, A>?@>2>640NI8E 2>A?@8OB85 ?0@B=5@0 ?> >1I5=8N, =0?@8<5@: >340 BK HCB8HL, :0: A59G0A, O 8A?KBK20N @074@065=85.  8AB8==>AB8 B0:>3> 2KA:07K20=8O B@C4=> CA><=8BLAO  254L G5;>25: 3>2>@8B > A515. >40==0O 2 B0:>< 2845 8=D>@<0F8O =5 A>45@68B >F5=:8 4@C3>3> 8 ?>MB><C ;53G5 2>A?@8=8<05BAO. '5;>25: 704C<K205BAO > B><, B>;L:> ;8 MB>3> G5;>25:0 @074@060NB 53> HCB:8. '5< <5=LH5 >F5=>: 8 1>;LH5 >?8A0B5;L=>AB8 2 >1@0B=>9 A2O78, B5< >=0 MDD5:B82=55, B0: :0: =5 2:;NG0NBAO 70I8B=K5 <5E0=87<K. 1KG=> 70 :064>9 CG51=>9 3@C??>9 70:@5?;O5BAO B0: =07K205<K9 254CI89, 2 53> DC=:F8N 2E>48B >15A?5G5=85 0B<>AD5@K 4>25@8O, >B:@KB>AB8 2 3@C??5, 45<>=AB@8@>20BL <>45;L 65;05<>3> ?>2545=8O: 8A:@5==5 8 >B:@KB> 2K@060BL A2>8 GC2AB20, ?@>O2;OBL ;>O;L=>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : 4@C38<, ?>445@6820BL 8E 8A:@5==>ABL. = 4>;65= ?><>GL CAB0=>28BL 0B<>AD5@C 4>25@8O, 2 :>B>@>9 <>6=> 2=8<0B5;L=> ?@>0=0;878@>20BL 8 A>1AB25==>5 ?>2545=85 8 ?>2545=85 4@C38E. 0: ?@028;>, 254CI89 =5 >1@0I05BAO : ?@>H;><C >?KBC CG0AB=8:>2 2=5 40==>9 3@C??K 8 ?KB05BAO 8E A0<8E C45@60BL >B MB>3>. :F5=B 45;05BAO =0 0=0;875 B>3>, GB> ?@>8AE>48B 745AL 8 B5?5@L. 0;065==0O A8AB5<0 >1@0B=>9 A2O78 ?>72>;O5B :064><C CG0AB=8:C 2845BL, :0: 4@C385 8=B5@?@5B8@CNB B>, GB> >= 3>2>@8B 8 45;05B, B5< A0<K< A>7405BAO ?@54?>AK;:0 4;O >A<KA;820=8O 2>7<>6=KE ?>A;54AB289 A2>8E 459AB289 2 3@C??5. #G0AB=8:8 B@5=8=30 4>;6=K >:070BLAO A?>A>1=K<8 8=D>@<8@>20BL 4@C3 4@C30 > B><, :0: >=8 284OB 8 8=B5@?@5B8@CNB ?>2545=85, 8 >?8AK20BL 2>7=8:0NI85 C =8E GC2AB20. -B> >A=>2=>9 ?@>F5AA, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>3> CG0AB=8:8 =0CG0NBAO A2>8< A>1AB25==K< ?>2545=85< 8 A2>8<8 CA8;8O<8 8=B5@?@5B8@>20BL ?>2545=85 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0.  B@5=8=35 8A?>;L7C5BAO @O4 A?5F80;L=KE C?@06=5=89, >4=8< 87 =8E O2;O5BAO A;5?>5 4>25@85, :>B>@>5 A CA?5E>< 8A?>;L7>20;>AL 4;O 70=OB89 A> ABC45=B0<8 ?5403>38G5A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0. 1CG05<K5 @071820NBAO =0 ?0@K. 48= 87 ?0@K AB0=>28BAO A;5?K< (5<C 702O7K20NB 3;070), 4@C3>9 ?>2>4K@5<. 0@0< ?@54;0305BAO ?>3C;OBL 10 <8=CB 2 ?><5I5=88 8 =0 C;8F5. 0@B=5@K =5 4>;6=K ?@8 MB>< @073>20@820BL, 8 ?@>3C;:C =5 A;54C5B 478 ?@52@0I0BL 2 153 A ?@5?OBAB28O<8 4;O A;5?>3>. >2>4K@L 4>;65= ?@>O28BL <0:A8<C< 87>1@5B0B5;L=>AB8, GB>1K 40BL A2>5<C ?0@B=5@C ?5@568BL A0<K5 @07=>>1@07=K5 A8BC0F88, :0:-B>: >?>7=0BL ?@54<5BK =0>IC?L, ?>1KBL =5<=>3> 2 >48=>G5AB25, ?@>1560BLAO ?> @>2=>9 ?;>I04:5, CA;KH0BL @07;8G=K5 72C:8, 8A?KB0BL A<5=C B5<?5@0BC@ 2>74CE0. '5@57 10 <8=CB ?0@B=5@K <5=ONBAO <5AB0<8. -B> C?@06=5=85 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?5@568BL A>1AB25==CN 15A?><>I=>ABL, 4>25@85 8;8 =54>25@85 : ?>2>4K@N, >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 157>?0A=>ABL 4@C3>3>, >ICI5=85 A2>59 28=K, 5A;8 =5 2A5 845B 3;04:>. >A;5 B>3> :0: 2A5 ?0@K 70:>=G0B C?@06=5=85, ?@>2>48BAO 3@C??>2>5 >1AC645=85.  @57C;LB0B5 C?@06=5=89 8 48A:CAA89 @0728205BAO 1>;55 3;C1>:>5 ?>=8<0=85 A?>A>1>2 >1I5=8O, =0?@8<5@, COA=5=85 B>3>, :0: F5;5A>>1@07=> =0 ?5@2KE ?>@0E AB@>8BL 2708<>459AB285 A G5;>25:><, A>74020O >1@07 ?0@B=5@0 =5 =0 >A=>25 A>1AB25==KE A>>1@065=89, 0 2 A>>B25BAB288 A B5<, GB> ?@54;0305B A0< ?0@B=5@, CA20820O 53> >1@07 B0:8<, :0:8< >= E>G5B 53> 2845BL. !>3;0A85 ?@8=OBL G5;>25:0 2 B>9 @>;8, :>B>@CN >= ?@54;0305B, C;CGH05B 2708<>>B=>H5=8O, ?>72>;O5B =0;048BL :>=B0:B 8 2 40;L=59H5< AD>@<8@>20BL =081>;55 045:20B=>5 2708<>459AB285 A =8<. 07;8G=K5 AB8;8 ?>2545=8O >B@010BK20NBAO =0 70=OB8OE, 8E MDD5:B82=>ABL ?@>25@O5BAO ?> @50:F88 4@C38E G;5=>2 3@C??K. 1@0B=0O A2O7L A 4@C38<8 G;5=0<8 3@C??K ?><>305B G5;>25:C ?>=OBL, :0:8< 53> 284OB 4@C385, :0: >=8 @5038@CNB =0 53> ?>2545=85, 8 G5@57 8E @50:F8N ?>=OBL A0<>3> A51O. 5B>4 B@5=8@>2:8 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?><>305B 2K@010BK20BL C<5=85 >?B8<0;L=> <>B828@>20BL 8 AB8<C;8@>20BL G5;>25:0 : 45OB5;L=>AB8 [103, 112, 128, 210, 339, 355]. >73>20O 0B0:0 5B>4 <>73>2KE 0B0: (<>73>2>9 HBC@<)  MB> 3@C??>2>5 @5H5=85 B2>@G5A:>9 ?@>1;5<K, >15A?5G8205<>5 8 >1;53G05<>5 @O4>< >A>1KE ?@85<>2. >73>20O 0B0:0 1K;0 ?@54;>65=0 2 :>=F5 30-E 3>4>2 :0: <5B>4, =0?@02;5==K9 =0 0:B82870F8N B2>@G5A:>9 <KA;8, 4;O MB>3> ?@8<5=ONBAO A@54AB20, A=860NI85 :@8B8G=>ABL 8 A0<>:@8B8G=>ABL G5;>25:0, B5< A0<K< ?>2KH0NI85 53> C25@5==>ABL 2 A515 8 ?@>O2;ONI85 <5E0=87<K B2>@G5A:>3> 0:B0. 0: 8725AB=>, B2>@G5A:0O MDD5:B82=>ABL 1>;LH8=AB20 ;N459 >?@545;O5BAO =5 B>;L:> 8E B0;0=B><, => 8 479 2>7<>6=>ABLN <0:A8<0;L=>9 @50;870F88 A2>8E B2>@G5A:8E ?>B5=F89, ?>MB><C 2 >A=>25 <5B>40 <>73>2>9 0B0:8 ;568B ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> A=865=85 :@8B8G=>AB8 G5;>25:0 : A2>8< 2>7<>6=>ABO< >?B8<878@C5B CA;>28O 4;O B2>@G5AB20.  =0G0;L=K9 ?5@8>4 B2>@G5AB20 <=>385 87>1@5B0B5;8 8 CG5=K5 70B@0G820NB 7=0G8B5;L=K5 CA8;8O =0 B>, GB>1K 703;CH8BL 2 A515 3>;>A 2=CB@5==53> :@8B8:0 (?>:0 ?@>872545=85 B2>@G5A:>9 <KA;8 5I5 =0E>48BAO 2 M<1@8>=0;L=>< A>AB>O=88, >=> <>65B 2K3;O45BL =5?@82;5:0B5;L=> 4065 2 3;070E A2>53> B2>@F0). !=865=85 :@8B8G=>AB8 2 ?@>F5AA5 <>73>2>3> HBC@<0 4>AB8305BAO 42C<O ?CBO<8. 5@2K9  ?@O<0O 8=AB@C:F8O: 1KBL A2>1>4=K<, B2>@G5A:8<, >@838=0;L=K<, ?>4028BL :@8B8G=>ABL : A515 8 A2>8< 845O<, =5 1>OBLAO >F5=:8 >:@C60NI8E. &5;L 8=AB@C:F88  87<5=5=85 2=CB@5==59 ?>78F88, CAB0=>2:8 ;8G=>AB8 ?> >B=>H5=8N : A2>8< A?>A>1=>ABO<. B>@>9 ?CBL  A>740=85 1;03>?@8OB=KE 2=5H=8E CA;>289: A>GC2AB285, ?>445@6:0 8 >4>1@5=85 ?0@B=5@>2. 54CI89 ?@8;0305B A?5F80;L=K5 CA8;8O 4;O A>740=8O >A>1>9 @0A?>;030NI59 0B<>AD5@K.  B0:>9 >1AB0=>2:5 >A;015205B 2=CB@5==89 :>=B@>;L 8 >1;53G05BAO 2:;NG5=85 2 B2>@G5A:89 ?@>F5AA. 54L 8=>340 >4=>9 :@8B8G5A:>9 @5?;8:8 4>AB0B>G=>, GB>1K 8=B5@5A=>5, => @8A:>20==>5 ?@54;>65=85 =0 E>4C 1K;> 70<5=5=> 4@C38<  ?@>25@5==K<, => =58=B5@5A=K<.  <>73>2>9 0B0:5 =5 B>;L:> >1;53G05BAO ?@5>4>;5=85 2=CB@5==8E 10@L5@>2 C >B45;L=KE G;5=>2 3@C??K, 55 4>AB>8=AB2> A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> >=0 >B:@K205B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?5@5E>40 =0 GC6CN ;>38:C  ;>38:C A>A540, B0:8< >1@07><, B2>@G5A:85 ?>B5=F80;K 2A5E CG0AB=8:>2 0B0:8 :0: 1K AC<<8@CNBAO.  E>45 B@5=8@>2:8 CG0AB=8:8 ?@8>1@5B0NB C<5=85 4>1@>65;0B5;L=> A?>@8BL, A;CH0BL, 704020BL 2>?@>AK, ?>>I@OBL, :@8B8:>20BL. G5=L G0AB> ;N48 =5 <>3CB >B45;8BL B>, GB> >=8 459AB28B5;L=> 284OB, >B B>3>, GB> >=8 =0AB@>5=K C2845BL ?>4 402;5=85< A2>53> ?@54C15645=8O, ?>MB><C =04> =0CG8BL G5;>25:0 =01;N40BL =5?@5427OB> 8 ?> 2>7<>6=>AB8 >1J5:B82=>. <5AB5 A @0728B85< =01;N40B5;L=>AB8 A>25@H5=AB2C5BAO 8 A?>A>1=>ABL : A0<>=01;N45=8N 8 >4=>2@5<5==> AB0=>28BAO 1>;55 >1J5:B82=K< >B=>H5=85 : A515.  A50=A5 <>73>2>9 0B0:8 :064K9 CG0AB=8: A2>1>4=> 2K428305B A2>8 ?@54;>65=8O ?> @5H5=8N @0AA<0B@8205<>9 7040G8, ?@8 MB>< :@8B8:0 70?@5I5=0 ?>;=>ABLN. 480 5B>4 A?>A>1AB2C5B =5 B>;L:> ?@5>4>;5=8N <KA;8B5;L=KE AB5@5>B8?>2, => 8 A=8<05B A>F80;L=K5 8 AC1>@48=0F8>==K5 70?@5BK, =0;0305<K5 :064K< G5;>25:>< =0 A2>8 2KA:07K20=8O ?@8 >1KG=>< @073>2>@5! 01>B0O 2 3@C??5, ;53G5 2845BL =54>AB0B:8 2 845OE ?0@B=5@>2 ?> 0B0:5, G5< 2 A2>8E A>1AB25==KE. ">B G;5= 3@C??K, :>B>@K9 D>@<C;8@C5B B5:CI55 ?@54;>65=85, 2=8<0=85 :>B>@>3> ?>;=>ABLN 70=OB>, <>65B =5 70<5B8BL 8 =5 >F5=8BL =0<5:0 =0 @5H5=85, A>45@602H53>AO 2 :0G5AB25 2B>@>AB5?5==>9 45B0;8 2 53> ?@54;>65=88. @C3>9, =01;N40O A> AB>@>=K, >:07K205BAO 2 1>;55 1;03>?@8OB=KE CA;>28OE. ;O =53> MB8 2B>@>AB5?5==K5 45B0;8 2KABC?0NB :0: =0<5: =0 =C6=>5 @5H5=85, 8 >= <>65B 53> 8A?>;L7>20BL ?@8 0=0;875 :0G5AB20 ?@54;>65=8O 8 53> A>25@H5=AB2>20=88. >A:>;L:C >A=>2=K5 ?@028;0 ?@>2545=8O <>73>2>3> HBC@<0 8A:;NG0NB 2AO:CN :@8B8:C, :064K9 CG0AB=8: C15645=, GB> <>6=> 2KA:070BL ;N1CN <KA;L 157 1>O7=8, GB> 55 ?@87=0NB A<5H=>9 8;8 =5A>AB>OB5;L=>9.  ?@>F5AA5 @01>BK 254CI89 70405B 2>?@>AK 8 2AOG5A:8 ?>>I@O5B =5>1C740==>5 0AA>F88@>20=85 CG0AB=8:>2 3@C??K. >?@>AK 254CI53> 4>;6=K 1KBL AD>@<C;8@>20=K B0:, GB>1K A;><0BL ;54 8 ?>1C48BL CG0AB=8:>2 =0G0BL 3>2>@8BL, =0?@8<5@: >;=>ABLN ;8 K @0745;O5B5 MBC 845N? 54CI89 ?@>A8B CG0AB=8:>2 ?5@5D>@<C;8@>20BL A2>8 2KA:07K20=8O B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K ?@52@0B8BL 8E 87 >F5=>G=KE 2 A>45@60B5;L=K5: -B> =5 ?@>AB> E>@>H>, 0 E>@>H> ?>B><C GB>... '5< 1>;55 48:0O (<0;>25@>OB=0O) 845O ?@54;0305BAO, B5< 1>;LH55 ?>>I@5=85 >=0 2AB@5G05B A> AB>@>=K 254CI53>. >;8G5AB2> 8459 4>;6=> 1KBL :0: <>6=> 1>;LH8<, 2 ?@>F5AA5 0B0:8 :064><C @07@5H05BAO :0: C3>4=> :><18=8@>20BL, 284>87<5=OBL 8 C;CGH0BL 8458, 2KA:070==K5 4@C38<8 CG0AB=8:0<8. 1KG=> ?@5645 G5< CG0AB=8: =0G=5B 87;030BL ?>?@02:C, 4>?>;=5=85 8;8 @0728B85 8458 ?@54K4CI53> B>20@8I0, 254CI89 @5:><5=4C5B 2 42CE A;>20E ?>2B>@8BL 53> 845N 8 A?@>A8BL, ?@028;L=> ;8 53> ?>=O;8. 708<=>5 ?>>I@5=85 A?>A>1AB2C5B @>645=8N <=>65AB20 ?@54;>65=89, 8E 2708<>459AB285 =5@54:> ?>@>6405B =>2K5 8458, 4> :>B>@KE =8 >48= 87 CG0AB=8:>2 =5 4>4C<0;AO 1K A0<>AB>OB5;L=>. 0 MDD5:B82=>ABL :>;;5:B82=>9 @01>BK 3@C??K 2;8O5B =5 B>;L:> 55 :>;8G5AB25==K9 A>AB02, => 8 >?KB, AB8;L @01>BK 8 ?@>D5AA8O :064>3> 55 G;5=0. A8E>;>38G5A:89 10@L5@ >B45;L=>3> G5;>25:0 ?@5>4>;5205BAO ;53G5, 5A;8 481 3@C??0 1>;55 @07=>@>4=0 ?> A>AB02C. @C??>20O D>@<0 @01>BK 45;05B 2=CB@5==85 10@L5@K >B45;L=KE G;5=>2 3@C??K 1>;55 CO728<K<8 8 <5=55 AB>9:8<8. <5O @07=K9 687=5==K9 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K9 >?KB, @07=K5 CAB0=>2:8 8 ;8G=>AB=K5 B01C, >=8 7040NB 4@C3 4@C3C B0:85 2>?@>AK, :0:85 =5 <>3;8 1K 7040BL A0<8< A515, 1C4CG8 >3@0=8G5==K<8 A>1AB25==K<8 2=CB@5==8<8 10@L5@0<8 8 CAB0=>2:0<8. "0: 2 CA;>28OE 3@C??>2>9 0B0:8 1KAB@55 >1=0@C6820NBAO 8 ?@5>4>;520NBAO ?@>B82>@5G8O 2 @0AAC645=8OE 8 ;>38G5A:85 >H81:8 >B45;L=KE 55 CG0AB=8:>2. 0=OB85 ?@>2>48BAO A;54CNI8< >1@07><. @>872>48BAO >14C<0==>5 @07<5I5=85 CG0AB=8:>2 <>73>2>9 0B0:8, B0: :0: >=> >:07K205B ACI5AB25==>5 2;8O=85 =0 8E 0:B82=>ABL, =0 548=AB2> 8 F5;>AB=>ABL 2 @01>B5 3@C??K. ;O B5E, :B> A848B A7048 8;8 A :@0O, 2:;NG8BLAO 2 >1I89 @073>2>@ B@C4=55, ?>MB><C 65;0B5;L=> @0A?>;>68BL CG0AB=8:>2 ;8F>< 4@C3 : 4@C3C. 0B5< 254CI89 AB028B ?5@54 3@C??>9 ?@>1;5<C 8 ?@>A8B G;5=>2 3@C??K ?@54;>68BL :0: <>6=> 1>;LH5 20@80=B>2 @5H5=8O 157 ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >14C<K20=8O 70 =51>;LH>9 ?@><56CB>: 2@5<5=8. @5<O 0B0:8 :>;51;5BAO >B =5A:>;L:8E <8=CB 4> G0A0. 8 >48= 87 ?@54;>65==KE 20@80=B>2 =5 B>;L:> =5 ?>425@305BAO :@8B8:5, =>, =0>1>@>B, 2AOG5A:8 ?>>I@O5BAO, AB8<C;8@C5BAO 2K42865=85 =5>1KG=KE 8 4065 A>2A5< =5@50;L=KE 8459. @5<O 2KABC?;5=8O :064>3> CG0AB=8:0, :0: ?@028;>, =5 1>;55 1 2 <8=CB, 2KABC?0BL <>6=> <=>3> @07, => 65;0B5;L=> =5 ?>4@O4. A5 2KABC?;5=8O :0: <>6=> B>G=55 70?8AK20NBAO, 2A5 ?@54;>65=8O, 2:;NG0O A0<K5 F5==K5 8458, O2;ONBAO ?;>40<8 :>;;5:B82=>3> B@C40 8 =5 ?5@A>=8D8F8@CNBAO. >73>2>9 HBC@< >1KG=> 70:0=G8205BAO, :>340 ?>B>: ?@54;>65=89 8AAO:05B. 0 70=OB8OE 8A?>;L7CNB 8 A?5F80;L=K5 ?@85<K 0:B82870F88 <KH;5=8O: A?8A:8 :>=B@>;L=KE 2>?@>A>2, @0AG;5=5=85, 87;>65=85 7040G8 =5A?5F80;8ABC. ! ?><>ILN A?8A:0 ?>8A: =0?@02;O5BAO =02>4OI8<8 2>?@>A0<8. ;O :064>9 A?5F80;L=>9 >1;0AB8 A>AB02;ONB ?5@5G5=L @07=>>1@07=KE 2>?@>A>2, :064K9 CG0AB=8: 0B0:8 70405B 8E A515 ?>A;54>20B5;L=> 2 ?@>F5AA5 @5H5=8O 7040G8, GB> 0:B82878@C5B 53> <KA;L, ?>72>;OO ?>2>@0G820BL 8 @0AA<0B@820BL 2>?@>A A @07=KE AB>@>=. B25BK =0 2>?@>AK 87 A?8A:0 8=>340 ?>72>;ONB =09B8 2KE>4 87 BC?8:0. >B B8?8G=K5 2>?@>AK:  5A;8 A45;0BL =0>1>@>B?  5A;8 70<5=8BL MBC 7040GC 4@C3>9?  5A;8 87<5=8BL D>@<C >1J5:B0?  5A;8 27OBL 4@C3>9 <0B5@80;? 482 I5 4;O G53> MB> 8745;85 (C75;, <0B5@80;) <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=> B>G=> 2 B0:>< 2845, 2 :0:>< >=> =0E>48BAO A59G0A?  A 87<5=5=8O<8 (5A;8 A45;0BL 53> 1>;LH5, <5=LH5, A8;L=55, A;0155, BO65;55, ;53G5 8 B. 4.)?  A>G5B0=88 A G5<-=81C4L 4@C38<? 5;L7O ;8 ?5@5:><?>=>20BL, >1J548=8BL, 70<5=8BL?. 0AG;5=5=85 2:;NG05B G5BK@5 ?>A;54>20B5;L=KE H030. =0G0;5 2A5 A>AB02=K5 G0AB8 :>=AB@C:F88, ?>4;560I59 A>25@H5=AB2>20=8N, 70?8AK20NB =0 >B45;L=K5 :0@B>G:8. 0B5< =0 :064>9 ?>A;54>20B5;L=> ?5@5G8A;ONB <0:A8<0;L=>5 :>;8G5AB2> E0@0:B5@=KE ?@87=0:>2 A>>B25BAB2CNI59 G0AB8. >A;5 MB>3> =5>1E>48<> >F5=8BL 7=0G5=85 8 @>;L :064>3> ?@87=0:0 4;O DC=:F89 40==>9 G0AB8 (4>;6=K ;8 >=8 >AB020BLAO =587<5==K<8 A B>G:8 7@5=8O @50;870F88 A2>8E DC=:F89) 8 ?>4G5@:=CBL @07=K< F25B>< B5 ?@87=0:8, :>B>@K5 A>2A5< =5;L7O <5=OBL, B5, :>B>@K5 <>6=> <5=OBL 2 7040==KE ?@545;0E, 8 B5, :>B>@K5 <>6=> <5=OBL 2 ;N1KE ?@545;0E.  70:;NG5=85 2A5 :0@B>G:8 2K:;04K20NBAO =0 AB>; >4=>2@5<5==> 8 0=0;878@CNBAO :0: >1I55 ?>;5 ?@8;>65=8O CA8;89. !CI5AB2> B5E=8:8 @0AG;5=5=8O 70:;NG05BAO, A =0H59 B>G:8 7@5=8O, 2 >4=>2@5<5==>9 >1>7@8<>AB8 2A53> <=>65AB20 M;5<5=B>2, ?>4;560I8E ?@5>1@07>20=8N, B. 5. 2 0:B82870F88 =5 B>;L:> 0=0;8B8G5A:8E 2>7<>6=>AB59 ;52>3> ?>;CH0@8O 3>;>2=>3> <>730, => 8 A8=B5B8G5A:8E  ?@02>3>. @8 @5H5=88 =>2>9 7040G8 <>65B >:070BLAO ?>;57=K< 2KOA=5=85 <=5=8O 4@C38E. !0<> 87;>65=85 :><C-=81C4L B@C4=>9 ?@>1;5<K G0AB> ?><>305B :@8AB0;;870F88 <KA;59 8 ?@81;8605B @5H5=85. 4=0:> 5A;8 7040G0 >1AC6405BAO A> A?5F80;8AB0<8, B> <=>385 45B0;8 >?CA:0NBAO :0: ?>=OB=K5 A0<8 ?> A515, ?>MB><C ?>;57=> 87;030BL 7040GC =5A?5F80;8ABC 2 40==>9 >1;0AB8, GB> 70AB02;O5B 55 C?@>I0BL. @>AB>5 87;>65=85 7040G8 ?@>OA=O5B ?@>1;5<C 8 4;O 02B>@0 8 B5< A0<K< ?@81;8605B @5H5=85, :>B>@>5 2=0G0;5 70BC<0=8205BAO B5E=8G5A:8<8 ?>4@>1=>ABO<8.  ?@>F5AA5 0B0:8 ?>>I@O5BAO ?>@>645=85 =5>6840==KE 0AA>F80F89. ;O MB>3> ?@54;030NB =0?@OGL ?0<OBL 8 ?@54AB028BL 2>7<>6=K5 A2O78 <564C 45B0;O<8 40==>9 7040G8 8 4@C38<8 7040G0<8 B>3> 65 ?;0=0, 70B5< @0AA;018BLAO 8 C2O70BL @5H05<CN 7040GC A B5<, GB> ?5@2K< ?@845B =0 C<. =>340 :065BAO, GB> 2>7=8:H0O <KA;L =5 8<55B 01A>;NB=> =8:0:>3> >B=>H5=8O : @5H5=8N 40==>9 7040G8, 8 ;8HL ?>74=55 2KOA=O5BAO, GB> 8<5==> 2 MB>9 <KA;8 70;>65= =C6=K9 >B25B. 483 #A;>28O @5H05<>9 7040G8 >1O70B5;L=> 4>;6=K 1KBL >A2>1>645=K >B A?5F80;L=>9 B5@<8=>;>388 8 ?@54AB02;5=K 2 2>7<>6=> >1>1I5==>9 D>@<5, ?>A:>;L:C B5@<8=K =02O7K20NB AB0@K5 8 =587<5==K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O >1 >1J5:B5 (<K C65 C:07K20;8 =0 ?>;L7C ?5@5D>@<C;8@>20=8O 7040G8 2 @0745;5 > <KH;5=88). A;8 2 CA;>28OE 7040G8 @5GL 845B, =0?@8<5@, > ?>2KH5=88 A:>@>AB8 ;54>:>;0, B> B5@<8= ;54>:>; A@07C >3@0=8G8205B @0AA<0B@8205<K9 :@C3 8459: =04> :>;>BL, ;><0BL, @07@CH0BL ;54. @>AB0O <KA;L > B><, GB> 45;> 2>2A5 =5 2 @07@CH5=88 ;L40 8 GB> 3;02=>5  ?@>42830BLAO A:2>7L ;54, 0 =5 :>;>BL 53>, 2 MB>< A;CG05 >:07K205BAO 70 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8< 10@L5@>< [12]. > 2@5<O 70=OB8O @C:>2>48B5;L 87;0305B ?@>1;5<C 8 ?@>A8B :064>3> G;5=0 3@C??K 2KA:070BL A2>8 A>>1@065=8O ?> ?>2>4C 55 @5H5=8O, =5 A<CI0OAL ?@8 MB>< 2K42865=85< A0<KE =525@>OB=KE ?@54?>;>65=89. C:>2>48B5;L =5 4>?CA:05B =8:0:>3> >1AC645=8O 4>AB>8=AB2 8 =54>AB0B:>2 2KA:070==KE A>>1@065=89 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 =5 ?@5:@0B8BAO ?>ABC?;5=85 =>2KE 8459. @C??0 C25@5=0, GB> ;N10O 2KA:070==0O <KA;L, :0:>9 1K 40;5:>9 >B @5H5=8O 8 3;C?>9 >=0 =8 >:070;0AL, <>65B 2=5AB8 >?@545;5==K9 2:;04 2 CB>G=5=85 7040G8, GB>, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, ?@81;878B @5H5=85 ?@>1;5<K. C:>2>4OI5<C <>73>2>9 0B0:>9 ?>;57=> 8<5BL =03>B>25 =5A:>;L:> ?>4E>4OI8E @5?;8: 4;O C?@02;5=8O @01>B>9 3@C??K, =0?@8<5@: >60;C9AB0, B5?5@L ?>?@>1C9B5 2K. B> 5I5 E>B5; 1K GB>-=81C4L 4>1028BL 8 4>?>;=8BL, 4>>?@545;8BL? = 4>;65= 45<>=AB@8@>20BL C25@5==>ABL 2 CA?5E5, 70@060BL CG0AB=8:>2 >?B8<87<>< 8 ?>445@6820BL =5?@8=C645==CN >1AB0=>2:C. >340 3@C??0 8AB>I8B 70?0A A2>8E 8459, >B:@K205BAO 48A:CAA8O 4;O >1J548=5=8O 8 @0728B8O ?@54;>65==KE A>>1@065=89 2 548=>5 F5;>5  ?@0:B8G5A:>5 @5H5=85 @0AA<0B@8205<>9 ?@>1;5<K. 5B>4 <>73>2>3> HBC@<0 8A?>;L7C5BAO =5 B>;L:> 4;O >1CG5=8O, => 8 :0: ?@0:B8G5A:89 ?@85< @5H5=8O A;>6=KE 8 B2>@G5A:8E 7040G. ;O MB>3> 53> 8=>340 <>48D8F8@CNB. 4=0 87 <>48D8:0F89  G5;=>G=K9 <5B>4. 0: 8725AB=>, >4=8 ;N48 1>;LH5 A:;>==K : 35=5@8@>20=8N 8459, 4@C385  : 8E :@8B8G5A:><C 0=0;87C. 0?@8<5@, 8725AB=K9 D878: . -@5=D5AB ?>AB>O==> AB@040; >B B>3>, 484 GB> 53> :@8B8G5A:85 A?>A>1=>AB8 >?5@560;8 :>=AB@C:B82=K5. "0:0O ?>2KH5==0O :@8B8G=>ABL =5 ?>72>;O;0 A>7@520BL 8 C:@5?8BLAO 4065 53> A>1AB25==K< 845O<. @8 >1KG=KE >1AC645=8OE ?@>1;5< B2>@FK 8 :@8B8:8, >:07K20OAL 2<5AB5, <5H0NB 4@C3 4@C3C.  CA;>28OE G5;=>G=>9 <>73>2>9 0B0:8 MB0 =5A>2<5AB8<>ABL CAB@0=O5BAO B5<, GB> ?>418@0NBAO 425 3@C??K CG0AB=8:>2 A CG5B>< A?>A>1=>AB59 :064>3>  4;O 35=5@0F88 8459 8 4;O :@8B8:8. -B8 3@C??K @01>B0NB 2 @07=KE ?><5I5=8OE. >73>20O 0B0:0 =0G8=05BAO 2 3@C??5 35=5@0F88 8459, @C:>2>48B5;L 87;0305B ?@>1;5<C, ?@>A8B :064>3> 2=5AB8 A2>8 ?@54;>65=8O, 70?8AK205B 2A5 ?>;CG5==K5 ?@54;>65=8O, >1JO2;O5B 2 MB>9 3@C??5 ?5@5@K2 8 ?5@5405B 8E 2 3@C??C :@8B8:8. @8B8:8 >B18@0NB A0<K5 8=B5@5A=K5 8 ?5@A?5:B82=K5 ?@54;>65=8O 8 =0 8E >A=>25 4>>?@545;ONB 7040GC, :>B>@0O ?>A;5 ?5@5@K20 2=>2L ?@54;0305BAO 3@C??5 35=5@0F88 8459. 01>B0 ?>2B>@O5BAO F8:;8G5A:8 4> ?>;CG5=8O ?@85<;5<>3> @57C;LB0B0. @C??0 2A53> 87 H5AB8 G5;>25: <>65B 2K428=CBL 2 ?@>F5AA5 0B0:8 70 30 <8=CB 4> 150 8459. @C??0, @01>B0NI0O >1KG=K<8 <5B>40<8, =8:>340 =5 ?@8H;0 1K : <KA;8, GB> @0AA<0B@8205<0O 5N ?@>1;5<0 8<55B B0:>5 @07=>>1@0785 0A?5:B>2. ;87:0O : <>73>2>9 0B0:5 <5B>48:0 A8=5:B8:0  A?>A>1 AB8<C;OF88 2>>1@065=8O. C:20;L=>, A8=5:B8:0  MB> A>548=5=85 2<5AB5 @07=>@>4=KE M;5<5=B>2. @C??0 A8=5:B8:8 >1KG=> A>AB>8B 87 A?5F80;8AB>2 @07=KE >1;0AB59. !B>;:=>25=85 A0<KE =5>6840==KE <=5=89, =525@>OB=KE 0=0;>389 ?@82>48B : @0AH8@5=8N ?>;O 8459, @>645=8N =>2KE ?>4E>4>2 : @5H5=8N ?@>1;5<K 8 ?>72>;O5B 2K9B8 70 @0<:8 C7:>?@>D5AA8>=0;L=KE 2>7<>6=>AB59, G0I5 8A?>;L7CNBAO 0=0;>388 87 4@C38E >1;0AB59 7=0=89 8;8 D0=B0AB8G5A:85 0=0;>388, ?@8 :>B>@KE ?@>1;5<0 @5H05BAO <KA;5==>, :0: 2 2>;H51=>9 A:07:5. @C??0, @01>B0NI0O ?> <5B>48:5 A8=5:B8:0, 8A?>;L7C5B @07;8G=K5 0=0;>388, A?>A>1AB2CNI85 A?>=B0==><C <KH;5=8N: ?@O<K5, AC1J5:B82=K5, A8<2>;8G5A:85 8 D0=B0AB8G5A:85. @O<K5 0=0;>388 G0AB> =0E>4OB 2 18>;>38G5A:8E A8AB5<0E, @5H0NI8E AE>4=K5 7040G8. 0?@8<5@, =01;N45=85 70 G5@25<-4@52>B>GF5<, ?@>1C@02;820NI5< 2 4@525A8=5 B@C1G0BK9 :0=0;, =025;> @N=5;O =0 <KA;L > :5AA>==>< <5B>45 AB@>8B5;LAB20 ?>42>4=KE A>>@C65=89. 485 !C1J5:B82=K5 0=0;>388 70AB02;ONB ?@54AB028BL, :0: <>6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL A2>5 B5;> 4;O 4>AB865=8O 8A:><>3> @57C;LB0B0 8;8 GB> G5;>25: ?>GC2AB2C5B, 5A;8 2>>1@078B A51O 40==>9 45B0;LN. @8 A8<2>;8G5A:8E 0=0;>38OE E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 >4=>3> ?@54<5B0 >B>645AB2;ONBAO A E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<8 4@C3>3>, 0 D0=B0AB8G5A:85 B@51CNB ?@54AB028BL A515 25I8 B0:8<8, :0:8<8 <K E>B5;8 1K 8E 2845BL. >?CA:05BAO 83=>@8@>20=85 D878G5A:8E 70:>=>2, =0?@8<5@ 8A?>;L7>20=85 0=B83@028B0F88. !8=5:B8:0 2>71C6405B 8 8A?>;L7C5B 0=0;>388 :0: A@54AB2> A<5I5=8O ?@>F5AA0 A C@>2=O >A>7=0==>3> <KH;5=8O =0 C@>25=L ?>4A>7=0B5;L=>9 0:B82=>AB8. 5B>4 <>73>2>3> HBC@<0 H8@>:> 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 !!! . 0:>?;5= 7=0G8B5;L=K9 >?KB ?@8<5=5=8O 53> 2 2C70E, ?@><KH;5==>AB8 8 =0CG=>-8AA;54>20B5;LA:8E >@30=870F8OE. >73>20O 0B0:0 8A?>;L7C5BAO 8 :0: A?>A>1 @5H5=8O ?@>1;5<, 8 :0: <5B>4 CA2>5=8O 7=0=89, ?>A:>;L:C 7=0=8O 8 >?KB 2A5E CG0AB=8:>2 48A:CAA88 AB0=>2OBAO 4>ABC?=K<8 4;O :064>3> 8 <>3CB 1KBL MDD5:B82=> CA2>5=K 2 E>45 >1AC645=8O. > <5@5 =0:>?;5=8O >?KB0 3@C??>2>3> >1AC645=8O ?@>1;5< CG0AB=8:8 ?@8>1@5B0NB B0:85 ?>;57=K5 =02K:8, :0: C<5=85 :@0B:> 8 B>G=> 87;030BL A2>N ?>78F8N, ?@028;L=> 2>A?@8=8<0BL GC6CN 8 A?>A>1=>ABL ?>4G8=OBLAO 7040==K< ?@028;0< 48A:CAA88 [98, 317]. 5;>2K5 83@K 5;>20O 83@0, :0: 1K A68<0O 2@5<O, A1;8605B A>1KB8O, 40;5:> @07=5A5==K5 2 ?@0:B8:5, 8 B5< A0<K< >BG5B;82> 45<>=AB@8@C5B CG0AB=8:0< 2>7<>6=>AB8 4>;3>A@>G=KE AB@0B5389 8 8E 2;8O=85 =0 MDD5:B82=>ABL 45OB5;L=>AB8. @><5 B>3>, 83@0 >15A?5G8205B <0:A8<0;L=>5 M<>F8>=0;L=>5 2>2;5G5=85 CG0AB=8:>2 2 A>1KB8O, 4>?CA:0O 2>7<>6=>ABL 25@=CBL E>4 8 8A?@>1>20BL 4@C3CN AB@0B538N, A>7405B >?B8<0;L=K5 CA;>28O 4;O @0728B8O ?@54CA<>B@8B5;L=>AB8, 381:>AB8 <KH;5=8O 8 F5;5CAB@5<;5==>AB8. =0 ?@8CG05B : :>;;5:B82=K< 459AB28O<, ?@8=OB8N :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=KE, B0: 8 A:>>@48=8@>20==KE @5H5=89, ?>2KH05B A?>A>1=>ABL 8 @C:>2>48BL, 8 ?>4G8=OBLAO, AB8<C;8@C5B ?@0:B8G5A:85 =02K:8, @0728205B 2>>1@065=85 8 8=BC8F8N. @8 83@5 <5=O5BAO <>B820F8O >1CG5=8O, 7=0=8O CA20820NBAO =5 ?@> 70?0A, =5 4;O 1C4CI53> 2@5<5=8 (=58725AB=>, ?>=04>1OBAO ;8?), 0 4;O >15A?5G5=8O =5?>A@54AB25==KE 83@>2KE CA?5E>2 >1CG0NI8EAO 2 @50;L=>< 4;O =8E ?@>F5AA5. 486 !G8B05BAO, GB> 83@K AB0;8 >4=8< 87 =081>;55 ?@>4C:B82=KE =>2>22545=89 2 45;5 >1CG5=8O 70 ?>A;54=85 45AOB8;5B8O. 5A><=5==>5 ?@58<CI5AB2> 45;>2KE 83@ ?5@54 B@048F8>==K<8 D>@<0<8 >1CG5=8O A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> >=8 B@51CNB 0:B82=>AB8 A> AB>@>=K :064>3> CG0AB=8:0, C2;5:0NB A8;L=55, G5< ;N1K5 4@C385 <5B>4K >1CG5=8O, A=8<0NB M<>F8>=0;L=K5 10@L5@K 8 A?>A>1AB2CNB ?@5>4>;5=8N @07;8G=KE D>@< ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK.  83@>2>9 A8BC0F88 2KO2;ONBAO 8=48284C0;L=K5 A?>A>1=>AB8 : ?@8=OB8N >B25BAB25==KE @5H5=89 2 =0?@O65==>9 >1AB0=>2:5, : MDD5:B82=><C 8A?>;L7>20=8N 4>;6=>AB=KE ?>;=><>G89. 4=0:> 3;02=K< 4>AB>8=AB2>< MB>3> <5B>40 O2;O5BAO @048:0;L=>5 A>:@0I5=85 2@5<5=8 =0:>?;5=8O >?KB0. ?KB, :>B>@K9 2 >1KG=KE CA;>28OE =0:0?;8205BAO 2 B5G5=85 <=>38E ;5B, <>65B 1KBL ?>;CG5= A ?><>ILN 45;>2KE 83@ 2 B5G5=85 =545;8 8;8 <5AOF0. 0: ?@028;>, 83@K ?@>2>4OBAO ?> ?5@8>40< (F8:;0<), :>B>@K5 8<8B8@CNB ?5@8>4 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>ABLN 2 45=L, =545;N, <5AOF, :20@B0; 8;8 3>4. 06=59H89 <><5=B 2 A>740=88 83@K  MB> @07@01>B:0 AF5=0@8O 8 >?@545;5=85 ?>;=><>G89, :>B>@K<8 1C4CB =045;5=K 55 CG0AB=8:8.  83@5 <>65B CG0AB2>20BL =5A:>;L:> 3@C?? ?> 1 20 CG0AB=8:>2 2 :064>9. 1KG=> 2 3@C??5 5 8 G5;>25: 8 5 8 3@C??. @5?>4020B5;L, =0G8=0O 83@C A 8=AB@C:B060, >?8AK205B, =0?@8<5@, E0@0:B5@ ?@54?@8OB8O, :>B>@K< 1C45B @C:>2>48BL 40==0O 3@C??0 2 83@5, E0@0:B5@ 53> ?@>4C:F88, DC=:F88 CG0AB=8:>2 @5H5=8O ?@>1;5<K, <0AHB01K 8E ?>;=><>G89. 5@54 =0G0;>< 83@K CG0AB=8:0< 2K40NBAO A?5F80;L=K5 A1>@=8:8 8;8 8=AB@C:F88, A>45@60I85 =5>1E>48<CN 8=D>@<0F8N >1 83@5 A =C6=K<8 ?>4@>1=>ABO<8 8 @0AG5B=K<8 D>@<C;0<8.  E>45 83@K ?>;57=>, GB>1K CG0AB=8:8 @01>B0;8 A 4>:C<5=B0F859, <0:A8<0;L=> ?@81;865==>9 : ?@0:B8:5, 8 A0<8 A>74020;8 B0:85 4>:C<5=BK (A;C651=K5 70?8A:8, ?@8:07K, >BG5BK 8. B. 4.). 3@K 40NB >?KB :>;;5:B82=>3> ?@8=OB8O @5H5=8O 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 2 @50;L=KE CA;>28OE MB> A45;0BL B@C4=> 8;8 >?0A=>, =0?@8<5@, 2>7<>6=> 2>7=8:=>25=85 020@88 8;8 C3@>7K >?0A=>AB8 4;O ;N459. 3@0 =0G8=05BAO ?@8=OB85< @5H5=89 70 >?@545;5==K9 F8:;, =0?@8<5@ 70 <5AOF, A:065<, 70 O=20@L. -B8 @5H5=8O >1@010BK20NBAO, 8 4;O CG0AB=8:>2 83@K ?>43>B02;820NBAO >BG5BK > 45OB5;L=>AB8 70 O=20@L. <5O >?5@0B82=K5 >BG5BK 487 70 40==K9 <5AOF, CG0AB=8:8 0=0;878@CNB 8E 8 ?@8ABC?0NB : ?@8=OB8N @5H5=8O 70 D52@0;L. 5H5=8O A=>20 >1@010BK20NBAO =0 -, 8 >BG5BK ?>ABC?0NB G5@57 10 15 <8=CB ?>A;5 ?@54AB02;5=8O @5H5=89. "0: 2 1KAB@>< B5<?5 ?@>E>48B F5;K9 3>4: CG0AB=8:8 83@K ?@8=8<0NB @5H5=8O, 70B5< :>@@5:B8@CNB 8E =0 >A=>25 =>2KE 40==KE 8 B. 4. @82545< ?@8<5@. 1JO2;5==0O F5;L 83@K A>AB>O;0 2 B><, GB>1K >?@545;8BL, =0A:>;L:> 83@0NI85 <>3CB C;CGH8BL @57C;LB0BK, D0:B8G5A:8 4>AB83=CBK5 =5:>B>@>9 >@30=870F859. 0640O 87 42CE 83@02H8E 3@C?? 2 ?5@2>< F8:;5 ?@8=8<0;0 @5H5=85 70 40 ?>A;54>20B5;L=KE :20@B0;>2. >;CG5==K5 ?>:070B5;8 ?>A;5 >1@01>B:8 =0 - =0=>A8;8AL =0 3@0D8:. >:070B5;8 :064>9 3@C??K C;CGH0;8AL A B5G5=85< 2@5<5=8. > 2B>@>< F8:;5 83@0;8 4@C385 3@C??K A B5< 65 7040=85<, => A =5:>B>@K< >B;8G85<: ?>A;5 B>3> :0: :0640O 3@C??0 ?@8=8<0;0 @5H5=85, >=0 4>;6=0 1K;0 ?>43>B>28BL >BG5B, >B@060NI89 >68405<K9 MDD5:B ?@8=OBKE @5H5=89, 8 B>;L:> 70B5< @5H5=8O 22>48;8AL 2 - 8 =0=>A8;8AL =0 3@0D8:. #G0AB=8:8 MB>3> F8:;0 83@K 8<5;8 2>7<>6=>ABL A@02=820BL >68405<K9 MDD5:B A @50;L=> 4>AB83=CBK<. :070;>AL, GB> 2> 2B>@>< F8:;5 3@C??K 1KAB@55 C;CGH0;8 ?>:070B5;8, G5< 2 ?5@2><, ?>B><C GB> ?@5420@8B5;L=>5 D>@<C;8@>20=85 >68405<KE @57C;LB0B>2 83@05B 206=CN @>;L. 5;>20O 83@0, 0::C<C;8@CO 2@5<O, A=8<05B >3@0=8G5=8O, =0:;04K205<K5 4>;3>2@5<5==>9 ?0<OBLN, ?>72>;O5B ?@>8725AB8 1>;55 3;C1>:89 ?@8G8==>-A;54AB25==K9 0=0;87 A8BC0F88. 5B>4 2:;NG05B 2 A51O A>45@60B5;L=K9 0=0;87 D0:B>@0 2@5<5=8, 4;O MB>3> 2> <=>385 83@K 2AB02;ONBAO 2@5<5==K5 ;038, GB>1K @5H5=8O ?@8=8<0;8AL 70 =5A:>;L:> ?5@8>4>2 4> B>3>, :>340 >68405BAO A8BC0F8O, 345 =0G8=0NB @50;87>2K20BLAO ?>A;54AB28O MB8E @5H5=89. =B5@5A=K< 0A?5:B>< 83@ O2;O5BAO 2>7<>6=>ABL 87<5=8BL @5H5=85, :>B>@>5 >:070;>AL ?;>E8<.  >B;8G85 >B @50;L=KE 687=5==KE A8BC0F89, 2 83@5 <>6=> 25@=CBLAO =0704 : =5:>B>@><C <><5=BC 8 ?5@583@0BL 53>, ?@8=8<0O 4@C385 @5H5=8O 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >?@545;8BL 8E ?@58<CI5AB20 8 =54>AB0B:8 ?> A@02=5=8N A C65 >?@>1>20==K<8. 4=0 8 B0 65 83@>20O A8BC0F8O <>65B ?@>83@K20BLAO =5A:>;L:> @07, 55 CG0AB=8:8 <>3CB ?@54;030BL A2>8 @5H5=8O, ?>1K202 2 @07=KE @>;OE.  83@5 CG0AB=8:8 =5 A2O70=K 1>O7=LN =0=5AB8 A2>8<8 459AB28O<8 ?@0:B8G5A:89 CI5@1 ?@54?@8OB8N, A515 8 ?0@B=5@0<. 4=0:> =5>1E>48<> 488 CG8BK20BL, GB> 83@0 1C45B ?@>4C:B82=>9, 5A;8 55 CG0AB=8:8 ?@5>4>;5NB ?A8E>;>38G5A:89 10@L5@ >B=>H5=8O : =59 :0: : 45BA:>9 701025, =5 4>AB>9=>9 27@>A;KE ;N459 ?@8 87CG5=88 A5@L57=KE ?@>1;5<. >2;5G5=85 2 83@C 4>;6=> 1KBL =5 B>;L:> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K<, => 8 M<>F8>=0;L=K<, :064K9 CG0AB=8: 4>;65= B0: C2;5GLAO 83@>9, GB>1K >B40BLAO 59 F5;8:><. ;O MB>9 F5;8 G0AB> 8A?>;L7CNB <>B82 :>=:C@5=F88, =0?@8<5@, @C:>2>48B5;L 83@K <>65B A>>1I8BL 40==>9 3@C??5, GB> 4@C385 3@C??K @5H8;8 MBC 7040GC 1KAB@55. '5<C CG0B 45;>2K5 83@K? 06=>AB8 ?;0=8@>20=8O 8 A2>52@5<5==>3> ?@8=OB8O @5H5=89. -B> 45;05BAO A ?><>ILN A60B8O 2@5<5=8 8 22545=8O ;03>2. !60B85 ?@>872>48BAO A ?><>ILN -, GB> ?>72>;O5B 70 2@5<O 83@K 8<8B8@>20BL 3>4K C?@02;5=G5A:>3> >?KB0 8 B5< A0<K< 2845BL =5 B>;L:> =5?>A@54AB25==K5, => 8 4>;3>A@>G=K5 @57C;LB0BK A2>8E @5H5=89. !60B85 2@5<5=8 ?>72>;O5B C;02;820BL ;>38:C D0:B>2, 0 MB> 25AL<0 F5==> 2 >1CG5=88 >?@545;5==>9 AB@0B5388 45OB5;L=>AB8. >;LH8=AB2> 83@ A?;0=8@>20=> B0:, GB> 2 >BACBAB285 35=5@0;L=>9 AB@0B5388 ?>;CG05<K5 @5H5=8O 8<5NB ;8HL 2@5<5==K5 ?@58<CI5AB20. 0G0;8 ?@8<5=OBLAO 83@K 8 ?@8 >1CG5=88 ABC45=B>2.  MB>< A;CG05 4;O >?@545;5=8O ?@>3@5AA0 7=0=89 CG0AB=8:>2 83@K ?>;57=> ?@54;>68BL 8< >B25B8BL =0 >48= 8 B>B 65 2>?@>A=8: 2 =0G0;5 8 :>=F5 83@K.  >4=>< 87 8AA;54>20=89 ?>A;5 >?@545;5=8O ?5@2>=0G0;L=>3> C@>2=O 7=0=89 30 ABC45=B>2, CG0AB2>202H8E 2 M:A?5@8<5=B5, 8E @0745;8;8 =0 B@8 3@C??K: 425 3@C??K ?@>A;CH0;8 3-G0A>2CN ;5:F8N, 0 70B5< 2 B5G5=85 9 G0A>2 83@0;8 2 83@C.  MB> 2@5<O ABC45=BK 87 B@5BL59, :>=B@>;L=>9 3@C??K ?@>A;CH0;8 B@048F8>==K9 :C@A ;5:F89 2 12 G0A>2. 0 15-9 45=L 3@C??K, 83@0NI85 2 MBC 83@C, 4>18;8AL 7=0G8B5;L=>3> ?@>3@5AA0 ?> A@02=5=8N A 4@C38<8 ABC45=B0<8 8 70O28;8 > A2>5< 65;0=88 ?@>4>;68BL >?KB. =0;>38G=>5 8AA;54>20=85 ?@>2545=> >@> 2 >@=5;LA:>< C=825@A8B5B5 =0 ?@8<5@5 83@K A B@5<O M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K<8 3@C??0<8, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: B@8 :>=B@>;L=K5 3@C??K ABC45=B>2 ?@>A;CH0;8 B@048F8>==K9 :C@A ;5:F89 ?> M:>;>388. K;> 8A?>;L7>20=> =5A:>;L:> B8?>2 B5AB>2: ?5@2K9 :0A0;AO CA2>5=8O :>=:@5B=KE D0:B>2, 2B>@>9 2KO2;O; <=5=8O ABC45=B>2, B@5B89 :>=B@>;8@>20; C@>25=L 8E 7=0=89. AA;54>20B5;8 ?@8H;8 : A;54CNI8< 2K2>40<: 83@0 >1>30I05B 489 2 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 D0:B8G5A:8<8, =565;8 B5>@5B8G5A:8<8 A2545=8O<8, A 55 ?><>ILN ABC45=BK ?@8>1@5B0NB ?@0:B8G5A:85 =02K:8. =0 1>;LH5 ?@82;5:05B ABC45=B>2, G5< >1K:=>25==K9 :C@A ;5:F89, 8 2K7K205B 65;0=85 4>?>;=8BL A2>8 7=0=8O GB5=85< A?5F80;L=>9 ;8B5@0BC@K.  :0G5AB25 ?@>AB>9 83@K, =5 B@51CNI59 2:;NG5=8O -, <>6=> ?@825AB8 83@C >18=7>=, :>B>@0O A?>A>1AB2C5B CA2>5=8N ?@85<>2 ?;0=8@>20=8O 8 @0A?@545;5=8O @5AC@A>2. =0 1K;0 ?@54;>65=0 . $. ><0@>2K< [132] 8 @0AAG8B0=0 =0 4 CG51=KE G0A0. !8BC0F8O: :>@01;5:@CH5=85 2 =0H8 4=8. !>2@5<5==K9 >18=7>= >:070;AO =0 =5>18B05<>< >AB@>25. <C =C6=> 2@5<O =0 AB@>8B5;LAB2> ;>4:8, 68;LO, 4>1K20=85 ?8I8, 873>B>2;5=85 >4564K. 3@>9 ?@54CA<>B@5=K 20@80=BK A @07;8G=K<8 2@5<5==K<8 70B@0B0<8. &5;L >18=7>=0  70 12 <5AOF52 ?>AB@>8BL ;>4:C 8 ?>:8=CBL >AB@>2. 064K5 12 <5AOF52 B09DC= 8 75<;5B@OA5=85 C=8GB>60NB 2A5 A45;0==>5 =0 >AB@>25. 5@>OB=>ABL 2K68BL ?@8 MB><  0,1. @>B82=8:0<8 >18=7>=0 2KABC?0NB ?@8@>4=K5 O2;5=8O: C@030=, ;82=8, 60@0, ?B8FK 8 O4>28BK5 =0A5:><K5. >@01;8 8 A0<>;5BK >1E>4OB MB> <5AB> AB>@>=>9, 8 ?>MB><C @0AAG8BK20BL =0 ?><>IL 872=5 =5 ?@8E>48BAO. #A;>28O 83@K B0:>2K. >18=7>= <>65B ?8B0BLAO D@C:B0<8, >2>I0<8, 3@810<8, @K1>9 8 48GLN. $@C:BK, >2>I8, 3@81K E@0=OBAO B@8 4=O, @K10  ?OBL, 48GL  ?OB=04F0BL 4=59 A CG5B>< 4=O, ?>B@0G5==>3> =0 703>B>2:C. 4=8< 284>< ?8I8 =5;L7O ?8B0BLAO 1>;55 25 4=59 ?>4@O4, 8=0G5 =0ABC?05B ?>B5@O @01>B>A?>A>1=>AB8 =0 10 4=59. 064K9 45=L ?>A2OI5= B>;L:> >4=><C 284C @01>B. 8;L5 <>65B 1KBL 2K1@0=>  MB> E868=0 8;8 ?5I5@0. 45640 B>65 8<55B 20@80=BK  ?>G8=5==0O AB0@0O 8;8 2=>2L 873>B>2;5==0O. 5@2>=0G0;L=K5 70B@0BK =0 873>B>2;5=85 @K1>;>2=KE A=0AB59, 68;LO, >4564K 7040NBAO B01;8F59. 8;L5 AB@>8BAO 2 B5G5=85 ?5@2KE 42CE <5AOF52. >18=7>= <>65B =5 5ABL B>;L:> ?OBL 4=59 70 2@5<O 687=8 =0 >AB@>25. -B8 4=8 <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BL =0 GB> C3>4=>. 064K5 420 <5AOF0 0@18B@>< 8;8 A ?><>ILN @C;5B:8 >?@545;ONBAO 2=5H=85 >A;>6=5=8O, 2K?02H85 =0 4>;N 83@0NI53>.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 83@0NI89 70?CA:05B @C;5B:C 8 ?5@5=>A8B 2 1;0=: A;54CNI53> <5AOF0 ?>B5@8 2@5<5=8, 2K720==K5 A;CG09=K<8 >1AB>OB5;LAB20<8. >A;5 7025@H5=8O 8<8B0F88 A>>@C65=8O ;>4:8 >18=7>= >B?;K205B =0 A;54CNI89 45=L. 5 CA?52H89 2 B5G5=85 12 <5AOF52 ?>AB@>8BL ;>4:C 8 >B?;KBL AG8B05BAO ?@>83@02H8<. 490 5;>2K5 83@K <>3CB >:070BLAO 25AL<0 ?@>4C:B82=K<8 4;O >F5=:8 MDD5:B82=>AB8 ?@>F5AA0 >1CG5=8O, B0: :0: ?@8 0=0;875 @57C;LB0B>2 83@K 2A:@K205BAO A;01>ABL CA2>5=8O B>3> 8;8 8=>3> @0745;0, GB> ?><>305B A45;0BL =0 =5< 0:F5=B 2 A;54CNI5< @0745;5 >1CG5=8O. 1KG=> 83@C >F5=820NB ?> 55 MDD5:B82=>AB8 A ?><>ILN ?>4@>1=>3> 2>?@>A=8:0, ?@8 MB>< 8=B5@2LN 15@5BAO =5 B>;L:> A@07C ?>A;5 83@K, => 8 ?>2B>@=>, A?CABO =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52 ?>A;5 55 ?@>2545=8O, GB>1K C1548BLAO, =0A:>;L:> ?@>G=K<8 >:070;8AL =02K:8, ?@8>1@5B5==K5 2 83@5. 3@0 <0:A8<0;L=> A?>A>1AB2C5B A>740=8N F5;>AB=>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O > ?@>1;5<5 8 B5< A0<K< C;CGH05B 55 ?>=8<0=85 8 70?><8=0=85, ?>;=>ABLN 2:;NG0O @5AC@AK =5 B>;L:> ;52>3>, => 8 ?@02>3> ?>;CH0@8O. 4=0:> B@C4=>AB8 83@>2>9 A8BC0F88 4;O ?@5?>4020B5;59 CAC3C1;ONBAO B5<, GB> <=>385 87 =8E 2=CB@5==5 =5 3>B>2K : ?0@8B5B=K< >B=>H5=8O< A> ABC45=B0<8 8;8 A;CH0B5;O<8. -DD5:B82=>ABL 83@K >2>A818@A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0 ! -1 ?@>25@O;0AL M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>. ;O MB>3> D>@<8@>20;8AL ?0@K 3@C?? ABC45=B>2 A @02=>9 CA?5205<>ABLN. 4=0 3@C??0 2 B5G5=85 G5BK@5E G0A>2 ?>2B>@O;0 <0B5@80; ?> B5<5 2B><0B878@>20==0O A8AB5<0 ?;0=>2KE @0AG5B>2, 0 4@C30O 3@C??0 B5 65 G5BK@5 G0A0 CG0AB2>20;0 2 83@5 ?> MB>9 B5<5. > >:>=G0=88 2A5< ABC45=B0< ?@54;>68;8 ?8AL<5==> >B25B8BL =0 @O4 2>?@>A>2 ?> B5<5.  M:A?5@8<5=B5 CG0AB2>20;8 G5BK@5 0:045<8G5A:85 3@C??K B@5BL53> :C@A0. "5>@5B8:8 =01@0;8 1300 10;;>2, 0 83@>:8 3000. @><5 B>3>, AC1J5:B82=K5 A>AB>O=8O MB8E 3@C?? B0:65 @07;8G0;8AL: ?>A;5 70=OB89 B5>@5B8:8 8A?KBK20;8 CAB0;>ABL, 2O;>ABL, ?;>E>5 =0AB@>5=85, 0 83@>:8 >B<5G0;8 E>@>H55 A0<>GC2AB285, ?@8?>4=OB>ABL, 1>4@>ABL.  852A:>< 8=65=5@=>-AB@>8B5;L=>< 8=AB8BCB5 @53C;O@=> ?@>2>48BAO 45;>20O 83@0 8A?CB, 2 E>45 :>B>@>9 ABC45=BK >1CG0NBAO B><C, :0: A>:@0B8BL 2@5<O AB@>8B5;LAB20 8 >4=>2@5<5==> >15A?5G8BL @8B<8G=CN @01>BC [79, 93, 96, 102, 104, 202]. 5B>4 ?>3@C65=8O >3@C65=85  0:B82=K9 <5B>4 >1CG5=8O A M;5<5=B0<8 @5;0:A0F88, 2=CH5=8O 8 83@K. "@048F8>==K5 <5B>4K ?5@540G8 7=0=89 8=>340 ?@82>4OB : B><C, GB> 5AB5AB25==K9 ?@>F5AA C4>2;5B2>@5=8O 6064K ?>7=0=8O ?@52@0I05BAO 2 8AB>G=8: E@>=8G5A:8E B@02< CG0I8EAO. >?KB:0 8=B5=A8D8F8@>20BL >1CG5=85 2 MB8E CA;>28OE <>65B 2K720BL C =8E AB@5AA 8 A?>A>1AB2>20BL >A;01;5=8N 2>7459AB28O ?@5?>4020=8O, 2<5AB> B>3> GB>1K CA8;8BL 53> MDD5:B82=>ABL. >340 ?@5?>4020B5;L C15645=, GB> ?@>F5AA ?>7=0=8O  BO6:89 B@C4, GB> 2>7<>6=>AB8 CA2>5=8O =>2>9 8=D>@<0F88 G5;>25:>< 25AL<0 >3@0=8G5=K, B> B0:0O 53> ?>78F8O =52>;L=> 4028B =0 CG0I8EAO, ?>4:@5?;OO 8E >?0A5=8O, GB> >=8 =5 2 A>AB>O=88 A?@028BLAO A 7040G0<8. = ?@87=05B 8E ?@02>BC 8 B0:8< >1@07>< 5I5 1>;LH5 CA8;8205B 8E ?>@065=G5A:>5 >B=>H5=85 : CG515.  A>>B25BAB288 A> A2>8<8 273;O40<8, GB> CG8BLAO B@C4=>, A F5;LN ?@54>B2@0B8BL CB><;5=85 ?@5?>4020B5;8 8=>340 CAB@0820NB =0 70=OB8OE ?5@5@K2K 4;O >B4KE0, GB>, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, ?@82>48B CG0I8EAO : C15645=8N, GB> 8E >?0A5=8O 8<5NB >A=>20=8O. 1CG5=85 <5B>4>< ?>3@C65=8O (AC335AB>?548O) A=8<05B B0:CN D>@<C 402;5=8O A> AB>@>=K ?@5?>4020B5;O, :0: >F5=:0. @0:B8:0 ?>;=>3> 8A:;NG5=8O >F5=>: 2 ?@>F5AA5 H:>;L=>3> >1CG5=8O 2 <;04H8E :;0AA0E @C788 ?>:070;0, GB> 45B8 AB0;8 A?>:>9=55, C =8E C;CGH8;AO A>= 8 0??5B8B, >=8 A >E>B>9 8 @04>ABLN 84CB =0 70=OB8O, 8 C =8E ?>2KA8;AO 2:CA : >1CG5=8N.  2A5 MB> ?>B><C, GB> >B<5B:0 ?5@5AB0;0 1KBL 8AB>G=8:>< B@52>38 8 >?0A5=89. A;8 ?;>E85 >F5=:8, G0AB> ?>;CG05<K5 G5;>25:>< 2 ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O, 4065 70A;C65=K, >=8 ?>AB5?5==> ?@82>4OB : ?>=865=8N A0<>>F5=:8. #G0I89AO AB0=>28BAO 157@07;8G=K< : >F5=:0<, A<8@OOAL A ?>;>65=85< =5CA?520NI53>.  MB>< A;CG05 C65 A;>6=> 25@=CBL G5;>25:C 25@C 2 A51O, 2=CH8BL 5<C C25@5==>ABL 2 A2>8E A8;0E 8 2>7<>6=>ABOE 2 40;L=59H5<.  >B;8G85 >B 4@C38E <5B>4>2 >1CG5=8O, 345 >A=>2=>9 0:F5=B 2>7459AB28O =0 CG0I8EAO ?@8E>48BAO =0 C15645=85, <5B>4 ?>3@C65=8O 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 >?8@05BAO =0 2=CH5=85. =CH5=85 8 C15645=85  @07=K5 A?>A>1K 2>7459AB28O. 492 . . 5EB5@52 C:07K20; =0 A;54CNI55 8E >B;8G85: C15645=85 2>7459AB2C5B ?@58<CI5AB25==> =0 ;N459 A @0728BK< ;>38G5A:8< <KH;5=85<, B>340 :0: 2=CH5=85 MDD5:B82=> =5 B>;L:> 4;O MB8E ;N459, => 8 4;O ;N459 A =5@0728BK< ;>38G5A:8< <KH;5=85<. A;8 C15645=85 A>?@>2>6405BAO :@8B8:>9 A> AB>@>=K C156405<>3>, B> 2=CH5=85 <8=C5B AB>@>60-:@8B8:C 8, :0: A:070; . . 5EB5@52, 2E>48B A G5@=>3> 2E>40 [31].  B> 2@5<O :0: C15645=85  MB> ?@>F5AA ;>38G5A:>3> >1>A=>20=8O <0B5@80;0 A F5;LN 4>18BLAO A>3;0A8O G5;>25:0, 2=CH5=85  MB> A?>A>1 2>7459AB28O, @0AAG8B0==K9 =0 =5:@8B8G=>5 2>A?@8OB85 A>>1I5=89, 2 :>B>@KE =5GB> CB25@6405BAO 8;8 >B@8F05BAO 157 4>:070B5;LAB2.  ?A8E>;>388 ?>4 2=CH5=85< ?>=8<05BAO B0:>5 2>7459AB285 >4=>3> G5;>25:0 =0 4@C3>3>, ?@8 :>B>@>< >:07K205BAO >?@545;5==>5 2;8O=85 =0 C15645=8O, CAB0=>2:8, @5H5=8O ?>A;54=53> 157 A0<>?@8:070, @0F8>=0;L=>3> @07<KH;5=8O. 0E>4OAL ?>4 2;8O=85< 2=CH5=8O, G5;>25: 459AB2C5B 157 A>1AB25==>9 <>B820F88, =5 :>=B@>;8@C5B =0?@02;5==>5 =0 =53> 2>7459AB285. ! ?><>ILN 2=CH5=8O <>6=> :>@@5:B8@>20BL A>AB>O=85 G5;>25:0 70 AG5B 0:B82870F88 53> ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2, 87<5=5=8O M<>F8>=0;L=>3> >B=>H5=8O : >:@C60NI5<C <8@C. A;8 MDD5:B82=>ABL 2>7459AB28O ?@8 C15645=88 >?@545;O5BAO 0@3C<5=B8@>20==>ABLN 4>2>4>2, B> ?@8 2=CH5=88 >=0 4>AB8305BAO A?5F80;L=>9, 8=48284C0;L=>-7=0G8<>9 8=D>@<0F859, =5 ?>425@65==>9 :>=B@>;N A> AB>@>=K A>7=0=8O. =CH5=85 <>65B 1KBL ?@54AB02;5=> :0: =5:>B>@>5 2<5H0B5;LAB2> 872=5 2 >1KG=>5 B5G5=85 B0:8E ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2, :0: 2=8<0=85, 2>A?@8OB85, ?0<OBL.  @57C;LB0B5 2=CH5=8O 2=8<0=85 AB0=>28BAO =5>1KG09=> :>=F5=B@8@>20==K<. 0B>@<068205BAO 2>A?@8OB85 =0;8G=KE, @50;L=KE AB8<C;>2 8 AB0=>28BAO =50:BC0;L=>9 ?@56=OO <>B820F8O. 4=>2@5<5==> A MB8< B>@<>65=85< F5;5=0?@02;5==> 0:B82878@CNBAO A;54K ?0<OB8 >?@545;5==>3> A>AB>O=8O. @8 MB>< MDD5:B 2=CH5=8O B5< 1>;LH5, G5< <5=LH5 8=D>@<0F88, ?@>B82>@5G0I59 2=CH5=8N, ?>ABC?05B 2 MB>B ?5@8>4 87 >:@C60NI59 A@54K. =CH5=85 =52>7<>6=> 157 ACI5AB25==KE 87<5=5=89 2 @01>B5 ?0<OB8, 0 8<5==> 157 2=5H=53> C?@02;5=8O 4>ABC?=>ABLN AG8BK20=8O 8=D>@<0F88 87 4>;3>2@5<5==>9 ?0<OB8.  MB>< A<KA;5 <>6=> 3>2>@8BL, GB> AB048O 3;C1>:>3> 2=CH5=8O  38?=>7  MB> A>AB>O=85, ?>72>;ONI55 ?@5>4>;520BL 0<=5AB8G5A:89 10@L5@ 8;8 C?@02;OBL 8<. 493  38?=>75 <>3CB @0AB>@<06820BLAO A;54>2K5 ?@>F5AAK, A>>B25BAB2CNI85, :070;>AL 1K, 1572>72@0B=> 701KBK< A>1KB8O<, :>B>@K5 =5 C405BAO 2>AAB0=>28BL ?@8 ?@>872>;L=>< 2>A?><8=0=88. "0:8< >1@07><, 2=CH5=85 >15A?5G8205B ?>2KH5==CN MDD5:B82=>ABL 872;5G5=8O A;54>2 87 ?0<OB8, GB> 8 >?@545;O5B 53> @>;L 2 0:B82870F88 >1CG5=8O 8 B2>@G5AB20 [303]. =CH5=85 CA8;8205B (@0A:@5?>I05B) B2>@G5A:85 A?>A>1=>AB8. "0:, 5A;8 8A?KBC5<KE ?@>A8;8 ?5@5G8A;8BL 2A5 A2>9AB20 =5:>B>@>3> ?@54<5B0 4> 8 ?>A;5 2=CH5=8O, B> A@54=55 G8A;> ?>:070B5;59, 8A?>;L7>20==KE 4;O E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 MB>3> ?@54<5B0 ?>A;5 2=CH5=8O, 1K;> ACI5AB25==> 1>;LH5, G5< 4> =53>; >B<5G0;>AL <=>3> =>2KE, >@838=0;L=KE >B25B>2. @54?>;030NB, GB> AB8<C;8@>20=85 B2>@G5A:>9 ?@>4C:B82=>AB8 ?@8 2=CH5=88 ?@>8AE>48B ?>4A>7=0B5;L=> 8 >15A?5G8205BAO A;54CNI8<8 ?@>F5AA0<8: 8=B5=A82=K< ?@8=C48B5;L=K< D>:CA8@>20=85< 2=8<0=8O, >B:;NG5=85< <5E0=87<>2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK, =0?@02;O5<>9 8 ?>445@68205<>9 :>=F5=B@0F859 2>71C645=8O >4=>3> 87 CG0AB:>2 :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730 =0 D>=5 >1I53> A=865=8O B>=CA0 :>@K 2?;>BL 4> A=0. @8 MB>< 2 D>:CA5 2=8<0=8O GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL @57:> ?>2KH05BAO, 8 G5;>25: =0G8=05B 2>A?@8=8<0BL 4>?>;=8B5;L=> 1>;LH>9 >1J5< ?>4?>@>3>2KE 8 <0;>25@>OB=KE AB8<C;>2; MB> ?>2KH05B 53> B2>@G5A:CN ?@>4C:B82=>ABL. >A:>;L:C ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O 70I8B0 A:>2K205B G5;>25:0 >1I5?@8=OBK<8 CAB0=>282H8<8AO =>@<0<8, :0B53>@8O<8, F5==>ABO<8, 53> AB@0H8B ?5@A?5:B820 1KBL =5?>E>68< =0 >:@C60NI8E. = AB@0405B >B =54>25@8O : 7=0G8<>AB8 A>1AB25==KE 4>AB865=89, 53> ?C305B 2>7<>6=>ABL >H81:8 8 >1I5AB25==>3> >AC645=8O 70 =55. 0: B>;L:> 2>7=8:05B >4=0 87 C?><O=CBKE >?0A=>AB59, <5E0=87<K 70I8BK 2:;NG0NBAO 8 B>@<>7OB 35=5@0F8N =>2KE 8459. >MB><C :@0B:>2@5<5==>5 @0A:@5?>I5=85 >B ?>4>1=KE AB@0E>2 ?>4 2>7459AB285< 2=CH5=8O ?>2KH05B B2>@G5A:85 A?>A>1=>AB8. 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> ?@8 2=CH5=88 A=865=0 A?>A>1=>ABL : :@8B8:5 8 G5;>25: >A2>1>645= >B @07;8G=KE 284>2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK, >= <>65B 4>AB8GL B>;L:> B5E @57C;LB0B>2, : :>B>@K< ?>43>B>2;5= 2A5< E>4>< A2>53> @0728B8O 8 :>B>@K5 =5 ?@>B82>@5G0B 53> >A=>2=K< ?@8=F8?0<, C15645=8O< 8 F5==>ABO<. 494 !>3;0A=> A>2@5<5==K< 40==K<, 2=CH5=85 =5 <>65B 87<5=8BL 107>2K5 A2>9AB20 ;8G=>AB8, 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, =5;L7O 2=CH8BL G5;>25:C B>, GB> 8< ?@>B82>@5G8B. 065 =0E>4OAL 2 3;C1>:>< 38?=>75, :>340 C65 >BACBAB2C5B @50:F8O =0 1>;52K5 @074@068B5;8, >= <><5=B0;L=> @5038@C5B =0 459AB28O, ?@>B82>@5G0I85 53> C15645=8O<, 8 1KAB@> 2KE>48B 87 A>AB>O=8O 38?=>70. <5==> ?>MB><C ?@8<5=5=85 M;5<5=B>2 2=CH5=8O 2 CG51=>< ?@>F5AA5 MDD5:B82=>, B>;L:> 5A;8 >=8 8A?>;L7CNBAO =0 1;03>?@8OB=>< D>=5 ?>;>68B5;L=>3> >B=>H5=8O 2=CH05<>3> : >1CG5=8N. A=>2=>5 >@C485 2>7459AB28O ?@8 2=CH5=88  A;>2>; >=> <>65B >:07K20BL 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>5, >1@07=>5 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>5 2;8O=85. #?@02;5=85 MDD5:B82=>ABLN 2=CH5=8O A2O70=> A 28@BC>7=K< 2;045=85< B5E=8:>9 >@30=870F88 @5G52KE 8=AB@C:F89. @8 0:F5=B5 =0 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>5 2>7459AB285 206=0 >4=>7=0G=>ABL D>@<C;8@>2:8 2=CH5=8O. ;O >1;53G5=8O CA;>289 D>@<8@>20=8O >1@07>2 8A?>;L7CNB 2 D>@<C;8@>2:0E A;>20, A?>A>1AB2CNI85 ?>@>645=8N =C6=>3> 7@8B5;L=>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O. ! F5;LN CA8;5=8O M<>F8>=0;L=>3> 2;8O=8O 2:;NG0NB A;>20, ?@>1C640NI85 65;05<K5 GC2AB20. >340 =5>1E>48<> AB018;878@>20BL ?>@>6405<K9 ?@8 2=CH5=88 7@8B5;L=K9 >1@07, 0:B82878@CNB 2A?><>30B5;L=K5 0AA>F80F88, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 53> >1>30I5=85, B. 5. CG8BK20NB 8 C?@02;ONB ?>4B5:AB>< 8A?>;L7C5<KE D>@<C;8@>2>:. K@078B5;L=K<8 A@54AB20<8 0:B82870F88 ?>4B5:AB0 <>3CB 1KBL ?@5420@8B5;L=> ?>43>B>2;5==K5 =54>3>2>@5==>AB8, 0:F5=B8@>20=85, 2K@078B5;L=K5 ?0C7K. -DD5:B 2=CH5=8O 4>AB8305BAO ;53G5, 5A;8 CG8BK20NBAO B8? =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 8 B5<?5@0<5=B 2=CH05<>3>. 0?@8<5@, C ;N459 EC4>65AB25==>3> B8?0 ;53G5 2K720BL 2=CH5=85 A;>25A=K< 2>7459AB285<, >?8@0OAL =0 @5GL 8 ;>38:C, 0 <KA;8B5;L=>3> B8?0  ?@8 >1@07=>< 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>< 2>7459AB288, B. 5. 2>7459AB285 MDD5:B82=55 =5 G5@57 ;>:CA <0:A8<0;L=>3> :>=B@>;O, 0 G5@57 ?5@8D5@8G5A:>5 2>A?@8OB85. =0G8B5;L=CN @>;L 2 MDD5:B82=>AB8 2=CH5=8O 83@05B 02B>@8B5B 2=CH05<>3>. >340 2 A?5F80;L=KE 8AA;54>20=8OE 4>1820;8AL, GB>1K 8A?KBC5<K5 GC2AB2>20;8 : 2=CH0NI5<C ?>;=>5 4>25@85, @50;87>20;8AL 2A5 2=CH5=8O, =5 ?@>B82>@5G0I85 273;O40< 8 C15645=8O< 8A?KBC5<KE. A;8 2=CH05<K9 8A?KBK20; =5:>B>@>5 =54>25@85 : 2=CH0NI5<C, B> @50;87>20;8AL >:>;> 42CE B@5B59 ?>4>1=KE 495 2=CH5=89, 5A;8 01A>;NB=> =5 4>25@O;, B> =8 >4=> 87 2=CH5=89 =5 @50;87>20;>AL. 5@0 2=CH05<>AB8  =5 ?>AB>O==K9 ?@87=0: 4;O 40==>3> G5;>25:0, >=0 <5=O5BAO A 2>7@0AB><. @><5 B>3>, 1>;55 ?>425@65=K 2=CH5=8N ;N48 2?5G0B;8B5;L=K5, @>1:85, AB5A=8B5;L=K5, 0 B0:65 CB><;5==K5 8 8AB>I5==K5. >;57=L, >15A?>:>5==>ABL 1C4CI8< ?@54@0A?>;030NB G5;>25:0 : 2=CH5=8N. !;54C5B =0?><=8BL, GB> G5;>25: 2 A>AB>O=88 <KH5G=>9 @5;0:A0F88, @0AA;01;5==>AB8 1>;55 ?>425@65= 2=CH5=8N. =CH05<>ABL >:07K205BAO ?>;57=>9 G5;>25:C 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 53> =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 >A;01;5=0 :0:8<8-;81> G@572KG09=K<8 2>7459AB28O<8: 1>;57=LN, 3;C1>:8< 3>@5<, AB@0E><, A8;L=K< D878G5A:8< CB><;5=85<. ">340 >= >1@0I05BAO 70 A>25B>< 8 ?><>ILN : <C4@><C G5;>25:C, 02B>@8B5B=><C ;8FC. >A;54=89, 83@0O @>;L 65;0B5;L=>3> ?><>I=8:0, D0:B8G5A:8 >ACI5AB2;O5B 2=CH5=85. -DD5:B 2=CH5=8O ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 CA:>@5=88 >1@01>B:8 8 CA2>5=8O 8=D>@<0F88 ?> A@02=5=8N A A8BC0F859, :>340 ?>4>1=0O 8=D>@<0F8O =5 8A?@0H8205BAO, 0 22>48BAO 5<C ?@8=C48B5;L=>. =CH5=85 <>65B 2KABC?0BL 2 @>;8 >@30=87CNI53> 8 >E@0=ONI53> D0:B>@0, :>340 C G5;>25:0 >1=0@C68205BAO 45D8F8B 8=D>@<0F88 8 >?KB0 ?>2545=8O 2 A;>6=>9 8;8 =57=0:><>9 >1AB0=>2:5. A;8 ?>?KB:8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=> ?>AB@>8BL AB@0B538N ?>2545=8O ?@8 ?@5>4>;5=88 ?@5?OBAB289 >:07K20NBAO 157CA?5H=K<8, MB> <>65B A?>A>1AB2>20BL ?5@5E>4C : ?>4@060B5;L=><C ?>2545=8N 8 : =5:@8B8G5A:><C 2>A?@8OB8N A83=0;>2 >B B5E, :><C C4020;>AL CA?5H=> 459AB2>20BL 2 ?>4>1=KE CA;>28OE. >340 G5;>25: 2>A?@8=8<05B @5:><5=40F88 4@C3>3> (02B>@8B5B=>3>) ;8F0 157 :@8B8G5A:>9 >F5=:8, ?>;=>ABLN ?>;030OAL =0 >?KB ?>A;54=53>, B>340 A>1AB25==K5 2>;52K5 :0G5AB20 G5;>25:0, ?CABL 4065 25AL<0 2KA>:85, =0 2@5<O ?>;=>ABLN 8A:;NG0NBAO 87 >1>@>B0. =CH5=85 CA8;8205BAO, 5A;8 A>45@60=85 2=CH05<KE D>@<C; 845B :0: 1K 2 C=8A>= A B5<8 >ICI5=8O<8 8 >6840=8O<8, :>B>@K5 2 40==K9 <><5=B 459AB28B5;L=> ?5@568205B 2=CH05<K9 G5;>25:. 0: 8725AB=>, ?@>F5AAK >@85=B8@>2:8 2 >:@C60NI59 A@545 A2O70=K A >?@545;5=85< 4>AB>25@=>AB8 ?>ABC?0NI59 8=D>@<0F88 8 55 ;8G=>9 7=0G8<>AB8. >;LH0O G0ABL MB>9 >1@01>B:8 ?@>2>48BAO 02B><0B8G5A:8 =0 ?>4A>7=0B5;L=>< C@>2=5 8 =5 703@C605B A>7=0=85 @50:F859 =0 <0;>7=0G8<K5 8;8 =54>AB>25@=K5 A83=0;K 87 2=5H=59 A@54K. 496 A>15==>ABL 2=CH5=8O :@>5BAO 2 B><, GB> ?><8<> >A=>2=>9 8=D>@<0F88, A2O70==>9 A A>45@60=85< 2=CH5=8O, 22>48BAO 4>102>G=0O, ?@840NI0O 4>AB>25@=>ABL >A=>2=>9 8=D>@<0F88. '5@57 =5:>B>@K9 ?5@8>4 2@5<5=8 2=CH05<K9 C156405BAO 2 B><, GB> :064>5 A;>2> 2=CH0NI53> =0E>48B 157CA;>2=>5 ?>4B25@645=85 2 53> GC2AB20E 8 2?5G0B;5=8OE, 8 4>25@85 : 2=CH5=8N 2>7@0AB05B. @8 MB>< DC=:F8O 0:B82=>3> :>=B@>;O A>7=0=8O, >1KG=> =0?@02;5==0O =0 B5:CICN ?@>25@:C A>>B25BAB28O 2=CH5=8O @50;L=K< A2>9AB20< >:@C60NI59 A@54K, AB0=>28BAO :0: 1K 87;8H=59, 871KB>G=>9 8 ?>AB5?5==> >A;015205B 4> AB5?5=8 15AA>7=0B5;L=>3> >B>645AB2;5=8O A;>25A=>9 8=D>@<0F88, ?>ABC?0NI59 >B 2=CH0NI53>, A 2>A?@8OB85< >:@C60NI53> <8@0. >72@0I0OAL : <5B>4C ?>3@C65=8O, A;54C5B 70<5B8BL, GB> ?>=8<0=85 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E <5E0=87<>2 2=CH5=8O ?>72>;O5B ?@5?>4020B5;N MDD5:B82=> 8A?>;L7>20BL M;5<5=BK 2=CH5=8O 2 CG51=>< ?@>F5AA5. #25@5==>ABL CG0I8EAO 2 ?5403>38G5A:>< <0AB5@AB25 ?@5?>4020B5;O A?>A>1AB2C5B ?@5>4>;5=8N 8E =54>25@8O : A2>8< A8;0< ?@8 >A2>5=88 CG51=>3> <0B5@80;0, GB>, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, 25AL<0 1;03>?@8OB=> A:07K205BAO =0 >1I5< ?>4J5<5 C<AB25==>9 @01>B>A?>A>1=>AB8 8 ?>7=020B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. 57CA;>2=>5 4>25@85 CG0I8EAO ?>72>;O5B ?@5?>4020B5;N >ACI5AB2;OBL 2=CH5=85, 2>7459AB2CO ?@58<CI5AB25==> G5@57 M<>F8>=0;L=CN AD5@C. 2>48<0O =0 MB>< D>=5 0@3C<5=B0F8O ?>445@68205B 8 C:@5?;O5B A>740==K9 M<>F8>=0;L=K9 =0AB@>9. :;NG5=85 @07;8G=KE D>@< 2=CH5=8O 2 >1CG5=85 <>65B >ACI5AB2;OBLAO :064K< ?@5?>4020B5;5<. A;8 53> 02B>@8B5B 4>AB0B>G=> 2KA>:, ?@82;5:0B5;L=>ABL 2K428305<KE 8< 0@3C<5=B>2 CA8;8205BAO. #:@5?;5=85 4>25@8O ?>43>B02;8205B ABC45=B0 : ?@87=0=8N 8AB8==>AB8 0@3C<5=B0F88, ?@82>48<>9 =0 70=OB8OE, 0 2>7=8:H0O CAB0=>2:0 ?5@5AB@08205B 2A5 ?@>F5AAK CA2>5=8O 7=0=89. "0:8< >1@07><, AB0BCA ?@5?>4020B5;O, ?>=8<05<K9 :0: 53> <>@0;L=K9 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K9 02B>@8B5B, 0 B0:65 53> ;8G=K5 :0G5AB20, >1;53G0NI85 :>=B0:B A 0C48B>@859, A;C60B 206=K< 2=CH0NI8< D0:B>@><. !CI=>ABL :>=F5?F88 AC335AB>?5488 2 ?@5?>4020=88 70:;NG05BAO 2 ?>2KH5=88 MDD5:B82=>AB8 @5H5=8O CG0I8<AO CG51=KE 7040G ?CB5< M<>F8>=0;L=>3> 2=CH5=8O 2 1>4@AB2CNI5< A>AB>O=88, B5< A0<K< >15A?5G8205BAO 497 ACI5AB25==>5 >1>AB@5=85 ?0<OB8, @>AB >1J5<0 0:B82878@C5<>9 8=D>@<0F88, ?>2KH5=85 A:>@>AB8 70?><8=0=8O 8 2>A?@>872545=8O. -B>B ?>4E>4, >A=>20==K9 =0 B5>@5B8G5A:8E ?>;>65=8OE, 2KA:070==KE . . 5EB5@52K< 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O ?>;CG8; @0728B85 2 @01>B0E 1>;30@A:>3> CG5=>3> . >70=>20 8 ?>4E20G5= A>25BA:8<8 8AA;54>20B5;O<8 [31, 168, 169]. 06=CN @>;L 2 ?@>F5AA5 2=CH5=8O :@><5 02B>@8B5B0 ?@5?>4020B5;O 83@0NB 2>7<>6=>ABL 2@5<5==>9 DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 8=D0=B8;870F88 0C48B>@88, 42C?;0=>2>ABL 87;>65=8O CG51=>3> <0B5@80;0, AB8<C;OF8O B0: =07K205<>9 =5A?5F8D8G5A:>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 @50:B82=>AB8, >B7K2G82>AB8. !C335AB82=>ABL CAB=>3> A>>1I5=8O 8;8 B5:AB0 <>65B >A=>2K20BLAO =0 53> A>45@60=88 8;8 D>@<5 8;8 =0 B>< 8 4@C3>< >4=>2@5<5==>. =CH5=85, >A=>20==>5 =0 A>45@60=88, A>AB>8B 2 >A>1>< ?>41>@5 8 A>G5B0=88 0@3C<5=B>2, 2E>4OI8E 2 A>AB02 40==>3> A>>1I5=8O. !C335AB82=>ABL A>45@60=8O A>>1I5=8O <>65B 2K7K20BLAO B0:65 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 53> AB>@>=>9. =CH5=85, >A=>20==>5 =0 D>@<5, 70:;NG05BAO 2 >A>1>< >D>@<;5=88 8 ?>40G5 A>>1I5=8O. =CH0NI55 2>7459AB285 ;8G=>AB8 ?@5?>4020B5;O =0 CG5=8:>2 O@:> ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 B><, GB> 53> =0AB@>5=85, :0: ?@028;>, ?5@5405BAO 8< =5?>A@54AB25==>, 8 2 B><, GB> D>@<0 2>?@>A>2 <>65B 8 0:B82878@>20BL 8 ?>402;OBL =0AB@>5=85 CG5=8:>2. 4=8< 87 ?@>4C:B82=KE 284>2 <5B>40 ?>3@C65=8O O2;O5BAO AC335AB82=K9 <5B>4 . >70=>20 [168, 169], 2 :>B>@>< 2=CH5=85 70=8<05B 206=>5 <5AB>. =CH5=85 <>65B 1KBL >B:@KBK< 8 2:;NG0BL =0AB>OB5;L=CN @5:><5=40F8N =5 701>B8BLAO > 70CG820=88, GB> 30@0=B8@C5BAO A0<8< <5B>4>< >1CG5=8O. 0:@KB>5 2=CH5=85 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO =5 G5@57 ?@O<K5 C:070=8O ?@5?>4020B5;O, 0 G5@57 2>7459AB285 >1AB0=>2:8 >1CG5=8O 8 A?>A>1>2 ?>40G8 <0B5@80;0. => MDD5:B82=55, G5< >B:@KB>5, B0: :0: 8A:;NG05B ?@>B82>459AB285 CG0I53>AO, => B@51C5B 1>;LH53> <0AB5@AB20 >B ?@5?>4020B5;O. => A?>A>1AB2C5B ?>4A>7=0B5;L=>9 8 ?>;=>9 <>18;870F88 2=8<0=8O, ?0<OB8 8 <KH;5=8O.  A>AB>O=88, :>340 A=OBK 10@L5@K =5C25@5==>AB8 2 A2>8E A8;0E 8 AD>@<8@>20=> C15645=85 2 A?>A>1=>AB8 4>AB8GL =0<5G5==CN F5;L, G5;>25: 45<>=AB@8@C5B ACI5AB25==>5 @0AH8@5=85 A2>8E B2>@G5A:8E 2>7<>6=>AB59. 498 >3@C65=85  MB> A8AB5<0 >1CG5=8O, :>B>@0O A>7405B C CG0I53>AO 2=CB@5==55 >ICI5=85 A2>1>4K, @0A:@K20O ?>B5=F80;L=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 G5;>25:0. ;O AB8<C;8@>20=8O 2=8<0=8O 8A?>;L7C5BAO >1@0I5=85 =5 B>;L:> : ?@>872>;L=><C, => 8 : =5?@>872>;L=><C 2=8<0=8N 8 >A>15==> : 15AA>7=0B5;L=><C ?5@8D5@89=><C 2>A?@8OB8N. 5B>4 ?>3@C65=8O >?8@05BAO =0 B@8 ?@8=F8?0: C4>2>;LAB285 8 @5;0:A0F8N =0 70=OB8OE, 548=AB2> A>7=0B5;L=>3> 8 ?>4A>7=0B5;L=>3>, 42CAB>@>==NN A2O7L 2 ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O. >A:>;L:C 2 MB>9 <5B>48:5 >1CG5=85 =5 @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: BO6:89 B@C4, B> 8 2>?@>A0 > ?5@5@K20E 4;O >B4KE0 =5 2>7=8:05B. B ;53:>3> 8 ?@8OB=>3> CA2>5=8O 2A5 1>;LH53> <0B5@80;0 2>7=8:05B >ICI5=85 =0A;0645=8O. 1CG5=85 >@30=87C5BAO B0:8< >1@07><, GB> =5 A>?@>2>6405BAO :0:8<-;81> =0?@O65=85<. @5?>4020B5;L >@30=87C5B A2>52@5<5==>5 ?>;CG5=85 8=D>@<0F88 >1 CA2>5=88 CG0I8<8AO <0B5@80;0 8 CG8BK205B 2>7<>6=>AB8 :064>3>. @8;030NBAO A?5F80;L=K5 CA8;8O 4;O A>740=8O 8 8A?>;L7>20=8O 02B>@8B5B0 ?@5?>4020B5;O A F5;LN ?>445@60=8O C CG0I8EAO C25@5==>AB8 2 CA?5E5 8 @04>AB=>9 0B<>AD5@K 2 ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O. #G51=K9 <0B5@80; ?@54;0305BAO =5 B>;L:>, :0: >1KG=>, 45B0;878@>20=>, => 8 2 3;>10;L=KE, >1>1I5==KE 548=8F0E, ?@54AB02;O5<KE ?>A@54AB2>< A8=B5B8G5A:8E :0@B8=, AE5<, ?;0=>2  4;O >4=>2@5<5==>3> ;>38G5A:>3> 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O 8 CA2>5=8O. =>340 MB>B CG51=K9 <0B5@80; ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 A?5F80;L=> A=OBK5 :8=>D8;L<K 8 ?L5AK, A>G5B0NI85 2 A515 <C7K:C, 10;5B, 4@0<C 8 ;>38G5A:85 0;3>@8B<K :>=:@5B=>3> <0B5@80;0. A>15==> 206=> 2:;NG5=85 M;5<5=B>2 ?@>872545=89 8A:CAAB20, ?>A:>;L:C >=8 >1;040NB =5 B>;L:> ?5403>38G5A:8<, => 8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8<, @5;0:A0F8>==K< 2>7459AB285<. @8=F8? 2=CB@5==53> @0A:@5?>I5=8O 45;05B MB>B <5B>4 >A>15==> ?@>4C:B82=K<. ;O 4>AB865=8O MB>9 F5;8 ?@82;5:0NBAO 2A?><>30B5;L=K5 A@54AB20, 2 B>< G8A;5 2>2;5G5=85 CG0I8EAO 2 ?5=85, B0=FK, 83@K, >?8@0NI85AO =0 @07=>>1@07=K5 8=B>=0F8>==K5 8 @8B<8G5A:85 :><?>=5=BK. !?5F80;L=K< >1@07>< >@30=87>20==0O :>=F5@B=0O ?A524>?0AA82=>ABL A>7405B CA;>28O, ?@8 :>B>@KE C CG0I8EAO 2K7K20NBAO A>AB>O=8O, 1;87:85 : EC4>65AB25==><C ?5@56820=8N. 5B>4 ?>3@C65=8O =0H5; A2>5 ?@8<5=5=85 ?@5645 2A53> ?@8 >1CG5=88 8=>AB@0==><C O7K:C.  B@048F8>==>< >1CG5=88 =5>?@0240==> 1>;LH0O =03@C7:0 ?0405B =0 ?@>872>;L=>5 70?><8=0=85.  <5B>45 ?>3@C65=8O F5=B@ BO65AB8 ?5@5=>A8BAO =0 ?>A;54CNI55 ?@8<5=5=85 7=0=89, 8 3;02=>9 7040G59 4;O >1CG0NI8EAO AB0=>28BAO ?>=8<0=85, 02B><0B8G5A:8 2:;NG0NI55 =5?@>872>;L=>5 70?><8=0=85. <5AB> B>3> GB>1K :064>5 70CG8205<>5 A;>2> A?5F80;L=> 2=>A8BL 2 =5>1E>48<K9 4;O =53> 0AA>F80B82=K9 @O4, 2 MB>< A;CG05 ?>ABC?0NB 8=0G5  A A0<>3> =0G0;0 >1CG0NI53> 2:;NG0NB 2 >?@545;5==CN B5<0B8G5A:CN A8BC0F8N A C65 3>B>2K<8 0AA>F80F8O<8 4;O B5E A;>2, :>B>@K5 5<C ?@54AB>8B 70CG8BL, B. 5. A>7405BAO =C6=0O @5G520O A@540. @O<0O F5;L >1CG5=8O A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>1K ?>1C48BL CG0I53>AO 68BL 2 40==>9 A8BC0F88, ?>=8<0BL E0@0:B5@ 2708<>459AB28O 2 =59, 8 C65 MB> 703>B02;8205B =C6=K5 0AA>F80F88 4;O 70?><8=0=8O A;>2. @>8AE>48B :0: 1K ?@54=0AB@>9:0 >?@545;5==KE 7>= ?0<OB8. > MB><C <5B>4C 70 >48= 45=L <>6=> 2KCG8BL 200 A;>2 8=>AB@0==>3> O7K:0 8 157 2AO:8E ?>2B>@5=89 2>A?@>8725AB8 8E A 157C?@5G=K< ?@>87=>H5=85< 8 C25@5==>ABLN 2 A515. 0?@8<5@, 4;O @5H5=8O 7040G8 8=B5=A82=><C >1CG5=8N O7K:C 8A?>;L7>20;8 <5B>4 ?>3@C65=8O ?@5?>4020B5;8 >;8B5E=8G5A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 ">;LOBB8. 1CG5=85 ?@>2>48;>AL 2 420 F8:;0. 5@2K9 (2 ?5@2>< A5<5AB@5) ?@>4>;60;AO 20 4=59 ?> 4 G0A0 2 45=L 8 1K; >@85=B8@>20= =0 >2;045=85 >1I5C?>B@518B5;L=>9 ;5:A8:>9 8 3@0<<0B8:>9. B>@>9 (2> 2B>@>< A5<5AB@5) 1K; @0AAG8B0= =0 60 CG51=KE G0A>2 8 >@85=B8@>20= =0 >2;045=85 A?5F80;L=>9 B5@<8=>;>3859.  >;30@88 ?> MB><C <5B>4C CG0B =5 B>;L:> 8=>AB@0==K5 O7K:8: 2 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=KE 3@C??0E ?@>E>4OB D878:C =5 70 100 G0A>2, @0ABO=CBKE =0 CG51=K9 3>4, 0 70 50 G0A>2 2 B5G5=85 10 4=59, 70B5< B0: 65 <>=>;8B=> 87CG05BAO 0;351@0, 2A;54 70 MB8< ;8B5@0BC@0, ?@8 MB>< =5 B@0BOBAO A8;K =0 040?B0F8N.  :>=F5 :064>3> :C@A0 >1CG5=8O ?@>2>4OBAO A50=AK 70?><8=0=8O, :>340 CG5=8:8 ?@>AB> A84OB 8 A;CH0NB, >A2>1>645==K5 >B 2A5E >3@0=8G5=89, ?@51K20O 2 A>AB>O=88 :>=F5@B=>9 ?A524>?0AA82=>AB8, 8 ?@8 MB><, :0: 2KOA=8;>AL, >=8 2A5 >B;8G=> 70?><8=0NB. >A:>;L:C 70=OB8O ?> MB><C <5B>4C ?@>8AE>4OB 2 =5>1KG=>9 >1AB0=>2:5, ?@82>4OI59 : ?>;=><C @0A:@5?>I5=8N, >=8 =5 B>;L:> =5 2K7K20NB C CG0I8EAO =8:0:>3> CB><;5=8O, =>, =0?@>B82, ?>@>640NB >ICI5=85 >B4KE0 8 871KB:0 A8;. "0:>5 87<5=5=85 AB@0B5388 >1CG5=8O ?>72>;O5B ?@5>4>;520BL CAB0@52H55 ?@54AB02;5=85 > 25AL<0 >3@0=8G5==KE =>@<0E CA2>5=8O <0B5@80;0. 500 <5AB> >ICI5=8O A2>59 =5?>;=>F5==>AB8, 2K@060NI59AO 2 >?0A5=88 =5 70?><=8BL, C >1CG0NI8EAO 2>7=8:05B, 1;03>40@O =5=02O7G82><C 2=CH5=8N, >ICI5=85 ?>;=>F5==>AB8, A>1AB25==>9 A8;K, C25@5==>AB8 2 A515 8 ?@5?>4020B5;5. >340 >1CG05<K9 8A?KBK205B 2A52>7@0AB0NICN C25@5==>ABL 2 A2>8E A8;0E, >= ?>43>B>2;5= : ?5@5E>4C >B >1CG5=8O : A0<>>1CG5=8N. 2B>@8B5B ?@5?>4020B5;O A;C68B >4=8< 87 >A=>2=KE D0:B>@>2, ?@54>?@545;ONI8E 2>7<>6=>AB8 2=CH5=8O, 4>AB865=8O 1;03>?@8OB=KE CA;>289 M<>F8>=0;L=>3> 2>71C645=8O, >15A?5G820NI53> @>AB >1J5<0 ?0<OB8, 1KAB@>BK 70?><8=0=8O 8 2>A?@>872545=8O. "0<, 345 8<55B <5AB> 4>25@85, =5 2A5340 =5>1E>48<K 4>:070B5;LAB20. 5@0 CG5=8:>2 2 7=0=8O 8 ?5403>38G5A:>5 <0AB5@AB2> ?@5?>4020B5;O A?>A>1AB2C5B @>ABC 8E C25@5==>AB8 2 CA2>5=88 CG51=>3> <0B5@80;0, GB>, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, 25AL<0 1;03>?@8OB=> A:07K205BAO =0 >1I5< ?>4J5<5 8E C<AB25==>9 @01>B>A?>A>1=>AB8 8 ?>7=020B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. @5<5==0O DC=:F8>=0;L=0O ?0AA82=>ABL 0C48B>@88 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO 2K@065==K< @>AB>< 157CA;>2=>3> 4>25@8O : ?@5?>4020B5;N, GB> ?>72>;O5B 5<C >ACI5AB2;OBL 2=CH5=85, 2>7459AB2>20BL =0 CG0I8EAO ?@58<CI5AB25==> G5@57 M<>F8>=0;L=CN AD5@C, =5 >AB0=02;820OAL =0 ;>38G5A:8E 4>:070B5;LAB20E. G5284=>, ;>38G5A:85 0@3C<5=BK ?@8 MB>< =5 <5H0NB, 0 B>;L:> CA8;820NB M<>F8>=0;L=>5 2>7459AB285. 5A?5F8D8G5A:0O ?A8E8G5A:0O >B7K2G82>ABL >1CG05<KE A>7405BAO 8 CA8;8205BAO A?5F80;L=>9 >1AB0=>2:>9 70=OB89  B>@65AB25==>ABLN, 2:;NG5=85< M;5<5=B>2 MAB5B8G5A:>3> 2>7459AB28O, 2 B>< G8A;5 DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 <C7K:8, C4>1=KE :@5A5;, @0A?>;>65=85< >1CG05<KE 70 :@C3;K< AB>;><, 87>;OF859 >B ?>AB>@>==8E 72C:>2 4;O A=OB8O 87;8H=53> =0?@O65=8O, @0A:>20==>AB8, 1>;LH59 :>=F5=B@0F88 =0 87CG05<>< <0B5@80;5. @><5 2=CH0NI53> 2>7459AB28O ?@5?>4020B5;O ACI5AB25==K9 2:;04 2 ?@>4C:B82=>ABL <5B>40 ?>3@C65=8O 2=>A8B 2;8O=85 CA?5E>2 B>20@8I59 ?> 3@C??5. 0: A?@0254;82> >B<5G05B . . 5B@>2A:89 [211], A>25@H5==> =5?@028;L=> @0A?@>AB@0=5==>5 C15645=85, GB>, G5< <5=LH5 CG0I8EAO, B5< ;CGH5, 8 A0<K9 MDD5:B82=K9 A?>A>1 >1CG5=8O  8=48284C0;L=K9. A;8 3@C??0 2 ?@>F5AA5 CG51K ?@52@0I05BAO 2 ?>4;8==K9 :>;;5:B82, B> =5 B>;L:> =01;N45=85 70 CA?5E0<8 4@C38E 2=CH05B 25@C 2 A>1AB25==K9 CA?5E, => 8 ?@O<>5 ?>>I@5=85 G;5=>2 MB>3> :>;;5:B820 2>7459AB2C5B =0 :064>3>. 08=B5@5A>20==>ABL :>;;5:B820 2 CA?5E0E :064>3> 53> G;5=0  <>I=K9 D0:B>@ ?5@5AB@>9:8 <>B820F88 CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, 254CI89 : CA:>@5==><C >1CG5=8N. 501 2C?;0=>2>ABL ?@8 ?5@540G5 =>2>3> <0B5@80;0, :>340 A;>20 8 D@07K, =5ACI85 A<KA;>2CN =03@C7:C (>48= ?;0=), A>?@>2>640NBAO M<>F8>=0;L=> >:@0H5==K<8 65AB0<8, 8=B>=0F859, <8<8:>9 (4@C3>9 ?;0=), ?>72>;O5B CA8;8BL 53> 2>7459AB285, A?>A>1AB2>20BL 1>;55 1KAB@><C ?5@5E>4C 8=D>@<0F88 87 :@0B:>2@5<5==>9 ?0<OB8 2 1>;55 4;8B5;L=CN. #65 87 :@0B:>3> >?8A0=8O >B45;L=KE <5B>4>2 0:B82=>3> >1CG5=8O 284=>, GB> >=8 A?>A>1=K ?><>GL 2 >2;045=88 7=0=8O<8 G5;>25:C ;N1>3> 2>7@0AB0. >AB8305BAO MB> A ?><>ILN 87<5=5=8O F5;8 8 C:@5?;5=8O CG51=>9 <>B820F88 C >1CG0NI8EAO. =8 =5 4>;6=K 45;0BL A?5F80;L=KE CA8;89, AB@5<OAL 70?><=8BL <0B5@80;, 0 ?@>AB> @5H0NB :>=:@5B=K5 7040G8, B5A=> A2O70==K5 A 8E 1C4CI59 8;8 459AB28B5;L=>9 @01>B>9, ?@8G5< 2 A>F80;L=>9 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 >1AB0=>2:5, <0:A8<0;L=> ?@81;865==>9 : ?@>872>4AB25==>9.  MB8E CA;>28OE 2 ?@>F5AA5 @5H5=8O 7040G8 >=8 =0:0?;820NB =5>1E>48<K5 7=0=8O 8 A?>A>1K ?>2545=8O, 8 B5< A0<K< >A=>2=>9 CG51=K9 <0B5@80; 22>48BAO 2 F5;L 45OB5;L=>AB8, 0 =5 2 A@54AB20. -B8< >=8 ACI5AB25==> >B;8G0NBAO >B B@048F8>==KE <5B>4>2 >1CG5=8O, 2 :>B>@KE >1I0O F5;L  ?>;CG5=85 7=0=89, >1@07>20=8O, A?5F80;L=>AB8  5A;8 8 7=0G8<0 ;8G=>AB=>, B> =5?>A@54AB25==0O, A2O70==0O A CA2>5=85< :>=:@5B=>3> <0B5@80;0, =02O7K205BAO 872=5. &5;L 40==>3> 70=OB8O AC1J5:B82=> =5 A2O7K205BAO A @50;L=K<8 7040G0<8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, =5 0:BC0;878@C5B A>>B25BAB2CNI8E A>F80;L=KE CAB0=>2>: 8 ?>MB><C =5 405B =C6=>3> MDD5:B0.  B> 65 2@5<O ?@8 0:B82=>< >1CG5=88 >B40;5==0O :>=5G=0O F5;L  CG8BLAO  =5?>A@54AB25==> ?>@>6405B <>B82 :>=:@5B=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 (=0?@8<5@, ?@8 @5H5=88 A8BC0F89) 8 ?@>1C6405B ;8G=>AB=CN 708=B5@5A>20==>ABL, :>B>@0O ACI5AB25==> 8=B5=A8D8F8@C5B ?@>F5AA CA2>5=8O <0B5@80;0 8 C;CGH05B @57C;LB0BK >1CG5=8O. >2KH5=85 M<>F8>=0;L=>3> D>=0 8 ?@5420@8B5;L=0O =0AB@>9:0 =0 A8BC0F8N >?B8<878@CNB @01>BC ?0<OB8, B5< A0<K< 4>AB8305BAO MDD5:B82=>5 8A?>;L7>20=85 ?@>H;>3> >?KB0 CG0I8EAO 8 87<5=5=85 8E >1I53> >B=>H5=8O : >1CG5=8N. 502 5 B>;L:> 87<5=5=85 >B=>H5=8O : >1CG5=8N O2;O5BAO ACI5AB25==K< 4>AB>8=AB2>< 0:B82=KE <5B>4>2 ?> A@02=5=8N A B@048F8>==K<8, => 8 ?@8=OB85 =>2KE A?>A>1>2 8 AB@0B5389 ?>2545=8O. 5GL 845B =5 B>;L:> >1 8E CA2>5=88, => 8<5==> >1 8E ;8G=>AB=>9 ?@85<;5<>AB8, GB> 8AE>4=> A2O70=> A ?A8E>;>38G5A:8<8 10@L5@0<8 8 A?>A>10<8 70I8BK 8, 157CA;>2=>, B@51C5B ?5@5AB@>9:8 CAB0=>2>:. >;57=> ?>4G5@:=CBL 8 B>, GB> 2 0:B82=KE <5B>40E 8AB>G=8:>< =>2>9 8=D>@<0F88 AB0=>28BAO =5 B>;L:> ?@5?>4020B5;L 8 CG51=0O ;8B5@0BC@0, => 8 25AL :>;;5:B82 A;CH0B5;59. @5?>4020B5;L ;8HL ?><>305B 2K18@0BL =C6=CN 8=D>@<0F8N 87 >1AC6405<KE ?@>1;5< 8 =0?@02;O5B E>4 48A:CAA88. @8 B@048F8>==KE D>@<0E >1CG5=8O  8 ?@8 ;5:F8>==>< A?>A>15 >1I5=8O 8 2 ?@>F5AA5 8=48284C0;L=>9 @01>BK  >1<5= 8=D>@<0F859 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO B>;L:> G5@57 ?@5?>4020B5;O. @8 0:B82=>< A?>A>15 >1CG5=8O >1I5=85 2 3@C??5  >A=>2=0O D>@<0 2708<>459AB28O, A>740NI0O G5;>25:C >?B8<0;L=K5 CA;>28O 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >= <>3 @0728BL 8 2K@078BL A2>5 A>1AB25==>5 <=5=85, >1>A=>20BL A2>N B>G:C 7@5=8O, 0 MB>, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, O2;O5BAO =5>1E>48<K< CA;>285< 4;O 8=B5@8>@870F88 7=0=89 8 273;O4>2, B. 5. ?@52@0I5=8O 8E 2 4>AB>O=85 ;8G=>AB8, 2 C15645=8O. K :@0B:> 87;>68;8 =5A:>;L:> <5B>4>2 0:B82=>3> >1CG5=8O. 06=> 8<5BL 2 284C, GB>, 4065 =5 ?@8<5=OO 8E 2 ?>;=>< >1J5<5, <>6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL 8E M;5<5=BK 2 >1KG=>< ;5:F8>==>< :C@A5. @82545< =5A:>;L:> ?@8<5@>2. 7 <5B>40 ?>3@C65=8O. 0G8=0O G8B0BL :C@A ;5:F89, =5@54:> AB0;:820NBAO A 2=CB@5==8< A>?@>B82;5=85< G0AB8 27@>A;>9 0C48B>@88. @8G8=K A>?@>B82;5=8O B0:85: (0) <K 2A5 MB> 7=05<, MB> =0< =5 =C6=>, MB> =58=B5@5A=>, 8;8 B0:85: (1) =0< ?>74=> 87CG0BL MB>, <K C65 ?;>E> CA208205<, =0< B@C4=>. ;O ?@5>4>;5=8O 10@L5@0 (0) =0 ?5@2CN ;5:F8N F5;5A>>1@07=> 2K=>A8BL <0B5@80;, >1;040NI89 @O4>< >A>1KE :0G5AB2: 157CA;>2=>, =>2K9 4;O 0C48B>@88, 157CA;>2=>, ?>;57=K9 4;O =55, C2;5:0B5;L=K9. 5206=>, 5A;8 MB>B <0B5@80; 70B5< 1C45B G0ABO<8 ?>2B>@OBLAO 2 ?>A;54CNI8E ;5:F8OE, 3;02=>5, A>740BL =0B8A:. !;CH0B5;8 =5 4>;6=K CA?5BL >3;O=CBLAO, :0: C65 A 8=B5@5A>< A;CH0NB <0B5@80;. ;O ?@5>4>;5=8O 10@L5@0 (1) ?>;57=> :@0B:> 87;>68BL ?@8=F8?80;L=CN :>=F5?F8N A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388 > B><, GB> G5;>25: =5 B>;L:> <>65B CA20820BL =>2K9 <0B5@80; 2AN 687=L, =>, =0:0?;820O 687=5==K9 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K9 >?KB, 45;05B MB> 503 2A5 ;CGH5, ?>MB><C, G5< AB0@H5 >= AB0=>28BAO, B5< ;53G5 ?>AB8305B =>2>5, 5A;8 >B405B A515 >BG5B 2 ;8G=>9 F5==>AB8 ?>;CG05<KE 7=0=89. ! B>9 65 F5;LN <>6=> @0AA:070BL 8 ?@825AB8 C1548B5;L=K5 ?@8<5@K, ?>:07K20NI85, GB>, 5A;8 G5;>25: =5 AB028B A515 10@L5@>2 A>1AB25==K<8 CA8;8O<8, 0, =0>1>@>B, ?>2KH05B C25@5==>ABL 2 A2>8E A8;0E, 53> A?>A>1=>AB8 @57:> 2>7@0AB0NB. "0:8< >1@07><, ?5@20O ;5:F8O 4>;6=0 ?>3@C78BL 2 :C@A 8 2K720BL M=BC7807< : ?>A;54CNI8< ;5:F8O<. &5;5A>>1@07=> ?5@54 ;5:F859 40BL =0 2 3 <8=CBK <C7K:0;L=CN =0AB@>9:C. 5;0B5;L=> ?>4>1@0BL MBC <C7K:0;L=CN 70AB02:C B0:, GB>1K ?> <5;>488 8 A;>20< (5A;8 >=8 5ABL) >=0 ?><>3;0 A;CH0B5;O< >BAB@>8BLAO >B <0B5@80;0, 87;>65==>3> =0 ?@54K4CI59 ;5:F88 4@C3>3> ?@5?>4020B5;O, >B4>E=CBL 8 ?>43>B>28BLAO : >?B8<0;L=><C 2>A?@8OB8N 8<5==> 40==>9 B5<K. ?KB <C7K:0;L=KE 70AB02>: ?>:070;, GB> MB> =>2>22545=85 2AB@5G05BAO 0C48B>@859 ?>;>68B5;L=>, => B@51C5B 40;L=59H53> A>25@H5=AB2>20=8O 2 ?>41>@5 <5;>489 2 A>>B25BAB288 =5 B>;L:> A B5<>9, => 8 A <C7K:0;L=>9 :C;LBC@>9 0C48B>@88. 7 <5B>40 :>=:@5B=KE A8BC0F89.  ?@>F5AA5 ;5:F88 (;CGH5 2 :>=F5 55) <>6=> ?>?@>A8BL 0C48B>@8N ?@825AB8 ?@8<5@K ?> B5<5 ;5:F88 8 A8BC0F88 87 A2>59 ?@0:B8:8 8 A>2<5AB=> >1AC48BL 8E, >@30=87>202 B5< A0<K< A2>5>1@07=K9 >1<5= >?KB><. :;NG5=85 A;CH0B5;59 2 0:B82=>5 >1AC645=85 8 8E A>3;0A85 ?>45;8BLAO A2>8<8 =0E>4:0<8 8 ?@8<5@0<8  =5 B>;L:> A>45@60B5;L=> 8 ?>;57=> 2A5< ?@8ACBAB2CNI8<, => 8 <5=O5B 8E >B=>H5=85 : ?@54<5BC 8 : ?@5?>4020B5;N =0 1>;55 ?@>4C:B82=>5. ;O B>3> GB>1K >B:@KBL =0?@02;5==CN 48A:CAA8N, 2 :>=F5 ;5:F88 <>6=> ?@54;>68BL 2>?@>A: 0:85 D0:BK 87 <0B5@80;0 ?>A;54=59 ;5:F88 A2845B5;LAB2CNB >...? 48= 87 A?>A>1>2, ?>72>;ONI89 2:;NG8BL 2 >1AC645=85 A8BC0F88, @50;L=> 2>;=CNI85 40==CN 0C48B>@8N, A>AB>8B 2 A;54CNI5<. >A;5 >G5@54=>3> 70=OB8O ;5:F8>==>3> F8:;0 A;CH0B5;O< ?@54;0305BAO 87;>68BL =081>;55 70?><=82HCNAO 8;8 5I5 64CICN A2>53> @07@5H5=8O A8BC0F8N 87 A2>59 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 ?@0:B8:8. 0?@8<5@, =C6=> >?8A0BL A;CG09, :>340 8E ?>425;0 ?0<OBL 8;8 ?@>87>H;> G@572KG09=>5 A>1KB85 =0 M:70<5=5. 504 7 B@5=8@>2:8 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8. &5;5A>>1@07=> 22>48BL 2 87;0305<K9 <0B5@80; M;5<5=BK ;8G=>3> =0CG=>3> 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> >?KB0. C48B>@8O 2A5340 ?8B05B >?@545;5==K9 8=B5@5A : ;8G=>AB8 ?@5?>4020B5;O, 53> A;54C5B ?@028;L=> C4>2;5B2>@8BL =5 =0 ?>G25 1KB>2KE 45B0;59 (MB> A1;8605B, => ?>=8605B ?@5AB86), 0 =0 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 ?>G25. >;57=> : <5ABC 8 A:@><=> >G5@B8BL >1;0ABL A2>8E ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=KE 8 =0CG=KE 8=B5@5A>2 8 @0AA:070BL > A>1AB25==KE =0CG=KE @57C;LB0B0E. -B> ?>2KH05B 4>25@85 8 : >AB0;L=><C 87;0305<><C <0B5@80;C. >AB 02B>@8B5B0 ?@5?>4020B5;O =5?>A@54AB25==> A:07K205BAO =0 MDD5:B82=>AB8 >1CG5=8O: ;CGH5 70?><8=05BAO <0B5@80; 8 B@51C5BAO <5=LH5 0@3C<5=B0F88. 7 45;>2KE 83@. -;5<5=BK 83@ <>3CB >@30=8G=> 2:;NG0BLAO 2 A5<8=0@A:85 70=OB8O. 0?@8<5@, 3@C??0 45;8BAO =0 B@8 G0AB8 (87 <5B>48:8 . . "CBCH:8=>9): 0) B5>@5B8:>2 (87CG0NI8E B5>@8N), 1) ?@0:B8:>2 (87CG0NI8E ?@0:B8G5A:>5 ?@8<5=5=85), 2) :@8B8:>2. 0640O ?>43@C??0 3>B>28B A2>9 0A?5:B B5<K 8 4>;6=0 0@3C<5=B8@>20==> 87;>68BL ?>43>B>2;5==K9 <0B5@80; [269]. ?KB GB5=8O :C@A0 ;5:F89 ?> ?A8E>;>388 4;O ?@5?>4020B5;59 D0:C;LB5B0 ?>2KH5=8O :20;8D8:0F88 5=8=3@04A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<. .. 40=>20 2KO28; >A>1CN @>;L 70:;NG8B5;L=>9 :>=D5@5=F88 A;CH0B5;59. "0:0O :>=D5@5=F8O ?>72>;O5B :064><C 87 =8E A8AB5<0B878@>20BL ?>;CG5==K5 =0 ;5:F8OE 7=0=8O, CG5ABL A2>9 A>1AB25==K9 ?@0:B8G5A:89 >?KB 8 0:B82878@>20BL =0CG=>-?@0:B8G5A:89 10306 4;O @5H5=8O ?@54AB>OI8E 7040G. A;8 =0 >B45;L=KE ;5:F8OE :C@A0 M;5<5=BK 0:B82=KE <5B>4>2 8A?>;L7>20;8AL ?>@>7=L, B> 8B>3>20O :>=D5@5=F8O ?>72>;O5B ?@8<5=8BL 8E 2<5AB5, 2 548=>< 0::>@45. ;O ?@8<5@0 >?8H5< <5B>48:C ?@>2545=8O >4=>9 87 B0:8E :>=D5@5=F89. 0 425 =545;8 4> :>=F0 :C@A0 A;CH0B5;8 ?>;CG8;8 >B ;5:B>@0 4><0H=55 7040=85  >B25B8BL ?8AL<5==> =0 B@8 A;54CNI8E 2>?@>A0: 0: ?@>O2;O5BAO 8 2 G5< >1=0@C68205BAO B0;0=B ?@5?>4020B5;O? 0: <>6=> 2KO28BL C@>25=L <0AB5@AB20 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;87<0 ?@5?>4020B5;O? B G53> 7028A8B ?@5AB86 ?@5?>4020B5;O? !;CH0B5;8 3>B>2OB ?8AL<5==K5 >B25BK (?@>872>;L=>3> >1J5<0) 4><0, 2 A?>:>9=>9 >1AB0=>2:5, @07@5H05BAO ?@54AB02;OBL 3@C??>2K5 >B25BK. '5@57 =545;N >B25BK A40NBAO ;5:B>@C. @8 0=0;875 ?@54AB02;5==KE >B25B>2 ;5:B>@ ?@>2>48B 8E AB0B8AB8G5A:CN >1@01>B:C, 2A:@K20O :0@B8=C @0A?@545;5=8O <=5=89 ?> 70B@>=CBK< 2>?@>A0< 8 2K45;OO =081>;55 @048:0;L=K5 273;O4K. ! 02B>@0<8 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E >B25B>2 >= 505 ?@>2>48B ?@5420@8B5;L=K5 15A54K, 8, :0: ?@028;>, MB8 A;CH0B5;8 40NB A>3;0A85 ?C1;8G=> >BAB0820BL A2>N ?>78F8N =0 ?@54AB>OI59 :>=D5@5=F88.  45=L :>=D5@5=F88, 2 B>@65AB25==>9 >1AB0=>2:5, ;5:B>@ 7=0:><8B A;CH0B5;59 A >1>1I5==K<8 @57C;LB0B0<8 0=0;870 8E @01>B, 1;03>65;0B5;L=> >F5=820O 2A5 87;>65==K5 2 @01>B0E ?>78F88, >B<5G0O 8E ?@>4C:B82=>ABL, 8A:@5==>ABL, =>20B>@A:89 4CE, >@838=0;L=>ABL 8 B. 4.  ?@>F5AA5 MB>3> 2KABC?;5=8O >= AB0@05BAO 2A5<8 2>7<>6=K<8 ?@85<0<8 A=OBL C CG0AB=8:>2 :>=D5@5=F88 871KB>G=CN B@52>6=>ABL, =0AB>@>65==>ABL, A:>20==>ABL, AB@0E >F5=:8, ?>2KH5==K9 A0<>:>=B@>;L. ABC?8B5;L=0O @5GL 2K?>;=O5B 425 DC=:F88: O2=0O  2K45;8BL 157CA;>2=K9 8 459AB28B5;L=> F5==K9 >?KB A;CH0B5;59 4;O 40;L=59H53> @0728B8O 40==>3> :C@A0 ;5:F89, =5O2=0O  2:;NG8BL M;5<5=BK 0:B82=>3> <5B>40, >ACI5AB28BL ?>3@C65=85, @0AA;018BL, @0A:@5?>AB8BL, ?@>1C48BL B2>@G5A:CN 0:B82=>ABL. >A;5 B>3>, :0: 0C48B>@8O ?@8H;0 2 @01>G55 =0AB@>5=85, ;5:B>@ 3>B>28B 55 : <>73>2><C HBC@<C, ?@83;0H0O 02B>@>2 =081>;55 @048:0;L=KE <=5=89 2KABC?8BL 8 B5< A0<K< >1>AB@8BL 48A:CAA8N. -;5<5=BK 45;>2KE 83@ ?@>O2;ONBAO A?>=B0==>, B0: :0: >1KG=> 2KO2;O5BAO 3@C??0 :@8B8:>2, :>B>@0O =5 A>3;0A=0 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =8 A GL8< <=5=85< 8 8=>340 4065 A A>1AB25==K<. 45AL CA8;8O 254CI53> ;5:B>@0 =0?@02;ONBAO =0 ?>2KH5=85 0@3C<5=B8@>20==>AB8 8 :>=AB@C:B82=>AB8 :@8B8G5A:8E 2KABC?;5=89, ?>72>;ONI8E 2K;CI8BL @0F8>=0;L=>5 75@=>, 0 B0:65 =0 4>1@>65;0B5;L=>ABL :@8B8:8. 0: ?@8 2AO:>9 <>73>2>9 0B0:5, 0:F5=B 45;05BAO =0 @0728B85 C CG0AB=8:>2 48A:CAA88 2>A?@88<G82>AB8 : A>2@5<5==K< A>F80;L=K< ?>78F8O< 8 B2>@G5A:><C >B=>H5=8N : =>2>22545=8O< 2 ?@5?>4020B5;LA:>< B@C45, =0 ?@5>4>;5=88 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 45D>@<0F88. 54CI89 >1AC645=85 ?>1C6405B :064>3> 2KABC?0NI53> 0@3C<5=B8@>20BL A2>5 <=5=85 D0:B0<8 8 ?@8<5@0<8 :>=:@5B=KE A8BC0F89 87 A2>59 ?@0:B8:8. 506  E>45 :>=D5@5=F88 CG0AB=8:8 =5 B>;L:> ?@>OA=ONB A2>8 ?@54AB02;5=8O ?> @O4C :0@48=0;L=KE ?@>1;5< =0 1075 2A5E A2545=89, ?>;CG5==KE 8<8 =0 ;5:F8OE, => 8 =03;O4=> C15640NBAO 2 B><, GB>, =5 A>A@54>B>G820OAL =0 =54>AB0B:0E 8 8A?>;L7CO 0:B82=K5 <5B>4K, <>6=> A>45@60B5;L=> 8 :>=AB@C:B82=> >1AC48BL ?@>1;5<C, ?>4=OBL C25@5==>ABL 2 A2>8E 2>7<>6=>ABOE. 1AC640O A ;5:B>@>< 8B>38 :>=D5@5=F88, ?@5?>4020B5;8 =587<5==> >B<5G0NB, GB> >=0 ?><>305B C;CGH8BL 8E =0AB@>5=85 8 70:@5?8BL 7=0:><AB2> 8 ?@>G=K5 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K5 A2O78 A :>;;530<8. * * * B;8G8B5;L=>9 >A>15==>ABLN 2A59 3@C??K 0:B82=KE <5B>4>2, 2>-?5@2KE, O2;O5BAO B>, GB> >1CG5=85 ?@>2>48BAO 2 A8BC0F8OE, <0:A8<0;L=> ?@81;865==KE : @50;L=K<, ?>72>;OO <0B5@80;, ?>4;560I89 CA2>5=8N, 225AB8 2 F5;L 45OB5;L=>AB8, 0 =5 2 A@54AB20, 2>-2B>@KE, >ACI5AB2;O5BAO =5 B>;L:> A>>1I5=85 7=0=89, => 8 >1CG5=85 C<5=8O< ?@0:B8G5A:>3> 8A?>;L7>20=8O, GB>, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, B@51C5B D>@<8@>20=8O >?@545;5==KE ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E :0G5AB2 A?5F80;8AB>2, 8, =0:>=5F, 2-B@5BL8E, >@30=87C5BAO D>@<8@>20=85 =>2>9, :0G5AB25==> 8=>9 CAB0=>2:8 =0 >1CG5=85 2 M<>F8>=0;L=> =0AKI5==>< ?@>F5AA5 :>;;5:B82=>3> B2>@G5A:>3> B@C40. 0:85 65 ?A8E8G5A:85 :0G5AB20 @072820NB >B45;L=K5 <5B>4K? 5B>4 :>=:@5B=KE A8BC0F89 =0?@02;5= =0 A>25@H5=AB2>20=85 0=0;8B8G5A:8E 3@0=59 <KA;8B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0, A?>A>1=>ABL ?>=8<0BL, 4>>?@545;OBL 8 @5H0BL @50;L=K5, =5 >G8I5==K5 ?@0:B8G5A:85 7040G8 A CG5B>< =5 B>;L:> =0CG=>-B5E=8G5A:>9 8=D>@<0F88, => 8 A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:8E :><?>=5=B>2 A8BC0F88. 5B>4 8=F845=B0, >BB0;:820OAL >B ?>=8<0=8O A?5F8D8:8 2>7@0AB=KE 87<5=5=89 ?A8E8:8, >@85=B8@>20= =0 MDD5:B82=>5 ?@5>4>;5=85 2>7@0AB=>9 8 ;8G=>AB=>9 8=5@F8>==>AB8 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 4;O ?>2KH5=8O MDD5:B82=>AB8 ?@8=8<05<KE @5H5=89 2 M<>F8>=0;L=> =0?@O65==KE, AB@5AA>2KE A8BC0F8OE. "@5=8@>2:0 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8, >?8@0OAL =0 7=0=8O > <5E0=87<0E M<>F89, @0728205B C<5=85 C?@02;OBL A>1AB25==K< AB8;5< ?>2545=8O 8 M<?0B8N  2>A?@88<G82>ABL : M<>F8>=0;L=><C A>AB>O=8N 4@C38E ;N459 :0: A?>A>1=>ABL : ?@5>4>;5=8N 8E ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK, : A>?5@56820=8N, : CG5BC <>B82>2 8E ?>2545=8O. "0:8< >1@07><, MB>B <5B>4 C;CGH05B 8 >1;53G05B <56;8G=>AB=>5 >1I5=85, 2K@010BK20O C<5=85 >?B8<0;L=> <>B828@>20BL 8 AB8<C;8@>20BL G5;>25:0 : 45OB5;L=>AB8. 507 >73>20O 0B0:0 :0: <5B>4 =0?@02;5=0 =0 0:B82870F8N B2>@G5A:>9 <KA;8 ?CB5< 87<5=5=8O 2=CB@5==59 CAB0=>2:8 8 A>740=8O ?>2KH5==>9 C25@5==>AB8 2 A2>8E A8;0E A ?><>ILN ?@O<>9 8=AB@C:F88, 0 B0:65 ?>445@6:8, A>GC2AB28O 8 >4>1@5=8O 2A5E CG0AB=8:>2. 5B>4 1078@C5BAO =0 3;C18==>< ?>=8<0=88 <5E0=87<0 <KA;8B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2 8 A?>A>1AB2C5B :0: ?@5>4>;5=8N AB5@5>B8?>2 <KH;5=8O, B0: 8 ?@5>4>;5=8N A>F80;L=KE ?@54@0AAC4:>2. 5;>2K5 83@K, >15A?5G820O <0:A8<0;L=CN M<>F8>=0;L=CN 8 ?@0:B8G5A:CN 2>2;5G5==>ABL 2 :>=:@5B=CN 83@>2CN A8BC0F8N, A>740NB ?@8=F8?80;L=> =>2K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 2 >1CG5=88, ?>72>;OO @048:0;L=> A>:@0B8BL 2@5<O =0:>?;5=8O A>1AB25==>3> A>F80;L=>3> >?KB0, 8 2K@010BK20NB >A>1>5 >B=>H5=85 :> 2@5<5=8, @072820NB ?@54CA<>B@8B5;L=>ABL 2 AB@0B5388 ?>2545=8O, ?@5>1@07CNB >1>1I5==K5 7=0=8O 2 7=0G8<K5 ;8G=>AB=> 8 A?>A>1AB2CNB @0728B8N >@30=870B>@A:8E =02K:>2 C A?5F80;8AB>2. 5B>4 ?>3@C65=8O ?@5>4>;5205B (>1E>48B) B@048F8>==> C?@>G5==CN CAB0=>2:C =0 >1CG5=85 :0: =0 BO6:89 B@C4, ?>@>640NICN ?045=85 A0<>>F5=:8 8 8=8F80B82K, 8 :0: A;54AB285, ?@>4C:B82=>AB8 >1CG5=8O. >AB8305BAO MB>B MDD5:B @O4>< ?@85<>2, 3;02=K< 87 :>B>@KE O2;O5BAO 2:;NG5=85 @07;8G=KE D>@< 2=CH5=8O. =8 A>740NB @5;0:A0F8N 8 =081>;55 1;03>?@8OB=K5 CA;>28O 4;O ?>445@60=8O =5?@>872>;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O, 8 >A>15==> ?5@8D5@89=>3> 2=8<0=8O, 0 B0:65 =5?@>872>;L=>3> 8 0AA>F80B82=>3> 70?><8=0=8O <0B5@80;0 ?CB5< ?@54=0AB@>9:8 >?@545;5==KE 7>= ?0<OB8 ?@8 ?>3@C65=88 2 :>=:@5B=CN A8BC0F8N. -B>B <5B>4 >15A?5G8205B 2A52>7@0AB0NICN C25@5==>ABL G5;>25:0 2 A2>8E A8;0E 8 >1;53G05B 5<C ?5@5E>4 >B >1CG5=8O : A0<>>1CG5=8N. &!"!", !%'!%  &!! 8F>< : ;8FC 8F0 =5 C2840BL. >;LH>5 2848BAO =0 @0AAB>O=L5. !. A5=8=  B0: 2K ?@>G8B0;8 @0745;K MB>9 :=838 > A2>9AB20E 8 <exa=87<ax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he world of . !. Escher. New York, 1971.  AB@. 51. X. 84AB@C?. 0AA5O==>ABL //84AB@C? X. !0B8@0 8 N<>@. "0;;8=, 1959.  AB@. 75. ;;NAB@0F8O 87 :=.: 82>20@>2". 0;LG8: 8 45@52>. ., 1979.  AB@. 139. X. 84AB@C?. C:8 B2>@G5AB20 //%5@;CD 84AB@C?. L2>2, 1960.  AB@. 189. X. 84AB@C?. "5;5D>==K9 @073>2>@ // "0< 65.  AB@. 229. . 5=3@5=. 0: 2KABC?0BL =0 A>25I0=88 (87 :=.: 5 = 3 @ 5 = . 87=5==K5 A>25BK. ., 1969).  AB@. 255. . . -H5@. C:0 A >B@060NI59 AD5@>9 // The world of . !. Escher. New York, 1971.  AB@. 295. . . -H5@. >75; >B?CI5=8O // "0< 65.  AB@. 337. X. 84AB@C?. '5BK@5 B5<?5@0<5=B0 // 84AB@C? X. 8AC=:8. ., 1969, B. 2.  AB@. 363. X. 84AB@C?. 5G=0O ?@>1;5<0  >BFK 8 45B8 // "0< 65.  AB@. 391. . . -H5@. #7K 548=AB20 // The world of . !. Escher. New York, 1971.  AB@. 449. ;;NAB@0F8O 87 :=.:  8 ; L 4 5 . ., ( B 0 @ : 5 . . C6=K 8458. ., 1973.  AB@. 509. . . -H5@. !?8@0;8 // The world of M. S. Escher. New York, 1971. !,/ " "#  1.  5 = 8 = . . >;=. A>1@. A>G. ". 25. 2.  5 = 8 = . . >;=. A>1@. A>G. ". 29. 3.  5 = 8 = . . >;=. A>1@. A>G. ". 47. 4. 0@:A ., -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 3. 5. 0@:A ., -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 4. 6.  0 @ : A ., - = 3 5 ; L A $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 31. 7. 0B5@80;K XXVII AJ5740 !!. ., 1986. 8. A=>2=K5 =0?@02;5=8O ?5@5AB@>9:8 2KAH53> 8 A@54=53> A?5F80;L=>3> >1@07>20=8O 2 AB@0=5: >AB0=>2;5=85 & !! 8 ! !!!  / /@0240. 1987. 21 <0@B0. 9.  1 C ; L-$ 0 @ 0 4 6. =830 70=8<0B5;L=KE 8AB>@89. ., 1957. 10. 40<0@ . AA;54>20=85 ?A8E>;>388 ?@>F5AA0 87>1@5B5=8O 2 >1;0AB8 <0B5<0B8:8. ., 1970. 11. ;5:A0=4@>20 . . @>1;5<K A>F80;L=>9 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 35@>=B>;>388. ., 1974. 12.  ; L B H C ; ; 5 @ . !. "2>@G5AB2> :0: B>G=0O =0C:0. ., 1979. 13.  < 8 = 5 2 . . 5@>OB=>AB=0O >@30=870F8O F5=B@0;L=KE <5E0=87<>2 @5G8. 070=L, 1972. 14. =0=L52 . . 8;0B5@0;L=>5 @53C;8@>20=85 :0: <5E0=87< ?>2545=8O / />?@>AK ?A8E>;>388. 1963. ! 5. 15. =0=L52 . . '5;>25: :0: ?@54<5B ?>7=0=8O. ., 1968. 16. =0=L52 . ., 5::5@ . ., ><>2 . $., /@<>;5=:> . . AO70=85 2 ?@>F5AA0E ?>7=0=8O 8 B@C40. ., 1959. 17. =0=L52 . .,  2 > @ O H 8 = 0 . ., C4@O2F520 . . =48284C0;L=>5 @0728B85 G5;>25:0 8 :>=AB0=B=>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O. ., 1968. 18.  = 0 A B 0 7 8 . . A8E>;>38G5A:>5 B5AB8@>20=85:  2 B. ., 1982. 19.  = > E 8 = . . -<>F88 / />;LH0O <548F8=A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. ". 35. ., 1964. 20.  = > E 8 = . . 8>;>38O 8 =59@>D878>;>38O CA;>2=>3> @5D;5:A0. ., 1968. 21. @3> . : 2CG8B A;>2>. ., 1968. 22. @8AB>B5;L. !>G.:  4 B. ". 2. ., 1978. 23.  @ B 5 < L 5 2 0 . .., "E>AB>2 . (. 0B>;>38O A5<0=B8G5A:>3> >F5=820=8O ?@8 ;0B5@0;L=KE ?>@065=8OE <>730 / /59@>-?A8E>;>38G5A:89 0=0;87 <56?>;CH0@=>9 0A8<<5B@88 <>730 />4 @54. . . %><A:>9. ., 1986. 549 24.  A < C A . $. 5<>:@8B. ., 1960. 25.AB20F0BC@>2 . . !>2@5<5==K5 =52@>;>38G5A:85 40==K5 > ACI=>AB8 M<>F89 / /!>25BA:0O =52@>?0B>;>38O, ?A8E80B@8O 8 ?A8E>38385=0. 1935. ". 4. K?. 9 10. 26.  H 15;L !. ., 5=:=>28G . ., % 8 ; L . ., >;>28: -. ., >;>20 . . !5@45G=>-A>AC48AB0O A8AB5<0 E8@C@3>2 8 2;8O=85 =0 =55 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 / /8385=0 B@C40 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K5 701>;520=8O. 1967. ! 1. 27.  0 ; > = > 2 . /.,  5 3 ; 8 = . . !;CE 8 @5GL 4><8=0=B=>3> 8 =54><8=0=B=>3> ?>;CH0@8O. ., 1976. 28.  0 A A 8 = $. . @>1;5<0 15AA>7=0B5;L=>3>. ., 1968. 29.  0 A A 8 = $. . @548A;>285 / /(5@B>: . 5?>7=0==>5 2 ?A8E8:5 G5;>25:0. ., 1982. 30.  5 ; > 2 . . A>15==>AB8 ;8G=>AB8 8 ?A8E>A><0B8G5A:85 2708<>>B=>H5=8O C 1>;L=KE O725==>9 1>;57=LN 65;C4:0 8 E@>=8G5A:8< O725==K< :>;8B>< //52@>?0B>;>38O 8 ?A8E80B@8O. 1971. ". 71. ! 9. 31. 5EB5@52 . . =CH5=85 8 2>A?8B0=85. 3., 1923. 32. ;59E5@ . .,  @C: . . A8E>?0B>;>38G5A:0O 4803=>AB8:0. 852, 1986. 33.  ; > = A : 8 8 . . 0<OBL 8 <KH;5=85 / /71@. ?54. 8 ?A8-E>;. A>G.:  2 B. ". 2. ., 1979. 34.  > 3 > < > ; 5 F . . @>4;5=85 687=8. 852, 1938. 35. >3><>;>2 . ><5=B 8AB8=K. ., 1981. 36.  > 4 0 ; 5 2 . . >A?@8OB85 G5;>25:0 G5;>25:><. ., 1965. 37.  > 4 0 ; 5 2 . . 8G=>ABL 8 >1I5=85. ., 1978. 38.  > < . !?5F80;L=0O B5>@8O >B=>A8B5;L=>AB8. ., 1967. 39.  > < 1 0 @ . 0 1>@B>< ?> A2>59 2>;5. ., 1959. 40.  > = 3 0 @ 4 . .  ?>=OB88 ?>;57=0O 8=D>@<0F8O / / @>1;5<K :815@=5B8:8. K?. 9. ., 1963. 41.>@>4:8= $. ., >@O: . . =8<0=85, :>=D;8:B. >2>A818@A:, 1983. 42.  > G 0 @ > 2 0 !. . B>38 8 7040G8 8AA;54>20=8O ?0<OB8 =0 A>2@5<5==>< MB0?5 / /A8E>;>38G5A:89 6C@=0;. 1984. ! 1. ". 5. 43.  @ 8 ; ; N M = . 0C:0 8 B5>@8O 8=D>@<0F88. ., 1960. 44.  @ > 4 1 5 = B . . #AB0=>2:0 =0 AB8<C; 8 CAB0=>2:0 =0 >B25B: 420 2840 A5;5:B82=>3> 2=8<0=8O / /%@5AB><0B8O ?> 2=8<0=8N / >4 @54. . . 5>=BL520, . . C7K@5O 8 . /. ><0=>20. ., 1976. 45.  @ > < ; 5 8 .. . G5@:8 B5>@88 MB=>A0. ., 1983. 46. @C=5@ 6. A8E>;>38O ?>7=0=8O. ., 1977. 47.  @ C H ; 8 = A : 8 8 . . KH;5=85 8 ?@>3=>78@>20=85.  1979. 48.  C O = > 2 . . 5A54K > 45BA:>9 ?A8E80B@88. ., 1986. 49. K:>2 . . >@0 3>;>2=>3> <>730 8 2=CB@5==85 >@30=K. 8@>2, 1942. 50.  N ; 5 @ . CE>2=>5 @0728B85 @515=:0. ., 1930. 51. 09=HB59= . ., !8<>=>2 . . -<>F8>=0;L=K5 AB@C:BC@K <>730 8 A5@4F5. ., 1979. 52.  0 ; ; > = . A8E8G5A:>5 @0728B85 @515=:0. ., 1967. 53.  0 ; L 4 <,,0 = . .,  > 7 ; > 2 A : 0 O . ., 5425452 . !. $0@<0:>;>38G5A:0O @53C;OF8O M<>F8>=0;L=>3> AB@5AA0. ., 1979. 54. 0A8;52 . N1>2L. ., 1982. 55. 0A8;L52 . ., > ?;C6=K9 . ., "8E><8@>2 . . -<>F88 8 <KH;5=85. ., 1980. 56. 59= . . 0@CH5=8O A=0 8 1>4@AB2>20=8O. ., 1974. 57. 59F5=10C< 6. >7<>6=>AB8 2KG8A;8B5;L=KE <0H8= 8 G5;>25G5A:89 @07C<. ., 1982. 58. 5::5@ . . A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK. ". 1. ., 1974. 59. 5::5@ . . A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK. ". 2. ., 1976. 60. 5::5@ . . A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK. ". 3. ., 1981. 61. 5=35@ . . 5403>38:0 A?>A>1=>AB59. ., 1973. 62.  8 4 @ > C 6. AB5AB25==0O D8;>A>D8O 2@5<5=8. ., 1964. 63.  8 ; N = 0 A . . A8E>;>38O M<>F8>=0;L=KE O2;5=89. ., 1976. 64.  8 = 5 @ . "2>@5F 8 @>1>B. ., 1966. 65.  > 8 B 0 A 8 : . A8E>;>38O ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ?@>?030=4K. ., 1981. 66.  > ; L ? 5 @ B . . !=>2845=8O 2 >1KG=>< A=5 8 38?=>75. ., 1966. 67. C=4B . G5@:8 ?A8E>;>388. ., 1912. 68.  K 3 > B A : 8 8 . !. AB>@8G5A:89 A<KA; ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> :@878A0 / /!>1@. A>G.:  6 B. ". I.  1982. 69.  K 3 > B A : 8 8 . !. 5:F88 ?> ?A8E>;>388 / /!>1@. A>G.:  6 B. ". 1. ., 1982. 70.  K 3 > B A : 8 8 . !. KH;5=85 8 @5GL / /!>1@. A>G.:  6 B. ". 2. ., 1982. 71. K3>BA:89 . !. AB>@8O @0728B8O 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 / /!>1@. A>G.:  6 B. ". 3. ., 1983. 72. K3>BA:89 . !.,5;;5@HB59= !., $8=35@B ., (8@28=4B . A=>2=K5 B5G5=8O A>2@5<5==>9 ?A8E>;>388. .; ., 1930. 73. 030@8= .. .,  5 1 5 4 5 2 . . A8E>;>38O 8 :>A<>A. ., 1972. 74.  0 ; L ? 5 @ 8 = . /. 0728B85 8AA;54>20=89 ?> D>@<8@>20=8N C<AB25==KE 459AB289 / /A8E>;>38G5A:0O =0C:0 2 !!! . ". 1. ., 1959. 75. 0;L?5@8= . /.,>1K;L=8F:0O !. . -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>5 D>@<8@>20=85 2=8<0=8O. ., 1974. 76.  0 = 7 5 = . . >A?@8OB85 F5;>AB=KE >1J5:B>2. ., 1976. 77. 5975=15@3 . $878:0 2 D8;>A>D88. ., 1963. 78.5;L3>@= -.,CD1>@@>C 6. -<>F88 8 M<>F8>=0;L- " =K5 @0AAB@>9AB20. ., 1966. 79.  8 4 @ > 2 8 G !. ., ! K @ > 5 6 8 = . . 3@>2>5 <>45;8- , @>20=85 M:>=><8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 (45;>2K5 83@K). ., 1976. 80.  8 ; D > @ 4  6. "@8 AB>@>=K 8=B5;;5:B0 / /A8E>;>38O <KH;5=8O / >4 @54. . . 0BNH:8=0. ., 1965. 81. 8??5=@59B5@ .. . ;07 :0: 42830B5;L=K9 >@30= / / >A?@8OB85 8 45OB5;L=>ABL />4. @54. . . 5>=BL520. ., 1976. 82.  ; 5 M 5 @ . . 5E0=87<K >?>7=0=8O 7@8B5;L=KE >1@07>2. .; ., 1966. 83.  > @ 1 > 2 $. .  ?><5E>CAB>9G82>AB8 >?5@0B>@0 / /=65=5@=0O ?A8E>;>38O /. . 8=G5=:>, . . 5>=BL520, . .. 0=>2 8 4@.; >4 @54. . . 5>=BL520. ., 1964. 551 550 84. >@1>2 $. ., 515452 . . A8E>=52@>;>38G5A:85 0A?5:BK B@C40 >?5@0B>@>2. ., 1975. 85.  > @ 4 > = . ., ;>?>2 -. . '5@BK A>F80;8AB8G5A:>3> >1@070 687=8. ., 1977. 86. @0=>2A:0O . . >A?@8OB85 8 <>45;8 ?0<OB8. ., 1974. 87. @0=>2A:0O . ., 5@57=0O . /. 0?><8=0=85 8 C7=020=85 D83C@. ., 1974. 88. @0=>2A:0O . ., 5@57=0O . /., @83>@L520 . . >A?@8OB85 8 ?@87=0:8 D>@<K. ., 1981. 89. @0=>2A:0O . ., 5@57=0O . /. >;L @07;8G=KE D>@< ?0<OB8 2 7@8B5;L=>< >?>7=0=88 1C:2 8 F8D@ / /A8E>;>38G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K ?5@5@01>B:8 7=0:>2>9 8=D>@<0F88 /B2. @54.. $. C10E8= ., 1977. 90. @0=>2A:0O . ., @860=A:0O .. !. ;8O=85 CAB0=>2:8 =0 2>A?@8OB85 8=D>@<0F88 2 0:B82=KE <5B>40E >1CG5=8O / / 5B>48:0 8 ?@0:B8:0 ?@5?>4020=8O 2 B5E=8G5A:>< 2C75: 0CG=>-<5B>48G5A:89 A1. />4 @54. .. !. 0A8;L520. ., 1983. 91. @53>@8 . . ;07 8 <>73.  1970. 92. @83>@L520 . . !C<<0@=0O >F5=:0 2 @59B8=35 / /"5>@5B8G5A:0O 8 ?@8:;04=0O ?A8E>;>38O 2 5=8=3@04A:>< C=825@A8B5B5 / >4. @54. . . =0=L520 8 . . >40;520. ., 1969. 93.  @ M < . .,  @ 5 8 . $. C:>2>4AB2> ?> >?5@0F8>==K< 83@0<. ., 1977. 94.  5 7 5 @ $. 0F8>=0;L=>5 GB5=85. ., 1980. 95. 5:0@B . 71@. D8;>A. ?@>872. ., 1950. 96. 5;>2K5 83@K 2 C?@02;5=88 8 M:>=><8:5 AB@>8B5;LAB20 / >4 @54. . . K10;LA:>3> 8 . . !KB=8:0. 852, 1980. 97. 65<5 . A8E>;>38O. 3., 1922. 98.  6 > = A  6. . =65=5@=>5 8 EC4>65AB25==>5 :>=AB@C8@>20=85. ., 1978. 99.  6 > C = A . $. #@>25=L HC<0 / /=B>;>38O D0=B0AB8G5A:8E @0AA:07>2. ". 10. ., 1967. 100. >1@>E>B>20 ". .,@038=0 . . $C=:F8>O0;L=0O 0A8<<5B@8O 8 ?A8E>?0B>;>38O >G03>2KE ?>@065=89 <>730. ., 1977. 101. >AB>52A:89 $. . @0BLO 0@0<07>2K //!>1@. A>G.:  10 B. ". 9. ., 1958. 102.  < 5 ; L O = > 2 .. . :B82=>5 A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>5 >1CG5=85. ., 1985. 103. <5;LO=>2 .. ., C7L<8= . !. "5>@5B8G5A:85 8 <5B>48G5A:85 >A=>2K A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> B@5=8=30. ., 1983. 104. C:>2 . $. AA;54>20=85 >?5@0F89 2 45;>2KE 83@0E. ., 1980. 105. 020;>20 . ., ><>2 . $., >=><0@5 =-: > . . 1@07 2 A8AB5<5 ?A8E8G5A:>9 @53C;OF88 45OB5;L=>AB8. ., 1986. 106. 040G8 8 :>=:@5B=K5 A8BC0F88 />4 @54. . . !84>@>20. ., 1981. 107. 3 0 7 7 > . A8E8G5A:>5 @0728B85 @515=:0 8 2;8O=85 A@54K / / >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388. 1967. ! 2. 108. 3 0 ? > @ > 6 5 F . . 0728B85 ?@>872>;L=KE 42865=89 @515=:0. ., 1960. 109. 3 5 8 3 0 @ = 8 : . . 0B>?A8E>;>38O. ., 1986. 110. 8=G5=:> .  5?@>872>;L=>5 70?><8=0=85. ., 1981. Ill 8=G5=:> . ., 5;8G:>2A:89 . ., CB5- 552 B 8 G . . $C=:F8>=0;L=0O AB@C:BC@0 7@8B5;L=>9 ?0<OB8. ., 1980. 112. >;>B=8:>20 . !. 708<>?>=8<0=85 8 ?@>1;5<0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> B@5=8=30 / /"5>@5B8G5A:85 8 ?@8:;04=K5 ?@>1;5<K ?A8E>;>388 ?>7=0=8O ;N4L<8 4@C3 4@C30 />4. @54. . . >40;520. ., 1979. 113. 20=>2 !. . B?5G0B>: ?5@AB=O. ., 1973. 114.  7 0 @ 4 . -<>F88 G5;>25:0. ., 1980. 115. 7CG5=85 @0728B8O ?>2545=8O 45B59 />4 @54. . . 8?-A8BB0 8 '. . !?09:5@0. ., 1966. 116.  = 3 2 5 . 8?>B570 3;C18=K / />2>5 2 ;8=328AB8:5. K?. 4. ., 1965. 117. A:CAAB2> C?@02;5=8O 8 :>=:@5B=K5 A8BC0F88 /!>AB. . X. >?>2. ., 1977. 118. 0?8F0 . . -:A?5@8<5=B, B5>@8O 8 ?@0:B8:0. ., 1981. 9.0@20A0@A:89 . . 52@>7K. ., 1980. 120. 0@<8= . !., %09:8= . . "2>@G5A:0O 8=BC8F8O 2 =0C:5. ., 1971. 121. 0@?>20 !. . A>7=0=85 A;>25A=>3> A>AB020 @5G8 45BL<8-4>H:>;L=8:0<8. ., 1968. 122. 0@?>20 !. ., >;>1>20 . . A>15==>AB8 >@85=B8@>2:8 =0 A;>2> C 45B59. ., 1978. 123. 0AA8;L . >=4C8B 8 (20<1@0=8O. 5B@>702>4A:, 1957. 124. 54@>2 $. 0?8F0: 687=L 8 >B:@KB8O. ., 1984. 125. 5<?8=A:8 . A8E>?0B>;>38O =52@>7>2. 0@H020, 1975. 126. ;0F:8 . 0<OBL G5;>25:0. !B@C:BC@0 8 ?@>F5AAK. ., 1978. 127.  ; > H 0 = A : 8 8 ". . 0@0;8=328AB8:0. ., 1974. 128. >20;52 ". . @>1;5<0 @0728B8O A>F80;L=>-?5@F5?B82=KE A?>A>1=>AB59 8 2>?@>AK >@30=870F88 A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> B@5=8=30 / />?@>AK D>@<8@>20=8O 2A5AB>@>==5 @0728B>9 ;8G=>AB8 / >4. @54. . . >40;520. 8H8=52, 1980. 129.  > : . . @8B5;L=K5 03=>788. ., 1967. 130. >;<>3>@>2 . . "@8 ?>4E>40 : >?@545;5=8N ?>=OB8O :>;8G5AB2> 8=D>@<0F88 / /@>1;5<K ?5@540G8 8=D>@<0F88. ". 1. ., 1965. 131. >;?0:G8 . . @C65A:85 2AB@5G8 A 0=3;89A:8< O7K:><. ., 1975. 132. ><0@>2 . $.,%@8AB5=:> . . =AB@C:F8O ?> >@30=870F88 8 ?@>2545=8N 8<8B0F8>==>9 45;>2>9 83@K >18=7>=: 5B>48G5A:85 C:070=8O. '5;O18=A:, 1983. 133. >= . !. !>F8>;>38O ;8G=>AB8. ., 1967. 134. >= . !. @C610. ., 1979. 135. >= . !. B:@KB85 /. ., 1980. 136. >=4@0BL520 !. . >=8<0=85 CG8B5;5< ;8G=>AB8 CG0I53>AO / />?@>AK ?A8E>;>388. 1980. ! 5. 137. >=8 . $. 71@. ?@>872.:  6 B. ". 6. ., 1966. 138. >=8 . $. !>1@. A>G.:  8 B. ". 4. ., 1967. 139. >AB0=4>2 -. . >A?@8OB85 8 M<>F88. ., 1977. 140. >AB0=4>2 -. . $C=:F8>=0;L=0O 0A8<<5B@8O ?>;CH0@89 <>730 8 =5>A>7=0205<>5 2>A?@8OB85. ., 1983. 141. @5G<5@ -. !B@>5=85 B5;0 8 E0@0:B5@. ., 1924. 142. C7=5F>2 . . -9=HB59=.  1962. 143.  C 7 = 5 F > 2 . ., % @ > < > 2 . . "5E=8:0 1KAB@>3> GB5=8O. ., 1977. 36, 553 144. C7=5F>2 . ., 515452 . . A8E>;>38O 8 ?A8E>?0B>;>38O >48=>G5AB20. ., 1972. 145. C7L<8= . !. A=>2K A>F80;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388. ., 1967. 146. C7L<8= . !..>;:>2 . ., <5;LO=>2 .. . C:>2>48B5;L 8 :>;;5:B82. ., 1974. 147. C7L<8=0 . . >=OB85 ?5403>38G5A:0O A8AB5<0 8 :@8B5@88 55 >F5=:8 / /5B>4K A8AB5<=>3> ?5403>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O / >4 @54. . . C7L<8=>9. ., 1980. 148. C;8:>2 . ., @0=>2A:0O . . >G5<C =C65= 8=>9 AB8;L <KH;5=8O? //-. 1985. ! 11. 149. C;NB:8= .. .,!CE>1A:0O . !. AA;54>20=85 ?>7=020B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 CG0I8EAO 25G5@=59 H:>;K. ., 1977. 150. 070@CA . "5>@8O AB@5AA0 8 ?A8E>D878>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O / /-<>F8>=0;L=K9 AB@5AA />4 @54. . 528. ., 1970. 151. 0=35 . CH52=K5 42865=8O: A8E>D878>;>38G5A:89 MBN4. !1., 1896. 152.  0 B 0 H . . 8?>B0;0<CA, ?@8A?>A>18B5;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL 8 M;5:B@>M=F5D0;>3@0<<0. ., 1968. 153. 0B0H . . 59@>D878>;>38O A=0 8 A=>2845=89 //;8=8G5A:0O =59@>D878>;>38O />4 @54. . . 5EB5@52>9. ., 1972. 154. 0B0H . ., 0=>2 . . !2O7L 45;LB0-A=0 8 D078-G5A:>3> :><?>=5=B0 1KAB@>3> A=0 A A>E@0=5=85< 8 2>A?@>872545=85< 70CG5==>3> ?5@54 A=>< A;>25A=>3> <0B5@80;0 / /$878>;>38O G5;>25:0. 1975. ! 2. 155. 575@ $. "@5=8@>2:0 ?0<OB8. ., 1979. 156. 5>=30@4 . :F5=BC8@>20==K5 ;8G=>AB8. 852, 1981. 157. 5>=>2 . ., 515452 . . A8E>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 45OB5;L=>AB8 :>A<>=02B>2. ., 1982. 158. 5>=BL52 . . -<>F88 //$8;>A>DA:0O M=F8:;>?548O. ". 5.  1970. 159. 5>=BL52 . . @>1;5<K @0728B8O ?A8E8:8. ., 1972. 160. 5>=BL52 . . AA;54>20=8O 45BA:>9 @5G8 //A=>2K B5>@88 @0728B8O @5G52>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 /. . 5>=BL52, . . 5>=BL52, . . 8<=OO 8 4@.; >4 @54. . . 5>=BL520. ., 1974. 161. 5>=BL52 . . 5OB5;L=>ABL, A>7=0=85, ;8G=>ABL. ., 1975. 162. 5>=BL52 . . A8E>;>38G5A:85 2>?@>AK A>7=0B5;L=>3> CG5=8O //71@. ?A8E>;. ?@>872. ., 1983. 163. 5>=BL52 . ., 8??5=@59B5@ .. . =0;87 A8AB5<=>3> AB@>5=8O 2>A?@8OB8O: !>>1I5=85 VIII. ;8O=85 @>4=>3> O7K:0 =0 D>@<8@>20=85 A;CE0 / />:;04K  !$! . 1959. ! 2. 164. 5>=BL52 . ., @8=G8: . . 5@5@01>B:0 8=D>@<0F88 G5;>25:>< 2 A8BC0F88 2K1>@0 / /=65=5@=0O ?A8E>;>38O / . . 8=G5=:>, . . 5>=BL52, . .. 0=>2 8 4@.; >4 @54. . . 5>=BL520. ., 1964. 165. 5>=BL52 . ., 2G8==8:>20 . . =0;87 A8AB5<=>3> AB@>5=8O 2>A?@8OB8O: !>>1I5=85 V.  <5E0=87<5 72C:>2KA>B=>3> 0=0;870 A;CE>2KE @074@068B5;59 / />:;04K  !$! . 1958. ! 3. 166. 5>=BL52 . .,  0 = > 2 . .. A8E>;>38O G5;>25:0 8 B5E=8G5A:89 ?@>3@5AA / /$8;>A>DA:85 2>?@>AK 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 ?A8E>;>388: 0B5@80;K : !>25I0=8N ?> D8;>A>DA:8< 2>?@>A0< D878>;>388 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 ?A8E>;>388. ., 1962. 554 167. 8H52A:89 . . 5403>38G5A:>5 <0AB5@AB2> CG5=>3>. ., 1975- 168. >70=>2 . !C335AB>?548O ?@8 >1CG5=88 8=>AB@0==K< O7K:0< / /5B>4K 8=B5=A82=>3> >1CG5=8O 8=>AB@0==K< O7K:0< />4 @54. " . #H0:>2>9. ., 1973. 169. >70=>2 . #A:>@5==>5 >1CG5=85 8 2>7<>6=>AB8 G5;>25:0 / /5@A?5:B82K. 1982. ! 1. 170. ><>2 . $. 0CG=>-B5E=8G5A:89 ?@>3@5AA 8 A@54AB20 C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O G5;>25:0 / /A8E>;>38G5A:89 6C@=0;. 1985. ! 6. 171. >@5=F . >;LF> F0@O !>;><>=0. ., 1970. 172. C:@5F89 "8B 0@.  ?@8@>45 25I59. ., 1958. 173. C@8O . . KAH85 :>@:>2K5 DC=:F88 G5;>25:0. ., 1962. ' ., . < 174. C@8O . . 0;5=L:0O :=86:0 > 1>;LH>9 ?0<OB8, <., 1968. , , 175. C@8O . . >73 G5;>25:0 8 ?A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK / / 59@>?A8E8G5A:89 0=0;87 A>7=0B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. ". 2. ., 1970. 176 C@8O . . A=>2K =59@>?A8E>;>388. ., 1973. 17/. C@8O . . 1 8AB>@8G5A:>< @0728B88 ?>7=020B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2. ., 1974. 178. C@8O . . /7K: 8 A>7=0=85. ., 1979. 179. 0:0@5=:> . !. =830 4;O @>48B5;59 / / !>1@. A>G.:  7 B. ". 4.  1957, 180. 0:-09@ #. 6. =L 8 /=L ?@>3@5AA0 2 A>F80;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388: A5<L ?@8=F8?>2 // !>2@5<5==0O 70@C156=0O A>F80;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O. "5:ABK / >4 @54. . . =4@552>9, . . >3><>;>2>9, . . 5B@>2A:>9. ., 1984. 181. 0@8 IC: . ., ;5B=8F:89 . ., ;0B>=>2 . . 0?@O65==>ABL 2 ?>;5B5. ., 1969. 182. 0@B5=5 . !>F80;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O 8 A?>@B. ., 1979. 183.  5 8 ; 8 . !B@C:BC@0 ;8G=>AB8 / /-:A?5@8<5=B0;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O. K?. V. ., 1975. 184. 5=G8=A:0O . . KH;5=85 2 ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O // AA;54>20=8O <KH;5=8O 2 A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388 />4 @54. . . 5=- G8=A:>9. ., 1966. 185. 5E>=F52 . ., 8E09;>2 . ., 5=0H52 . $. 5:B>@ 8 A;CH0B5;L. ., 1975. 186. 5G=8:>2 . . -BN4K >?B8<87<0. ., 1909. 187. 8;;5@ ., 0;0=B5@ .., @81@0< . ;0=K 8 AB@C:BC@0 ?>2545=8O. ., 1964. 188. >@>7 . . 7CG5=85'=5:>B>@KE ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E D0:B>@>2 :>@@5:F88 B@C4=KE ?>4@>AB:>2 / /A8E>;>38O  ?@>872>4AB2C 8 2>A?8B0=8N />4 @54. . !. C7L<8=0. ., 1977. 189. >A:>28G . . ;C18=0 8 4;8=0 A;>2 2 5AB5AB25==KE 8 8A:CAAB25==KE O7K:0E. /7K:>2K5 C=825@A0;88 8 ;8=328AB8G5A:0O B8?>;>38O. ., 1969. 190. C7K:0=BK A<5NBAO /!>AB. . . CE0. 852. 1976. 191. OA8I52 . . 8G=>ABL 8 =52@>7K. ., 1960. 192. 048@0H28;8 (. . A8E>;>3>-?5403>38G5A:85 2>?@>AK 2>A?8B0=8O / /%@5AB><0B8O ?> 2>7@0AB=>9 8 ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 />4 @54. . . ;LOA>20, . /. OC48A. ., 1981. 193. 070@>20 . .  @>;8 @5G52KE :8=5AB5789 2 ?8AL<5 / /!>25BA:0O ?5403>38:0. 1952. ! 6. 555 194.  0 8 A A 5 @ #. >7=0=85 8 @50;L=>ABL. ., 1981. 195. 0;8<>2 . . 5@>OB=>AB=0O <>45;L O7K:0. ., 1974. 196. 0;8<>2 . . 5?@5@K2=>ABL ?@>B82 48A:@5B=>AB8 2 O7K:5 8 <KH;5=88 / /5AA>7=0B5;L=>5. ". 3. />4 @54. . !. @0=38H28;8, . . (5@>78O, $. . 0AA8=0. "18;8A8, 1979. 197.  5 1 K ; 8 F K = . . . . "5?;>5 :0: B5>@5B8: 48DD5@5=F80;L=>9 ?A8E>D878>;>388 / />?@>AK ?A8E>;>388. 1966. ! 5. 198. 53=528F:0O . ., (0E=0@>28G . . /7K: 8 45B8. ., 1981. 199. 8:8D>@>2 . !. -<>F88 2 =0H59 687=8. ., 1978. 200. >28:>20 . . ;8O=85 =0@CH5=89 7@5=8O 8 A;CE0 =0 DC=:F8>=0;L=>5 A>AB>O=85 <>730. ., 1966. 201. 1CE>20 . $. >=F5?F8O 0=0 8065: 70 8 ?@>B82. ., 1981. 202. @30=870F8O 8 ?@>2545=85 45;>2KE 83@ />4 @54. . . C@:>20, . . 20=>2A:>3>, . . 5<F>20 8 . . )5:8=0. ., 1975. 203. A=>2K ?5403>38:8 8 ?A8E>;>388 2KAH59 H:>;K />4 @54. . . 5B@>2A:>3>. ., 1986. 204. G5@: B5>@88 B5<?5@0<5=B0 />4 @54. . !. 5@;8=0. 5@<L, 1973. 205. . . 02;>2 2 2>A?><8=0=8OE A>2@5<5==8:>2 />4 @54. . . @5?A0. ., 1967. 206. 02;>2 . . @>1;5<0 A=0 / /!>1@. A>G.:  3 B. ". 3. =. 2. .; ., 1951 1952. 207. 02;>2A:85 A@54K. ". 2. />4 @54. . . K:>20. .; ., 1949. 208. 5;LF .,-=4@NA $. #G5=K5 2 >@30=870F8OE. ., 1973. 209. 5=D8;4 #., 60A?5@ ". -?8;5?A8O 8 DC=:F8>=0;L=0O 0=0B><8O 3>;>2=>3> <>730. ., 1958. 210. 5B@>2A:0O . . "5>@5B8G5A:85 8 <5B>48G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> B@5=8=30. ., 1982. 211. 5B@>2A:8 8 . . 8G=>ABL, 45OB5;L=>ABL, :>;;5:B82. ., 1982. 212. 8065 - 5GL 8 <KH;5=85 @515=:0. .; ., 1932. 213. 8065 . >;L 459AB289 2 D>@<8@>20=88 <KH;5=8O // >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388. 1965. ! 6. 214. 8065 . A8E>;>38O 8=B5;;5:B0 / /71@. ?A8E>;. B@C4K.  1969. 215. 8065 . 5=578A G8A;0 C @515=:0 / /71@. ?A8E>;. B@C4K. ., 1969. 216. 8065 ., =5;L45@ . 5=578A M;5<5=B0@=KE ;>38G5A:8E AB@C:BC@. ., 1963.. 217. 8FE5;0C@8 . 3.  E0@0:B5@8AB8:5 4>;3>68B5;59 @C788 / /!>25BA:>5 74@02>>E@0=5=85. 1966. ! 5. 218. ;0B>=. >AC40@AB2> / /!>G.:  3 B. ". 1. ., 1968. 219. ;0B>=. "5MB5B / /!>G.:  3 B. ". 2. ., 1970. 220. ;0B>=>2 . . 0=8<0B5;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O. ., 1962. 221. ;0B>=>2 . . @>1;5<0 A?>A>1=>AB59. ., 1972. 222. ;0B>=>2 . . !8AB5<0 ?A8E>;>388 8 B5>@8O >B@065=8O.  1982. 223. > 8 0 . 0B5<0B8:0 8 ?@024>?>4>1=K5 @0AAC645=8O. ., 1957. 224. >=C30520 . . <?@8=B8=3 (70?5G0B;520=85). ., 1973. 225. A8E>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O B2>@G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 /B2. @54. . . "8E><8@>2. ., 1975. 226. A8E>4803=>AB8:0. "5>@8O 8 ?@0:B8:0 />4 @54. . $. "0;K78=>9. ., 1986. 227. 0AB@838= . ,, @025 . !. 815@=5B8:0 :0: >=0 5ABL. ., 1975. 228. 59:>2A:89 /. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O M<>F89. ., 1979. 229. >6=>2 . . C:>2>4AB2> ?> ?A8E>B5@0?88. "0H:5=B, 1979. 230. C18=HB59= !. . A=>2K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388. ., 1946. 231. C18=HB59= !. . KB85 8 A>7=0=85. ., 1957. 232. C665 . ., ;8A5520 . ., 0481C@ ". !. !B@C:BC@0 8 DC=:F88 A5<59=KE 3@C??. ., 1983. 233. !02>=L:> . . F5=:0 8 A0<>>F5=:0 :0: <>B82K ?>2545=8O H:>;L=8:>2 @07=>3> 2>7@0AB0 / />?@>AK ?A8E>;>388. 1969. ! 4. 234. !2O4>I . . >A?@8OB85 8 70?><8=0=85 @5G8 2> 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==>3> A=0 / />?@>AK ?A8E>;>388. 1962. ! 1. 235. !2O4>I . . >;L =5>A>7=0205<KE <>B82>2 2 :;8=8:5 =52@>7>2 / /5AA>7=0B5;L=>5. ". 2. />4 @54. . !. @0=38H28;8, . . (5@>78O, . $. 0AA8=0. "18;8A8, 1978. 236. !520ABLO=>2 . . @>O2;5=85 =5:>B>@KE ?A8E>D878>;>38G5A:8E >A>15==>AB59 G5;>25:0 2 CA;>28OE :>A<8G5A:>3> ?>;5B0 // A8E>;>38G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K :>A<8G5A:8E ?>;5B>2 />4. @54. . $. ><>20, . . !0<A>=>20. ., 1979. 237. ! 5 : 5 8 . =0=85 8 <KH;5=85 / /A8E>;>38O <KH;5=8O / >4 @54. . . 0BNH:8=0. ., 1965. 238. ! 5 ; L 5 . G5@:8 >1 040?B0F8>==>< A8=4@><5. ., 1960. 239. !5G5=>2 . . -;5<5=BK <KA;8. ., 1935. 240. !5G5=>2 . . 71@. D8;>A. 8 ?A8E>;. ?@>872. ., 1947. 241. !8<>=>2. . KAH0O =5@2=0O 45OB5;L=>ABL G5;>25:0: >B820F8>==>-M<>F8>=0;L=K5 0A?5:BK. ., 1975. 242. !8<>=>2 . . "5>@8O >B@065=8O 8 ?A8E>D878>;>38O M<>F89. ., 1970. 243. !8AB5<=K9 ?>4E>4 8 ?A8E80B@8O / >4 @54. . . >;:>20. 8=A:, 1976. 244. !8DD@ . 48= 2 3;C18=0E 75<;8. ., 1966. 245. ! ; > 1 8 = ., @8=  6. A8E>;8=328AB8:0. ., 1976. 246. ! < 0 ; ; 8 0 = . . 0: 65 =07K205BAO MB0 :=830? ., 1981. 247. !<>;:8= . . :B82=K5 <5B>4K >1CG5=8O ?@8 M:>=><8G5A:>9 ?>43>B>2:5 @C:>2>48B5;59 ?@>872>4AB20. ., 1976. 248. !>45@60=85 8 <5B>4K ?>43>B>2:8 :04@>2 C?@02;5=8O / >4 @54. . .. 78@0, . . !:>@>1>30B>20. ., 1977. 249. !>:>;>2 . . =CB@5==OO @5GL 8 <KH;5=85. ., 1968. 250. !>:>;>20 . ". @>5:B82=K5 <5B>4K 8AA;54>20=8O ;8G=>AB8. ., 1980. 251. !?5@;8=3 6. =D>@<0F8O, ?>;CG05<0O ?@8 :>@>B:8E 7@8B5;L=KE ?@54JO2;5=8OE / /=65=5@=0O ?A8E>;>38O 70 @C156>< / >4 @54. . . 5>=BL520. ., 1967. 252. !?8=>70 . -B8:0. ., 1957. 253. !B5=L:> .. . A8E>;>38O <>@O:0. ., 1981. 254. !B@5;OC /. >;L B5<?5@0<5=B0 2 ?A8E8G5A:>< @0728B88. ., 1982. r J y t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dams J. A. Human memory. New York, 1967. 321. Bereznaya I. Y., Granovskaya- R. M. Robot vision as a problem of picture analysis optimization / /Robotica. 1986. Vol. 4. 322. Bereznaya I. Y., Granovskaya R. M. The model of human visual short-term memory / /Advanced Papers 2nd Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence /Ed. D. C. Cooper. London, 1971. 323.  5 v a n W. Subliminal stimulation as pervasive problem for psychology / /Psychological Bulletin. 1964. Vol. 61. 324.  > no . de. The use of lateral thinking. New York, 1972. 325.  > u m a n G. !. The figure-ground phenomenon in experimental and phenomenological psychology. Stockholm., 1968. 326.  > w 1 b C G. Child care and the growth of love. Harmond-sworth, 1961. 327. Broadbent D. E. Decision and stress. New York, 1971. 328. Broadbent D. E., Gregory M. Human responses to classes of stimuli //Nature. 1962. ! 193. 329. ! a r m i A 0 5 1 L.,  > g 0 n . ., W a 11 5 r A, A. An experimental study of the effect ot language in the reproduction of visually perceived form // Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1932. ! 15. 330. Charcot Y. M. Clinical lectures on diseases of the nervous system. 3. London, 1889. 331. Chasdi E. H., Lawrence M. S. Some antecedents ot aggression and effects of frustration in doll play / /Personality /Ed. W. Wolff. New York, 1951. 332. Dimond S. J., Farrington L., Johnson P. Differing emotional response from right and left hemisphere / / Nature. 1976. Vol. 261, ! 5562. 333. D i x > ? N. E. Subliminal perception: the nature of controversy. New York, 1971. 334. E a k i n R. M. Great scientists speak again. London, 1975. 335. E r i k s > n E. H. Identity. Youth and crisis. New York, 1958. 336. Erikson E. H. Childhood and society. New York, 1964. 337. E w e r t P. Factors in space localization during inverted vision / /Psychological Review. 1937. Vol. 44. 338. Eysenck H. I. Biological base of personality. London, 1968. 560 339 F > r w e r g M. Probleme und Ergebnisse der Psychologie. Ber '. F r > m m E. The art of loving. London, 1957. 441 Fro mm E. The forgotten language. New York, 1951. 342' Fry D P Denes P. Mechanical speech recognition / /Communication theory /Ed. J. Brown. New York, 1953. 343 G a r d n e r R. A., Gardner P. T. Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee / /Science. 1969. Vol. 165. 444 Gesell A The child from five to ten. New York, 1946. 345: Gesell A., Ilg A. L., Ames L. B. Youth: The years from ten to sixteen. New York, 1956. 346 Granovskaya R. M. The model of human visual long-term memory with ability for generalization //Advanced Papers 2nd Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence /Ed. D. C. Coo- per' ^" G"r a n ov s k 0 C a R. M. The role of higher psychic processes in consciousness //Cognitive Science. 1987. Vol. 4 348 Granovskaya R. M., B e r e z n 0 C a I. Y. Experiments on human pattern recognition: a hierarchical sign-system approach / /Pattern Recognition. 1980. ! 1. 349. Granovskaya R. M., Bereznaya I. Y., Gri-g > r i e v a A. N. Perception of form and forms of perception. O.'Greenb er g R. Dream interruption insomnia //Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1967. Vol. 44. 351 Guilford I. P. Personality. New York, 1959. 352. H a r 1 > w H. ., Z i m m e r m a n R. R. Affectional responses in the infant monkey / /Science. 1959. Vol. 130. 353. Hartmann E. The biology of dreaming. New York, 19o/. 354. Hick W. E. On the rate of gain of information / / Quart. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1952. ! 1. 355. Hiebsch H., Forverg M. Socialpsychologie. Berlin, 1979. 356. Hochberg J. E. Attention, organization and consciousness / /Attention: contemporary theory and analysis /Ed. D. J. Mos-tofsky. New York, 1970. 357.  C m a n R. Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time / /Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1953. Vol. 45, ! 3. 358. Ittelson W. Visual space perception. New York, 1960. 359.Jacobson E. Electrical measurements of neuromuscular states during mental activities / /American Journal of Physiology. 1931. Vol. 97, ! 1. 360. J 0 A > b s > n . Progressive relaxation. Chicago, 1961. 361. Janet P. Fear of action as an essential element at the sentiment of melancholia / /Feelings and emotions /Ed. M. L. Reymert. New York, 1967. 362. J ov a n > v i A V. I. Normal sleep in man. Stuttgart, 1971. 363. Kagan G., Havemann E. Psychology, an introduction. New York, 1976. 364.  e I 1 m a n . . Three processes ot acceptance of social influence: compliance, identification and internalization / /Pa-561 pers and Meetings of the Amer. Psycho!. Assoc. /Ed. G. Eagle Washington, 1956. 365.  > f f k 0 . Principles of Gestaltpsychology. New York 1935, 366.  > hie r I. The formation and transformation of the perceptual world / /Psychological Issues. 1964. Vol. 3, ! 4. 367.  > pel S. A., A s k > w i t z H. S. Role playing as a source of selt-observation and behavior change //Journal of Social Psychology. 1974. Vol. 29. ! 5. 368. Kilpatrick F. P. Motivation, perception and action. Washington, 1953. 369. Legendre R.,Pieron H. Recherches sur le besoin de sommeil consequtif a une velle prolongee //Zeischrift fur allge-meine Physiologie. 1912. Bd 14. 370. Leman H. C. Age and achievement. Princeton, 1953. 371.Loftus E. F., Palmer J. C. Reconstruction of automobile destruction. / /Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1974. Vol. 13. 372. M a s 1 > w A. The farther reaches of human nature. New York, 1971. 373. Miller G. A. The magical number seven: plus or minus two. Some limits of our capacity for processing information / / Psychological Review. 1956. ! 63. 374. McDougall R. Recognition and recall // Philosophical and Scientific Methods. 1904. Vol. 1. 375. McGinnes E. Emotionality and perceptual defense / / Psychological Review. 1949. Vol. 56. 376. M A N a i 1 E., R u b i n Z. The psychology of being human. San Francisco, 1977. 377. M u 1 1 e r G. E., P i 1 z e A k e r A. Experimentelle Beit-rage zum Lehre von Gedachtnis / /Psychologie. 1900. Suppl. I. 378. Oswald J. Sleep. London, 1966, 379. P a i v i o A. Imagery and verbal processes. New York. 1971. 380. Postman L., Bruner J. S. Perception under stress / / Psychological Review. 1948. Vol. 55. 381. Riesen A., Aarons L. Visual movement and intensity discrimination in cats after early deprivation of pattern vision / /Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology. 1959. Vol. 52. 382. Roffwarg H. P., Demeht W. C., Muzio J. M. e. a. Dream imagery: relationship to rapid eye movements and sleep / /Archives of General Psychiatry. Vol. 7. 383. Rosenberg M. Occupation and values. New York, 1957. 384. Rosenzweig S. The Rosenzweig picture-frustration study, children's form / /Projective techniques with children /Eds. A. I. Rabin, M. R. Haworth. New York, 1960. 385. R u b i n E. Visual wahrgenommene Figuren / /Studia in Psychologia, 1921. 386.Sawrey W. L., Conger J. J., Turel E. S. An experimental investigation of the role of the psychological factor in the production of gastric ulsers in rat / /Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 1956. Vol. 49. 562 387 S A h u 11 z D. P. Sensory restriction effects on behavior New York, 1965. 388 Senden M. von. Space and sight. Methuen /Free Press. 389 Shibutanu J. A cybernetic approach to motivation / /Modern systems research for the behavioral scientist /Ed. W Buckley. Chicago, 1968. 390.Sihleanu V Athanasiu V. Psihologia profesiu- nit medicate. Bucuresti, 1973. 391 Siipola E. M. A group study of some effects of preparatory set / /Psychological Monographs. 1935. Vol. 46. 392 Simon C. W., E m m > n s W. H. Learning during sleep / / Psychological Bulletine. 1955. Vol. 52. 393. S > 1 1 e C !. M., H a i g h G. A. A note to Santa Claus / / TPR. 1957. Vol. 18. 394. Solomon P. Sensory deprivation. Cambridge, 1961. 395-Stoyva J. Can electrophysiological studies of dreaming be used as a paradigm for other research in psychophysiological relationschip? //Sleep: physiology and pathology /Ed. A. Kales. 396. Thigpen C. H Thigpen H., deckle C H. M. The three faces of the Eve. New York, 1957. 397. Thomas K. W., R > n d C L. R. Toward an "Intent model of conflict management among principal parties / /Human Relations. Vol. 30. 398. Treisman A. M. The psychological reality of levels of processing / /Levels of processing in human memory /Eds. L. S. Germek, J. M. Craik. Hillsdale, 1979. 399. Wertheimer M. Productive thinking. New York, 1954. 400. Yates A. J. Frustration and conflict. London, 1962. 401. Yerkes R. M., Dodson J. D. The relation of strength of stimulus to validity of habit-information / /Journal of Comparative and Neurological Psychology. 1908. Vol. 18. 402. Zeigarnik B. Das Behalten eriedigter und unerledigter Handlungen / / Psychologische Forschung. 1927. ! 9.  @548A;>285 ................... 3 0728B85 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 .......... 9 !B0=>2;5=85 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 ......... 10 >3@C65=85 8 A25@BK20=85 ............ 15 $>@<8@>20=85 ?@>872>;L=>AB8 ........... 19 A?>;L7>20=85 ?@8=F8?0 ?>3@C65=8O ?@8 >1CG5=88 . ... 22 >A?@8OB85 ..................... 25 A=>2=K5 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 2>A?@8OB8O ........ 26 :B82=>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O 8 7=0G5=85 >1@0B=>9 A2O78 ... 31 1J5< 8 AB@C:BC@0 8=D>@<0F88 8 045:20B=>5 2>A?@8OB85 . . 37 5@5AB@>9:0 2>A?@8OB8O ?@8 >1CG5=88 ........ 42 =8<0=85 .................... 51 =8<0=85 :0: >3@0=8G5=85 ?>;O 2>A?@8OB8O ...... 52 %0@0:B5@8AB8:8 2=8<0=8O ............ 59 0<5G0=8O ?> C?@02;5=8N 2=8<0=85< ........ 65 0<OBL ..................... 75 84K 8 D>@<K ?0<OB8 .............. 76 3=>25==0O 8 :@0B:>2@5<5==0O ?0<OBL ........ 90 @><56CB>G=0O ?0<OBL 8 <5E0=87<K A=0 ....... 100 >;3>2@5<5==0O ?0<OBL ............. 112 !?>A>1K C?@02;5=8O ?0<OBLN ........... 128 KH;5=85 .................... 139 >?>=OB89=>5 8 ?>=OB89=>5 <KH;5=85 ........ 140 -B0?K <KA;8B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0 .......... 153 %0@0:B5@8AB8:8 <KA;8B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0 ....... 159 !?>A>1K 0:B82870F88 <KH;5=8O .......... 174 -<>F88 ..................... 189 8>;>38G5A:>5 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 M<>F89 . . . 190 0728B85 M<>F89 ................ 201 !B@5AA 8 53> >A>15==>AB8 ............. 205 #?@02;5=85 M<>F8O<8 .............. 217 5GL 8 O7K: ................... 229 0728B85 @5G8 ................ 230 A?><>30B5;L=K5 A@54AB20 O7K:0 .......... 246 /7K: ;5:B>@0 ................. 249 !>7=0=85 ..................... 255 !>7=0=85 :0: 2KAH0O ABC?5=L @0728B8O ?A8E8:8 .... 256 708<>459AB285 A>7=0=8O 8 ?>4A>7=0=8O ....... 264 !?>A>1K ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK .......... 271 @5>4>;5=85 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 70I8BK ........ 282 564 A8E8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK 8 0A8<<5B@8O ?>;CH0@89 ...... 295 A8<<5B@8O ?>;CH0@89 8 A?5F8D8:0 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2& 296 =BC8F8O, <=>3>:@0B=0O A<5=0 4><8=8@>20=8O . . . . . . 311 CB8 @0728B8O 8=BC8F88 ............. 318 -DD5:B82=>ABL >1CG5=8O 8 @>;L ?@02>3> ?>;CH0@8O . . . 331 8>;>38G5A:89 DC=40<5=B ;8G=>AB8 ........... 337 "5<?5@0<5=B ................. 338 "5<?5@0<5=B 8 ?@>4C:B82=>ABL 45OB5;L=>AB8 ...... 347 040B:8 8 A?>A>1=>AB8 .............. 354 >7@0AB=K5 >A>15==>AB8 ;8G=>AB8 ............ 363 A>15==>AB8 ?A8E>;>388 N=>H5A:>3> 2>7@0AB0 ..... 364 !?5F8D8:0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 2 7@5;>< 2>7@0AB5 377 1I5=85 8 ;8G=>ABL ................. 391 !0<>>F5=:0 8 C@>25=L ?@8BO70=89 ......... 392 ;8O=85 ?@>D5AA88 =0 >1I5=85 .......... 404 2B>@8B5B ?@5?>4020B5;O 8 MDD5:B82=>ABL >1I5=8O . . . 410 C@0B>@ 8 42>9=0O 040?B0F8O ABC45=B0 ........ 417 @>1;5<K >1I5=8O 2 A5<L5 ............ 424 :B82=K5 <5B>4K >1CG5=8O .............. 449 B=>H5=85 : =>2><C 8 ?@5>4>;5=85 AB5@5>B8?>2 .... 450 >=:@5B=K5 A8BC0F88 .............. 466 5B>4 8=F845=B0 ............... 469 "@5=8@>2:0 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 ........... 474 >73>20O 0B0:0 ................ 479 5;>2K5 83@K ................. 486 5B>4 ?>3@C65=8O ............... 492 &5;>AB=>ABL ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 ........... 509 0:;NG5=85 .................... 545 !?8A>: 8;;NAB@0F89, ?><5I5==KE =0 H<CFB8BC;0E ...... 548 A?>;L7>20==0O ;8B5@0BC@0 .............. 549 @0=>2A:0O 040 8E09;>2=0 -"+  "'! !% 540:B>@ . !. !4>1=8:>20 %C4>65AB25==K9 @540:B>@ !. . ;5:A552 1;>6:0 EC4>6=8:0 1. . "N;N:8=0 "5E=8G5A:89 @540:B>@ . . 0B25520 >@@5:B>@K . . @<>;0520, . !. 0G8=A:0O   ! 2871 !40=> 2 =01>@ 25.06.87. >4?8A0=> 2 ?5G0BL 22.02.88. -24136. $>@<0B 84 X 108'/72. C<030 B8?. ! 2. 0@=8BC@0 ;8B5@0BC@=0O. 5G0BL 2KA>:0O. #A;. ?5G.;. 29,82. #A;.:@.->BB. 29,98. #G.-874. ;. 30,29. "8@06 50000 M:7. 0:07 2445. &5=0 2 @. 30 :. 740B5;LAB2> # 8<. . . 40=>20. 199034, 5=8=3@04. #=825@A8B5BA:0O =01., 7/9. 5A?C1;8:0=A:0O >@45=0 =0: >G5B0 B8?>3@0D8O 8<. . $. =>E8=0 >AC40@AB25==>3> :><8B5B0 0@5;LA:>9 !!  ?> 45;0< 8740B5;LAB2, ?>;83@0D88 8 :=86=>9 B>@3>2;8. 185630. 5B@>702>4A:, C;. @024K, 4 ",!"  ! # !"" ?;0=8@C5B :. 2K?CA:C 2 1989 3>4C <>=>3@0D8N  K 1 0 ; : > . $. A8E>;>38O @0728B8O G5;>25:0. 20 ;.  <>=>3@0D88 ?@8<5=5= A8AB5<=K9 ?>4E>4 : @0AA<>B@5=8N ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O G5;>25:0 :0: 48=0<8G5A:>3>, F5;>AB=>3>, E>BO 8 2=CB@5==5 ?@>B82>@5G82>3> ?@>F5AA0. 0=0 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O 8=482840 =0 ?@>BO65=88 2A53> 687=5==>3> F8:;0, 2:;NG0O @0==55 45BAB2>, 4>H:>;L=K9 8 H:>;L=K9 ?5@8>4K, 0 B0:65 ?5@8>4K 27@>A;>AB8 8 AB0@5=8O. >:070=0 4803=>AB8G5A:0O 7=0G8<>ABL >A=>2=KE 70:>=><5@=>AB59 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O G5;>25:0, ?>72>;ONI0O A>7=0B5;L=> C?@02;OBL MB8< ?@>F5AA><. @54=07=0G5=0 4;O H8@>:>3> :@C30 ?A8E>;>3>2, <548:>2, ?5403>3>2. 0:07K, =0?@02;OBL ?> 04@5AC: 191186, 5=8=3@04, 52A:89 ?@., 4. 28. 03078= ! 1 >< :=838. B45; =830  ?>GB>9.     www.koob.ru zV|ʣĶpPbtv\$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx ȣFht 8|6Fb~lnp<NN04Z8<RxrLdfvhq=hCJhq=CJmHnHuhCJmHnHu hq=CJ hCJT\P hz:B 4tv $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdxvxHJHN  &fhDHzLPFj:@t v  $ V<np ʽhh<5CJmHnHuh5CJmHnHuh<hCJh0<hCJhCJmHnHu hCJ h<CJE<p * d f j   $l+..x/*7=z??CIPP$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx    * , Z \ ^ ` b h j   !!$#(#..//4425<55528<8`88z??AA^B`BbBC8CCCCCCCDķ鱭颕颅zhC5CJmHnHuh0<h6CJ hC5CJh6CJmHnHuhCJmHnHuh h<CJjF h{J{~~~~ԀxzҌ֌ȎЎn h6CJjh, UmHnHu h, CJhC5hCJhCJmHnHu hC5CJ hCJhC5CJmHnHuFPV`aaFdlrr:}r؇<TؑH $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxF`dȑ֑ؑޑ2hLآܢ,8.2  04<@JNX\ίܯjnx|"& 4B:@&*^b"X\ h, CJhCJmHnHu h6CJ hCJh6CJmHnHuT&ޯ :BT4v~^z<  $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxbftv|rv J`"  \ `   FJ$bVb   $$$$%))L1P1990;6;BB4LBLLLFOJOPPUUYYYZZ"ZZZ^^L^R^ l$lh{]h h{]5CJhCJmHnHu hCJh{]CJmHnHu h{]CJh{]h{]CJN$$%))~-n30;8;;CKLLNUL^T^^eTlo$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$loooors0^b ؔ"rvԛ (*XҜ֜$ڦަ̪Ҫfh@BƲزBHTؼ޼rv, hhCJh hcCJhCJmHnHu hCJ hCJVoorwP*XL&4NBJܵ&$a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx,TVX\"(". &*@DRV\` z~"&Z` J&*<@DJLjPTflRX$ $%(%))::;;<< hxeCJhhh5CJh5CJmHnHuhCJmHnHu hhCJ hCJPH (2ZbDDL RRZ $@&a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx$"&))+2f6::AJnLvLOS[^]f]bfmrnznp $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx<@>D>@@@A6C:CEEEEHFNFnLtLSTTT[[\\\^]d],k0kllrnxnp(qwwzz~~~N~*.ʄ҆jnRX*>HΗЗڗDPVķh6CJmHnHu h6CJjheUmHnHu heCJ h ,CJh hxeCJhCJmHnHu hCJHp(qLw~~PRZΗҗr ަ"&LJ $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx$&04ʙΙ z:D "$.6Ȭʬ8:JLڸ>D(*4<@Hz~xz<>tv幨hjV h-Jh-JCJU h-JCJj hCJUheCJmHnHuhCJmHnHu heCJ hCJh6CJmHnHu h6CJBJ>F(,ʼxz>vxd $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx 0Z^JNjlz~rt <@HJ28|@D&    <BPTh-Qh5CJ h`CJhCJmHnHu hCJXdlth Vb$%&v0$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxr"t"##$$V&Z&**00 55Z6`666f9j9::";0;>;D;;;v=z=>>???@pBtBBGGXH\HHHJJUUJWLWPWWWXXXXXb^x^ c$ccc(e|ehhhhdrjrrryh h$6CJh$hCJ h5CJ h6CJ h$CJhCJmHnHu h-QCJ hCJLv0Z6b6 :V=lEGGJUXXb^>c(e|ehhpuyyzL|~$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxyy{ {JV\fjpЅԅrt~ RLR,.6:TVjp:ƭ8x¯&dΰ*0z,0djlvzbp48h hhZCJ h!CJ h$CJ hCJhCJmHnHuU~Ph ^J LTڛƨjr zdlbj $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx&*.6HLNPV`bhDJVZNR~2: Jz ^FRhn@Dx|$XZd,T ^ "!$!&!(!hCJmH sH h0<hCJh.2CJmHnHu h.2CJh.2h.2CJhCJmHnHu hCJLj2:hp##(D-X2446?jErEI $@&a$gdx$a$gdx(!*!####333344444R9X9x9|9>>>>@ATAjACCDDhEjEpErEE|FFVG\GLLfRrRtRRXU^U>Y~YYY.Z0ZZZZZZ4[6[z[[[[[jӶ hCJU h6CJhDCJmHnHuhhDCJmH sH  hDCJhCJmH sH hCJmHnHu h.2CJ hCJh0<hCJAINtRRXU`U>Y~YYY0ZrZZZ6[t[[[[[agh&j$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx[[[^^__aa~hh~ii$j&j,jtlloozp~pppppqq:r>r^trtttttzz{&{({.{0{քDPPR^f4828\^\`"(V^t h.8CJh ACJmHnHu h ACJh Ah ACJhCJmHnHu hCJ h sCJhN&j.jxk,s({2{ć2:"*0LT*ƿο$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdxܝjnjn*0DNZ`vLRĿƿ̿ο 8DLNlpfjhnXd6DN hE.CJh.8hCJh.8hCJmHnHuh.8CJmHnHu h.8CJhCJmHnHu hCJLhp*2`h$p &.""&*0p5x5J6$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdxNV026Bdj *jp8D|*0>~$`f      &, "$&!z""""l$6':'++0L0T0V011v2z2p5v56j7888888:hhE.hCJhE.CJmHnHu hE.CJ hCJhCJmHnHuRJ66j7:hA0E8EGdQ@THT0X[`^4fx@xDxtz̃΃|Z`b2z~ "flnΚԝ؝z~HLlz^bĸغh@Fxz z hw|CJ hMCJ hjCJ hCJhCJmHnHuWfnJζ"N $@&a$gdx$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx"(  .8&,x(.HJ  < B F L \ b t ~ * 0 dlrvV^¸jH hCJU h6CJh{h6CJh hMCJhw|CJmHnHu hw|CJ hCJhCJmHnHuHz. Ddl.^8L$''R,d5$a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx$a$gdx8HTB!F! #(#.#:#%%j&&&&''''''((())B,P,00337v8x8~8~;;;;P>\>"B&BBB2H8H:HIIIKLMMO$OVVXXYZZZ^^jjPkRkXk,n:nhAhACJ hACJh{h{CJ h{CJhCJmHnHu hCJh hsD@CJNd5x88; AF2H:HLlWZZ0b fRkZktrw||}t}v}$$a$gdx $@&a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdx:nuu4v8vvvvvfwpwwwxxTyVy{|||||8}>}V}\}d}r}|^hDF "(^–ȖP\؟ܟ¢ȢT`Z^Эԭv~دޯԶضhJ6hJ6CJjhJ6UmHnHu hJ6CJ hACJhCJmHnHu hCJP$"*p¢ʢ\$FʿRNV $a$gdx $@&a$gdx $@&a$gdx$a$gdxض"& ,DPh|<B  ,24 TV8 : @     Z^HJRx|!!@!F!&&J'\'''**+++r; h0*oCJh0*oh0*oCJh0h0CJhh0CJmHnHu h0CJhCJmHnHu hCJL,4: B ,JR"X)++.9==@NFFK KLQWz\$a$gdx$a$gdxr;v;;===TDVDNFFGGKK KK\TdTz\\$_(_````aaaa2b>bZebeee&m,m.mxmmmTvXvx xyy:y@yhynyyyyy8{>{~~~RV PTֆ *Zdrv hxCJh0*oCJmHnHuh h0*oCJ hCJhCJmHnHuSz\\_g&m.mbp4v~~ΌPؠΥ&vBJܿ*2$a$gdx$a$gdxΔҔؠޠlpv6:8IJ@BH"nx·ʷƹȹʹ̹й *02Xtz*,2|h.DCJmHnHu h.DCJh.Dh.DCJhCJmH sH hhCJhxCJmHnHu hxCJh hCJhCJmHnHuD2,4@dlvz 24V^V%L%((-19:gd.D$a$gdxdjz|hlTV\BJ%L%((8,D,--`0d00012669:F;J;2A4AAAAA$C(CEE6H8HJJjKpK`MdMZTdTWWXX<]B]D]F]ddi iJnPn hShCJh5CJmHnHuhh.Dh.DCJhhCJ h.DCJ hCJhCJmHnHuK::A\IjKrKfT<]D]cJnRnpRtP|px܈~(0.(&.Ԣ0$a$gdxPnRnoss&npv(.0lr (p(2Tbzʙ~0<FR&,"(06ĸjn RVtz*8 jh}|UmHnHuhCJmHnHu hShCJ hCJV08D|t|<4t b*!2!$a$gdx&\bz0<l,8    X^nt*!0!t####..111.20262>>*C,CxCzCCSTTVT\TZ[8[<[>]B],^2^L_P_ddddd t*tRuuuh_CJmHnHu h_CJh_h_CJ h5CJ h}|CJhCJmHnHu hCJO2!!t#$/02825v?zCCfHMQVT^TVV[bdd iJotuu{$a$gdxuuuuwwwwv}x}}}vz†ĆĔȔ ~hLZ\^bdfĩ"* hbCJ h5CJji> h.h SCJU h6CJhh_hCJmHnHuh_hCJh_h_CJhCJmHnHu hCJ h_CJ@|J(  hL\`bdxt$a$gdx$a$gdx"ܽnr<B.: rzdl~ "&08:@hl0 6 r t RVX(())T-hihiCJ hiCJhbhbCJ hbCJhCJmHnHu hCJRt:Bpx h 0 8 @^4$)$a$gdi$a$gdxT----77T>Z>xAzABBvO|OSS,V0VBVJVVVW WWWYY``jjbkhklllll mmmHnPn>qDqvv~$~~~,2bf&(HLқ֛:@^fدBlX^Ph hhCJhCJmHnHu hCJ hiCJX)--/36T>\>@JMvO~ORZ``dh p>qFqHq,$a$gdx,4&x:B8@Bl\",`bj$a$gdh$a$gdx$a$gdxPTNRX`,L^`bhjnx4pVX6<&2  -- -$-&-`--hhhCJhjhhUmHnHuhhCJmHnHu hhCJ hCJhCJmHnHuKph`   d%) -&-`-d6$a$gdx$a$gdx--../\/00f22l=r=GGNFPJPpPrPxPYYr````dd8q>q@qr>s@stt<B x؏ $ؓޓz~@F 4r(*VX^hz2hz2CJ hsD@CJ hz2CJhh}\iCJmHnHuhCJmHnHu hCJ h}\iCJNd67l=t=CIrPzPQV``cFi8q@qv D؏ؓڣ$a$gdx$a$gdxڣΪ2X`TpX,4&n  gdz2$a$gdx^<@BDnr,248hV`n  rvV! !% & .D.F.L.N.b.8899::f?l?b@h~[h~[CJ h~[CJh hz2CJhz2hz2CJhCJmHnHu hCJN 2|p&)F.N./.26f?n?vA8H*Q2QBU__gmootlw$a$gdx$a$gdxb@d@j@CC.C2CCCTEXE^EdEEEFF@IDIZI^IJ$JJJ8K\L\____``ccLoPooooJprrrrssrv(.ƃԃ@~ hP CJhh~[CJmHnHuh~[h~[CJ h~[CJhCJmHnHu hCJh~[hCJ h5CJIlwfz~(0փtBПJسJ F$a$gdxjnֳس޳ζ$80ftLDH2:FHNPp< @   < @ h| z| | | | } } B~ F~   ̂ Z ^ ˆ Έ $ ( ڍ & ( 8 < ( , ę ș v x ~  $ & Z b d f һݦhq|Jh6CJhq|JCJmHnHujhq|JUmHnHuhq|Jhq|JCJhCJmHnHu hCJhq|JhCJmHnHuhq|JhCJ hq|JCJA܍ V x & P X x Ƴ γ @ H P f N x $a$gdxf j n p P V  n r j n ` d خ ܮ d h ̯ Я ް 8 < ڲ * , ij Ƴ ̳ N R @ F H J L N X ` b d ƽװז h6CJjzh,Hh,HCJU h,HCJjXh,Hh,HCJUhq|Jhq|JCJ hq|JCJhCJmHnHu hCJhq|JhCJhq|Jh6CJhq|Jh6CJmHnHu; < @ d h x ~ L P $ ( H J t  b f P T !! ! ! !H !J !p !r !x ! ! !!!D!!L!N!!!!\!`!)!)!ƽh`:-h`:-CJ h`:-CJ hdXCJhdXhdXCJj@hCJUjhCJUhCJmHnHu hCJJ !!r !z ! !!!!!p%!\,!d,!01!;!V>!^>!@!H!$a$gdx)!\,!b,!d,!"-!-!.!5!5!8!8!9!9!:! :!H:!L:!V>!\>!h?!n?!0G!4G!H!H!@J!DJ!O!O!O! O! O!O!O!O!"O!$O!&O!(O!O!fP!jP! V!V!V!V!e!e!Hg!Ng!bg!fg!g!g!k!k!k!k!$m!(m!m!m!n!n!n!n!n!r!r!,s!x!@x!Bx!Dx!Nx!Vx!Xx!Zx!Zz!\z!{!D{!F{!L{! |!|!~!!!!z!!։!ډ!Ԋ!؊!"!(!"!&!!!!!!!!!!!!!8!:!@!!!!!!!!!!! !"!,!4!6!8!!!!!&!!!j:hCJUjhCJUhDvCJmHnHu h6CJhCJmHnHujrhCJU hDvCJ hCJjhCJUD:!B!z!!! !$!:!2!!!T!!^!f!h!!!!!!! !Z!b!!!&!$a$gd>$a$gdx!!!!!!!¾!>!|!!!^!f!h!x!z!!&!,!z!~!!!!!!!!!!!!!X!Z!`!!!"!&!!!!!! !!!P!T!2!!!!! !$!&!,!.!6!!!!!!!Z!^!!!h>CJmHnHuh>h>6CJh>h>CJmHnHuh>h>CJ h>CJ h,HCJ hCJhCJmHnHuG&!.!!!!!!!D"" " "t ",""""!"$"x*",","0"7";"="="BA"$a$gd>$a$gdx!!!!!! !!"" " " " " " """""*"*",","`3"j3"D;"F;"<"<"="="="="B"B"J"J"O"O"^O"`O"fO"X"X"_"_"_"X`"k"k"k"k"k"u"u"@w"Fw"w"w"""ރ""x""؆"چ" "N"n"p"D"F"""""" hsD@CJhhf{hf{CJ hf{CJ h>CJhCJmHnHu hCJj7hCJUNBA"I"`O"hO">U"PY"_"_"f"k"k"l",s"@w"Hw" {"n}"L"r""""z"""L"܌"p""gdf{$a$gdx""؊"ފ""""""$"@"B"D"F"N"T"n"p"r"v"x"z"""""""Ƌ" "">"J"X"`"Ό"ڌ"""b"n"|""ȍ"΍"""X"\""""Ȏ"""""""""2"4"6":"<">"b"n"p"|"""ǾǾ h6CJhhCJhCJmH sH hhCJmHnHsH uhhCJmH sH  hCJhCJmHnHuH"X""p"֏""""`"""2""ޓ"4"""R""Ж"R" ""@""Ě"8""$"gdf{$a$gdx"ď"""."4"F"N"f"r"x"~"""А"Ԑ""""":"<"L"R"n"p"t"v"x""""""""""N"R"^"`"b"d"j"l"v"x"z"~""""""""""""""2"6"`"~"""ǾǾǾǾh hsD@CJ h6CJhhCJhCJmH sH hhCJmHnHsH uhhCJmH sH  hCJhCJmHnHuD"""ԓ"ܓ"ޓ"" "*"2"4"8"""""ܔ""""H"P"R"V"j"v"""""""""Ж"Ԗ"D"P"R"X""" """"""4">"@"F"""""~"""š"Ě"ʚ"*"6"8">" """""""$"*"""""""""@"H"P"\"^"d"""""<" hCJ hsD@CJhCJmHnHu\$""^""J""J"R""آ""n"""""""T""*"" "x"@"̭"Ȯ"@"Ȱ"$a$gdx<"H"J"P"x"|"""""""""<"H"J"P"T"Z"""8"<"""""ʢ"֢"آ"ޢ""""""""`"l"n"t"֥""""&"*"""""""""" "v"""""""$"t"x"""Ʃ"̩"ԩ""""F"R"T"Z""""""("*"0"""""" " " hCJhCJmHnHu^ ""j"v"x"~"""$"*"2">""ʭ"̭"ҭ"n"r""""Ʈ"Ȯ"ή"2">"@"F""":"@""ư"Ȱ"ΰ"*"6"8">""""""""$""""""$"&",""""".":"<"B""""""""µ""""""""""""""""ķ""""*","2"~" hCJhCJmHnHu^Ȱ"8""""&""<""""""","""p""t"ʺ"V"":"""½"f"2"$a$gdx~""""""""""""b"n"p"v"޹""""h"r"t"z""Ⱥ"ʺ"к"H"T"V"\"ػ"""","8":"@"ȼ"̼"""""""""t"x"""""""½"Ƚ""":">"J"P"X"d"f"l"""" """$"0"2"8" """"""""P"T"""""" hCJhCJmHnHu^2""""j""H""""">"""""V""t"""P""j""d""""$a$gdx""\"h"j"p""""":"F"""""""h"n"""""<"@"j"n""""""&"""""0"<">"D"""""""""""H"T"V"\"""""f"r"t"z"""""""""""B"N"P"V"*"4" """ "\"h"j"p"""X"^"""" hCJhCJmHnHu^""V"b"d"j""""""""$"""""""<"H"J"P"""""*"."~""""""v""""""" "" """*""""""""".":"<"D"p"~""$"&"."""""."8"^"t"v"""""""v"""""""R"hCJmH sH  h5CJ hCJhCJmHnHuW"J"""""""""<"&""v"""R"Z""^""""V"j"""8"^""$a$gdxR"X"""""v"z"P"\"^"f""""""""""""""""N"T"\"h"j"r"""""""p"~"""""P"\"^"f""""""""" ","."6"""""""""|""""""""""n"t""""""""$",""" " h5CJ hCJhCJmHnHu[""."""|""""$"&"""B"""""d""""N"""""&""$a$gdx """$"&"."""""""""4"@"B"J"v""""""""L"P"z""""""""""""8"<"H"N"V"b"d"l"""""""""""""@"L"N"V"""""""" """"""$"&"."""""d"h"""""""""" hCJhCJmHnHu^""""","""l""2""""`"""#####x####d#^##$a$gdx""""""""0"4""""""*","4"""""""""""$"("V"j"l"t"""""$"0"2":"""""h"n"t""""""""R"^"`"h"""""`"d"""""X"d"""""##########D#J##### h5CJ hCJhCJmHnHu[## ############## #####,#0#L#b#d#l###F#\#^#f##### # # #( # # # # #" #* # #" #$ #, # # # # # #$ #t # # # # #& #h #t #v #~ # # # # # ########$#(##### h6CJh6CJmHnHu hCJH*hCJmHnHu hCJT# # #" # #$ # # # #v # ###n#####J##F### ######$a$gdx#`#l#n#v#######(#,#v#|###########<#H#J#R#####8#D#F#N############### #(#t##### #####N#P#~####### ###r#~#####>#D######### h6CJhCJmHnHu hCJZ####P##~### #4!#!#"###z##0$#%#%#%#&#0'#'#b(#,)#)#*#v*#*#h+#$a$gdx#####B#N#P#X#####p#|#~######### # # # # #&!#2!#4!#7#J7#L7#T7#7#7#7#7#8#8#8#8#9#9# 9#(9#d9#h9#9#9#9#9#:#:#:#:#z:#:#:#:#:# ;# ;#;#;#;#;#;#V<#\<#<#<#<#<#*=#6=#8=#@=#=#=#=#=#f>#j>#>#>#h6CJmHnHu hCJhCJmHnHuY<#8=#=#>#>?#?#@#@#@#A#B#B#DC#D#tD#D#E#F#lF#F#tG#H#lI#J#HK#K#|L#M#O#$a$gdx>#>#>#>#?#0?#?#F?#?#?#?#?#@#$@#*@#,@#6@#8@#V@#X@#@#@#@#@#@#@#@#@#@#@#@#A#A#A#A# B#B#B#"B#zB#B#B#B#6C#BC#DC#LC#C#C#C#C#C# D#D#D#FD#LD#XD#^D#fD#rD#tD#|D#D#D#D#D#zE#E#E#E#E#E#E#E#E#F#hCJmH sH h6CJH*mH sH hCJH*mH sH hhCJhCJmHnHu hCJMF# F#F#F# F#^F#jF#lF#tF#F#F#F#F#F#F#F#G#fG#rG#tG#|G#H#H#H#H#H#H#8I########H#J#L#N#P###0#F#H#P####Ă#ʂ#"#$#Ѓ#܃##ٶٰٰٰٰٰٰ hCJhCJH*mH sH h-Jh-JCJmH sH h5CJmH sH hhCJmH sH hhCJmHnHsH uhCJmH sH E####B#N#P#X#d#h#j#l#v#x#z#~### ##*#4#>#@#H##### #v##########,#8#:#B#D#F#H#J#ʈ#Έ##$#0#@#B#J####f#j###Š#Ԋ#֊#ފ###############J#X#Z# hCJhCJmH sH hhCJmH sH hhCJmHnHsH uS#P#@####:#B##֊#Z#~####V#ޏ#ΐ###ԓ#B#d##.###V#T#$a$gdxZ#b###p#|#~########################č#ƍ#ȍ#####H#T#V#^#`#b#d#f#r#t#v#x#z#|#ҏ#܏#ޏ######t#x####̐#ΐ#֐#ؐ#ڐ#ܐ#ސ############## hCJhhCJmH sH hCJmH sH hhCJmHnHsH uS###ē#ʓ#ғ#ԓ#ܓ#4#@#B#ޔ##D#P#Z#b#d#l#x#|#~#########,#.#6#~##З#ܗ#####V#`###########Ƙ#ʘ#H#T#V#^#f#n########2#>#R#T#\####### #(#### hCJhhCJmH sH hCJmH sH hhCJmHnHsH uST## #ޛ#f###j##Т#آ#|##֤# #n####T#ا###F##|###T#$a$gdx#ʛ#ԛ#ܛ#ޛ##М#֜#H#R#\#d#f#n#H#L###########\#h#j#r#Ơ#ʠ####"#*#@#D###Ƣ#΢#Т#֢#آ#ޢ######n#z#|#####Z#^#Ԥ#֤### #<#B#l#n#######0#4#j# hCJh5CJmH sH hhCJmH sH hCJmH sH hhCJmHnHsH uNj#v##########4#@#J#R#T#\#`#b#d#l#p#r#t#v#x#z#Χ#֧#ا#######^#l####,#.#0#D#F#######ª#ʪ#̪#Ϊ#h#l#z#|##### h5CJhh5CJmH sH h5CJmH sH "hh5CJmHnHsH u hCJhhCJmH sH hCJmH sH hhCJmHnHsH u?#.#2#֬####F#R#T#\##ƭ#ȭ#Э###### #"#*#########0#\##°## #R#r##ȱ#&#8#N##Ʋ#޲#>#L##ij# #$#6#f##̴###`#x#z######L#¾ȷh5CJmHnHu h5CJh h:%CJ hCJhCJmHnHuhhCJmH sH hhCJmHnHsH uhCJmH sH CT#ȭ#"####^#İ#"#t#ʱ#:###N#Ƴ#&#h#δ##z###f#ȶ##n##$a$gdx$a$gdxL#d##ƶ###L#l#n#~#####J#h##̸##$#&#2#^#f#ƹ#ڹ##$#V#z##Ⱥ#ʺ###,#V###̻### #6#>#####L#j##ʽ#̽#ҽ#Խ#*#@#B### #,#Z#~#޿###4#L#T#l####.#T#h<h5CJmHnHuh<h5CJh5CJmHnHu h5CJ hCJhCJmHnHuL##j#θ#&#h#ܹ#&#|#ʺ##X###@###l#̽#Խ#B##.###V###V#$a$gdxT#V##### # ######(#D#~####Z#t##### #"#z#####"#Z#z#####*#R#T######Z#p######F#Z#|# h6CJh3h5CJmHnHuh3h5CJhMh5CJmHnHuhMh5CJ h5CJhCJmHnHu hyCJh-JhCJmHnHuh-JhCJ hCJ8V##"###F###v##"###$#|## #T###r####H###N##$a$gdx|#### #6#T#j########,#L#V######(#@#N#Z#f#|########B#L########b#l########V########*#.#@#D#F#߰jhr>Uh56CJmHnHuh56CJh6CJmHnHuhCJmHnHuh5CJmHnHu h5CJ h6CJ hCJB######V##B#D#H#J#N#P#T#V#Z#\#^#`#x#z#|#~####$a$gd}$a$gdx$a$gdxF#J#L#P#R#V#X#\#^#`#x#z#|#~######## hCJh}jhr>Uhr>######$a$gdx/0P/ =!"7#7$7% /0P/ =!"7#7$7% (. A!"7#7$7% nS8ݖ$]zrDPNG  IHDR/gAMAPLTEٟ pHYs.%.$J IDATx[ϯXV! gXаi4L$i HM $^FHzhQX(=a4RY1 "=1{3N=9Ώ{/b'/t.כ/Wu| .i~}>˯Huh`6gu˘*9m>}W*jM͓G?sj W[wE3χwы'?naC?kxЋdq vfg ⹦fa Rܨ2p-ϟ> mxk̰ V4f-x6o_imt[\/X񿇣h7" ~%Oَpn \ݚqS\;qOvĝ#3toȪmqjsdxdprW~LG^kM#zaG=x7sIݸ |<۸%In̥h&"lPj~ n:L@g=&qڽώh.^⋋`g , xwfWdVvj#|E< F۵I0̢XV o'aaJI7Bπ=݂g2E:2.u/o'BZ >A8 b8/p|?2\|m;.LV53r̨gI 7| >o03;PKC _l|7Oᢡ™rXns'Trl@'`s h Hg frw*i5p[)nzpךȡ#XJ+3M#>.| Mq]0hko.e]Z] K*81AXv5ƣ.bQrbp`ڧ`nQ󑷋 W&nKuq\g>6(BfH558TѿJ)[L5֞?u r\e8ʵ3 sHMLbZ5)k}ςӸKks>^R WitN*2PK1[܄JΎ_͟z߆s|Ku\_@ZG(T|!6:P7@Ӻ ߋeCu2r=x `հ[5dyfcºz\^WrGj:Q# a1,;pW d.Lu¥3vv ۗμ 7fqZh0Go9]eRW6"jz6Ĭ y]@ܨ7FX$u*qn_뻍x% ^g*lr<6 [<{qب,|.Ǯ~E㻋 gg=6\:JT w٪"G}{UVBAkS]C-#D<{Ͽ?m2x'Z Ou > Bw`؍Y!RT;(8EOmxƌiw;`pMgwϐZWgxٍJB=JvQIrWܧpm㱌aSLd SPwi?1'vtPⰊހڙg!Ѻ*Y!nn&Lan`^`܎{:ixq XAIųwOib7W/u!3UYW`GPZq["Bg Z<julϦ%`oΛ_(k٬$⯨GH?QUv3Vo :?`]ya åNڰj0>̥F%.c٣ULpa qYu0g͑:…뇏;-涅 EgGYqR~!7qƫ:wƓ-WLf! R5o 7.zs̪@3<F}C(6rjgvI;~eT]uԷVBoؘ2rko宎 (sW/\'j\bY_j *3mjV7]S;]/wٞ8HD5(uT=/6CA)8.dAaȂkllsiP\B7a+ =İ䛸Yln{*<vfL*27dl3Så?#p-1w>9{b{< &ի }\5;Xnƀg~A$ȸg'Y~@ڌ Z<+pE3B?6$̨K=wx yYGϯ4ӌ* 䫎Kޚuט/D`\6>6=_¸0!ϊ}V]vx1#*aiIZCwXE<_=5[U+rOrq4x(p?/1#2ьvz G$W`oo臫 Qg>[Y E zXBo5,{ۜ#n,cͧŊN_C7'~ga0j=2ӇDgdJz{7/<\\+8#g 3 CVDe[G<EWf59ۼrԨ72ycy.ž{cK")]GcЌp ͷS(yZk $5 +)+YmM>"1=l\ˣUJ,Nԋ-Tpk9QHURAl".|GϗJkԂ.^C"wƻ5E.~6*baIPi eEoJTe_!.$Bd$a5PdżD pW~{3 gl NP@wݾԛWUed+3nth$!}! #8fy`e65||[OVt^Ko1Pg]< gLQoU3{?o\D.a1 R`VBhăΗ<8 I<_r% ,CJdU>wf7*9ʚ|s^ItaUZWP70/ƥIjvű.u›1n](&3zg#kl{N͊3n6șU9[}:|Z*{9zZ+q'$p9hZ˼HqbBGɓ x`+،9s(1]`V!.0窍 t07%qcxI\s3OǍfE#+DUFRhȠaҝ 9.Z4 s!#c <{%R=oU__XmkZA@Kq=$Ϣ[$4'َy% .ц-hD\*|_ ˕!-Fg,7,>5 \W#qQ|st{X'!MӂlQdA2#HL6X>>DU;'y64vs#2h̞R HZu?h NlMQ4y ww>@]ITKetg;Aɗ*-0FԢ \vCߊɗ \cr<̚)y6`Ul31ٸB$Ś.=;$8 !^x/ { JbjRov<d^& τc0@\ Q!dl t,)g٩T9y,9&Ój- *>k:XYFa#~=&qaYi¦6k~Cdnul8³@nEV0\BMmZE⃜^Zgٸo yf5F@%tv$i*!ԇ&Ҕp%;2],uFi$𐯞ۍUŸ+7:B>d'}M(ޯ6^<{I]I Gǫ]fY!*5?qE2&q;[W8B8"Z';2AIgr}%p*!τ(0 /(uHQ{}fl gbg ub*rUoVؓ}e =<1=z p{aOv( ut_&n1@dEKiN`=EVb ./+oA]4&/l!lN!^Ƅ\TQ9nzɃPG5pIx-ඇ-EF0&lN8OG`9:*0 ֑<{>/ӛx= wF%^3P7a;晱ffR>&|tߐg7'p96v;7 WԞtX~r+=eu3JZZ$H|aA׾ (jtG9KyAb(ӅR#yVf!]8n]Wk5G?dgh=aMG^Mм IDAT+LYlI\8^{ցJnr +wZaF+k)JvVT,$ŋc<ѯ"\ ŠsV6=gqZNV/4ٔof._o}Cxe*|1i xjq.7xۺϘ݇svf-p3N=ysׄ7\ ~3Hqsup_TirǟM.&]рw+ŮFM)>,Z5ms}5ظӆ$g]^mܬp-fɝQo%9||?ZĻ|żY.rk>׵̞֓ҙ|{qASD9{; ÓZlxR?`y 9ߐp s;Ӂ뵁(b'hyd7g/'3p5pD+:5~<M~踾cϯMn:.&72Iz[lٔ]^<=ˢ=>鱾@_|%=hafy'`$q3z<lϽ,0|E'.TɏXbc34KF[~a7k䩠ZXG멱-ڋTHXbYZۨ.n2gF%s0l\n/d>KQ{He}Q(]=ܤBÉ5z3ÕN:4xPt˅loot +SM[dF{.>M ='Ǎf*taŖ]tyNJ^C7>R^- aPWQ>F7@ }CN"i? !c1~o*w9>j;PatKaJ>+ᵭϩ2,O@nNShrw ۲@ 'FcZFof/,nVI/'R`Q=U{n)ta]b={2N;{$m>[6ϨoҦ }yfMdD1+Tzʞ^h܃ }} ~@z|V{Rz'q[ W! E⊁tϚ8.ߴ<qT+/`ZwKQoV( ",W|7@bR$+}Ŕqy[ae:0nص|d3cOG吽o\<lX;IuU-GentPoKO  Yc6<(Gqnaa.}Z9A`h8&]諯የ}޺Rf䲄Z^|z' \GtFesхaoaXc.vC\&gqzC%_p+w.*s LJH@;L;eP@){GLc!3Er )WX@RpZ;k|8E7;H#ZChSds\Ó^cxbܒh= 5K%"kY]ԗy*fL`wzzOd_4\n^b w#,YpB M-]ϼH窯nWQ!W/'aB'C\|Y/sU9[gh>IPS< Ru잕G[ {YdR>hoᮛ dy|z#keе(.ӵdj=YP%;Bld*ѐC7fg>Ri ;W㯨,G9aNgnu̔=f} O|W=2UXДғP(م`P& qIݷdinJܰoɾ"A@k~ x(p3~ ]dDȁ# qtf~4Kܖ$ +kc!%$g]fQ6:ng>[Å7LV܁Vtc%..;`9G{ΰݝGJDoTX 㞸pϊu6h\|n'(uG!oRU$ 91Q`I_@ܸ^ڱ@G&e|m2-,j db7.'b,cwٚ I<G]r&B\ҔYXrzW|O(VӅڹvë*qZ}iMtlܰG7 rZ3Iۓ <%gf54E$[ޚ=_>cH=륙Z-U".YF Eznkp0!gn kE[]ke}C_c"xSÜćp'$\Ob9"z3공L?_Hq.|S_oiҗ-n -C9HQEיь 3thxr I.Kowf2ZRYo gY!򔆯ȏN2;%Z~3F. `w"Vػq]U MU.]B E3gEwɾwߜS$=+j ?/.$s0G ~yE"9G2 =%G :a(ZTi> 3l~$B0Qk=o7'5T:mlrD1ڽL9fL`oG5w.A9ND1tJ=3E;dMA&jO7"kE{rt_)8 ph"٥4k qh6~{'nCF מ c*Q)UŢsV2`ǟpyL|3"~;"jމ[5;.{IQܤAGLߣ9&ӱtF75$n HM&bs{ d<}zkfGev|Ӄ2>Gtw4Dvlg ErԍK^/iB\*4G#nqk/VjYwp6HE"ybױd qMh^k*{ R~x1C*1d Ԥ]DTֽzp,vs \qFΟm%s!EIpSwp#%ste+zcA'5,.r'u7=7ԍz!tN, gtNOGyc92``xN}&dߨ[R_AáDKyqɣ'?Xz ܘ Q?#rЃJnHxc<ҩlYA :D#{0d(嫶,y\=rd!OĻ93:}dZtN9"kaUvޛAY,qITa8"P! nh(/v觝5z|? ]_LpZCp 9g%XKgj䬒hȖL4 1}k*'lbpmi&'in Ov㺟. :&^Е馲dGv~<$γm؍빹PbR!\xptI|Dc -Z7˯\rN!QJer{'wH"|bt{Q(.gҳIMuJYl m*N;5+}S(pٽ^#µ+ =/fs.ᒑ#330Y]q*BВbnX]iN >Z-WŴ*#їlRcl_ gR[ E3[ltGy_j!L9DQWXwI2Պ7rҐf3ZNi6LӍc`\:ݱCU&AѸ7㿛H(V`|w[=wuRsj_FlPn)]e,_x "*qnP6OJ-xj$(u;˙\>eP +BX)YZѐ}#bԫ^`G4Fm=1Ȃ-Oeh7Lg%w `ɖ#u?ب:q}:859"Mf`2:awAU2;jWpEÃ0,k$g1= n)čqRw~l!;l/ᓜyBN2Oad?]zBU{ M4zrERgdMdE5=Ũ:T=xWnk "( ˺~vO;.pɡm!z:EϏZ>Ɔ .AsSҀ ןͭ0湣-4ɽ e6:U"O;\+|͐q}r:CtKJ l >ʯqjE:8 #?? >d@h8I`yߛ5bYci7/])֜''Kz5*A0E=d|Ⱥf]!`zfZ~1IwBŸLqGPCcVDF>p1.T(nݿ%\|P_ fG>N^ww4$=w tEI܃/ y93IJ|{.r+}nh<#j-D2َ ǪlµW,_xduBX)$p143fF'.Ur8)\ A'K\ۍ ي~JwCbYviw ӕ ,wZmMcOGy;2IL.׽~Q/F8CNӾVo|%\$$(xUqn/Y;l֍gÉ;Z3~9x|W >tcXâa=qĭΔLBII[H;ꝥ]O6z29&!t=RG3LK6]$-6MLV{A9E DN#Ra;/mLZJ&ځv'd!+?Ohĸ营H+njt?$|*<p;f\4&quۓ#.p#s:hmBˮ}d6YJaJNR=n-ox9Ee$94Ջ>+Yp 9Q~q+0T jK/|MY:\4^@ت¸n/oyUdvLN gW/@=Jgث_ID z|K QZ,|R? ~%y%C9΀bSh y-Dz;& 9aE?u_{#j:}Iٴ!glHxi#DyjͣiJ=pݕ LnХb q!^e\}b{\+d hs !Mwt9xh aʅ՝tR{xم̸a6q}dܸXG&y'AEm>nRr6]__4:l7GL:{{t?Z-j.\ =.9EĄbYR_:vD _Dm׃ǸZ ]TQ-KIx \q7nݧ3TRrJŽTfl>>wNgޓYPζqv^H\ɸ<_nb~μ+n<­.He3ECm\ g l 1φ;p~Z"xXݺ0\=̖&M?^94VS, s^%g["__T[@st})oR10̓U\3D J>3[W1R-佸K-Ŏ&<^Q>M C-+"*PsDё!7Lՙ$[aG^2Ё됭G&YaS3XE&SSU8Op;/ X'3bܓu'$p- vq:n% bPiX#t!@`(KM3nAr|p5ЭJDk8[7-J/ԧAvBTqoijGux+޳ .س!1*p&6 `6%r:AXqn~VB`Ux*P\+PFDRg:h<ޜ:'*HbO3i3n~95B;!КYޤ?H80hJ6 x1P![2s&sG>&t~˲V E8oXF{߮ ixҫכNg!N!nd}7=J/ XS|!d_쭱NȠ5aBFT#*:ui{i~tpaCRE0{d 0vS떉ߚjj!H[-t h )]B܅ˀ!xVMJ[ɫ{߉ Ήvld=k=rQoooa쪑 ׶{NnVOѧBy8KE|/ϸ3S#^6x3?}elƭ/58BI~7pׯqpp1Rٺj'Q"z{ qAyMGGmZ~~Axc]N p8R8BZ2uit/| ˾wI{πsG#F6RbN֪JFbBi[ ;b])?`e3O! k>kWZUWVoĘqWa3;~Zݥ{oW@& vruNu\ossXЅU.:HaKw@ǏgsH.ey7Gk.Sma Kva{&B_^(KK>cʗ~xlp,YG[q1BAAC^VmKY2g?m{v%+(lmS֭pB<ǢSx1`;&{<찳)tA4&$k!i ]1nIX  \U`,YOKqF~s1x|q5I= cw3pyآk,]CCwfq%H役y/q'ֿ_/#%K}Μ"vBlF P}@ٕ!]I 佪>$U<6py0 jOR pdyVrO+iL}7*G2Td T{+mq~l"җ,.鳖 ܂;[p+>I @*9ۊxa$SKWEľzi6#bro#}}\ lJ_!s9=e{2|s3.C|'j,f7p5(?hֲIJ7Ǵx} 5RA+1 \³=EހtRRgpᩋ*mՋ+:dQJd tK  HL?ge S3iQ:t5\Eµu%5Y4+!f́}HnnՀN,\Hbz+a$m{dF*Wg w;7ɸu:֟]W&\r7rFU`NA6Uh'vdq{ șA= H. >[pF<"wNחY}(o S@ރJRsM"S|!QlpK[pɌ(Ս,+Oҙxz~j&rf]{IY#\DN7Jxx^T#:?`jI^YG.pmzpSH.U wDtpm\zU3ϼSV_`-j?e+wKrV,uܾ v*2k{>!ޣȄ?1Yx,`x4ߔA0 ܇( K~FQ2cWPt:5rקv/P>ݚhX&g {Xl D5uV ن"~Eߺ G|<ڊm- cXUwQfrSm w 0Goco rwԌŒ \o+ɰZx*.>CW_߭}V%Ry-O,=CçzZc\!8, ͜Oiࢁ1zkΞ!yx>W}6}-Uq56bqJW2Knq#pz; q'J6qk U;_JΆP9퇸}e<}Ζb&12 W=#/S9]qݙFp!{wĝ Hmh~g*ʯ,WJ-B\g z[|J%MHDz`^*"羨Ƶ+\WHR^ 䖫{n]= jԲ8%aM !H E'J %gAӶHiU4ד%C҂cɸ~q%4951!FݘH?IWl"m@s9pQI ,ٜg@ahqg E jx= ts: (nxCcŔ3.lTZZqZv# .7mP@i=nящYk-QVឨ_8!\/ Uc.%9CT,T.%5ln n6bfaXQ:r AYXCdK| ^WqqanǩCx=Jc ѕrScL#q%nPnvH*Z<7O.;j&8RgnhΙ 2*nGnFTpWF*QO^1dOj/=7,Gt֞a(WUࣇZ^hE.3/2tD qЗ'-}+AFجf psK $\6jp2.g#sҰ}r$8Hdӳoo ˅7&|hF֞<-}+bm^k^\W0t'KﱧbY3Đ fETmIq挞I U>$ "l*-ĉ"&ԸF94IlJ9Zpg=uV }̓n/?Ȧ+ԯZYC^`?1. AWq ?Mf> sno\"5lYwmlCT}_w+}I{@-:݇TbU:Êݛ3mn0ٔekp/\nnR͛RLFI<|O~r.4N[3'vO},S5dO8oɜz7Ū} x Uwȏ-0x8Ƀ6ߜ*w)rFMF^~PTch _)rW1$Y$9+VL=VO?LM&ۨo.롨 Ta)gf~a"¼ȉs0JݡOۘk [MCr a<6jh{D,iNpg"1slLI.Pa~ .~;NmMgy)'7@[lE3p ?Vn9Sq%pi[Hpk2ĥUu9 44ONn "\}_ Ds&AYV%u(a\uB} ^ Z%N5&7E' \7&\>jmb4fk&}‚u7ٚ3P>1ڇazQB]~=qMVw &!G:"+gNp 5_XK-~ʓKq~xU70!^&bMɨ.+q5wkGHNjtw遽U"DHsya9l۴"9kCVbZޢ=Xtlj!9opj NB OtRr(lH'֥pQQV4dI1EFonS$[#ܛ"lØύנ?Y|Spҹ=?LeܒAC/2-TkZV?\w nT՚;(,'܇in WZ*܇EGO%3S]C$n$DF,zUr,θy}hY8!bI7H u6_uܰF9FOUldpE|uKpcr7Dl3ݐ (%)ū*5IpfH 9adNЙ@;TA]zsg*Bld gyi5.Ȝz#y3msrA 7ڇ](W՚LBdⰜt`"2q0x \FO4%g760[=%EͦpaC!WpU7.rtqr*qoE=ﺇ5]ETz3f ďq=nzr{ױadU|Г4R2µarfErAGV[Mp='.˥a6R#\KNk/GF#9A!?J<3؊ugϥ\1: _D+&@6YUyqחsjd1,'C Z?v2Ķ85HQcw5֏~/-w)뇸^E!&DT>G+wU.:xa4LI5S9^&`{nW#|<<_WgcϓjnZH Aʃ#_&sBc3eyj팇*J ֥:kA ͽ]T^ŕ>=5-n@\kD/p\x u0rܪ7"\t֧:Ix:jq(gGueWG:ɪ=q74tAؓ%nwX7tQ?8fc5{kAat;FdvU8=ߎoxy w-c闍'D/?>9U l8_O$ゆ|ȹ@o}.D}^lhi{jGW*~P9ge1N@x߀d_b[c. 'lеɸQJoB+C\ rv!˸^p­c+ao'.*.~"}{o+4a%c *>N7ڇ3n +;b|N+`p4ʧ ^) \r(|+ G3g(ce̴JU}ur[Il&\'W˴d-~=!I08lKT̀K*-#Uc[LKkNTިPdKv Vgv/OX $\ KP^^\mbA%ہce#YT 'Gv&qmLr&ak@Xx:rIAf3倒vqOPVw* JH\gKz3R8ڥ6ax CM*.qg_AQHOSQ|qux$㲸/dZg,CkzkAzGj=O9 kFۣ?C ;F{*rLxPu[_W:s}icEA{_Gw3Wq!y]`nXۊnbr T38;C=(o|j jܲ' 5p=7.6'rV ߹%^W+9 yC 'gpJ.>ĝ}yJKT #U7#_8S%W *!S#yEX&5hXoѐ4s>Y ֩d_qMM )z@9& _ZAnw9ml*0sfVTlȃ.9&Ui.'?)Xh]K2xswCbVa4 qz'"cbpE~IH+aG%^? sxQD-TxɸhK\-ZѹHdWi˗%W:M]F*!jL ]pa>" 7+rWk$!kX-_<{+JE)cr3.ܕ9]ӱ{6y4­$ӊIZXYS(!7W٘poƒ1KB.<-}z\C:jX_Ҕi=FQ& &;kz|ݠLh"0^MegT_0.m !sTy{UP qu; ȗ;qyg]mtƭ+0nc( 7g"BYD 9'O;iGrꮔ[_x){Ԏgvlx!7HgnHn7 0ra(܍t< ǀL Xș ӡ˞H7 Vt5oFG~u"Fi.Ȇƽr\蝽ĖfyڇUB&.V m<IUޗXU9[;&~N7T쵠cMrƸU9.6G^2&k>sjHLۘ.߄"{ew>Y;Q{$ɯe0]3*:p+| ~Z5W9Ӆ涜m~bs[O{$`&W͸#9|#v ݸ<gW$y㚦0kKƁG5:_6p&[ui/if*ˣgEH~{I}UΗKe}so_ݸ~VP$"sIf7q ۺ*ݸd5CR7e l5S2>˗ .h''wմc9W6CWqp;iv OqN\,+!g{v_EmTv_&Hj'.z6\|&}= 60F7TcJ;q[d2E-n:n>)ͷ-kCjC!R|Ag)A9o +t9[~&gRzSrVpэhcZҸw2I Wdί߻2Ua KAwꜧ%qQd9B)[9H=I:lp DS,fmG Y7Xd4fLߞw …:&=+슘Hҕ_-}\[(P1.w8VSA}1%1Y Hէ 9yٻhu+ܩ TQe^1n QXNn?; 9°&s^4%ź`t O"}Z?9E1G(wUK\GjGy8K&9N˝zTIe'ZxqInIseړƖt}=ڌL-O{,YrzW.sIߚE5U4SiS{)jMcIQ5l ]3N`$`&mX[ìa/GK8u!9ąVdYK%?6vn@ ^p9Vp#< UĚ0L$n2LX RlʗX*W qC1 ~Sˑ4l%Zn|}#R" ^M`~矙(9MCXY=GB~F+z6Sڟ+To9n(gY }vιow'ȃdG.|\Z V.xeNd Bzhgu5߆t1F0"ɯv=vQ\|RvU"ʈx8kqd_͜?'=q{5pJo_l=1+86fJbu)5*5A}nP3W߿pܾ[F θ1ZPA8;_u[+\dbK"#PNqqqR HWACUB~Uc27P]qي4-Bl"|7_;ϰ*nG=W̾ [ qpWV"ݸA%7Z# Z3 wS>xfay0p\4,NtR3?g7??, 7-AE&d/4ӗػ+!¥Jcij@>XkhOoq2r>ႛBۅh,c'`c/5JP]R^SRqKd;K T&pŁʼ?VΖ͑Cr 8nΦZ Px spt6qGot?t2oEBjA7*snʙDٰ}2D cvxuK5:O7nyw\Ŷ%Ta9P 0OJZӤ;^鳋}[TgJ hB T=Z곒wȲ{ e kp 9i筎ߋF K) %å&@ O8C~e)GsQ>i[osTB"݄|]9S/nBFt!#a"XlT1n.ih 8,69p)o qo&Mx .ʱn\Ysk^9"ʸ ; 5.tsȂщVKjS=tΔ;&59rIpn3=v1UEl]>[|p[ԽQ{G`xLvH.% b_fZH'a7:":SCOܴ^BBD?3xXi಍>/ejyZ+D94Hb QH炜Er7utwGx—-Щ9̜}xA[֨ rXbrnт<$ϡ4ep'15b~ܺ V[}4yѶfK&߶e\'3uLܝBU+"WXVKnfϸ||\M$=ͨ.\r+[Po>,%}i{Z*goKIDAT j/f*m}ONstHVS扌gFpkAq}vϒ\?m̓0ykqqM;35~%3m.IP> 9 dX67 EF<5ѐΉ& lA݈7a&]owzꗛ"&?LnOəKr6{mӣJ`ly˾]/fC -#7i <ސU7Jw a:<2$Z"=ɔeM^;G]m3NN+b#DMZfyćWrBhis} v)F"κi؀ęC; ̝& @9pb1q6Y阞<[ \'I0 }6$Y"s`ibBS+ܡ{v;-9$=ʅ8=;zS @Oo1^a%/k8W2)B&S]ŌKIM[7s:'aLv'&t8xb!DsyO`t;iKC?/Lv RӤtl 92W2pN޲_pYά ix9!>,Q5Nx!yp*71D %RN8xqcHQ\ҧ]U^ͪ't!f2z T({_nI=Uۯ BNTI{[u"1Jȷ*i`.ӵ۸l\9d5`%)9CI.FgW#RYa>1zȀ˜8_l`V֒nzZ3A@ MF'ɄTC,Wя[ЕYy:1b*Ϩy f(=H(PjL/\q5Qg `mf$ZJ8?Cxr*nl\!S‡?p#p9]Rn>SGWAޱoTʊ`XGᇺlb#T :Rq~eB}*zwXd>l3 ~ I+lw7nֿ#ײQ7|Kzm7 9Se]zt۷5>py^2=P~ =J}oCoAFVeZ&jO\t"rcƃ)y$$ %G='lFL؂o=hUgD%XTzG4W5ߘt'3˂g5U%.(u});kwf]aLأlsj_BmNlj1./rέҒlᨣrld^L49Vw}"yOqI_irSDIB>s%!e DTQ#%[rhESkz2bqU.VU٨)Dh84ȄG**-# MSQbPoYDݔ3ymL7k!iw}K$aJoʯmő"x6/_ȰfF&3 L/^fdž͂0xscda`g3T:ޫ`UwSw0սXtIy/QAͲ3UH"_A\_.@=TJ5MRvكyILU#|Jhau1Jq#ys% ` 987V!l!xyazTg5. 1Gwd_L3|1w]}egdo>)3`Y;S/sK-U .MsLs@t'x\.~88}dBe,@MEvc BէVyW}(ѰArӶsؗJ~}_Hμƹ|%0*a7zpw峋G9)_XI^sY<`Ҫa(oΥ\u3N+xbn>}Yu\۽5wfKp>0a,cav\D|ժ_1fr&>-: \#5xY׼)rۊ~ cnסgɓ~fޱaWrӮX9="u?l<?Rz&;L9W<:ش4.H籼xZ3wJ r KxWY)44k=+9 ˝V-]7'9;^L>>Js9!I9qF!ɨdQy}}.W0\e3 l=o(_7.8庠xv:s~&v p8^.B.Kpgn0zEU-6krX/1%뎁zA5{+||-QnFbӸuqOӞ;q܅>d˶pz=цaj8SJrcIP. :7G |ސ8rfr+SJֻNK҉,£NW wY:X7<~əy%D)ɕ6n1@5ݕ *w37nr}D\Xb7Ľǿ&`ZIENDB`nJU@]2PNG  IHDRrT7NsRGB pHYs.#.#x?vtEXtSoftwareMicrosoft Office5qIDATx^QktҀ ņ" @I tR ${R i"b_3s~ {>޳gwggggg3;?Ws諫9- 7 wp2999999999999999999999p؀ 0q7999999999999999999999-7 wp2999999999999999999999p؀ 0q7999999999999999999999-7 wp2999999999999999999999p؀ 0q7999999999999999999999-7 wp2999999999999999999999p؀ 0q7999999999999999999999-7 wp299999999999999999999Þ?G[;}l f+\YklZwB L[eDts}w7g8~8s~M٪;֟3֯5/k *u76666666666666666L8p=W>b =DE@Qolo:o:{I0{#} >_c~̏~ϻ#>vtk/t_wܟ{{W_}\ꅯ=>[Ozғnnn, _õ]gs`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s>8@YU`}_V ez.JhE\ڎ7/|7tgqGul-Uڑ֭WʭmpW_?ouX?~o;RA‰O=oO~í_뭷z EOrX mhO3PZٟs[[5տWOcE7W|~Y>>\?S?DW|W?g v?S>{N//3ϼ&y{ޭ⩯]_?o9r|߀%ڿ*`sQ+(@{ 9gQ:ђ~V)8f H|N?~9mmN44U440 v\}~{;~{pi?(_zxhſ'tK? PU?eI=?GOO?+~ů8 گ[q P ?'*?vM}xuN46W/OBOI?Ԧv81D :i` g7zqfX 8(heJi{=tVB~ѣ.:Q։8V[~o9*I'?ɷ-/%T}}ni>>T>Qraa''FyMt |󲗽>uʌ w@jYíwe}Sz[_?թmo^򒗜"U>~#8h 7f)N+x OVO_Gš"»&ܚwӿ5e.v1 Wuίcx'>$GW}WB6'8|D'H sC̢,e׹(#rM[Dv:z)ӛ+>zu :7Gxqϕ+P9f|ԩhmh9'#)/n~g| $o@!<2 ت}rEƦ~Z('o_5_sHCo[_ ); OhF%Z;D]4XFd++'P:EeG@n+ E?o؍"_W<)z_n<?8^&_'0 fK3#'~'d?oN d~\==EwTP7Q"{=xY?D^MkE89ZC9@s۾N)|8rG$y&2!/X;0/_Ƨ e)L"GE?XC__yJ!>y9uݽű666666666669p]Eɮ~3PG͢lW퍦QN+ј/Sstvp`uXw@V pD!1 H f'`R@DCMї">hrШ "rS_$k"UBD2ySZ Ȧ  0exˀI)ۡ]_@Z3/Cmgoo{{OcO`HT \frRIM \ 6w\5WtʎDHtG$=; m\~;Ұ(K:m,x#_mM"i%R5 2`E/zщN<^K t==$~_|c}y[Q@]2T'~:GeD6G"g,P_q*Mk?4OH$]R=G.UnܩieSOz _x1XC{|@ >O߀Me" gm+ MȀ6xvY:G7%^j 'Z\SOC_$I/uفEZs}JOl}rr` WpdHxu4Sxഖ*5 8Zh|C'"}GԲ kM!ժ˜IGdOJ4v@?Hǎꤿ.wuVe]j̭8zV0ปmOE=IBfg";#ɪLDl>L[^hgmnnllllllll0 MxQDscsiGӥ~j;W8p&*49\?ZVTXR/r{r-C`~`|qAh?@!;鷀9udܡ+)-oxn}˷| ވ8j(d~@a#]Ch͋^n_XpOj-g 0TSpCt/^~/ST8&b F7^Q\"SN]+ErC =P'5 =~~2{h)uz@WU'y0g~Щ8UUz<#2MD@瓴d ?cÛ<ʇZAA" -CW;g_舼VLDVi/e}OvBgse WVy4䒛*+38*2iCT+ ?sA唙+UjByeM`Kk"d; M>ڧs|Wi]2rqMr@Nj=|+ ij=?#?4R~m3|:̎S:>ɟIpܟ|`|:PO>X yMZoIkGl}ܣǟ m.+~>+M&<`uG{Dhx󨓹OO>@_,mK+2H_v;NS_9&xdQe\j }.-7~999999999×=׀ĸ9̬ ڟ9{=ja  >I"E^'= 4w‰~g*ε @Ehpx=أmjG"KEpuEx V~>>~-A]uNYt`$r2Jpk:ʀr{Y+|}ūa:r |8W!nS㯴o|Oi+*&G#bZ T'/@)9%r+r"2tW@4\\U@y27Rz#T030iNȳzje :h:kgcd{;c}aRƨ0;,(cmstfVQFdƭ Hye5oqz-Q>V5 F꿃)3*th|뉌WBexKmYN24>9;l^xCҘ Q>Yu :ryNdR-պtK%ÌD^a]r}l[g3j; pmҹ./6犺mru_u'mrd7}"9~]K ?4:2+H/ged-tRuPC?COCNzGG},~)ZFd?[Kx\+'=ϻz8.z乾!LQ ns`s`s`s`s`s`s :8s#^9 2vPu6V@p$O4~TOTȬ @.,XQ[#"PGiG.zР^ˁaxЬ~ى}ZtԆC"܁\sLT؁:`szay3Z`sAW3@;` >9>=B~['x^@`(?EU򕯼׼Z)`* w0 %=b3m[#Ɲ< ȭѴ)6$brt}_ϯ| < "73:V:'+(MiVeh" ҢԈ#YЭ4J\Yy@ic(}E@!eby`EZs?@ۜ'0<}kO9{&p<ү=N%r@~VM}OJ68*Sɜ/xa7eT2yٳm*)u-Y괪S?3-/yë,5pƙF'5 d FEJh:Z8iZ~Hz4?~%;Dqw>/77Zhᐥǭc~͚~+m&W=I(:O ge Ud,z:ʪ>CouaauK|_ɚ GhThԳv;Fsf2Ά́́́́́́7CܕxwRoFϑ6guWv?`CN]W:Fcҫײ:0 00 `V9D@<('s@9wPD[[0> 9Ә5P:V~ʵ x( TJ8~3(z4O%VDv}?G@pت_sQh#Ӟ2@ww jӼYj90OZ$e?[ P=Z  _tT_q?ǓZ.ЫW%1q8t;A#U' y+cIb!T "cGNIhoo=Rأ󑪆Χ_GjIKխ8䞧:}D~sϚM8dVeRO?C3$=ike V:Ne~է{2PiLyɆHgnԈx%. hWG"[ wMc nXw988 X:XM'z|% qw{ڠѦ+綺=85zBo^dp$[`YzꔙqӣR@o㙕Kz<WO/eeu6{OK{:,V,=;!'2@xd95]5ᕍRϨ[ۤ FUs)خ _bnllllll\(pQ$Pe;0&^++n9,'H;P Pў̎"G3:³-~ux|'=)4DպDQCRM=Ri@v}mʴ&HX?;.^8T3D;P;t9HQ8yׯ4;o73zt1M{D"Lmu쀧'9RM23joz_Y{(tQށ,Y@͚rA=K(x/]I| 8\_@~STv]*[G|GcEwKY7I9ں{;sLҁ@zSul594,깏n*OTpɰ(hZCC"{<7ДUd25_58eu]Ǭ?]e0ĉzDYuh|EE2LWWgV9T="!VN)pe4ꏓd7UGAKpe H+Ruֶz#&۫1]̳M3Y5}|Mg^6788r^8 ou76668$ABԃwt X똊y\SuMdd7f`n7\;_zrK}7 ad3$(t<):r@1)) L1PWe;/fLd; 8#y3?3OѨ>ѝxkK>ja%}&?rF<^r5]ծ =v nfTn8(8 :g|%ǧzF@{0mUX̙C`?\x;4ww T_AgpKzws磇iy'>XJA;F`ތ<8ڋΣ ښ'*?} 쓀7s'wzV/Q͵,8"~WSz*td+u]H54}CYO=H5=Hq{dPj ?jk)rT˺#=/i}3@dwL9#Ge̾:j\y6ّ+v~ 2yvyX W'HuיsQYgOZƾaۙ6K/C^_򒗜nT\qGÓwyw:|\ =F{N{8Fg(%Q3EVQ;IWPӻKuG[9[@(<䍬rGu69;ntsBd8J̦ks`s`sMGAk"f@d[5VQ>MZGmo*|[_^G5<:J[ȸr Z뼫.j٨Mf*;8@|&WkS Ӥ1OSƐ@@;](k^e5F~>i"Jax)*cϾWx{D3ZD8dEMj>C1#91z"YiaRш//K@W{v>eս||[n͋. P8zb3:eSO{ V۷%8Y˾֋^SF=eXGF+X5`y\Э1Hwc߭̇,Jaw//?p)fq/^ * -^bk*&x딙c6Ewvpi;Ir|$eMhN؋yZPA0<צ_9<;>Ozғ]_=oͱ;Xȯ>Ҫ?:ǸL~"+NDrײDgmT];+벥?)UUuKst`]?V'G/mͺW*C~:R zkeo/}=9rhd}ig+%sinocL~6~)766`TqEJ=upCR suio ͘*\ɘUN^g0k|MY^gcOoo>E_$9GG +#VO@3u~Dm|VF50J?}ׁ1?m:dk\L@CO:+GRWVP*ja4uP;~ c}ڧݎsϏvS\O3J=?5FmapY2˜UYƻɧڌ:-VeGc?>MgtZWnMY:(UZWV#lD\5Jp W)P.Y4 P.x)agQP<)Kn"VݞGZ XQ,̇}؇zc{' <;i<$:,:VnsЀt@&R}# 촧gȍ1Uw?;eu+[_ÉOZj8BmqJ8|Ɂ.Y&xPO쵀Yɯ\6tGSƆdvQifK٧~/|d޴0rsdZFF}wb疀qz >HH5n(g(j)mjN:^!^$gnu,HoCFY,5<)NSZG{=Oɿ^yD\hNeʀڬ3EYZc@zU^Z{' -hMɟ|KW۬e=#k=:i\u{ѣ3lё[ݫAJFr>n(6 9pCNJ%CNJ#a2Wn23MMlTG:_3ƌ2 9lkfFʛޯ6l^D0S'Ԯs1Ψ̡()(dj39)RYۿk%cX1xOa1f0Ji=>>9|0dMW/ 7^OƜmU &KWh4{;dfF:XF',UT?rf&}16v@{Oos([ޢSom2Ylo-m2?3>[ (W5~|_5<1~T] &irn}-V( T@z9T,o 8~I+O= =Hx;*K?kw*6{1=Dh; ,_Un:G,=w_'m%뫾kka3nϳV=0KbC0βv^$tV˺kWσ =M21F LBGҤ6=֚GFkt2U.=>W~Wf T 7dCO#< 0 pc>cN{M!!GweN NrwYyj2!${!g \ rя~)•T#؁8͙u^AYhOm*[RE_E'zD׈ol9.v@ooQYv"kFa (@lV X_ 07c ;414.jE3џy7:2.0WMƪL=v~#hA?'>$$?#-c [o*O39pko15w@_3{Yhb>d- }6cFS>SN4Y d >H&s^ ?5/x3գUD,\Sg 㝼X+=*k욯Qkz~֣:"WY9@]?W8W-3GX4zwtH]#pf_Yz9H57dߴ c/pj_*w3Z*W6у֌4x!b?%p<'0Kޜ{^V&I4t}:ԯrG{nj=RnpzL$tҋl/7Fr])a<[[]ecV I;ۘ3ʱMʚڟuDVzXn}~?xU,oG2&J}VformUJz#l gGgY[Y ǼA?>~g'zmԭ6hn|ck#tGka;YsV.ak ѡ~sL\Ect tV>6ӖMˀ%r^ :x`tw{Nztd38l`H$TGൃA@P?<۽۝1 @Q~Զ0x*>soޟgj}|e0@mj e 4>= 2<8_Q/(e0m̌БnsؒTdr62ǐMMs Sm5Ȥ͞D_ky`ՇXO׿Yhz\ѕ%k$y׿ߡ^;zs-|7ƴJ/s7mtNwkn_<8ǟc{91o2g~9 e;[A3=q'۬Wreߋg' %г?)Z4nO1?k@/9Ϛ:H'93"hp`[\DnOU`p!jIԻq 9c * N׿'3&[q2b/7kraWPɧwD;; HNgF B"ՁEG}Gz^wrb< O]|,f.9>΍__prس, b;Q?׭Q8yɦ4#,؏~omg@w\QXۧ}~1yh4ސgs0E~_mD-B^sGmFݤЗzR/ks뢧{&Zu;kW5+ϭE۞ FYr(RhGco"G]4Q ݯܙ6NZs}S ЃA ]g*H{$^V+ãQd^3A{H@-#ʁѓut)lr 6^J8D8hS·҂PAouG'FщHm8Ф{Qt2>yx#N &hF 8F+g&¼T D c!`+>~ц~Q$Ono`,7g7"K `FD#Iɵ2}#3m8 o&ơtɖv /^ƣBYU6 z`Uju\յ6z}ǘ{u0a.8z=6BOKRp,u:,dCi[ qkzOgp$b+YC^7#\Od<. @EW=X Y%<}(>ࡿ5{W0)H|@mU,$퍄i%=fNG>WWeb1W:k8Z ;q$C"XBo~cs@ 8W/i.䕣t)- He=U#gصAۼ} }$89mlkUuj|k6b쌀]O v8ǿ}=`kp)4Q w}w?,g}2'e#=FWe OڂGƗnhQ;I2WIx~Q)#w]SF}7LٗF:h XeD X>DKgFftUnMI?29ixtzGR shv(t\U&}xNzi#-RdQ =z̘|6gNei9`kn 8{DD PVH+c=ZD[9OGzwGq8A#7#O{mg -h'=rʏ螤!tvsN^׾}U{H#Άu.]O7Jcܾiz!yΒ^jD;FcE!#(z3zR,t|Fogj @glNgGAS-֚o9'W =ygȞ/H 6}8/DkK❔2ȫme8ߐI1I \YXS5u%;;Okʂ~l7652ӂ]AݾWAf4Ku+*C#%T2Į{88,vI[e߿{=o(tRSDEXshgȫW̸F8;L=cS\IDb-W=gP6^HuAB3Z2:<?WANu|iG6l)'|EC)UDB|qp)-nöQy)R)6jTux2mgLlF6t9آR.3.Sp/uSVAY~lLkymI6E _H)u cHl15;K$`p(¯wY4.a4R!o\]E}Vm?R+yMYsճ4v1\08K<)%,ߥkXnͻ߽;9#G2f%6.p=ʬED\+[z777s=9—7hAڈxoDGwcL~ S),9}gF?LV/[2 _j'_1޳"dtB&lOO=&ĆԀ^gR+\‡{[cO_ґ[ yC=tR(s\wsO=hӱLFفU \N[Ҫ@T0๖9kYΠxVtikuQmtu t^^W-H^m:/@!"ݵYu&NoYRstG1p @gut)9)fjjgxx(Ϛ6Mw>cɯߥtF7/󜏹TEo?x>^zD}WYiOiމWqS0 ៏\#}}SўG?'ohˣEKIV̇% 6yl*7wC[g΢3WH=L>kDE׳f</\ WJ(k=Xk"T?KwDF\ eU;& \eU™N}dhO Ю2\d*9eN7PY29 8;a)y7_pr"<ЦǛ^k6a̱o_S *Εゃbܐ;sA WF`տAScQYHu|>.g83u)@~Kd SpJYd$1ehI%=q4&g}5i=){8&S(3:.fp5y$栏!ip`xQtV\oH׭Ǫ R{Hd{=ֻ[W3+n2X?f'!>wwWf@6-D/Uhy;cЏ.Pgc@ m{sБH: M"v?>c |Xy/Wxaa(6lr])#G/Xnܔ2,Yhs3Jy\Sd@8;F;v|zx *F vyQfިu`!c^֣WEp,dj`#!G_1XFQ6S )Pեt=o4=F Ht.h2~Qmd\f2=߹ACVRvEճ_ky {IbΌ(-~o z8jl+yl@TI91ߍg4zy|&bD)x,lKԺ5zg Ȥ:ȱaxP6ِU^sC1sqsVz?`#BsTz7L$52~͘juXve=̝wm}`e4k&xAT="\=7us{s wrg,Y݀|yHBm lϢmQy \s[ ='b@|+]ʘuoT7 NOgyehƒ8mET4՘sჾO<1e=sh|0kԥDxwxSrOYq=ʜpaP'x˔ṟ/ f=/0O=eOqR/=%kޤ2T==jnb\aK&QgTw9B0"?lgk Q{(-5 W{Ue 1s%Ou (r9Rԓ?'ZOKɿx 8Z:V&k /ΔxM?~O[:=X:M=27+#sasPϿ{:2gHβ$k ԣ7xZa$ֳ6y W̿);WӘ0հ~J)Xë(4!\IfOV][(pj r@ F.]j)8EcktL_)SOVc m([덀,.@zg{HLg^3=R>-w\>p--׶x9]n*npcwtGMZut/Ǻ"^ӟtQ99W/G/)r}WqҼ󡝤ohQ!,y=ҽ='@KHz0I]=ۓ̍5!s $Of=zl}䑾ʧ2 N /V6.W{j^6кp^yvjeMQx/h>|Ͻ{mwc?{]u CcT܉x%`V]?9;#PegMuD2B"4lXSGہŀc2NПϪF;P($@A΢u}!ٞg?t=2H6XE^9 tVSRɏg%]{s=/ICqH8W W1>5:7#&In'}z '˃&(e@&-=z@ƇVHw3Hn=[ִ}_yPĄSIeKN8jl07Ox*C~؃\O"M ;̿vFPySe~Sm{aFi[C8jڵ'V4 hii 5^KYރe5GD2GB|̀J̱@F$WlAMG=qWO2!=6OOw39A`ӑodOK03,BDtNXVخ:eeo.&`z6Pqm褨DykFu+3(g%~\=H;ՐX]twa7(JA+C1c(@JMUYy^Wbunf[xqqrnl(zN*谱J Wɕ>#?b2rpG`LF`e QKG#HKU`3ƖZnw ںt76oz~r.8?8:G^Ό&zqn2(㌱ӡe|8B%9.3/RQNGp/|[|NKcr]}D\Bh /(Sڦ:H2P}B>Yij(g_]ss @G:d%C,-ޟ6E[&Z-FEOн׫GC.xbLMȘE#ZGrWݳIWtPIjZpUF[25tr(jӝƁ'*(Fgbt䝳W=6=o["+>6>װZmz`4t h*-9+:F'g6ӝg"E>Dؿ/߳m7It KADȁ"V' o| H#I![7 ~mV{L/%\N5UɕkaU@Y@v+NCI!RqcC*w8x݆/~Oinz@JPΉIG$Tovow{ؠ[*3VcAzMgٛՁZ!|{2YAOԠ]@FepnSDw|<j~!k]G.l'L9Q}l"2u:K}K5Qb]ʧ ]Mˡ^C2pJQh&Cʧ+pge xmztTY({vخmzoF ewh(_}]v=HQ0 tԣ(c0mC7k&Z.7>)_`Me euoe /59Zg'T7U~S/@Hiv#+zR2>aOYUetodF()m#u̾n;*G[vl7X}eld6NK/z"m0`4Dn:s"[5DZߡ/{~}_m7]MH%,$H_Gx/ &7zy91H2V} 8JH3ǁ?h \o~tuQԾ2@`/vٳ6i9z- I$+=LoMoI"_e|~()3exb@n0 `+e3oO$J LK^SQ _}r;c̭:=?9Ig,ၫҎ|י<m\wJ9"}~HG{K+ `u!9O8FK> A|*i{88_B5W(8_O{y'7*8b;4moJcqs] MTXMyfUә?=8t1hQʬ v'7'cGsFc `U O-'x;Ε8oE;>=e<\{px¡Wdm t] w&bgЉX&pIbanSjlP΃bVX C.q`DVרv( VAZF U \=cf*DW(+Nd8VxAN."F\?ѐh eJ1d ģ-BI:zP]T~ Ox Eef9Ż3%Θ.wsÕ2~;d;RoKZ#Q{|Q2fY蚥!sڴ9GsVX>sÌY߽x[3zԣn p_Q^d_םԻ&!䒴L3V)d"WR:(⚺I)@6#}| '7IQ2gEgQs#fNKt֪kt]Qe:;M`/9yS#Ε򶫗ܜ\[`]_=Bͷ6cS8hu/k*HFzt}>{}7=7{ۉq0oh׻te8"vmʺao/貛*~E8NFizڇ4SG,zD}:nKIDz8G_ͱn/DH;;" yknU:՛=i.qZxDWl!eh8R<=vnrk fӗz?$Z"U}oB}Nkt&':I1f'CZ}e:GgunLΞ4"h z 4J;7g7N!ȍ /f>G8zoM4JG1;&?w}wf#ܜYaT=8+RQ_ﵙ3m]y0oрN~u2$c&uPl?Okqv*U9:ZSXGR;Gs fb.WI3ԋ >kXN-u#P,6{VUv X)\RLdDùb~GYLȝ)t>+WՀ{mTg'wQB`LYxkk>=(|%$Ia,Ag|FT%4gLf&j8 EVzUo߄F,Q{D6]9E:8kiT/9gNә}9liS{rl~ uƓԳۯk=eN.{GkWZ.geiȭ;~8ws2ݯwPHeOXlA#^S滚f}gSj4l.Юެ,5obڰ"u(J }Cn`k(j{ښB_?z~˒ľ"7|-=bߣ0>qO\^e؇Sߢz5݇sC*+5RuuL=(P8t`=.0R=g/e|#OB(o嬭͚g`˳r99kKL@2>Nc7֕qWxhͅ>&[Q(ő/5rZuF#tH|4Jݡ?2&uN u#$ iygh-L> xL~n>S&ٛ ȟ/5ZCѽd$_ʍ& yL$~g藪cjy A_=?{ #)T.&fe,dh8@*0zJN79-YPuag9In>gvzҞO~iwwhddaoFOxz4)DTO*Ǝ:Ҧz`7,L\%Obڤ mɰ-8Ц6b``ҧQ^SmƱrM(fki}@QZѯUY9/k~{Q sG#5?93Ow6Knξ1@pWAd7M)G~K>rNu@򤭡SA"S>0 uc# SC(MWhdp mFv`:i7~ Lvwo؟׿(v4HUxӟ~[|#xX5!oxįsY/<@6U> T6>wße=jԦ}&Q㽿GţS=b+ z4wdYN9O㪣;{5Wm6X_='2d_7$;ծ3CzK4& G'5<7F|X'>qeЖGSO{ FeƮH1mlC^n$ 3:22:} >/pTg@/`戜A3myYu=ϾGwp@KBV^&\d,JZ,§Q&~qGYkgETġQyI Unl@b2~e@lW PنGARF#k?rh*Lk` @ ۫Gx<,]zrNfc4~KOӯ1z4}'勿/:qz$[r1*CK Gw%.NgxEԪ7*;g]:ߓ;g+:w!~]|n:(J(=xvwn7ƤrٯМr6#\c8W鏨WHEOPia[Zs@Na/MuAM {  _dkJ?<#.Ftj͡kӑC9>;[4s7@}{q䋈t)z1k~vN8 p? '^ :)=`S edWUM8:&C$5 5e{s<䔧Ћ2n-sc%}X#5igx -a/u#9z=iV!ZfL<E/$SJQcIɗ AΠ<5O~{>7>RFFex&Ra`.9;z0EʸLEQ}cGsW^VuSW22k9ÞBa8K0]VqQʣU>k|Dr@fB(F' !K=R:OehO\>ʀD\Ř<ĭBDrE{>zX ̓6n>f]m#‹ { <^,B;6gIľ f׍Z$)×c-7+[EI[Ϭ|f_sՀ@Kr( ~ \^1FyۯȣydݦkxQ~"hꆧu1U5wBw(#y]GNh.$K.lڹߛ*EE F8f)m:*cHFo =a*GVnbeV/kӒ6mռ;6k 9 ~aWK܉ =ZG߃9|uoٟN"|/8H ("C8{[UZy:76{(^ Tʜk)ȝ3RIXI>rso[IA5+?\:&}N3O$zds6k=)!\-2cuŹkܱܤ_L*`15ț5Τܒ7Bgdy]'>edGWtfe{#nOJ{Cّ>PycR LVv,pTV!h3έet\D:pTV׬1SFVe 9Ju60*o+ Y2^<2? QN1}_W^ aCUو:ې IM2e66cf5xF) M66m QTEGFcث%ڦv'劲҉J4]Z[6%9s ʚFAV`O(Qz@gP@8)c_&U_U|&bh&\ )fԫ^Y4{wXL)yj#]PB]QIU=9=H3>Z3`4ߏrک)<`%{me QLTd{@]ڦ9#C#xUvF_ ?K(#K7j|kڔ/xyiy^w}* zՀMKyӿ#]GG>ԛ3*~mnvYk\K5⸷kvdke{ݤSZgul<7GV،)Cg܏b;Ns&}}KVқ*fl=_=Q>WWc|`rΜ+q܄,6.o]]z :/i|$ ;:}!\J.oͅ-d"9׾ νx+.r\9zjdʡq'ehΩ P%iPZ-9y"cLbӹя:ꆬq==rRd tF8dO?la{Yu&s^kG1[+@<1'=h l<ԧ>(ȡF{';!X`0pzO@$> )%5:/xA0X=-PdIbqvs(\D6A/;T_ȏ<]&GC7xM@n[M~//-'d˭Qz6L=!GWFk|o;{ P`/e/b[{yXoTkfe7nz+_j}O6z9VC>8]A1)6^jcg}zzKy9Է$`섏#zq(]bg] T! 1&dhVz&MVu/x <#XAM8=wVYUuofA`קGNmS)|gG[ }[]Ѩ6#M@Q$wdR\46aI>^#?&t06D֍-)f59. t`O9JAt--֋,( :=Ҳ"GG^"cYGJgUKR-}f/[L0qV>ko=6}Qb @JteT}T)]mد shBA&r?^^YGm9 Fӑ+]6V\(:Zf_+8'πs30T KIuĹKڍܐd/Ox}ӏFjQ=";z/ 1z$jl xcRU G)6=u_u+ p04xRР vyy{ /~KFJ愀seWp־~ЋO(oUA/R$O>s P8D`RУ?@b->y 93vz=s8xæ܏;]ɬ?Of8=͹*GHȈ Kc}N;i OifW/{Yqk3}o3=|O9sëG+=+l20 ,ޜΪ5Rfnjʢ{zjjbg,d̓;6ad:켞ŀ{rr(. HF xyT{Ɂ wL0bY7hB_M!ʼE/?>e7گ= rEm<_z6'e`SfbBUp<ʌ?fChFBM#C@闰[FO!Mʢe٫x0Oˢ#6դ, -P37s^!RJI3cاTGFC);H8jxuэ SsmcR2_Q/X+:q7A6Q3|DǪ(on"Z\Fѓo: lVRw}wpfn&]G1I>^:'M9f܎t#BGt xmJ#s?J1C٣G}zjr[nNF5y(ᒈɑ,Ӝ%j+'j|֛N6vg_ճˏMQas s< wShF5@Mp7YZc~%.u}, U5rWy5]/mGIMӁ.ȇ}R4!|:mQtS^fsMǠ?sy@KP~*9fuW ;۷ΕUʚsif=HK@7"Uѿ ̜+Mٗ48TH&XHkC=eա )>P aL36&Ҹ0(NQ{M"IEL쯀‎&;=qe mǾpp.s$S[W) <lŸZsSY3_" ؞2s|RGD'w>~'<`bR9-!/| OߣMf Hyh5/` @ݫY?gr-@wfx@#g>k-Uyk&]^\ANAzЁuԱ+s< ͗}o2\7e5B׃i2; !r'ۇe]F|6_^:3XtՀ;Aʢ7C|M+<68R I(xm6k`^zh.!=zҢ}d eCx?^˂p_ @,5J54s^I_(DWCy#`"kyJNtӟ* 7Ա> +2rdQ.9HlC#z\M?sJٱ1kx(@$oE' Fe 'h}7W>+3?@xM6p(DrNCww?=gI8Pa(:ٗM&H^D'; }  fC0Q_ ?DKlAu΁=?s?d(3`8Ns&J`iIs^}(=[PfG:K6тN`n(Կ?X*;35R<@Rgx~NN.Y66˭eκWv_0r@0~8&:ߴ-Rtm0=YKI]oq$1TBBsׁ#ac#3= zd-an ftkFg * }@'.>/\ SYJsn s%Yyԯg܇]W=K1dq&t[l-|~#@̺ceœ9, itU=8ґ( ιFz5mJ+yl (ݗ*M݂d[Ft/[~{MnwkQrA9;?@@cݙ\qJ|+OWSX3* T[BѭI**sNtlx =a΁8KsB[g;s0)gvXЁ7y&Ҭ@gW$c" Iӕ19+ Xɻgr NzM|=`n DO ` 3WZl;dVDoO^[3%Սto0±Vzub] ~98 j>lY4@n7rTgufIN 6:~MWH*_~ieUŀ{gx:@ckNsF ``䤼z(DJa (FDcIݑ:i8 ~LzF6OɁy 1Imɳn?cWNR/ƭ 6v6㡵씌) ,V@?* /y̥=cpGxrh[ה's\%ݍua>*Y8sXc@sm?/Iuռk8*r3z!qSyۭQh 4ț r s=vsIv'Ōz5UuP'41+s򟇱F菝b`طkY}3ǗU#GZu/i^?`3l7<;KmUznv7zYV/: ZoU:<#ss xb&uYOBjVǑ#_>%E4̩C?CzL4.g2 BOgs6$\-sO!(}tEqyWNki: 8Ɇ&B>Dt=۞=\zF_ց5` w0 Wkڗ`T00++^R-29Xɕ. p==O6sfHIo/<9*<Y Q~n{q~fvGkS\"/G~7ͫ!z PQǠ2@(gk*ӞM?ҊY~uer<:ӲI7M+GJ#M9 *ҟ8ڼ}xJ?sDoԔ6i8" 7P77<6yϻ/Q#y= x叏Mo5Iׁ.X'zJq¶ V}gbk'clK J:=L oDo,y8F߂0=)O99~ Y<9-!E =mF/:ggM3 |F+CGO[-[? x{DN^ 鶗kʍ2 VQ&y#\6OȫȪ܃iLμsj#wqN H`55MdHēnֆn,5L/f'Xb~Nd*="&a軀|@uFIij`vJ6%[ڭ8aظ0C(lxd䕮rO2O46B4yQ m˘M׮ΐ2#0 ?+`@X<IcB)"ׇDB SϬlzx<)o&ZFro6;t1J>msbj=mD:V`$Zlxi>lis8QDdI~ȁ#/;dmG*>ثD,Ua V7/U}0 }^͌KAKxZA(O>t( ŪKq'=@*s{GþG 0s\=<K"^7=+|6v^쀾Wj݁37W/uCa׀  $sAyrhmG5)fnZ&OTo؇:7%rdM3\;g)fVmZw#̹6Wލy)f:.cԘ}}sF+'SS@X=SuζIe={!0RZƦ/`[u5L@:^5uDZWЏn|7}mt,㜵xIz9\8 ,!svN^oed((rx#W k ?xI{FwpnKlѾ%8O >z4{L@v8Azk|p+1]{dX9vD??g"O̵MU;'ͻ };@#fAG ' |}έTSsWGGHE[.K}Rˈ'$E2hM罣5sI9Gpu:8Uk㜉çk .{8e'snjz3[U_a8\\@ur#߸Y팂IKSu>stgj=均 %ObӫtƠ^:$`VqD`Y>1MPDI %4_'aR<` //_F eM6DRnh~ `5oEiSS,(gr¢5BoS2 J xCDXkYJwH| <]܂Rk͸7 l `/zQz<`zڴ ה5MjʊFT3ɫ:CLje8ҁUͥCGH0J#r;y=QҪ7+6ou(2'=EKKnX k~_9Uu$5@d;ۊOѸ6f|_ 5sV9GQΥ8ne؋yi_hO{)=tύc?vj IJ~~'ׯ~ :]!+0=e"W( 86L@V$5 %; 3~Fnkoqg\t8G]//,q@QKN2}ϫe=]Sk]raHnd֔5w:{]X=Ӯkp371U~u+ fm*ϝ+QDzϝ`wݺɂIHM8H]`]QS}6TC*D([z~`Xn>dWԥ=9yi;VNkC_gKy{ĵw;o}wt8@]|m˧?6#CH'pem,|V^*)Q8CqhyY޴Ƨ#]]J}qRsk̸ġOցO)Iy9iZ$E*NŹq+DSwMV)c9K[mݑI9Q#6]561c g35&ȏ0SdSAЏ̵h  2-p]QEEp~^3iΕlsJ9q{ ht+Ӷ2(QG2Q7ի ,#uDpC>FD(uы3F]pg[ܳ6U^>;| 4G[Y=DǹfM_W:7b0vpa`s/ܪ=]ݿ ?V*{Y݁{5Gr骾-<=F8:hEz0Ќɭ]48>-v:X(z5hg Ro^%?J`.53وGRiDv^]ϕԫuORiV6{@:A!7MsүzNօɱ{R/{UGl6k=nVرl>Ir5r\*yt&F@>~ι\;_oиƩށ}7~m5zOW6$23/@\0QˀM֢3\o/U` TrW @3׀ə4'z_|ry$Nd0qana͡3sˍܤ{~o|҆>3k2ǹ#dw $o8T'H޴,q'?s_k?a|w푑e›#RSV `IyK_2>Η4ig䰿yD6ZxفLTZ^.5& PGC9eoճd`lc|cDHiӣY6Zf 9NJEJl~*CkKoܧ^F/daR} )Kn/Dw@XIOaamWgͣ߫WD=o̽A< wR2GgRe|&zC~F9zҦz"62G7|sC5;8̥omqǮ 䓇da ʫ:&x9Nz>RϺ,{0sm]Iݚ+Ce.~27\1f(%c=eupȝxOXrPwR0l䪋18Cu䓬~ ݣ)1z1}R#s: "WWjGLWS]gq&ym?62hms:Z|tCm#7ky YOV0z7<^#s'l +G+]uU#yֆ?}ޥrq/U"?p6g9W -R#d!+ZfA_hUX_s=`#{jf_Vwvq\UOeZ};gYGHJg"WFNLt6oJQׂ#r09}u7h]-YFKGgFfƫ7Jurؓ,@Rَ~kk׾9aza[i(HHVHԽ=ݺ2@{9D9:6]W>yxsgw(X[ 77/)4T̀ڞYA]O 4@WЪ_@vm7}Q"ngrU+򃆮s%%Yg|v2.o}[<_ ?#g,0B";zJ$u.9GQzv<\&yuYE~H24;gp:ioWaMVG8 l, z b73.{P!}4ݾTf=q;R*+N5WaX'qR<6F1;PuMxdHIKf'ZBט]JV7 %Z. c3Mj#h1(͑Qf/e(-ǀH'Fk7}:?B EXU((gX7U9ZIsuc'Μ2/1#"3y~2q6C [e;r$ Fo-JEHG:5QzmtBͱuR9x~FOg#"J66׾'Fp@h.M8ZǑ)N\#y%7ߵ9켩<3gsw0zqUpIw1+#Q&OxzR '{M!dzJ#:oz!=EN@1smƉ߾s}ptqWB9+M)֝5O([oɪ6Ӥet2eu&w>ծ>Qos5]5z[ɟmY3p,'|p99^n.l3#7_F, 輬_ ]z,`?42SazĴ_ ,"KTD@l:ҒVlu < D>n4HvO\*#<@5_, ( 6PuCW7_ \w.(Fp Kl6l麈Mv+ Tg!Ms|4 |Pšz6Vl7`:ƕGnm\-ִœë2Ax*oxϑQ1Q5aj(KsѱMVWtk*Ao};+`wVǑwyRp96*xśpf۾kʮOkZZϼ>w^[jss#]9>kӜ$f]G_W)fЧqpzovөo_8ɵL7uF1;-__KWm U[6:xaء5ѲS_>q vÐXeE{p[[ʴ?OlIJ-u\ dT+k  84%z-AUuysɍs {Gdv9AchuNN,mE3p(lΨGq8"W|'rDϪs(9-y*,2E YMɳ33+N//8p&#RӼU~ ͧ}>{&=I @T@5p\~+hM}Gf?&!{q8O' ztaûrfD4/N ^KI=Otz"s"t]&?IxV7m336r/=dqt Bcq)TF{ȝΛB/8`/P6;:61v*81`{ 6@[3gdl%p&0=;Z!5e~|90+CKRtLz:^kifgʂS-\b,0@T;Q< |# X61c,B"4|(]S"!x3N =qhd1mj74J[*hF@H8Z)j 5@vp0^SKF (lځ^?w|#8ꤳWl(.`KDL48>|[9Q8Gt/I!y}D\ ki&o R!YVe:W~6^KM{B/r@Fד76Ws䞥11t=`N,s<u_EvM}^U&V53,Hc檯w/?G8]8|SCF{ZRYO <膲Hw.[BGY;}d.Q9gT~7roجX| FBq'ytcUFZ/sUYr*=L؂CM{4:Q[a:m\#r^׀_i#Q+0O]@^ՈH^FAD>?~7o AKRod>]o-Qt=H::4&=xM*$s( }5_r?=*|ş%*m6`wN~^]ɱޝ!|T9GKYJ83l,RkH6Er|/wv>I_;׶Gs@ǰ`*c1F6s1"ur, ' eN j8T8;8g"5FN>K5wp t%D kS;~7>(~=Wzoet$nZRZ rw촑 I=RћN @}s[jtȔ50ȱk2[7 Q^1A!fg'U{:AL}aly c>1m/ӞQ׮kꈞ& S,IQHYPƔ9P@;"(x֟rGk& QB6`u)2L=m=ö?/!S# e{v.} -T @7^$ށȼ&7~Q! 3sןMO執V)1YT,`帳zkRD1xF1 HJW2+FR+б)Իޥ ʏ?Sit?#?#oЮ 8pHYȮ;;JK#W2G9uGet}#b,zT,OiUqd@ 8D'%GNGwigygeH9ܶv]ڋ>-Gիs 0KYGׁirI]w諑g&c`ݝ"d67#w24UٟDZ&^UNw*vƁ6G#;8f W9gd*/2 wtn؋7ɜ3ntnOgS(;Nnw@.{Ylw՗=5/;jCw}سS(WRV'8uQkmk2C~:J2? w1Qz3- F׀GP 8 7U64D,>1~Q?_Ƴ^e@DMC_&16yd+[Ԁ @PP/|3#IE`B3OFu. ;?4?yaZ(C4<Y [y-I_#%g}g6c9̀NVed10{) .GzvtSҔ;E|Q1ZfЮJu`>m?t^}"c X?1r w' M:O2{XVkj5YwZ[hqZ: TAn}띉ZC^rl c:l;0TKot@qpgVf44Gtn"hwݙ~*qWP= 7õ_pʀ }U?gid ~ֳurT#Oj_:(`UʚY1)Sg&b/屃,h=稞ɫ5OlՋ>Lbz;3eLj_ǻʇ{"l?ɽsVzus6fd9|bgDRv#o| T c7TА/O淃5939uSO2{3 /YG[w< ߘp9\r;/=6;2V=wџXO&i\sr1Жh$,yO/Ο) ~R+Z>j\"w DЛD7";i5t] 0ɹN Эv_aWٞtt6T|?mLn̩Dl4Հ [|HA^}"NOr"1ysJU"2)t$izAg#cyNM~u?1ٷ"p#cXq^fj蹚w,lgM/hKhUY<(KZ:uj0'UbIևz=tL9 ~ζ9wZ丫Xldp|7_6㢃ymh &yNw)JZsM1KC)pm2C?scS2h VZ,8􁩵, ^F0B_GqK;@ƥoB0lګe5*̢ىGSuⱩX$w48h޺Gz՟?[6ȉ%dd׍VtvaWH=Sӎ[ r9}_'J>ADK/z:k?q֏cgLӯזGG5krk<ĞwtJ}MN"sSir0n)@+[ i̭2`qԏ=V  Xrm{s{%r@#5^zuĆΞ9./8|UFK?=iO Y 7!ʢ'OȤ!2C#! (A[ 5'h y O$` #&G( #c1bC>p}͕gPfv<&S{Y8L`{<䪆!/ )v~22>pQH:)Yڳ9o)x>XJ}z3g6{ax>2sۓ\j=o{"E*4+Cc|vqH! .;;-ldئw6#ilDQ>/?+VkQӁ *ѺWFjQdS@jM#3/GĈԹ[OdD N;-Y=wmg5e-Ϊ[m7q.Iӄ}ǹ p߫5+-dOggzgz)#WVA˓f|45LMɐߦHKh`WlQǸDU{=z:<7@9e=/Uy+Fd"WFHc@[M<%,ud+7zlipHV(eS6$]ևVz)rn//@T `EOQP'drNOwXrc9?zʪ|{l]̚pIvb'vzEAIWVpsHކy[wfЃOutt@.;wCK'zmQzGV9ۏynG;-ɽ=@v F[R|/(Auu\o&#H{d!b_ir3ܪ}3iN%{zR.lޔ@E`|+o1F` ~=GJ4 9qÞI`E*4{/c/2Z2FOIb薞ᜣ|2z>VNn̵sXCF`#z.̂] Ooo8l>l,='W CM?4 ~cicR`;erBQV>;avO[Hqe?3?3oӣ\6DHS (76(p}ص=~ ߢⲨL%X;!"(5>sl8)L^~AbaiG]'e3Y%edNx.Hc3nΓ}0~[eO4z2/x)}]!I=%;(uĪ͛H!3HQ_5eޝ+e2v$9%<3Uz3aXre3}BidBzG:#[+}ʿ~Injy蓞PB{QΞkn f-ES图R(oNxelnI1 W-\"#湃꩗jEdYlQT}Pi2<s\ošcYY8#˝/z-:UY@EN5OIKO\\;ʗ}$r#aG+PNv*GN;pGDA^Ih%U]Y.<^flovm=8J1*[Ѩ] Tw2>R̐7@9tC~.}H4x ȮwBճwYJd.WAF]#G#Y=vNhUr^OGDWr,ʦDO\+Ul^KOdzIj$ t|\wfN}۷}~'#HȹʾAHve]nE}ƊCm:&Z6S^C^Y8.Ibe׫wt=@*'d^3~ZN^K]o7‘Fў5߫w  &)E`j{$Q^5QYrQ,?hSHb Md}"0B'R~[[I? IYpl)-L/8ŕ(nK_Oy. : Oxj}Q oqlt;Zv{/j)>[OySN ‹@ X}7t]5sM j=mRb6>RoT',JGFFQ1_3gQ`]0#TlNQڑ30hF{f?;V|8.sm}IGX>^><Vt4/T},݅9R\("5'djc_|?ҝzTyd鏑^o%$uW|1%pLZ^Rs^FisW5ee+GH#et7IMl4[Oܭ8vc_= (;ݮ6^vh#ǑJC* bcX L>`,;:fGfyWmQfL*;Gg{!3=LftqR U6H3K#gX8]eߒX޹eETWQ+ZRG~\[5]G^E״54'K^[S DcKhDӦ K=z5kJYY5yۣ?idDl@MƎ:{]lKDtnٟغx:u[N 6Q#@ҟ|)`8ط|YfS J4$Qsq&b}#  'p`5Q\+k'W9 =J=Cli=hq"+7)fM:J?s>2WA.]"=}McHFid[tw՝ReR;T0Uʤn-xIu>42jV>͉KsGdl}Ǯw;`FߛT9z~un;պ"Sӣ+60ވϻy3tX5[R3a{ mWC?CO YR5^fw} ؏<{0֭˚D/Eb' 5_5o “V]˼ֽIګ=q'|+{{Q꺏 j'W19i]zGeyA˜<\[552 t/xɚUk1 k?0ȍt;u6=`~a@N99ѓGsVu pSjȻ>g%{FMK2*CgO^/#Ommv\c̍lcZ\I:&gGV)ϬqDo_g@xkǂöKQ&'2%+B=y'Rd|(q/ AkA*k9 ٟ}jW9G=MV`x> ',6~ Z[ CnR7MXå,/*\C" qh`52ȯMrZ~*c?&:q 31&'HY(ML9۞2G "Ϟag9d7ЁbivGչ=2#è]Oٗ6sPt`j5Z՛P6J9^V Z FN,ksWÿ{ľCgcVe;W>j-l?n%6.;?(M9*FidB[' pWْB@y82__#?GAsnOsPf~sC-Qv#9s+H8׽۸γ[oqX jHfc`fe硶ԛFb7{}TVzUϡ;HVG˺]#;3k+P}FfFHS%&H@]F>ɱ>7w}W*@Rx׏IK>ûmFڷv3(66V՝僱.Pit{Ɂ Ƀg69.8vE I9wm\#>r:q{2%uz/s4;(eCQϚ4WUʙqxSo{3t܊txOWۛp ;V9S\}}Kr蝯)GKG@Br3J{)3p\&IKza=~q5OSuO+GGiV6Gydre1?]Ź0M>t`T6KiƓ:@U[%Fnի*8n/d`UzR̐_nߤ?y/'Z>Qrsſ+}Wl/{HtihX+9ׇ6csG^kTg6lR_|φ;d[Wek3 <#L>9EmҨLQIiCd=,*52qG}5_UQxl|f^Q -xU`O3~Ov8hA_#zY^^uI-=<&+"|J7RsDuE:=ˮ^-QUsRr%rd~3n *̬o̙9tb S'|7M٭cRTvֈN'99sP \4t@f+M)Se:͛t.@ZTy>q΍Q_?Q)S| _xZ;z`]v0}ch.-zb~E=3u} DWTZac 3d]^\cH"dU[4 GSɑ^\ n`N^F֞&>qz 8Eֳ5V'>qXoӺz&6`<:da)K]?7;G-"գqY0`AiaGE0WډVvt`2fƃ?y&?s1&o(W$E:ĤQ݀ΌLеD` pr _vƢ~C]}&CC*gv8utZ*ؤ,S?[3׌%>>^N U GRڌ#+Y%10m>J V9ݓҦI%[$=]n. PYzY`cr8Գǡ^] lb<W5*RϿ^g#91z)6Aw;&}&EGq/]&Jlã2Yҍ3?{6kdAmj RϨ϶tЭы-vNJK3;o[FeBs*-O?WL;E!؅d׵Mhof+O /Kt~!}2%%đyD :{ٯ*x3kwk{ mګ`RO6G_탙'_uR!֠]_@J=|G}5%ẕǍ,Jϥ#We9O΍\yڍ\ʞYVe~u6euW:zs FTϹF{kؠTD*{@7]1!J.?ģ;̇?>^j.`ΎB;|8:hH3y8E/V 8=`F"U8`DF֓MA.{w-}|J%R͈v&}8aSCdLpN1Mߟew03]88CvQrU?ɜa id"gԞ1U\J+ў7WFIeQ=t;FZˍ}:Kl?*w$9h5J3Q\dqc&qh{3qz'@,|ǀd O^)ߛx6"myr%(%ߥ+a2}XƮ~jqy8m:O:FeDSxj g8F||釓^ԣMQ=IRUĐWG_OCo8FMzW'\2~cZ :-W[~z.s,3"o pK=j3NJOZfw$ǘ̟O鴬)kџ)1S(8IkY椦A6Ж|I/SksZs s >{gw/ Lc"jz3ԞL/mOO&z##Yzɾ_haLjc]L/K(! N樧2?J#7d&ᶿO㪞ѷ73 ~};5AMu2cbt0lHo9@,K9Ψ̸M[_MtZ--M4ݣ ͑ I:{6{`x+CY?^e.zx^/Bmhr^!lrUy_p_u:fʪ%WdC}@]ܱẓ W=ld= < R%9'ٗIiK=6}Om:^[okKydrg)sl.zK9nSw-v܄,fxJ@ fkqP2jS_{.O(b%w#1Q]DaZ6)THQ9$z]Wn. Uv@49P}M}:&hJ:âbwÉqMJgJJS#*Im"#? I6_U(E!C`r-S c3 swlϫIg ޘ1)D/j37P G%>)(1HoӕS`d`ї[8|ȫ?2Z\QXzy=5`z~4j3rxvtgZG 2=t`T^Cun#"n ;k䱦ͫ6GztH@oWIg,RIt#Xu.m1ER6Y@n|\vxN>N ]8dfuG;{6Nz[#_uچOO}-W_+lO1WnJy?uFEDW<9<␉$W!7ⴵk>GgsMډ57z ` vR8}խd/#猁S"g:^d,4t[nGWɍj=v*#Ơ̜WUYd9y\m^EѯfA9ࣿ$uc"YS6G Vw`dFg(-ͬ*o{UjBT+[#:Wmr \QTAir/I*[u9v;ydJ0X'+й1gu?;#ۯ9\^WSK:Dd_kz+p|ۻMdS;fTƏ7%`>=^ *-۪C}~qԳHÜͫ#@:rG^)r0d ypzNЃF;vC qF@zꎥh9EKUǦ^Nѓ'clAK-7J?C@^e'ŒߎA9ܰ9 ɿ=_e?dNcX2bتOla0O\fkoӴ!{H*-Wbgg{frLGAY-=Qd8$/PhQ. :l=ꍢG.P} EJ!<@s+%+m -=tK=Ĭ!#)n9n>oLr`]JcҀЋ=u*bhK~/{Vydg.Gi@Fָ=23|4GJz_pq]3[z0.vX9ĪP-)j&׮V7Z;=c&meO屹[ѓ im\!#FʳʁrnoHDm$:jyև{覠uFF5FI]_,{̶Gj*y#P=6+=J3A Ynv|Aʿr2ڴztgnlF餬s2nYUxT8=W7ZDl3ExE7wgFF|^U՟5yͭWˈ>,~՞^M*"pE]|<+BUz0ދ߭WۧGײ!I֫vźMs*`dY榃:+Z@J:{4}{a? ֬}F[R5Mߘѽ|QkW@uuk L jDW0}+)YQϾ~43{:r}杊KY}5KoWM fsB0!`?kCXY?!o!,:}9O];={^ʞg'[geOkx{:n!Sm_t#;Ziil׏U8MT8F>V͂9FV/Ah֪Q=zG y=DQ6Pjr,Fn@`+ɣQ&ֵ: PWr5 q MT\s뇢cF+Ӧ1hF+3 ?)3bOQe6{ի{ہAGRWh?\nLT%ݍGr#RcӁ")<)UG1U]VެLu خy(?s2iR$@2/cK8zWyN}4"~cπXACop2yl [h&:lѭNNήʾd~m.8q6z;q7K1T*t #a ۘ5(j .ߓE|6053˯~M[clEOw{$ωN}"Wy Ӭ"smi = ZӵlFj(;nTR/=6yǕrۻ؇v$`*y @\+\籦=z35MN/[ean|AWY>{r P;CЙn-tzC`9y 8wG9ȏuA~j;2uo&?:4'煎[*qF{*)Ķ`eC>X??عd8y57;'|o^׭-OP$KNwVYA./]IOkM}L&dFp`ϊє) ٛKv'qBw0w&L {NrJ=D 7ؗg{k/Q5` gY*5S6@Il>*wN(Py']ENX~ @Kz@qm}Тhm ,8LVFkA?|äSh6[׌,F۬IYKG4^JcRPy6sͤ[Vy+ ]6.1Է=<_1tioLB\AەP%hYm1?@ WJwXK]ģQGrZ!SŐGw r)=w^HYښ [@7<3zԵ1Gm<~w{a?!̀웎1_<`{q:F%t&>1 ㉧:V~R(`0c޽^m]E Dp/%WDA  z4,F!!Dc[+Bc; >{ZU>sT5׼9.s ms"R5c<Q?Q%7^ٕ=Ѹ)ѼsU=/ ^z ױx˟bt1VyNe7U̻ΎztmWe+IDAT#閷^nv^~sh 3 ;c<]/u$^?h"W3 rH?.6ٽFwa6Vޫ~!~֩z]mC3~ߓFQwÜ3xJih 1?#.pGk>YC6r$`^G:Sv P_a6D}: ؛.W9CW=yW*31{vP7 )' e[qz޴8T-:u^.GOyȶJMsSUfĶNR%ݳ~8)'VLi27W~+֝(t{Z>Hd'W@ڴnnxנ,"8+{<9n}h3i@yg&dȏpnE>aMέ#nG<>N[t1Fo?D;|Z6;E_ p#ԙAɟ 7 B$6w:}tT@w 'mc{Go oڮww)Qҭ9ݻpx LߓM7M<՟ڃw)fJc\T,^Z3{~=YW4垩[, Ge|n4o|r搹gR0GvZO=4vaw+o+Cxڂ{.w(_wS۟{w~쎧7dn3 G`Þ4 AC7*Uvs$khF!ʛ-3N[8[GTF_P/D# ̎Ej~f;߽fVo==bXU4֞O U=y7^=)ͣnDK\Wm;CjE=@g~ABuhaSX:P>hn9oʀ t ѸcsDZ5/pM1 稧JѹuJӽu{{OzCBѦJb#-ev&{y)~Br,Pm܄oǿD7*|s~EƚF*1y!S={5]J8{mϯ:_^>J[3Go7,Ds YY+m8;xZiZ +v}8Wg95$'~>Z:Mt|~bF=rnJt B /ş~h -Qx$ng`;GCR8'(W~h rP'uʴfMxݍ6;]5SER$=·!ؚIi.j8K]?$ 8u#Mp~|쩱`:dngQ=&>th+GOnxznT':aw}Boڂѡ>d6'M3^/V.o{gG?v6-[o'nm9kSYiRΐI۲`p6hk+:[fИ906*[YQGSjXJ 4f^ E`sF<1C\@#EwQvgY=Z@8StG88S&j(:gʝym:Ą2: (ڇcti߸DR"/ ۶2Z(&,6b]ZHn20%Ʊ)yY^_s'a/ FrWJgw}L;PV#9nUʚpi@.)G@S{*ʻzש)fާʞ}[O]Z5#)𼾊ves먛3aG"^/ИG㛶h*KFDO)f:AYv__@d$@]:->^Tys:޲e?Ox*#YY7nYc63)vN2E3j woG=.zSiӍmܨZFSv}O6~Y\峼S r9־KFKthL 2ȹQabO-0ID:{n6<=G`Nc_y8>h(MͼѪ=şUhޛO9hu9jDW٥SP _ri+)׍3uA En#cUݩSݳ[}7>$`|ol2|E/wSqjq.=hTE}|f,6^zbH/وIeٶҙI+|de;" 1?x:7 4@wy*SO*9@lR2?'Ux-+)[TL{O^L=xs~ ^DS Msi?xr)]&Vp7FrKO-0L?3mj?н1O :'Z{yfnЈs|P?SA[}Z>=ps86O2*yk  opu渱 _7ށ#a(P<[H c2WLL^Qfa RpesKb1}/Lrʟz0i o=F"-#4~W#т6b%8QdM~~ \P$M7<3 [wy ؏ (kU":@u2s{MQ6XQzK z}.hW VO}޽p_O9ÿAWpR4g.CKLt?3WCOidj[=tC@]Y{#+Pۀ2lIm?U|ߵ_O7}|Sm<}8J $$\="Rܲ_즘6U n5̕xRw2X. LoK25Uv`6|O9q7{˴ )5N8M8d=tG4?6x*T7R]G`ya`wEGV,M&ͧہ3 rs7~6ov~t69K]^V$z lS)[C^$3yL>3;֬"Č%'al:Έ:[OEd{lSמyx,V,c,=Oeߦ*0hkΩZ?Fq_1"/\zծT3~e@Mۢ[vR{@`o2/gc//eEݔG޴;xm:c-0di_g H HbJf @f|>/WGgY?@ +$҆FxWxGZN8; .9?&xcA̭m>9W]yһ }kQsǍ1y =*Auz޾[zMQQ=ݔ5o6wsxG__ޗl}tW֕m2qAqSQ7w_eOuޥAWxsy2";ZX-6_ pXw|Ǚ^'NTEYD2¬M2fJZ偹4Y{^@t6ڴ>=ÐNƍq]֦m3 XT<J`q@I.RָwS##Sɞ>.)G-0NEVQPONR[$Ci4QMq7o4_ b@B?=e *@&oݾ[-]Ӿ̙ÙroļG-kT^{嵈l:E)_ݨu^cEo߷_ zϸ+:lK`_T vfK1udKcO?Vbւу.V4R諹mͿL-=WVb[i.Ϡ۴45md@,:Hi{wX_Y@ iE4Ǘ>D祿tυu՟:oVP`$/'4"2qߘלOkmu693"׍4?mia7 +FN!b߀E[o䱽7(P}ǂV8Q?K=o񜫯(ӧPC;vMNr k)j멓]ol#/J~e//>-h ޛ ~ҙ)%9b=Z}MD;n%jퟜ?ulONCM^')c|hчd>~8EIwfpgct! qBGޢv#/zf~w -V8tp2?=~>·{#xqe*O>-6$)>mXI}чNpY8hǹ\|%` 9MHy( |T0)63&)R<D02bY^c0^|`H 8GP 9t̕335fyX?eqyzD$?$S.c!rBt@# hBb!g A(:VQp [Ů&T"K#us/*:g8~WiF'0]z"_CoOеTf()*{CKZl~psS A<;˻uy"G[s@/tS8,4k~9=¼6|:$2]镟,~˧븴c9kI,ŜEg@W<7=D9TJ''~BGܹt(zڵVZoXHo8i}na3<O~{ݭ8 +8Q9 \,8[X9q=[(WVg^{2l36ps_ p@lFsF.ƈQ& ,Ƅ 2&}0%n D)?1*<[;R0 c^ƚy4Vo /kM_k`Q͌Wm= -sUC%x91x8|SJ}Ŭ{pv#NS C֞;"!+m }uՏQgޖ؃@@A; xq9,ڞUSlD@'c/ (*F6oYV[8yեTHch9l]P+~s_>tƆHݗ"q[J푟 Ᏽ,hZC !Ddui4wN:'# r)E{K1}J]Ywy2٨x xPOat\J}rS_٦CT:erCeKƧ([/-ۨZzVWV2ֵ}Ꝍ(=6HE#~מ{Ɛy X=@ҫ j("ޱj`l>^QHRտyv+SV@e=i=эTokGsmr:֨&16 qxD~о9x҂ۇKY+u WgF[U}_@vй@8h-?QWWg/,&6@7p~ƪMky=˳\oùHXmekk#UQdrsX"K_qsL3 andhKu8{"/.//~30^:p=<cY^7(Gt{ܮ|S6;(%Ќ5q8%9OKvl3V#n4T1ep>b|i>+oXo}Ь(uB֐lA3X/x1#6Xu[W$nON_k0!7͓]d]!cOXJ==&/-}@>l??Ax1:, <ƤnZ_:VlBe'1.uatn/3A]om=:f7Le9.Rݮ?u)ʇǰS D E^Ew~c}˳:GcarXхs0675Snͩqnͣ(hK"ݢ_ouW,[g_q ,w&~n=|؄Vsm!>:S{_G !@` _3e^;i7F/lm?Q_0ӥjb=(tfx.o@2YkrS'H+[Nro;o'zX b(ik߀T8V4:8ܜ>UʂC`o$s_g#\D4!cs΅O>?9v@RNSG/|sa֤MqAqo'G>ɻt3 %Q[hޣ'].cڴb̫kz<|] L 4n՟M-Voʂ. Ob0s=._?yöM ;!U<=>Ynr" ,bHPcmУk]P|*<]J|{~#dGYp|WQOIn= ٤(do\?gͫ3Rh󫤘6E™NO,tdi9ShRw=RH)u4j?'~ѹʣwQ77{~{x+QW/]ێV\W5i~vL7>,b7vבO9ֵ˘T{Knb>j2ٓ"W( ÍGEG[+XWAqRRfFCf6j_hΜl^L3}:nF8s? xkz/M$Xo-uf/?yXe7]xFуV.ЭvM'YKgfuRn,8Mk>>j_ֈF7ơs.Z99:Ԗ>3WE[+r6sPڳ#sX /EM|RHc5pvs@]]/bS䴶A{9WUYspnV{CQ׃2 ,؏2@Z@Л7PY fk;~~emc1 (-e kM{_h=S"/g(Gm[{MEWO띻35N4%ʰ$":֞X>)gt@^-80m}Z{x:%D-yA=yc"UԾidJޤTFx+3<eρp K#}_[)sPt/uF|0W^77;P8|1;cd2 /tTulRc{zoK+҂N<[1lʒ0u5w\ ЉhM O=G'e$(2<%u8'?|7]G C/D3j"Yw3Z=tL?swCfl>X};[zuoK]6夶͡Sߖ1wq|pX'"( {yl JOk5&Q 7Xhe kqFٓqa^ȧh=> t^0oip)݂&E[hw w~)yWn]ȼɗAŀQnoH8zs Zwid^ XXx j]^fǫ͔mw9nY)ID̼(x9u7[F]uMJD24{ P}Hps6:󝶊P/hL=`3Oc|:ʧh'=300<7NG2}bidihƷ睽`?/:^涇hHFZ+kdv8E[͍\2DG/Xnpu [x"r2k.R*Y.P*o6+`9m޲6mMeh^s0.pn"P-dMS,?{J[-KO do3@Ttstft3pc/Ү2LmPOٟ>j?idrΡg<'= &gЖ[te7?ϻ`[N7Op~~S:8YgK?s+ȍ{)ZdxA|K{=ѯ^>S*$3G;O7xݳ_'mmמhoMo3eMsnO~x~R}:Wpw7=p\P:"g:OdWJai|޹4+/pa^+ntK[WobK+f_ҭigsWk67X A`.q"mc guD,hmwNGQ{ צmvU2F) =Ϲh ]|){mt7o)<:'Ƽ]EGQ9b$vHBF97&kEQd"V{tSD #xhVeX: bfAT(G@g ,>JbꛖY4`ѱ2c4~LRؓݫ'&h흲[HV7O8_wSΫ+J11NQD@ӍT[_C&W#W>|jnbѱ1Rr`iSnܲeh9chKz,Ըē-\>g+dŔs|0%$ ջӧ5)Und'H{d+މwma`: St29аGa2 (U6drii89/MoF:wHB\XNFHm|缋ixM>=lLOM=+_y:S`F\8|hGMF&->;P>UN5)pG;7f{gP;u`Ư VVp W^-:?̠_79EO@=j!zs>Mmt XGd,&h }ly's핔 E[Wk]{'mn>= !ɫ5 F:-6Fjg-Fb _'!'k)_#7jLt7E.hg~α=X [˨k]ujkEu>.D+;銁־<׹ds}:h\sf馎 ڋ8ASxF|˧TL/yqΟخOr<]Oͽǽo:< +@ΐ>tc>9V^eBe8syLqo#oIq.D{=|7 ӓUgѣu8&qQ;|W d? ffM4H)c:!.o;5XG#nA~#+ 4 /Wa J+6Ӈ2m;D@󔃺;M^<(b<xj3p񔗟Wf[tfǸ%Cf*WU^]Ř1ONzk3-ZݞRİC;B ,' QŸr<)ҕ]0ҾP թ7W;UCn举e죂=.C }%2ڞYyЙ)WMs施QO39#KWelkM9g~wid^ͤ/&ȫ["V+^=Zm|O7V7ƥ-(kdV5C;/"Es(PµgJO<-><$~f .qWc"í~iXo <ؾ }b,Omf+ ^_?Ѥ:x(֢֨n11{ܜ [WnC>j3~XSt^P4&с391\Z[@z芳X6hA{h]ܒ iWEMVE#nX&8Sɮ#B78߹[$z0  TߍzZiyCc?rC}F;goަ7z D_]@ݍ,.]uitK:maf6Mg-V Y/Moxg;.9Wl"]avN i/S%{04R}e= ,V2ゞѰ7˕n-.peWGܲdƿ@'`1:]H/YzσJ42eau-x6}=ч܈ 4{gʯ~sch+ghܝ6 ꓛ&iցt?)zzcMFsely["njuv6?m|G> e5 ͎[ 뜋n}#A Xsv˞@lVucn˴iȬ[Q@{#ǗOtEiƁWl>Bn-Z:(24ɶ$lj[yG􈲃n(8'/bFTtC]&CٺWTFӧ~c.mPm8^2HFJFOFkS O%Ÿnλm=cC/|F:-/%17H ^QLEL=抉x,b(W^7_}a A[+rkLXҾ/8rL!^P.SuVߜ)BOzAdcZˮyq~SHض~F_h"` ͑ٹyߥTWYa,qM4p(SOY~}S¯z>&2ћr}j%#G?|Qyuh|鱴#-7WKt|?6@3Ka~zx!ןq2b/4gLצ5?$(GU"E݇r-*4~/j&ےy(d7Շv_9VʺсAK:7$tM(mt gqA^Sw_{9hEҫX]ѨNQv-w5 c`TxOuXMEy4^z^SDPW{7nf>֩7Yhu'Wsvh+֏5W|| -|6y[>fؗ9Ay'Ɓ~t`"܀}Wo-@Y~F,EE$k -4B7FlΒ?-9*Xd􉮴g?wA3#ٰфWrDh;o̥S@Slz\`Uĵn`(.`Ié(,H,@hesvx.ͷ8Er[~9jۭ&7MAss,awXKW)mPtʯ~6ib.mny2 r-ogGwd%I剿s?s߻N;X//|@ lOv|뻇_&W+7.@2$G@ޯBShMi wmYtJR[:-M)ps//6!kE;}rڑ/]N^/ !S1HwC6[p~ڷxZir,%𥧈wtѓd4bfX9D0ZCsWun[Us*mJc@/~LJqi:ut7cӲ$U.% ?~AKG\lduƮ.k=T 11r_zzHQd38MUM pxa:&)|-zڔ& 4Lh,JF?RxyuzJZ/@0}'G)-o7#3*/=/7Ϣ }r:R)a,4H뵠Ė=EfգX\]J3Ơ -`an']u|뻲w1G7]u6uP_9پ ɫ|m)K-%YڹeÍFe}[T"xig^YpXٿFʌEȦ Ɍkg9Oȁ`4(ڤ}[ 'B1fWoDzMO_:3 JQ<O"}{R=@uGHLex ~9@"bFHn$Z߫(ZGwzuc it8 L썾0@s99ܾC(ghmtj rD]ъ͐ԟ5.ڠlԠݖ?{3ttk%0~B66,5Χ6{W@R9#$g6Cdѣ9m4N7Z@ZS*@G=+{"+DAtnthc)fw8ic5rx2E/fE[ĻEsM{9ٞ[^9RKh ݀tD;7=zaOJs:kYWcaGmc}dוShmu773]]0˯ޕ]0t,u'H@>>(beMO4|?C˯ʲ1W.lR[kye坿:wAm(4نW:}D:ش g>=LLbOFkexu *zN3j-g5'{j݁x̕uG9-qp!/v+RElP|YZ}NhmϥSA4?lן2Iʉ_𑉢{B{}܂ N>whv߳Ep.Y2O  Nz sj =?J:_ղ:ǷueZtYUHt}T}o=mpF:Rc"0yd{]P]߿zׯt}>Z=xN+XvҦPP֢L1K¹;tk75Ѕ҇)̵_^K!iKCPObn2.^n/eвc8&h8!v#:S }iу7q5(QtzJ8ڻ1R(m>VOeE)N7 7Z5W?Ιo廲42˻w/ ȭl:p c9gAZ=P"ovFp8o#yO wh vs| iУ1ܷ1.n뫞sS}Uvc+_)ޞOָ"6oz{j旑oDvtl~rD]MS-])[+bod.Ϫ̞9sr9H/ƀI9ԭ6SOaƲeւхgl""O,"w ie+bV7>9IؗuK$f6m4yj0Go>}A~?Zz-A+ as2^:o1nz"nČey,em(G֦u.m7T,Ѻ;{5Yj7Z[]tnOv/z:hA3Ƶ,\ ۞&+qn'yNe`DE3nz͞F> tO{[iE)\{YlС=vDr/((kk}8б1? '%gmu4m(DMRꐧ2Ot-3Z <[kt~V/|ACt0G:ٟ[G}tNonjtE[:ki `VwAh93곈 2HCI/iOn9l&:W_>z2]oӣFj:u0Xw|axB$kӚ/f+ P= ~XCاlogMpDEѨ~c1 ^G]~P5R-m.xNgES bZ{}li䚳k0gCN_}2^ ؕ?;|;fX{_xw~_"Pz L=/Oz3>R7w/vO";G9[O<MoSzz7G=1W /q@}-i0N$mb.cX(6늰 @8=&ˈ,2b@l̳2c'ZP o(XՆ3z2 CGyٍ!aRq]Cc?j`/*1c<<vi}/`M]P #)h^}`(ro984e,*C#Ƃ>n=4a@ 44;0ʞTFϯRpvY(gs A@1_ gզ4K4yC/@[㿎wBHbu8hurvlNeܱ,`]5Nkf e[(ȥ- {|A/c@?x1>r8]L==}N~#cGnn2LMSU||O?ÇCvk{+gG=:<~"s! ؍vњ][e^i7QNk"ޭxKђ}V}"m7^@v_62O70 mI6īgۜtL?Iy}W XrͯbZge=ex>3Y~=C2wR)%77Eo !ЍsdYe?JbEcdu fOV`)Beh*UYvЩ"I#drrm>n'O:>t/vƯ~IBG겳Dkq,Օ ٭z!~&1}> ojξ9+t%|+3{TtRmz7y'+7@EO?٭ls_@)RWStSn,`Wahm 2pHYWv)k43R) axY@gC(m-uW~g<cxxi?a?l`0w6ץótSXPƬ;E5Ș}Ρ7`VF}ac_nr4ZWe/^ n,zr7avSwt֭ޫt6ڼa3_RF᠔R0)  yw}1Fu&CÍf|ρ)}u(W>.K(4tOܱ~˫K !׺\` "|s>`9@&sJg#eRƉkS{f6eSd5h~u -mUjFrɼ1xݫ=/#7Yzrp0TJ^7sAn2-g_Q 9:hFVqQ9N6s $zߒ@IYyQ2( i,t㦹YR$> 8Zv'=js4[ڿNu%<-ț~oE/9[Qٍ*wo|fou e:#3g):xŕt" CC[!֮lnFn=4u "+7<(p>rLh[[7>]Vѱg/m'Z#ۣ{h1*Co~3/p8ӗz!NJ_z4p)ܸJ1m2>*_hι9O@z/8 y2Ns 7@ Ⱦ)vuWm?O9Y(y|zSV9wݦ:&'?g)mu:4싴H;K&Yn5nt6ʽ,ϺmLWfoپA9:_|zX z3t.^0L'8 )&s ^}Ԯ,c讞2m)I}g5Vw}~W нY_y~LxD2O&}O++zbK~XmzdstFf[Z~*ɉy9 <'m>bE`%?spq`zTަQƈe6b&Cco 豼50$X>e~-Bq lyqڛ=P^X74rR|fm7awn޹tTc)>B;t7 VO &t_ː~Jgc˯R`Oe P)u~w̓/F 6(97tݠuz2oz[)'1ZYCsU@oZ}q߽ꯨZm5G< sبSW 7UdS4'ϥP[(#yNy<ٔ5Od|׹ׂ̰>C`o[ P^z mx-K_s=Yc(ܜΔ46B CNT2|ppu9y(uC'v)c n,H?@/t`H<8D_ڴx{ yErw-qϘ>zr_v")|,p@ *$I1E`6e_~mEoyGۚN[\蕡nљ+4`N<} -Ɓ}Yz:tKoz1=c2kZ-CwuY`Z[MF+J鲢ECG{xFY@Z|/ߊc$c4.)Z\\4 ύO6S}|>2-tgl [xŦPV;Ro\=AxS#Gb7o;$cw,E7qMWĺۯw6=z_.Z*:,ўOD~}M[긾 Գ'7g/(X=+ !i N_Ճɥٱ!=ց>ANd2:EPSD2mWûs/M >W|P  A?)P#'>}#a39=ۄCUj_-~wh*sG tP[ɴ`pY @+ʅs8whJצ}I;/#_Z%6Wg΋[-mY#:D+?)g=rv;yߓϖỷ0gD9{HT1id<624g]Rt +Rc& ,6o963ˤ"㦴TWU^u(ֿl80{SӤ(FS9dfμk"NFJ`pခ|[VQu8Dxʙ/EA Dڃ\{ʴڔzp7Vƈhա=17I@+l4:r ,7OOz]o~qnnh:AE[p<a6nJ=)^hun,_fsTD]z kϧ_9HNX+7xO7O2^u R%=^h_xqF4~BeΊ1]"rD_{r#GqʑuK$Z1牳X#ZQJ(6~pƧ6]>%Wdv9Sb4>x35΄6A;nx<޺mt~Q?'yW-xA+ۧCWZXw컱ƛe}l60]?ӣ (@u)f]}+x=OQ6Ǐ>qAet zGk똳ќ9x\UsWp,'dGeRhrO>~eq'ECy l }n, PuҁqW*Ү?}drιڱ7]ǟ>x]6̏y6Ow8~-Mn 6vtm"յ_=toq4)̻z[vBOʮ [8m ъ]+Nڨ&(?yS̬q8nX4MW*~aN_P=j~y- f`NF`~ycL2`/#Q urXr% &'Bs F ERZ7D[ μ`x ȡmĆ`,Hb7-M}Z'{ ǎS Tabiy'0^؛'42 FGyyrZB6эvTi@u/eg~gp.)O1 #gӛ}雷}nD:]> q9? UBWEu8X>䛶`OohFC/kMv ,B)e{K^P){ 0E]Gؔ5-tAsg|p   OowK .7.LEy؃/ʕ1d.9ϰ^G=U51gm 2ƚ01POo:F6J/)GXb]v?B0S\jDQw :G~dK#o9VD+CW# mAT0ۣlXILR=|A͌ٻRϨkW*^DRǼgOn_g](h9jM^ 8nvٳt~-vK= /PiE\'C[M[>yecev>x[@]yIcAWы]Laoy]֟}9"RnokTv =W'lOt#!^w xpvZQʤ٤>Yb`mr2GJ<y_oA\F{zȸ8~*NQTk7VDA{O5 9f@[^LO7]FOZڞd+N@@_v백_hLwy򛥻ةk/_G8d >"PY>Ī4kee,_c&ׁov_071^'+::Hlp7#M+X0Y7zksk8b,7=Vd: po%՜d2+|Y[ s9-rLYi~Csޙ/'|7hm郧>X: x7 {“RMntnaH'}Zx7`I׮-YJY m3ڻFKC_ p'hd d8\:<0,7dS&m3E?PmVo#k)7 .,ŝ E qa6SfdL7 T1AAt7'M.P]60g{ذcnNO^ Bt^MeϞbxX n7ZYP3 *:0U*)76@̮DWc^7z&KsFZ%Wܼtm^9@r;3 rhUJ8yZ:GMߥ ɱ~ "44\u4 @~9w{>9(ٜu:YGH4|؟UqIY> 0i1P//|8a={#P 8fcgSEsr*"t$cM,}<7`μZՋ *Z# wѸ2n‰ʅ"}O!tpSݻ_#=YloEїqէ9&X6%__d C,ŋ8)cHkmmn56>4khk `?8ѿڠ-uo?g}Wm}ˑFG+NOp־e4 `06Z[v#E "M| gSS)aQQ(@ Ę+*Ry٭ސh Qf<"x/@Ԝxzʿ?%r8튿˿; :_>7E2tA<KVf)|d_]*uXGS$mwn?;b,e|~'9h3//>@m3tZj:͐6 Z]jlD跾N_Q>\F[Ɔt#Eoule:iiFS4vN9v3fY' g&乲w^BQ涖=m*ΰ3uFHgRZg.l|#Yręz`s7;p|H $}x3''FO0'^/^gUzǂվgzċ7:Z+c{:OӾ4mwv@a¾4ٷh3٠=yFДtH}Pv{C+ SӅm> r nwOa=-pWcB&C.'b25<[R&ȋbC׈U2e]d2zqN}p2s1y@~(f!0Ks}('F5ٜo7 "Ƭ5r H9 *C9BE\~J1cOջ9Tl93Ի2[PF1Ĭ/tx^EksR=$SVL)ٹG9`}N'(Be^$ mϥCKlֵܷ̚ux^VtázF{rDoR^I}(Wwnn<Mrh3{4:<`6?Cl(g }%^./Ceу9l&?9M_|x5RFNeki (2VѠ-Gy<S ײ L ?Z6++ߧ%P.?}ݿBl ou6>]J{k(0,H|^\PK&SnLT ̦3F?$Lwm6mRJMCY0&i^[ʸ~Vs`:PO`yss˚(@AY@ÛOQ2{.p^voڔswc)}(ݡ'ןJ ȫM_aN=v}0oʮnNm4?͢OyV7E(1b^T0)oFk72ܮ]4Wyۛ{xf'XtxӺ=ErrEKhU6s魀 JHrXD7~ ೶7bU^xWsk"K;J3Fclp[+7-&Y,eS;~ (vk.(3dրi_;"f6Op{=nE_$eD#f\~O5kY҇1Xu29-M$#@О&9OߕjXzDa|ce@??{2ԕ9u8v_z͹]ֳ#E__,Y'sQsV=ǘ%wGahny縨dBJx'].8'Oe*]g`d1l8m:_wMv/p77?/ }}rLΩ2<`X's:[9βI0tNf'&GO;sqO?p";G |dM#M_›8䦞iiNUѫ\On1?P%ֵ] *`@l]z΂,IVo(d( 5cLW`g0MRB3޵ R&1v ݔ&wWCYXkvl0|@yA JaJSv'M/xR,bhW ߎ jT7 ~Kk Cu)9e7R޺8* us~A^;S<p] 2zR8al8SOyҕg.Gds:o<ʺHC{Ҹ0Gh@e+϶MITJ˅)/eduF(Ǣ18לݟSN9lRw#V3W{nۢc!EXwMKKމߛ$ѹn=9r.gʭweH7ˆgBK}J{SAxDt7o2GICk£opEHMM'u`0Lԁv "1_kQa1}J8 aT=L]CwջeypM̡̀RV}ྑƳ7h M8p)U̫9]-\Dvny@(WaP1U=(),'`g#>E }z7mMU A;0Tc=:ز ~J[<7K_9?vSGA嶿7AzL[Oex CL^kZ8Cx#:7Q mCe_뀵V3̱o p/_2ߢ7o;X1><\ؐq@o c\'326Xy%W{28cKFJGZi- 9 t2 )i<M)Sa>7pg1`-:1koE?DW3OQu) ܲ=Z7SJ>m67 ZC}}nNsDQg ZO%:m;{҃e3ot;<.zHMaLՋ.{K{m!H+LQnɠKEcO*ֱheFBR8֟/Km~믬9=0?c%m32[_Yr|sWe:/6W3`t{Qp}qx诀nFWmoŇrv{, x|Y:K5"79tYtȉl%Yy)'(Z\~ot>n_背O,]!:v#'&#1fct#X:x"zX?_uxXq&r-n`nh.\ƂJ=m&;a,e'9 2Dh~ܴ5ܼ)yj{W;t|.;Ghۚ (x4?xL02sЙ`߱uSo;'rPeOt~/!Mg.k6V77Ys|Ŀk< {K%ߍ\=sl;F}ztaibf'省-sV v[Nd.tӧ^ѵ٣lMz݆ x~f0(J_Ha]=I ;c㶙Bz ?ȣn,F!RQO 92P?gC-`Pĸ}ɨ$W-t|oPɂ} <\P- (FJ&̝w@7E_G{üN%v6t}#Oe eS>]Fu#*wޞn8n$:Ontܺ׭GѽnQvUś&Uzk*@@%R$hvx@ɘh`Amg]ey)8O F_~hÜ֐1?;@A)6Et{ƽz{cg,sҞ'7@؁,ʍ15mԖu+5ͥOE,X5_1cY4v{/k ['G`+ݿ9@W0Fd#{Lɿk^h'ҜQh(TZn=߀yKr>߸In3viKn{qGzZxog8[֔V<v.mo[t)Zw QxAЧp芜t:@V==)f[O|Y62`6j6ݡ=<_Jr~fW<8I}"ۖ'mjkrg]tc]w֯GqZrfu_5l8*C?mN&|)&F1ƻ~"}Am.aL_xy;`9b4+.\R9:o0>y : Rn'ui˜} TվHnnZY[?1oR'C?ѵro--KZ>~o/)װK{i=j:d@A=T@+&p70ɡEfyuYs8Ar0o<|E8z7?=ejB^9ٻn98Ҫ3)yZ EVWt6ʕn~7hG[ً}#mzy6Ƞxɂ1WELɷLA| ۳Jw7o+c7}حqf'=]?X[rLS=cGn0"sJ 4 M(37wcm_`DDUf*5RӃ]Ϩ&"%85%9{F_&bQ u 1a ?}{T5u͕aJ*?B{ ~继4qr#n9.x켍)ՇPV$UL>ڴ 8k&}:eOg1WyҫMYb16w`SnRlz_BDF$܋]aJ>?)Rlyzumkйu}e 8d.]zJʀ)Q9-n;w͂g1a!n3^) }p );NLjzǙGQ/]N@76!HJl&E,@C^N@b`x28؜gӸ:Ů__~A__Xo7(E1D6Ѯ\6SK\cؤK@Wdޭvy7U`~|N`u5FZ  x&3cF[+}SꝌ,+֟9ԮRDp(XZ(Ǎ 8,GzBiF7c홹@qlѪtYC7į8Qn~m6:ɍȭͽʖ׽EɎKS 3?bY>\ ~O7@y`6fYm䰿Ҏ1?WԳ~5h %0< /jWƤ; Dsg&3&̹Z6E/xnAho_`'Ga !O!.f9-xX?bwɄm3~Hw9ޛi'/ uv']v@|w>?y;3)&/f-tp.|wsW,鴗 }z}TPe/P4gw77{0y)x svk:p@-> Y`,p a`e/$٪? 4Tj (rg[}`ḾbCcx|P'"#$b,OP1Bm F6~'Oey) iʂw +mh)Wze7|!3. ʭm342Ѣ487 w Fj`+s߁FmJ-dxU W y/(Xf tq6S鮋2g1O)PRt77펲Wii*᝵4֛U|@ ۾e Tݎ_41Oe^2SKghi AQo]u[27]KCkx*`Zkyܦi " M!$vOF%R$шER]9:s7V=42,Ǩ`pph(`柜 ?=@[Ddveѕ2<#`\䟱2ͭoEs 2Ѧ1Asl㬦0Xǡz5ױ2^]ɼKz};)^4Љ87RMhsNˍG[-Fϲ[OڳNOi`#f76L?|BYWͻX̡2mL9 V7&zELΰ1闥ЉܕiFk|žlRgo#L;Aѹ#Anw9@Zu+TAbFqCs }Xu>X?VU/S#02V4L*݈%Lڴ58e=λ}6 4|K;m67}=7eS),V{/L \:5 `naE>/QvuzgXs%!r ''m[Fw?L)2[Oߛ$7p4h˜Ѽ?IGF@|.vW4zEڏ1aoE҃/Z:O:qJ4!}lw1ߕx@`;(z:tg8Ch[>Dt|>>\^̇@wSs!}Ә b4) i`<4c-11d3ݝYcM9ߍ@޹,tF` q{+u6e~{5Y^s(=koi҃-. mNڀ 56 0Jkp*AbDճ?J ضM̀gl&e3Z~($2Fp(P(1k|0Uk__пN0Oʒ?mѠG8Qs #LDX偔֝򽃣-CT%iB2s ,71"G`z#kg uց8T42+5GA Ɉn$ʙY}|2sƌ|mݔw-Ի6I28ݺ՛Fˌq޳Q$7zS@'xݓ멬 F `}2v(nD['Ι}h+hogSyŪ/$s5H'G^.ڣSŖvSDWإ22__}}]DA;搌 `w+ }hwH胮J/iid0XYP,"ΥgEqPz9KEёo=-NfܛPd5O-nuf '\W}у@C@Xz1g=1/%gk)_QVu7=ވu6 =SڕET Q` z=3)i4nuSmv}zU,eT}]ImSW/=Yӷ gk8mxyﭖ%]m]yA*ڲw~ fpΪz pz37Μ vޚtrM3cڶ_pKpo5됮uC 7p(pY/f怜7~HniauW:mUcGY`iϚo|J.챹Yゼ4ƜEd1`33Ȭh(:MFWΉ57aɨ;_ HRѦ}~Uͫ+p>PazLz%8o Z(W}j9@5tg&PQhxӮ=6Dm9g*=o*Q>>kkqwzwG?qqs4g8%ʸ;t9UvBdH|o3G N%oǰ2,tn*µ}WoM:9id3>;KwxċN8c K|97שE1 ׽i1l<0uEӸrs$ XТsƌ!"ANjP^}(آ;jo+,͙GQC'F!Q'޺AF@f cFo~ϫEޜxWAz}[17BvA_FLvohXO7?>]y^ט/Lyz}Z9+ˑ'j|UN@ RQsu{!9btޓ7oŸ:1J]#71gK-}] ,AۿF 골jkfAo&x9Ǧ):lW4`?^$ۥƩލV ~-Qo qi7hO̳r4|fEد>x45ٵWKہ~9tJ߲ɕo]r92"qh΍>gwz[;~nQFB_Qw&:K-8 >~!8}J'._n!C4?Yʞķa<%cdkgw~W }lQNn;7N .Ov>`*m,Axԇ^ېMO~ذsoܽl>!.Ǵ%ſ63ѱEH2 j5d}*l10(U )]#`)}|rsR [0HJ^E<Dqx9BPBO^9)W"0(57z CE ڱeS eOV?*GW'G=eKC{ʿ ޜNO_"n{>W)OTG^{ sA‾'Q =@n9F9k"_Չ6rw]uioE?~v>\9wnRYuSϠh]j^yPB :ʰ42ߥv??}{iN˦Y>FOzrI.s;p`3J  Qs葑~ T48(qɩ(oB#3#ݾP9{M%Cz]7/|oC&œE:R1Еt&;{sJUB.Xm,@\zX_Jg4Ĩ%.Y$?Dz1qg?-%[EVWfEWK ͽ6MNRJЃǜ-Mw|ďpGS}DT~}4}& -T= ^֖zegi|"7Y0ueN)qy7";^6B[al\T-}k^M&{J%1n d7J͹ֳf"7/٭@ A xI{^i kuW %N5[0;@ߞv%㬼dRI#Ɨh%=XGSԵS{~J=c~^ѡ=3GFy';ChG=s0#+H{Tdc]ѽ VYG=:\*3r CiCCN9坐>յVh-6K[rFDZ/U%Bhܨz}W.[^v;\1a#jZ1Tw8f.\KFbM КmN$n<=kW{[*J!໨dhwAjQ{t$<H}6%%{ӆYH@rvU?ѧ2 µl&wz }`DP^Q֙BRtHd4K@)Thu{S+ݲHh,8x~e]X9~z,y(hZ@B~V 1)Mȫ1[G˦[R(nVzўzuAOn)7Җ?Þ]\on z,uD*s^i4)g;'AeO4UkNѻ6Ez&)}H|ƝEr)*6n(ս41ː_~\]@qDQ36DXF2xaP/Y`J{Nβ4d@dlѻDP uIs{{ic^NS+P)O(0:1dG"# d>6w$;z=m;tOxm=nY>"G灢9eS5~aEm0 @lYoh:t^MFK9Eһ(᫴Z7z^a}rE#!gYTV9Z?]ONf-sˁ={¹Fd|&ÚYz3Y(s)%FDG?Ьm?tg 7Gx"~6t\asE;gDqCҋ8T1z`zOGv|9G;=XO9fHM2tn9q~oyA摁3rg㦉![4~oh~SUj>#Mu;u- sk8Cӡc|"!3*y,f/ʆ4SE ~U'{30ﮐ#܇XV!a=Dأv ,!-c=c(Jy9onsM_QĞ*CDW/ckQkP#^{mO)D)<1^5"^/஌AM|UFqNN)w W@vꈶZ0ł4ί Wy7weֻzJ6LW9xݫt/O@vQ l;(hq^m!쮣9t)b|J;nK?0(mn=e7N{@_>tTKq }}P3^j~G=PNj |G J{kk vc?(]ǓЀ a+W~Q]gqicM|&V9 ?E+0L|9K0M^1@ '|gA,[h _Xwo_(UdoKw3*.ZԜƺ˫w/ g6sza7X=`F[`1UZo9H̥/?sl60SX1Ey͏nptnqJ{V9^) ("9:n^- N >>վ3Ss(3"; V FحK[@7O*NW>&jS9~ &t @Bt<7KKj\te 0M!}g3yoost2|%Ǡu5Rݠ{ickCotN/4lMy(.Z4{Pz|e΂G>ʣQy\uٴ5[O{Ɯ~;;;-϶'_׹aĚ8<>ڗYRkާʌEx۴zWJE_!ٯͽ>;Ylۧ3aX˷̙P[7n*p6$y/?}_{_ӣH~}w[̹Z7E&2vfK=]vQh7>`ěJ}Fe);7ve~C-ez>ݘ$݇ Z}PP9v<+I~ f'^N nޔ=9nv ѮW3з!zԖ4}^G1YN@t- [K3}}m=cNZ^qQ6 `8fTT2ts0",לrg4d`ٴ[|]grHsQlށݜV)\ RNwO85&E^ဠ/pW4S:eE~I"d{B>PTMEqP>)}B˟s( {[ʶΆIs0v4f4wƈ)3xh"kʱz,/`%) NmRYozָT8)/[Wc?7= EG.[\I ]Tm. ]vwk)Gri3rOuR/zuE;@ǫlQ(>8&cns\{n6uK9)M0:>#aƨ6;l݀9ڣPYPܞR[w/Kү9k j'3riCep90o֝nFL{@W@pX(v ){D,:֢-T17&eA奱Y^@> #&~`,ƘTl!ws+ Vo1^]7C%̎ 6e{w@_Xꂝv2ܢ d;mcy>EF':KHA&9Z3P< :ц6kߢ&bߴ<ͩ? `UF>kg0f6WuD3):nH:e.ze+#'G\WvFqӭ^hL*r_urݵ1L> \辏P})6G-Wɑu6Z佺l+y {ԹCt|?M_3Mm9Vq6vNn؂/ `Yh9$G\ǺHsVo^ݝB4aБO 3-S[ɠf^dahK@_WEy8jb3݉_}J^ 򾠋ե=_2ifgKkM:g2)9B!&U8cFk&t"((ɸJ0I8g+W) dQ5~?!Oу1/B-۞OqAf?I!k{@n֮9nE^:tOv,ycw/Xdpu/p~#ގz/\.S{ܧ^zEniMYRtSwtRn\IW9l{F_Ǜv}{g2QQ'Z|+{rj3#Fů"_a2ӽvE-rrsfL8WΎssQ?D_ d8-ﴷpÞ_I82@۞=39wouY5)DoͺtXO{k -<6&}`\QďGS9<3 f5.}ͽwV(0^;enL::wRoshxiJbLyu6{APixr|A8oݻz ^is^p_zm ;T ?M~~{iN/Œ3|^}V`>rT>g. 7~o(?}Ex96F[(W>/jAr6i <7p\{eFHF4{(+GKgQR|.ÀQVڀReU1~Q5}.n ֬?o΋ Q3_z pܕ`6a&{^$5wM2q3]YT=|zEtc4a#7GsƐy/ <~/簱Fq|N61P.:-Xln q_(߹1gyC_:b 9BttT8liyͨ5Muc(}H"t8ź1gNtw)Hʾ(zG8Y+{ʁEH+.?Y@=FsSBeu*zsKGx;\Nm@#X:Gwp+z,p-Ʒl}HV`֟s]{8o ͅS,rƥZ'眓dtC /^zx߽={rоbo=&pfJz#nrmg@Gد3d5nɡ1s:_z(ʀֆ]%o{K@&DJWXϙv~v>X*!iНQ~296O[`Ѷhpȕ-PeXT~=nww8F<o'1t(S8s ֊,1g)O6%}7ojCqJ?qGdMR9LRtfAddB6`x—8Q="ႃ6eSf+`6D(F"El#dٟ+6T\8y.(Eg?kM헴cl?bMeщ.Y+J-F`/ȊA{s}So^RPuh񀀛sSY//mH +c4KAt#3yiOBm~۲WE3w QRs b)DQyG }o)E]ښWhr]7O߽Ч3o ܛ sQ xz5`dA^}(qS OϔndD=iNMK h7h^9G%u(ʄoE \H,@V}R7:O%3~4X 9(iSf3`u8- 5F&.b6uh)9 dPy,kZsؑ7 ޼I=٫ ay+j_= X@61g{J/c(`>rN!7_?"{ġOH~ZcrtջgÞmtt{Z-YDi ?χ^3GkyX߲dr9$vrUkIiQLܨ;m诔5l=o.YO4++K.} ze :}25;u\}W=nNНG֥sOP<֏C8G[f"( yzݿz"sVZ˿RTYJ&E]: 곩͓\tPux9{]YלEԥי3Á9sBNXʜKswf|O?xvٵ&ևL"SweoznMtLq}sӥ6^W4V:ު9w]{Y Fgs3f?P55PFQ8H\11moKlW{15 k!,&" )v4\eS0& mڍ/Ѓ+1In 7Pc-F Q%3R_ݛ](^ci;'-ɝC tѦ}~ʕ3a`FEa*{-ϭ9 -Byf/g9/s}thrKw7RڣNjhǞ'25FʞYm3GH)mJONLGc(BV9+sN}0PHu^pqH޼䶨|MsMxP7/=37i::l/tD4~"΁2s's%+9Ezc+K~sN.;mmx%5^挓Ӯ 9 D9],G&ygr}64m)fȦ@ͿNow4tCxޓ{hSsMQiXqik.pㅭyq$W\;ϾS2a xgK/ܷFڨ}x2pN ba=RqLhp1}|ֻz@*WEp̐Q{K`hքLt~]YF8 'dPٹ-Oqvu+t vBuJ߹ ois@s< JVK!pCw6Wfї:??/yj*tw9Ë4fk'y:KhKcr,z[_h2!ٳe\YnǝGЋXsn,k Ҧ~lڀz0 pA-nQ\&Y^ve+ ƦuFGƀ1Ga, 1tyXlMb _ifx*? tG쥟)o{~Oݔ5W\c4ay,_~msL O 14JgCHͧza__V݁ϡs#ƯʬHYTTɘ~՟7_ V۟|ߵyS,+{륝;neEykX~E&ݜO{IмJ׹VdHgmL$9W{{=;!Q M vG4@R9n$=z2P`Ҏ~D)f6 3]N'Ң$ ,tXKnnlkWu9uul}yu+_yQ֬mPzl~[RʻF6]*;P4bK`_X{k?4txh|??+$z-A~ s2y Ar琓?^lxFOg*#Gm|92nϿDۿhlJv|cpO4}7 !ї98w0t߁OeyƳ#Z Y(}nd,&RTR dl`$!WoX?J4NVYW8/E>@b:DY>VnM0WN` c/*a7NU~7:P!'ʾ2(#L.ؘm(8b C?XelZ-ͽ;4E12b|S^v`i00UfYG F£x+|K[h o~I4{n9EdS0/M`ƛZ?ry(֪szW8zT):ïxE RMb?~gzP[qb~ETg3+}eU6w>W}x m}i{\_sG`ǃK'c#޿@" m=3ǀytsVv8@b@2P}y=xsg@yMid[W3@,9vź+hf?{;}E Ή Y /iK7O7zo3kw9R^o@+Α5c8P^`Ln̹.z#gQf;0FBUGxg dmE8֖~i-k*/8ʼ/Tg?zW^jne e"A;$ ťmS[Ϩ{/Dqf4}ܞ怦~i8>v7VF/}Og@z]{vrƗ֞$іM/ pNiӷ2vA :}9C(¯dK3(|]zx~Nݍq-,ȺCÛz 7.uHh;:ޔcpv䭼6n@^|bM/yYkL3i |ٴ4@"]?"JFATo,;êp.^8/׻:x=.Nu˝xBo+5MNl2Muխ/.l  )o۾^@skgc;o9w~Z>rɟ>x08˽Nau٬,ރ$2]IxyvnSJYaXƆ91'_Gp+Y WwOj3#J)=༧|Ge߭]䶳4NGRɄq\p< 2)k۹Nٚ}w&} EpQa\ϝ2()>; gQ k4kSL-Wٷ] . ɂ(Xn͇b0!0f(< 'H(`[7 cBQ#(36dʙMK{|2{D;EIH>kC :7ꂑwowO1n[§\۷wnq6Rkz| xg4j7SşǢ-s^6*Y9kBωh֕#喑Xg)f\qfln~[՝0J{ 06žۮ [St~lDW3Rpl=烾W vM 2zt.-[\YpnӦ"y9sUX6"8譃ts&<ÿ/̱>.Mv]{sGoϴ7a.QP.tJg 7 ,}h5\(qGrh@bBr:Ct$8>[csbT8![Mg?/TaѤm͑x5.s{ Z[=Ό5.D?0.{z#^ x5F9h<3Iш/]ً/p\He˩A`h4Eo[-3|Pw/-DF9u\{kk[e2Z+iVB=`~o 孹q.ȽeM#up@g6m Bi (zkUf"=!I \3FVɷ__ЕYgx&7#<pj˓C{&y:ad#}zI 8G<ܽߦeO5r ]g9{zʂ.vV`hϕS_p"L%0v7:gPRyzh TqQZ)HExoY5e B-~ȴ.7cP T0'8)u/uWF)ddt(s."Zm6G ƖizʍwCR },@hXTRvAݔ5csi p_l fE}.s&}VbTd,cSU# cStSaè^Ϳ~ˢGt[m.R9ԓ#<9U=g#ڳ7߿rJ૔@)WW ?Hzߞ/+,fot{)m.=.`}Y-j55![/!ee,gEKxmnuo|`=s@ftɀ>}CbUUь:schx=9_SWGt匓d ,:ޕ3 ??1rHL4.Fsg@7,'r|䂵Q*+žY41uDXx4|9*o:; orc P|rgm3ե7`U{G@$'jʀw6t=hd KUm8Qd0ǀPG!He)ڔ5;|apW3pd $>QڥXZOt0/t?G6z7"}LVO/{m-쳱+tORc(t4kOX'2 tЩ^d/42#Փzۼ`cA:pS sW}eٺ;3F|H|9^ 9{sd|Y.[5C > 6y,/)X36 }S/'8/y7,XP96]c aUG+3xu)[!μ9F-9ko[W+NH'vo0s|n2nu =ܹDrYXŽ~e pq/G/qN}m OI޷M*%ڠBIѮ o0(Q'#8(-A1`OeKНih\exFlN e<1~1\sv KYUXwٍ5/u.Wqtk[KWeO`uK^i򡿊Ϡ~tM֝L@\'9O 0ΦSq~#bsc wWU\4(h m~X'炁{L=g l|tR:8@2<:@ O0;>E30(P : rHd2sv * pWיP~Nc5`\5#s6!MpET97ȴFh\`!,Z5:VfָHmtd3on*ڢdFw+Oyۻ~zP{<]ݥ^b%7?\|0O|Gޠ7u}u=TK-WƕØFeYsJ_TjabߔsE"_cqoͿ^`EBkXGW,W@3Pouc ù9GCEDtzb:5|kmC*8=4v|ntG3N`9_յ&tE7eoO3"ti1zje;W'Dѿ漳_n&G_n:/@Oy ֥4\M5(|(ck&{K (ryߛQQ>7gH=cMlDF-Q t*ںX-}F=2?com OMLeiNRQDct?6{tyY"F+w[r>}9s;sg榟yr_wdo=^,v|W [ރ@Alv~ 9hT[7GyX(s|-wlcnK0'Z>_1(veO5F7K ?Kߝ=]$ e{Taޔ'|4idnY)ְi*Kw^u2s7`Pxq1 ڈ+($ ȈH4 F A>fLX( |"`sC"_ } alJ[iG#C)ET75:B\9kh-jުkSXYkT,j )hJN|9C+^f[2m*h'x}>Mc)FcdqF8Ws۷ "͔ H ]dЍa9h|OХqK׹W6G&'Rd3fճv}!B;tok]9@TN4%*^c4ۍ/o8sYn[ ؔ!>;}:q5~ggL9z/(Le&E艽G8&w7KhF4#s)+ͽEҺ?ڮͧ2gF?QDF@3WK# /Zg%Ѥ6/peWOH{s}:3m WvI7 ;Knf+ӕ#[\se~ęFE/cW嶤j_Rv ex`/xB 2J3DBU>dyW;?:ZI9/g}v*'=S -xaS9(+P6݊C \\PN)7 x_p\RFRnuvF*l S%)ЕLQOxcET1lܔ.3E#a7`+|M /\"wߵ*-!Hqu^>@ $Q=i־={榬A 'e@UJ2sCXWi* 6̎Hw) YsJHT7''H"!Z_+2ޝ'Ɖv/G1*K;b˦l%)f~W^z7U>~cM8dEYK,a|=͙fH)A%CD,~=Xy7wW);J*.o>{N-: d :C'|N1( 48֤Eq7|t ouЬ9 9oʋK5dOk9K  }֜Q.rmi:}otK /Kf:o};`} >]6O ;<ݼҏ]k,dSZtA]4G@O=n[~rVxpˋ,ynC9ۍI;BᅠrJil'6Xѵa~)~*O*Rz8sҡz:&6xK1.ڠ C3.YӦ9 8$[anYяNΆ'(3u>Vf ]Av-a;v0pn^vvOAL/kgo-`<쇎umf^__poN!eԺN FaR15?tW(￟1 K)EIs&JHrH $'߭ksvc ZG_jKP1E6'GFi /'ڙDy9n t(5lʇ}[+ͱXJ5< mʃ{Jgsat(ы Ƿ"pE-x|Zr]tߨ"~#oU<ߢE") E3>=c>>FF?sM s Wn6ջe[ +tKiݴ/gM˛2T hJ=l]{O{io>[vԥ4Vksfm:W=ӯ[g^+)QZ ,0km+|S+\wZYsJ9r/O%˿lFedzwD"8̝d Xu0 l ࣝÔ sqɘ::i]F>S?9M^ xӮؓ%ӗ9~oz>Ɔ,6/A;ki=:Q\ɥNoJ k,-H` ˙m,`՞W[ 7)3Ǿ#R)CC'9)r ybڥOSহZ{&Peђtg^t6dvi~~ߤ0cJ_-Nެ]CdcOik7/S:K{0|$Yg5ї"n~Mu]7OP鑹5צ.Cyqmc-fGGwR\]CƢ gT$~G٣lX'zզzx pCۥJR|X;7Nѫ5z!FУ2sE=*Z??;+ZPK瑊˙_UZ3(g͹] W$PmZR#Unti}ۿhG786ϯń}]ۮzE/fk}OQ$7[vVۮ3-}';٘w'6s@k= hOs@w;&spole?cE5mÜFچ) <#%8KtMNnWm0Ksev:=dq]epip$d"NsCFׇJ~g,}橿-sjOp/r!Fw8x9-tkl׍nK߽#l96j7زOأ+nRD3QRc 0Ձo MԙaшR$ qLD. Hc D ð[G.(o}g cg & , ]0@ }dh =zs0esˈ}B}-r8ܫ1̀^ *X6B}571"ms{ʅM){~O9ȸ먹N X62}w~suЏ-A :,hݝ-~ѿȹbj)̮khCf2Oͅ~JwN7%k6wQxqS}KM?Sǀ|;¾?TE2 v.cN VzmEV]mn HD//eu)Cg1QnEr9x-/E/:SW@dyx#4!`"98xdA 08DP6ǎ.:K r})cۦ~. :$Twtr:άy`p 2l8$>vV}o7!72t켬w){Yu}ұiR`̜7Y]X *L~g>E!8/ΐέ>8iѬ \3Nk(uCΥ‰o_'Z?O(:-vjF[F͡K[HSg7A ^punzl+_./y Xퟐ?> [)i'M=wrOw8]Jnz=x:SG#Mc9?>'Y-g, ~J}vlNΔruo~ԇB.jAU> M3Ugt~Ph7sե#>Fjwr3Xl  ]p\T  {"+\g4+2ul&ӂ|.TJy H8U/ʼwh#&J^[бzڡqQ ek-:r,xIDAT(3O q@k80Uveٍ}k뭕zΧOu& ֲE!OycG~L1ޚM#x>o:OnNל 9:~uW]}@OknJcG_=lƦM}+y)ͥGϠ/ }"Y/}6^~rkΓh. Ii\zDWX 8T7zT.鵹3b|d(\&z=!+YFW1Ph8kF[˧F_d']; _'B? ,!\W.r0.oIJ1 8,}4{2[M 8@\ٚjK`y" }#ncAj#Wݎ#(VkmC߸)/X-$1>}[Kk/馻s~m*Z6 U2 2M%Mc*BZ{dw#;SS;:[3= L6n&hX.Mz!4ewP43͋р1H7ΥW蝵aE3[7d=eq$@C+Dk;E]k65Ή [ ~{鎀sշt}UT#`uRgY9s>^۞foE<8AHApz03RK9Oi BTH_7}%(I(p􆶊ǿRΌuK<N?c. -^HirL+8m8"sD\t+S4\=||9dj@/ ]~{mOٍ.z,)2|zV_/Br3n4\y97mkF|ύŭgKl { |`[w{E4ȑ/˜d!&||P}qe+vq: buJ@6/[[5!/7dVFov ^wWOcFrHn(c^Iվ N>AlB:æSA*..9?<ݴ^Mwr۾3_SPu2*`H/R(}Y[yőeJ+Q.{zxU~D`4Xh5ꠝh+퉺sxE*ik=XcXpT+ȳ"CAe藓.>bt3a_}_[͓I|(y#[OhQ6ݍ;s .G8Vkr:f苃n ,G4;כּ9IW-z"ɂ쵨res֍,e@}g|Vec[Od543{E.w; p}gh#4&XZDWӞr[D~w0ikwyMIwSo!9]N9>.pw o@8/˯p.'z񽱀}Wz tQFQ==|_RiW[dCW{ | =z7V R`'?|m~?;|/!?Z7\|#^8Nf?t\l둣8LWWtL2z^Ny}z}es HXE ī_.l$1ҳ,:>k]0T:Ĕ<(P9#@hQEqᦘ5o5*1(#0ch_ffOI xVy@Pk*Cx\.zZ#`"5p=h4-u*|ho/զ+7MG(nWa7F(7y6u@ߨç7ZC8V/r^^EykOii h<&a㌍CUO[ O)Bޚ_6)T)jkoȁb]LjK!77[ٍ?nFҾ R%!`5Uu)mMc[ك7m CN˽wj\+2Mແ[Fk΀&๲c_iuenrJ8of49'޾XGHƒ7Ѥ}{pw(r<[2Z[tW'@Ԋ%Ws5xselݛv!#dR]ya} 6 8NE}ՙK=ȦuY~W -9}Odo}sޒ"uq%K8־^`YN.yf9ފ ݲ΄5ൃf# n?''tУV.9j nڣ"oeƨ55k~uKgZ{T#K|W pDtqt*HcH F_-PXOe EP ;),̙^ʙHLBOWӋLQI/fb/e=?_p\YfQ'=X~$Ӧ[ӃwEgb<cNE(1`D]#<;X:` re]DO.e C`_ {)yVcx|"r0c_[Spz oY|-qǤQdT>E\fkeooAΌUTǼ)4OAg)f.)Eͽ91O|Ś3w4'٧"Ƃ7uAǷR3ѿO| W|ʱg<Qg'*|( Y? /M;`K3e-3ƌi9Jryyܨk{i֗2MQnnAi2YwS&>q>Q_^-p|#!c sXk:+#>_{?ճ9Koae!#X~C߱luU:V>s97XC_@@ @q#>[h;g7|\Z՗si_'mh:9o7ՍY'Z"tjzV}ԥR{XĨ6z:t(:G͞[{SYSbZg{A]@'G6\ʌ_yW;_99>]V`&0&EF(<À7R`P1J57 l7~Dc(8c+_}1/ @F;ƋE"Ӧ~JMLmeMe,8K?cnOR8tsu3==Ee-' TGQHb Ĝ͍RZ})ע6r:vJ!s_K=>W4z&BS㭲? ;@+ao Sߣ =_/Zc[8ޛVEC0vK{GW^4M cݭ߂YSښfTVJFќ2kVوqvQ?#cTh}& \fzx4#ث&:Voがo~i2z+zd)lSzqqw{NS_){c)19p:ĞCu7ҋz!~QTƢ]e E ٵdC$`[RоS<$ӊcٔ0JuAL2{o3-:]' :1A7 <[zeNh =:Q)/uhO&WmSadtn{*+Ǻf< r- FFqh' 3GO_t^[SEgeSߗa!22SEE7ŚnA={< .tp'ӘCk`|UZ |qgƎOɽ -ݧ3d{hN9A#Q(" kY hA5YdsoZbӐڼQEΦr׭_46p؟hGha?:_Stm hQf@'}I0 }nt!u8{,:o؀\kmj>ŷo?aσrݼ^<[U,7|jӺ9BZc1(cߢ+&+r]J8{'{du& G@Ҟsc9ٴ)=3}M~(0x} tfVp9HcZ'~- dK5g\-zSUz ])vr܈⧱۷j xCFSJ9\锒<7r*@3ʞ{4Q*+=F#Q݂;[,^GFs/]R:͐mEO[Tc&ePWկX69ڹo7mڤ ZxsoJ3>4k%29 d,o[}#e?@zA<2:8~ܸSz}?Snii2Hw+yP;@ͯ=,Qqܳ,G[tuvi:qyGƩ^9J'y-^Ҧu~f={9Jݲ{KV~1g)Nr>*6F6'}»o %ZSv71?SF;JJ/?BѕqjMuXKo&X?^讏kJ^3x 9CD- 䥱4$C[UճG+]1ƝM7F?Gpwg }VmRm ]u 6o PD9&JmpWT>ўM$퐯$~TgfiQ)ڇgG QrX;}U}{Yt"9N&l)v^,!kf膣AsnGf㻍rs(pu"DUҳ(Fo\ɘ7#60pUk$U@@1BO4Pn}[zC4Y919U&߷L'{ /Cя2磇sZޟ2林;uedu-" l=WtbmKNC`{x1V`vs@tc[G{E˸@.u~pdr;ݝ[zbQta.P |9 7 0r> @ M3FGͥFNEMY).? WU=Ǐ>d_ s73s223z];~-V0W2.x詬z.y3H4 aB7bˏ)=2e|V ` *~ەWJa`D 8S2)8݃(q(b@t/;7Ƃޣo40z#km}~57/Q`mnN-[ÓM*Y@7Fo|@RSp3 (IOΌhn23QXJn]: Fo>tmu⭨}6c2^o.;m  Eqt( - scOx 0"p(x]`EO;'77ņc_nn3/rɛZD RI\I7wKOF} ߒns|O>\g)71|ES *ϘgşأNsGS;_SDt3[vJehǸ8+MgsmΗmHbK}#z&GO}X@wMr;GLSl!nġt C_Mm{_~S]Jݶ|r:3机ΐ6xy1&J-!lm6S뱛W;z lGݾDo6Zzs7l}V߳ xl}zQ OJx3 ȳ9ETf "L`1TMtlMۻds)")O)rw5!$-Uu(uOR:`OٕQA=Aaͺ6CU`[aMGyg~SfM .5urJP4S_sP=_@U ٽbޮʯʧU;ƌOO`g1we큩Ot틑F-[z pv!@μɽZukhڳ߇mT޼{ʱP9֍88_+ϸ,m=q^ФOZ79c~|qZYGQ# gJ;3@9@"|>: 釁7ϾƓeH&;du+hBW/#~%_{d6'N @z9,{0g:rNyZT]2^)\lMAFS #s%|h~PI,&ZT/~]+}o+2[fXP49֡[˯sZXRŴ~[t-3e UOS!to'$T-~%#> :mչ"[nmTokM@5:MgHnd:k>ëy|n7ݛJ\7ԶóJcum6JЏBdϬ`i߼ >(ó탲 VUOk,#s޼bc,5M#D"Oр:ڴ6c]yQRN9iEk{ ~nTy,ڜDdhtomi17tMn\>E-wXxBەYǵ'~SM( 0 t0~賶΁87? =^{غ_ѿn>w{8E)dj74G;z\{b fOK/nڱK5@|O퟈|+8G:@Ft Й78w+~䬑& I~U ۹Vx#>[0qw?{@o7A?>g^py(89qׯpޛ~_tG{s0Ew7]{ =Ls6o{dQˮ,⵲+ #ʵ/ s (q!DsWOE"Iʨt`b7c63`d[̝C#0@"1XJF}`?CpbK|Ej`a軇Zk}e.-ҕ׊rA 3[O3wSDyE(#]éN`YeP7MHsiax=EyQ\w, :\{xm~h.P"fW=,Y?ton^P f4^Z':xSk?`S=X(CI s{{Dk 0c(;es)x{W;@W !bm*$RC8hntk$G^:㷫xMi?_nz8+/;YNֽz[@z Q&/;< VN { gsX~qO9(M=8womth72_9xc i> z{9lsPO{OeS:'ׁٽOm=("'+]stXZ; >&=9:P @i~ػ>a@{ s~tvҕ?t)7oF myO74љ CnzΈs䜰?|aG)̢XG(>Nd )R ΫXv&kbi ~N1-Idtm|zΚek})~D6Pp/a0Fڃn^^bF]ڱ.w,<7Wk VfFMmOe6kJx.8m/6T"H~SFHdhz gD_"xL+[E3.p8ڹx41Wͱ859x[)PãsThmJ|n,MfA<><疡~14x~䔸ߛ2Rf {c,8sT'dܞC dբ>r~qz &YQy9T?@ƪ]CsZ{o*VL\է#^F/F)Gz2DtFO|F&c2Ȋv&g2z_nNt@1[GGJ鿼9;YZo67hEK~cщ% |z@T2Jt氼 V7mڏr_+INVu㍑9BRC ^hx> JQ6kָ]cǸa[߃jY|8w|DPCP} V>57'gù>TST@uiG=>zh k^I|O)]\1ۍ ]xeQoш{YwK(c .Ύص?e͍ERWi}6rAF}Eh.t,sWEV]mUFy|Xl {R=Dl^v/\t׃hyܽ _"2'Ѐν9ГMql]'u.*n,o>5Pwl^ &Z-ʁz9Ğm_Zo{[%-k?J7̑'r-x1Fc_k)@YF\z | 8>.Nˆ`,w͡g =6}W\gDԻBl^>O?n&P6Fy_+smlRau_n٤{?B}2V`Aw m"g\zڦ7#W3B?^[/Jޑ,؇ 8i&Tq)!(w{u|7&" 1kId.A~]rDø1OcJ3 k1\S]Z*hTv#t0T\",>F0Rx\h=YF;:Jsӕsa"857GvuY'Me0m# `Ay{ 8/" t6"C19x 8껳w9 6:ܨrl}?w-A5PE1"4vڏܣK;Αs)5",YsX0řQ-f~o?cwS I# 7?`FQ˿c8td/2T Ɯo0\j5v7Z=KIB_ s ωBh2ȉ{(`[WǞp9{>w=Zzn 8i |Z;GlTTs`Ymy1SKO헨2Nw燡OuY{;]K)4=|͡~/sCm<gX{ust8Lط>WHxӶ6,aK#:zޥ`_]&678['s,s,=z܌ޓA]܃e{/p30Z /L.bNl:HoXSo۞*3|U,hn醝?㬪c Sκg##ٟ[\dsRv-=zTkrKMiÆ93xд;Ȁ"PY6,Aظr+ R.SVtv\[)JrdƢ10 :;@Ȁc)3bLIYJ2zA]diRh]' ަMm8Ҿ7vsD xzx|)zH-xVO$ w$/ @ YZTS8n8 Yyi]8AOې+/ETU'/wK-اՃg=od:j$E7~՗*#ϝ>h "c4RgSƐ!(X^n@`i Mѥ)|* emo1-ʒ*;b{_/k6ҽ6M>_ݞKwV4J_ lk[>wg܍2=R?B(`rPYQ,cVKb# >PH)˨R#?߈+ % c4^`#J:^#УTĚe7|#/\4リ:7LF: {QT>eu ں̎F^+4uboC_>ZtϢ`| ^"xSڴ`j]^zT2ZMmޔ6he ",~Q9/vjƳ9r:3Y@ 5k'Zwd4iʿƝLʙl2xbMu +l>L["F˹\Ho3O'cn+};|9 2YWC_gald7;Љ=_P٢+jz=^^aN^o Kn+v,77fe]1{{&zq X)h>+2t{Jv XJ!orRHi=.=EkG;O:oY"ב*6 MIvqXCS,CڨnӍCF]w|sRz_/:6E}?N՟u֤PR{34 =C?7_pw` {@){ lt QM"vUʏrL2FHH,W[Jf7ٸF֢ڼw>(ZՇڿ4x/R")n~#p^KqyYPr383 d`ȍo(a/^`gͺihԺ1 @ܢ\Eyk:qdT㶧ܛ~I5Z<]9#"紇m Jb.:[--*2@)m7/4n7O+Wz~eH[<)Sc,axGІs#e߉[{[7󤑹T&;CC| ()tMeYunY EU R(]97[^o-_9{~9 zFpEh"]%ОCϑf?O96u], -~N\h'ўnߓ@EtVs\O3pc#k6aЍ3yƗt s__yy{]ih4@{ȁF~|.X%'C4'[Mshe֩"onGF2wSp6ۊ sV7~zM34or}h?G&wi=qnuzA%6uB֦vrTZd!P癝tOӼh~IvNhz4 1Nmt+@h3'.e=i +2lms ßɟ|ͱJ! 0m*;B+ " _n}8W8ݎz|\~lO1+oaMIE_G~/ % 2//-;0m2[Os#gSú6aι6=O_=@0_rƕc+3?Rdu2jߘ L_/N)OtW4NGoaMG<݇EWOY&vpop7yX}G)9Q2-|`P@JalM~@+7褌|Jz]ЅdD95xAYD!(zG 2$+uDzvH5NWeQ~z֞6:zh=tQnkm0^ш3rkqn)M%.]?cAz.<^zOcA󌽢j(hƀނXι=ܨh5o}|vn簴m.MimG d`cyUeEs *^5t6EUV+an9ܬS~~{|STﵼJ| cDyW4J$9,=p::Ѐ$O8exgeyW;E9h9h^< (I 뷾ǯh@L1~ʱ)5w&Xz41~QA >֯›=o=C(2mahM>丨=^@?h^gk ;UuB:|042:>Rb[j:XY̞ߴp9מ:2[𶩌Lhn)UlyԍV̘12}*<Vu<:)~πqZ39q:9/{x.-,W1R_Z?ZGY[ Py)Ҏ"[Y ۱8@Όr"S`B"@ :)B X{cـe;怾N} XD0dK^)Ig[yo`2m O`05u>T7 쾣&ӀՀ@`e%[,Mm{zXMZ̳N=e;[?~M FIG?%w-%e t TQ,:@MC- InW2v y\|O:7Ō3'-_v9ɉt?d>7^㘙ùW8 s]-F62 <:5X) |׋Rzh&p]Z?覘)ʉBi(x^CD\ƜS+QeBz!x(ozXGOrky@,P7QHfmsSvelH F?ςp)|@JH,{}rOG9iaX7v̶y(Gw>Y+c@Kg_2ʋn,{- T[eui(6ۦ5smJptЭc^ʀxkir>>nD7-zRݠc!,bQ&F:ج=\?E=\^+`7vTiv pA)MJgyunue<7ݍrWxNo=yգi{TZx64P :g={ P;77/$ѕ2/"SX)ʶ$bo 56ƭ{ʤ(2n27 {cr XM#&˗Т\Ŕ'7 9|=7I܈"E{8 ޸ὺ>NH6mysl?Mn5;M;pܹ-_荼QkQG[ nt t˿|Xʮ F)# )s}0=l+?ʷJGn H@`!ǃ'46y{+pW6vlױ5.ecv1 6 xz{NP Oag8C0NѦ̥lR q!)C <5)pe&Nɲ?˜$Rl3BdP6) @PCn? 3֝kVOY.Bal0|Dh9B `mj o !Yy)%f3LdKҞ O+ۈ,}>JHۦ(_8o<`Ov7|@p1~nb\,-QCchCT} sgnz1P5$;cav,9%nzm'>/rh͛_oax^/h^:d<]ho+ɽm p@_qk4ԍ3gPb?ʯz9D=.s.UN J2ho|[sEDyA XjS=?'1Sd{{3fʞ-*ڥ%wiu|_`эVq ЕE׹R=mmԾ.z6%I@2fm- nΗHR $,mu1,cNBmH=ik$7:O2aAݼ{5zd@Wߛ x e3W*$_/鋎Tߚ)ק:SQ?g- G>~ALc+;2~[Jnw;>oxZ|w6qJgWqo=XF V (JS2 l륏꭮^_ᡁ[~):@ohFxCs_z ]:26A3t>P_e4 uڵٟP$ pdƇ΍;yhNeb14O_x TOtq_י4sJG&(I輲YK _ 9|s7=ѿǍ,@wķji;s>\|̏O~]9^K?JWvCį+- o'R$z@&U@bV8 l@61YnjӗW7}k?7`:A1姈`\;G3lb`T&`"z_B,0^H)4F |8%+EQ) G=@5b3 14%B7ZOc },N ,'%T996͙ȾyEp}Qk-mҾ9l8C⽽s<{G#!ŵGфfz 0GoS4'[ d-gs:P9s8.hGƆ>㻌P{W&jc7@߇ЬzhU`kɰse09/W0pvvYK&sp[DSB,@|sH@g{9g,> ւbXqqF| MxJMgep9ak=w$^֊,Qc".+3o2lEٮͮOΝ5Z'ߠ[: -2]Y4,5[9:^ pve(: guc| =] HMߣ/ri?I_Q E͓"j毌a_Jm2ĕusb#_z5:i @\kS;N6K|BPDRCg)Tn.$I9 7Pp-gK7o GKp֜Ѻ3 5/4k s)¼7yhMDѝ62Xu("Vǹ` ?zOu8{G25)+*?ִ$Rܔ+ΊfOeRC NKO|Ak|7ęq|M[ Y$G@Yu<4NtO{g PQ:KCoXˉ@yGhkJGs>7Stn|J9{~^AgXpAホnLBr. mz~[¥{QS2o~eɹ 't}B hw<[g;u1\h]?>>>;N{憵ـnp:z7L#p_FDIVL4vM!d4;=cCb9]9q@>lgM ("L(<7ϡb-W1r7 ##? ,^p| ]@9mTab tprNa]bwygh=yʣy0q3 n<va8.rmXgl@eoJPan ʿN {-N|,KQ "E,+]@6PWVZ't> (@$e] Ԏ8=F[{`` 2Z`-؞"v^h}{/J1@7n<#Bcmj@J+7`9Z$o#UB= Ɠw`gLri6Eq|v@7盳o`o VnvZ9 99۵?`&z`f D[u (͓^뻇˝guYD+x.JIr G6| _Pfύg#^tHL):Y3a?mg5cᡕ0c@Sƞ)V[d@>槜NMQ_|G[x_/g7+e1In;[+VBywD rutwN>ff_p.JEN PtȼX< 0z=~`j 6)ďRD04n\0g"XTFc|hgL"E޼]Thz;'!qBb/K!< _t5oO點msst6qo}@7߼V v *Ҧb@oY3EP,8ms:c<U Z€] Fȫ؟(%aAhLQ}8m|wO w&.}ARP" E_ڣ kt Mt6=\ ̾YٍFoC Z4F0rig@e,Oۯ932uZQluq*CǔP{mm!<Ƣ,"͹$|$M+HI9ѤBmǏJ.~e ɩ(mD3Cޒ'Ϳm`'kD.r3>-(}*Ume=B[mI@0 62 QHO1`ohcED ElT8K[[/2\z(Ϲox[֎/ChW.(> dUlyYn{ "e0b 4,ɍ_~͝3z Tdo{YEK'g*8?Sko __nkVAߗNt/Tz2gnmt@h -ZK~Y_eEy>-GupeOQxk9gEAV:{ с/,. S|h ?tm>/Q{ScTM4P5ƁxǙC7(l gY.#ԍr5 1-3⡉v:즴Q-zMg~E6Q{{Yp[8s"`9|n۔G[ƞ"WxCd7=X:ZCK]EwFÙ镩CI&tkN>ku䕑G?qV-'ʻ#A}| ~sDnltK[B=m8/[n9ݛo-w_p A9iH( ʼnn"@< r"%c؉"9X8.¸Jh cSluGXmR-[0P =t5|;Z]X.@]s^xF֩\'$E$^zQo[&UԪ~EZ5)9<הLd#n͑<"syd"`)ڢ7=$X- DoqBiGOQn=6&p#Re)㥆A#H7{z`CYir͔.tot&2^K;t7 Xe}}`!54=)\[|qf]Iw![jgsx'ʜgJb]ϼT6.:hl7^M{0Y{jMu]WeEߩ㢖=wFyWM2ys|磯ΨNO-XڗΫwo%[a˹|m^mzhPz#{͛̽ @@_ lds{ö:_Tg/ʝ9Ν @K6(O <c4 NEYK̲@k@wLwa6W7Ц?=N]kWM,= X`3nMm22wِ扆'D fAe:_Z7{kL 4:$ZuzSf?;[Vv4'[hݬH5J\)/zΎ ܾܰ`2gmwsv{8oEhvC6[=4tCMiSяW֦ܵ[zXZ,W 2N-E~9Рu3&r=2j?gOD+Or.0L(X]#$?xqDfn.Pc%˹1 ?"cdO7V9)^ஂ Z2Ŗp:Y@uԩMޓ0 m/2cf`h7/GשXdc?x_#9GOu~w~*a#ڦQF/*em[o@.} uDhc} o`qE6@w{6&1`" X1^*aS c2[le8AW[#岼M2ˑz qިڔ{MXS`7o5T2SPЖHF=}ipުgD<؈"՞zj &#ݟ>ƈ&F^q_}3#P$1n{E5pxEt~Ǎe^=7[OWY3ׂ&h”]h|S WdM1e`J/ӍFuz5gs9,YGyEz37{ޛsXZL}FgKx0ZgzƇG`of,߻o.6QS<Ή`/zONcbg lʺaB,oyNuq`Ff=h!ۛWbf3GcUO "rigZ 8bVϵ@2cox^ 1sEh 'O(dM7zt8c~RY7㕮kMM %eڟз24a[ў ׹bO82*v Ϣ-7Ōޔ2OQЀ> prʘФRۖ\Y#xl_#!?z⏏s,gH`}"SҍyT6XD+;]s.k<7۞kΕ/l=&k>@Nh5Ck x_}izAY`0H#:&zzkyq=/ڷOʜuhh)1S$n`-<- V]g/iݮ(o>VͣRph"ﵫM| w&cZ'#Mc _A7Ƭ1e[2`2E|ksi?D=Hj@6wݣ9hf?wx>hGD0@ӡм|;s9{g:rEq DYįm?xs߽AnOa9vAAƦkgV<66@хqnlM]F>c?? c sF?!3[!#dmFel|x24X1Z;"mb¡Q4l:1ʴ}#/z0[pC*B26@5CbH0f bӂri/H %<15p:z0nu}!8 m#2/(8KʴI@.( 1e[/ pk4&j(Q7ʭ~(^28{C@c~dNrWw O6c ˗b76МFW~O.l1u },M莢 [[9{֙#Gu9xͶɹUFGr#HԦ5rChuBWq^u>]C҂VF_  +7/5td_ġJa` l3}9>~WOL36{8#o1"#d UXn{@ohF;+l);'Qphlx\|Gҷ(h_ Ce9ϥh o^]ej{ݺtw<D!Tw' 9qfBz0e@'e 9@)تk.Mt:'t}{|7fޖ Q1u:=T~oE=pքz9 zSB;CO"8;J]|#9o}|_y:Yr&݀P_[-huu):[7@ԸK[6Z=6),tFmK95& c0~Qx #t`^qS2SȾ3B2QjhVL޼("k8wmZcM4e Zt=y()ЩT oEWVQ][g J^`8F:K)/~(nj -8S(/M1o}9勸EO9gIFM+azY]mƮHK#SCZ 7:#}#ǧnS:"1FGe~rlZ=~pd0ְ^Ydnϛ"D}rm(θPt@}eS1rn}N41՝bXc7O_^IrN٦Tލk`:涉涿h|T>ՙv v <O9٭U}Jgd敩W [t7b#B oݲ)I8}`5zkyo^kt98bG9Hi-tFZuዟ-o?:+j^'YЋ[?9a9׬?n~umo,͕]{ux]}GY^kҬ;=X=7EqogFo969?(^OĭuHO_! "EK{x̟ٟۛ0? dI ~漡y%誥w *ĉI$8mWqeluNZՉԳ.xNϖݛ) ޓ3wxQcD=p߅`Cʂj@ s (l;Cwa14lֆ\-|*V ;6g)Zz}ğ>kꏓ::J-Ⱦ: JZouc(?k^(|St)6EZl"otxZhBtsr Խ]# mTut*jSu":H.J(# *ֱ G=R\``Pu@-oʚ[L&O=6kÓKVQ 6 X޹+MǴsP_lW@^ ߜi^W[獣X?{+D@K78X ֌}"{-p>8E;!Wݢ aao,h] `vm>/NKwq^eENjjb^۟\ wsޒMx ~];x7!cukd(7 tN6%b7Z;`5>Ef+[8n ]L9w.=ݴ)BcՏf:TWβ"BKT+yj?@COrk}q;B[rsioe9/!__#FȉTG˓ (2l4C6y 7@2؇B3_>3:oPYKN=7I`סW:Ҵ6ݔݣ;OPe=-m/ï5=reQ[KhDV7dA[W|m(0Y4^g:w5B:1e(2V7E[6c5(6&zz'Tpן69cD{ܭ)>T;cd8_*@h2eM4\1g4<2Dw.qsL=>x:0RjGV x9pq*Sw;HlRmL,Q}FlnV0F`$-/"H9dpܠS_FmVFfѫ]O86osH'QQ]@lU,Cs_cCwfr֙1okKW.l1M[&As>>Vտ9ljw#U6s-P^{E^6GKź9gxVzd[u6di5tM[c99 *acɽ}B{KC~SYRS;tcAc .e֋(zKܱ&zE'P&[ *>A#VNg_dIǦ{x$H_љUlU74+6A,pޭ"̚-'8+jӲ'{A=1gO0ޓCOtv<{rlJF)h{愖?{oebc~$ap6WLq㍼tEY>( ~Oޑ?Q&h̽e|>קP}J4fV$C5@9 l^ּl@ꏙ) Li¨9Bk)wKl-ĠL@Rg4A]^Mq Tʠv* }2ykMcy}ySlLʠ9.p)r͏#͍&{nF}he`@>\V]Z] t6"/ ΐޮ[eE E?L+@AruF+-ڨ4rAu<MW?+.E: #:5}jqs۫}e(u0oYYl/l X]'Hii@ƽrsl<T6ܒ1teT/ڟyS,EYgM|/f2~0|QɥAߨdt ||ϊ܉48%xA2~@g4~cj, 1c=f+×<K=kQ> 6l!om.=r-g;%>ѯ74 KPnzX%8 _{`[]Rľnzt)b_qY)d9u5N+EЁHexTO 3`N{y9ۨ@X j|}m&F+ [2i (tu| BhpRQwFƢ 0~nt60&s>`~7*/6_'zD/ؖvm^=Dli|nA/k=b\xr2pi*{e bLs~O)ehݺ:3oC"[Vښ}gK0(4GG/N!+,F)؇ngo'g:ɝ/ky_]:$.P Be@xZ}j7~ ~,B{Sdc+ Xf/X0VN o,of+&X 1n͓E; 1rVktOm} ,_li(D݂A]=syʷ_ e* `@)}gi_w ث[Vm3Gp )[-w <S6O\FvUvD*+R{'t8[GjDܼETWu` m6 pt1jyt3mIsnzoI{&z_]|OWΩPe((*::DD׭!ǹ8q H _zk7MMI\g~rp- Aetg*`G{EgR{`re5?tڣq+"+r@Bя~F"?kWDE|_RGȣŧǡqoj́@_Ɩ@~ζE$g ѡ?kEεgD4u,6NFQ2K{a|M)ʿޭPfn|U[G0^Y4-' [{67"~򓟼쯹jOZf|uIMc5(':#?1}}3H}gh `e1JZ"UW;7=ݦAH_`'^q~h9)؇7NQh:x:z,C[GΐójU_KV.e~tN\йQ}% bz9Z@ّLXZksAKdq@<[hĭ[֐xvY}4ea;9v4UF#`#uҽ`8OM]+>2w\Nr- ӷ/~A-^GřY0y݈|+cD Gx g(8{e>+T{!'Yw$nE1/pn0EF:"8qX1`Q>9)z_g!)X<ϘF8ǵ$(wBSt c[T5B |W֝. C1z뵑A"JgV^M8Sj= OQƤ5~y_*jg#c؀ToL<]:s߷+ XO OʓesyѴvO3/t +Cw=N1uU x#/PYZrT=*lΨqGM_UsHѹƥҧ| sVX)Rki~sy{ t%p7K75 =Jf9k2X [[(^X]g60\xȭc9ɝُ1[>3Zpcz͐2Fƕ[. [ cBg7JEEcxezo.d2匚#>8@C (]0T6n&s>XdD@eʥqe7ן6ѿMs n}8g-0cl@;>x@4>Xo}=ZWzMjN꨻ 4æwrZlTo6` tX_` xEQ%S9*{꯱|\X#Gb_q:D Knmn 0 mUgƺe;nנgki,D wnQEo91Skl:L1o|lӏYcNbs[\ G=k3 ڞm`Zm2Lrpr[&9AvOO_@m[dON[*ҕ6 EN:ю@NnCtu|ᄵFۢ:.>|t~Ң:E\f,WnPg)_ԣKdCܛRיaрhN^eX_inMT8hQ'~QFF:[Wz/bB=FMHFO-XuXkQn`pc;?},(qDB/=ho F*[xJoV֟LX*Yх.z9،6傏7nh 7G/8WÏ/WgJ/AwCΐo~3ALЙWw/?ϹxwSaqhCt tGz? `$M6?=_ ~;(D~ ^shggDWڌۥ0/nxyok,H: 4}=JuTOZ]j-hF/m Ҏ1j^5Co$أc`h m+|@a̙eW· X=6W> {{?<Mtg,7^EOw;J d3`2F2``*U 2,xR4@0e([Xt_^[$)P捼I7cQڴn<=P]#0:m&6R81gtoRJQduQ5rƲzM/WYkE"]cD nrr;EtQeOmϢwܞ"g`K Lo|"WjK@홱;w@ZΎX `2}c^㶔5.^6?4ثΐ dLO˦gR`XХO`3鏻~_1> O)/G#M9t}$] eC]go稴_ƥnȐ֟3*T<FEڟlѳrc,ns[DYl]G(o,LSz"wh oZȿG'oYgxК7{(+[POJr8@M/chQFv>jE+G3oGJ;[<t}᝞*sQv:[@@ lRvΑaPap,m C(CF[v Ъ6xye\Mx套e߶6=m=i/9^}/# 9Ҝ96tfɬ`\_M0AHS#Sc@_Y|d3jx[ w>8F~&)=JSЩ>t2CK foͻ uy(d3hڳ[1(mӣuƨ"Rt͛2o,9X6b42E+{-Qfodz@!/ 8lrL3.V Hke>އzg!]|h8<1sb__Thzl.x"Fy ʧf_8q3ZNYYvs YRzWT#oBh2kD"x*H=m팃qo̸M:v3ɚ"qN41s&]'z] sn|cu>xZCm{ܕ!2)z\}Pe5훏4@,Y1>F+'(=㦑81˫2â7w2ƃko~κy.mN1?4If[5@Џ66Ҍ PKm#-JGsW1n+Z/$87 f]FQTy<(Eg>V@tNxNG/cos._-jߜd fN-"PIhO>H@-ڞOzN}Y#zuv"ۇp4ueD 눾of+H0$2{0@m=r*Y_{'?ݤ«cofÏJ;rA؜+&"{\Λy<وmeh&zǙ?XSh3=2*meln=`]ZӿԹ9Ft=IFkd!>5'z'փk^ddsL(pr7Jtd }ķ8ύ%^g*:wFx4T6eƟy6ƺ39X}sD˝KkŻyYdڇ߽[+;=?.o{6#~{+N>r2&,ltڥ/pg:`&E1&b\ 1,"@O;A/PgMY`Q0]ⴹn{ OSp\}Ͽ˿(W#Cݼ K<1Tig(gn ?'AX"U6!% rPSj"{m9qj g)?O_`݋XFk=_ Uxe{ +A\Pmxql17umE|֓'Fdc[ :q_Oڇqe>Bk/%rUUtnz%>$j)m*ח`)z~å)86DsH(p4`cه6~;tw3 (Doh +OKstVv#͟2<\hɰ9Nj{7 @4@ǜX}ߘ(ڵ[1qpi.YE]g;~|j7 d ʀ$e48,-xYƭ.Ke&cѺ W^h }? 2Y]k Pl4jR|8 Vna$=BO(Ai 򲣝=NFw RK? V[qhݚёkkcoS@XT=0^t嬧'4tv$=7䘰fh@&BKO'Ɏ]0$t}ӋetF)]//66fZt`ҕt.KY2|Dٍ6,LεR=s ee Y G.Iگ_PN7 E?`Ϙ_ҹ,w=H#dH}"Wc? Bfi> m z?Ps{>վ|Qw}"}wL@qX'swj:4Ejk?;o٦et7s[n>GԘ }5߂HFsjph}s~^Kev(kמ:( lVyu{z9Y;hĺt_??~ڰ_f|FaݭU0tGvht髫y>83e7e2DE)1͜[O$v튪w7Ńe-`'m,>ho8EƏwl#@Znϔk5/tGxAiripO::@N[6O47GrO=] L4 l[-I r˼Vk+!+_FW}r{*9^Xr6YB{2aEjձP\@ '`"po"cPcߛoo猳 "M SZd}jR7k6~g" qeE< #f%>gx2ʭ[=yn>Y<77n<;LFe[RXuV9|}J3TDd5H`$1RN 뼎eI` VŀOY-;s鄚s%ۍ'V[v\u:A( fP1nҌ˜}ouVf݀"lzƞεVdA>>0XgF<`ʛFF٪Hܔ=PTJ6&Euԗ:-J%Pl.M}:"c_ОX m}UMX{ysaE/xg=~1ZãXm$>2lMg=Z - uG;YצzfJpgx ֿ̋~9$ }b7 t)$PosÛ:{k JEY&fk1rl/1R[X"2fQ!)Bаq7~{=;1Kw_D[UF=Ƌц#)kF+3pҼg'kw.l4'h=g*(-K:[nvcYdͥ{i,9ݞ,ԦGk}@t׹scѹ9Gh,2k{GM`=oi.$6Fgǘg䚧\z ;t {t;EX|{)F@{fmmk<.函A;tgtIghT[zk]Sd x$5+m@ycЇקZ/g 1~ Y]t. +8VgWz eVKuހhQD%7sm[7f LAȵSwAge7^苼'Ѝ(:Do;sozKeLhW"}@S*ݎn΄>s7MCip^ѷ:@΢goJPxw}h:&{k)M18;;΋nC뀦LscRj.~OeoճZ)Z!cECw~7O~#n[[ll_<Ĺ#W?}U<7~]lr@SMzYe,d?>9I~_ʚ[Fƣ>xcKi"98n50Ǣ ڲΜUOWP=)~kЌN+_8x̘р=Vu ?!7@כ /=/Pcյn(aeE ;'@ #!ɞQ~(Υ Av:7%otlYF6L_X[Q*elSn gK`n3Q [e&'^W׸%a.1,(T9nF"ϖYg`W 2`o4^+DMQA7RT'{ѣvMqlX?F7*:SG猪=йIce94)lyw_^6?}G~[Y _k rtc\CI!\Er9 tEr/i7+PYce_g([66BS.Wy :.MFW߲իY@vʁx}!kGAK]No-%Ȟ@n|HYX:= G[R= #@8zԶ I17m7s//^} 2??{Y-_s^Du3lc~3m42{_ښ4pRo[q8rD@xF{3x!'g,l) a6Ɯ5 n-')|a| 5~@{ir)mMٝ-ӳgt6h䰎Nd!8cNb{2s,2ze~Wm|-s@, |醔uG6>F7:*o?vzK\GG LO_+y`o|9;r~? s{r._ގoY:-yp0Ї3Cb#Ն}ڇ͏,QO}D.4p<.ِOWGp+tdh֝c3s1&gҹ&í{ȘwZg~@Kd.9_lʽ?B{f 1`R20aO wa #,N; abu|6"Cc$ [J-Eк*[ "$|";CIyxgkSXWOx=lE?C{W=[ h=G^A|zmP( ߀*7{¹k\ݦGKKY}DobQCEl;%l\ {߼CWp0 (fD9bbtSP K[ԥJgXfP[fLPn*`.#w^FBXf7Oa|x=8Qr&(9]v'Q)7:O3sL葬f Kff(q"'w 5f2O<X zYkg Ltuk΂9hu>8X ~EѷH83؋L2}-O2<3=eo~isSŠS@uA:omjKxZVWYN-kb-Z+ ǩ,ȜhտVymVd8aah@huj@Qåcc_]2f#&+nE:gh @niځ 8ts}zↃv#QUX,G`6e-&: 9YD=&8aB.H D9_d@6)j ZL@RU5bhYDԹ%`hIGhsh?@Uk2v;o ֌Gm}8oG2Vhn>/Rjd6~uZ^DEol&JR=)[Ǚ0>_xg;ک27EKߊ_[3["ѩ>HYZ^iƂ#a<D+;lfLwwc fG>Cbgs$e=ܩ r]1l_ kr89,`:@T%~q>ӹ&z裠<x:wrxY\K+At1k}ô',h y[@{εm?k {FX9ԅ-Av%Ɓ=SOsAtэDt ~iij++@]7v:wzy!XܛCUŮ _q, ҇ Ley(dL@s#Ea8() SVF`< kbN;B" Rv0<4#|UV_-3&Q ""HP㾑޷^Ԟ6e ,/n(5Pts]yog$k⡵ZШ! מp̭( P(.ehImpod#qqh HVst(9-C{Ɠ1h,PU}R\Z {x(|A XЍӅ"Voc?lMp2F^7zm3 t4;=slY{X2*g%'Α3#RdA`?k?)37΁{<ע8ޅaT?݌)P:sءC뱼t.HJ 1XOYv;͸S擣/pmsAAoр{Oo ˀ^:enQğxc#:o0Q̀l͜AT_eky;*;-s =][:7LӖ3Dք|s<xE 82=4Hθ.^[S^",uMX@oT}woM~o ^+2s3֧֊a~{y=e7KRyZzCѾ]~]vzXYk Q/hShX8x" 2";c ݾ`^tehXx'P:z5$J#\ou{ Oynd GnD XoQ|K44lO_ e.P1or]$PHn1{iа }KƈǙ~fZ }-:zjrFE)U[iS=AY3a:k[^l%zGc[{d` ̐Ex>YB~K\2<3G\9i?@EۃMS]\~+'YBfY}DZ=esXg=ކy4vi?8ǾX7K}̓&8<*3.4q|˒Xպ{Uya;@vo9tBRnϻMo,&O=lҁߍwm==1ԙƳ-b/F_ڱl-αent=v3ilh͠Cy}XH4qf MD;25&'7& 맇kO I)$=`K昋R^p{ w}-x!}5GZo~E0FUFjmKEk0m19k7MqP7L|ltkOXB7+]|:cv[9/䦐[K#:/pq]fb/L"e:D7a@bkxb,$`D~S0~CNJy=BY`ڻj} J`e)jÙwl]c$jX|SVb6Wms@ki}cPͅ42d HEQv <_Z6&cO过34o7{{bʊcA]/Wi"l}eeRDEW1uqwt2/ORkqž1L_^ч2|XHWdzS~ n ԧ}1 h`|M"3ٙ3ƿ+T"/>a5fn=Wn(ςƍFM _ E[̖w@ڂef/-pp,}ƹ/RHrjOO)IkDo k+@͍6^y~N]>{2-]\Dohzӊ<~Yю}K q+l}?تxFb>{r4&UئP-Y3L\pXm6F.`_Ste.U6^4_^.4[FMQ0} m@*QD6Kidϫ,CPz9{cC:#PX Wzcq7k9E@ӛ:g{j z̘=:=F~,[gb1c(r֓?,' &VN3.kj3^ĹcЇ3vRrSu T'!fnKWn(׼7L_rIsBC+\?hcΦ=ƜcH7F߯6_a7mk1ht~SIo9l\cV{c{72sJ~W@SΕ]~O'hPж }ARTu}){F d~MĄ15jW} !LR\٦J(00h-7ZK&(t]Y8S,*{ "6BdP(k P(['!MBFjAK)C/(m-Fi˼E++'`)k4<< c @mY5AyX͋`]ܽʬQ jͯ29QcP!Ҕ2F9G_i/ ̢1]3c=աU>(9)Ey/(?J-4xö։c)RXnA@4@1< TU킭wS\>GM=V-dL8E/)*?GN },izX#s4Ō‰6nPBx&GGEO2X~@R\CT@c tVi͉ Gc [/3%3>8k!cqo+/~ˠuN] 5>cd2sMiۣN3|ɜ'0̴&6Ȳ+uGzr:yģ#}Wwip1uv3r1is}C{=0Y}fmzD{!{s2yֲv"aX1+CW)Nou2nI[U^*sȤh$Se O9Tl%o'E{$_Y@OcEd}cQϚm=cҞҹ3<>nc\-4h, 6YοKSNK^?_thϾX@itp_:ͯO,:w@sdt ']'W9A3>ͫ)3VM;(X" lug{8-DC~:Cݜ\[>HՕmj"ex=mX'{o}Ny > ڷַZ_=q|N;lM{RsC_rr'gc[rAQ(2<#9݌YfjT/N6sx@fsRA:Y^VR,b1t\Ը?wQ}=9@=@]!y_.BLt<㼨LT3M/J^>Z;7j/0|Gm#W1}GC2R)#CYY&bJnzڎ.E{57KW͗ u+F'ޜ⺎!"2YE"C2V(x @9K d P#2@ю3;j["Q)Ec*C"Vxa2>ygt)ٗv۵iH+N׈: Țchx?^ู._;9RDn7s:own*wf |7]r Ok'`|jv3uD?{ U[ؼ(s{ѱZor˾A{1h ͡jXw6:[#OK}5^YSD+CȰo`ke\N!/;L&pg?J9lZ) 7gkO Tkśnh A@!dpfc@A` UROA\(1߶VnAHqΡ tdU$eFPk8kAs_K7Z:w )LYFLG4i:Tv *uGg":馛Pou!haqRD SɀצJfu%5^ڤ.m];LkkK$ʖ#ͺz۟2FV-떈8DhqbK\rP {|_źR/Fn *%urY{EI3rJ-TtKq,=[yY{lh<~ ඎ3AW od02K߭:od[exV@c<`lR, PSCP@ ҋWTs  gU75M@0Z{03V0;>Bk_?\g2PKIO:[?չ,ڴ'nG' @W 52 8ih@qq?4c]yůMg+oĭw `69rWط. [K)MoUu{rsfE+(32_vEdaC5>Yx.-Ƿ5b٨2v ZH?2z?)AĹ̓/7{ik8p5giy%[ηKyzM'BUEY"U{k:7M4BF9]ؒby_YNNl3t1􁽡.= Y60wӇ, :fw5gI`ѳj l(Og gJ<(D S[/(jnD?I>ࡰf?2>fFh)nkG[Ab̳GDo<9=@gsEA|9ŕ)ek\F%V(i"~%꦳iyﵺ/E!h0w3ŚqJq&H򓯣&2(킶؉(w0}ݴ7o3Qtmj&ѥԍ6۔/[v.ErK7X9k ʶM vܚOm>QjR6Fl/){т΁9&l[Oqujq qNsԣe66uh>1_NQ0w<)+RnRl8S\TVĤQ.R0Rl9u8Z݃9&z4уTS$vfv BB_L֘u=Fx^H3f=oWƾwMD>a=ٛT='-=E4bk-s?0'|fφ1u=47ιZr{49o%V`>R2hOqc]{=4.@lηrӏIf ~_6NiO7z>^@R&5қ_DgJ"\f LpY?n 87óJ#ڶ//mi J{_~{@39Q:=&l}C|]~Xb/hH/.(?Ѭ9\1z'j? 2b;/ӛIh-Z[4yc]vDk O:{7SYґX'-r:QGo6.N MiteVtwx#:0'znқuܖ,'}T<- ~c~2<HY{jEWxG-oD=;-o38@AO Mpi୵\)|}h!֔}dN"BT?zmVeEn*+boSTdF 1Zc&xH)ZvY'/mc9HM[_@&!MXơ%_>(!G΍gܴa #^WlaZhgÞ!)2iE7o=s<ʴ[x ŇgW_57*v3uo=ko͑ q) ZYZ2Ũ"'),, 1 EB/3ഩL1UkKʓ d`qyh!m<=eD>/ ͐>̡#o(`^@b>_y ih^P}$~L͗O.ݑs O#'FxU)H8Ozz1m9 @6?{#{!sF{dLhަnc, mďѕqr@]Y~:oK[zyվ-mɚZkn`@ 2gؓΰӿ?hGd}zrhz)m;C{7فa=NWFFOlͭqfzFhnu6&7jWC7R)+@BNsB6o/ΉLO7C}:Ch =OkeSVd:D}47m@N,<gkb.#ͦ_VqMc7}{e,ZS"[oѸ;e3 RﶩK[-+>7#8Χ_x^4o}цէ*Vi} @/g1d +o/Owhξs0ŮG¼;Ew}c&mB8F]Ѻ(Ü6zbertà@5Nx]x(Z#J ć!2Sֻ/oX4}gQX6Uv['SЁ)v _ǎS{R1Y[hQicNz-A YFH^A @ABd@!^nL <|>í[)խ'Ȍ_DF ?-[c DKpfә>)5crqI{fC,8MT_^ 8sez$ %ſչgfjlxhVI ucH<7FB2>tt9Vօ29Oa: +&ḩaƍO߬MI;ƄpCc{@x;_Qg:= w!#iC #Q }:)zQ$`K崧hsu׵y@!#*XW.#e>p4ψbͩyXჼA9_sFA1 @ڡ~YF9so3T#È} )}OL㻼b3ߕ&[sx0dOrP}kXs4[{TG34⡯~|`,z=/J^ !#1BЊ 'DwgÉ:Y±$^Չ?ȹH^Q9y95X>ykX9 ;R(3s>іɠbݓFuHFNgh3Ve }>ůn}W[_3s&a?6vt18NIޜ&,|H<0A5cڛN@nk9q)gٸ6P>n{_FFh^g!u_2 [X!Տ@͵罀zy<uOFY\W訟R20fs7:).!&s;#b{g9;NϾKJd Q'nls kdrӠ'g[|~== xy+ ,G'#-2tጢd;秒yg+nf~U}0}u adOv6yC58FK adm>5Os'$<@$FA(OgJ{BzǛuB fxQ4&o7SD@rOfZl^jA &>Hcdݑ3usJN t]CG2qN)9cgwcǻ$zr.1f둼1 ̨ kemzQ_ǵz񿳁%E~ `xb֓Jd=0=>2}nNVCH{?3je㾣_8|hҍ[cCk< ֆ}She֦jҽOa<xwgWo8?>{[|'!GMWpqvo9.|%Yo|VY^md9v.7Od.Owss"ӌ9Y8Z'nڗּa}"}2{@Bֺu 5}>aiX''E:K2/E{0N4 }z9/x9'WĜ~ FcIͦlQ{ Z10aȭy+ @o)S<ܬ!kz5ǰH< (b^S uʂvs̱3s92b5"ڭ6!JY[ `hXh@ {=KBh:3a a87gBeJ1Xӄ)+Noyxɢ-=`iz<+m?W5F7w,fB}u5jċ3ey廼U2X?k@l&bva Plm=j;ebaW?lyOCCýd@Z'G4 :Vc_)G 5 U{˳6XRh=948uώcIY407A9~6n:Ɂ|+C;`'oxќ̰f 7-ulsUy֥~@9ߑ)=RݕT4S|^7*O_)hGh>9cVƫsMЋi]ocʑ \"aG(7L+kI|֩=u=f}T$%dmkM1XA,$8(t^kwg'9F mݓ-ݔ~֏Ws=;ÅZQ΁_g =qfodQW:7k]ai|k iQFkړ3:ht+:e|3ޱ?:A_D;Y 7xlM=G#LgO(#4ⲛHbUB[Ld'pHes x/(0~.Wɒi䞔kmdeyxmͧ"}7h($,ЍgU^OOhNk/4_'^}w֬rnrvmɵ/$&TΓCy6C!KǞn^B1@/0 bI1hsMn 9y 䮽t +, 8[ǀ` 7٫̩qX2'A edn9xY緼! }1< o귷ϳ>Nƈc g ==l;s`=)yx[CK_o!k GךW׌˞^~gFiXGRהxϺ5Ό#9'ϼHQd4ϰVcIXy1/r@g(=kN(coNz(W䰪d-;WhBg6&hc^ =z^B2O{zjo^!n`uy)4Tz4)RJ[s觀t#1P3 }.O_6[ios^9ח5(U(aM@g4|$S;lNqr^il<]<DT_uG^"-[2Argc)/ζy:90UFy`pΪYOF#z&* W&%\Bl(N99BM9d>(-;=YG1 `FXgMཱGs zWLC|g.ܻɆ/+71|kDqFf͍y 9iB9)guOpOWꬍ릧kd ՛ vѢˁH{ȉ#d!l&+(:uh淼 mhb^JaQ8|{mŸF 5TڀNvVv3P'L|*O<ByL}szg!ק٬8c߼= y>0 ́ לey^]@߷ـl]y]3Q_`qЄ| t82cmͱ\ r IbGZ`y) pBСG2OfsW-'+DCi@ 9Riwh)/p6+X` ϼd)-inH3AM-ykO9@BLPݡ!OOvN r `cC?f^ O)pG>9zilԝSm=IKKuޤ/|^mSdC?=yoQ K`<򽲅ܙ) >8nʥ')7i9%itH6nz]XNM<J]rHԭNu#E< Po}U4gcss}NݴϛuNޔn*3~Wx TXJs>r;_h;X`sWxt1``"5 {@Fv(]s\l=|Ӎqm|G7q1e]|W ӷgݘ/:~ G V"9ͼ0xO&]*;bne} 9 /g{-Ze>p|b? I5>~DwË,n#E0 \֓~NoXEyN9n@9w{`L(rd!)c&֊ =Sxo跆I*bq75 .=x,>#թn«9Cc|rmѓLM|ZH%ѓA}LWD#! [&N} ;c5ݶ+ \&p(0u  ޅՐ } {]Rznp' !rzb|"x, `@ckQjzy񎡌uUYY{劳P !a e̠((ZCG`:P9y@4g2Nsoʮhؕ֏z|GSn?~d^xZpG^))QyOv:O8W+:@zJ1>>c90Էc.S{Sy}79ޘm;w]ph7=M{f/.+O:Lry}1i$Gn<ko9S)> <:oGm1} $gR^u^ޜAdr=?3k)Z @زcYbc ϼ""OM"|NE3$GDQ=Lmnթ&=0j?( Nfk-g/a>Pygd9*ZhO7xGPa|(aZfwh (ShFZD(5Na>h~xCMkyqu=6k =|vtZ( ب^%=ޭc oZ=GB?+Q(nUs72tkͷ̡={KM:zw)e5-(@@&9(P7]ʛVr swq!D>/ӡ 򔃯is/dOd9̇h'{9рo~k28@dr"rj7` oO 0_K2kLV, O=څ%CpOc$2F`2nuy5&cp3y3b/\ϐq2W^I0V81zY=Xpʌ$Yäԕ>j, o8%=a!g*$A8Aڐ\`v`1G"6bۍg͛QbL6LM`Y^a} R_a>pPf rX̗C//3/p<ء7>7Fѩ:y50x.˓s1`ɾS2gQ%m{{ʥ.?jw3 \N@K|~*T.f[Ž8S erFsN&ߴxp~S~i_wCKn:I^βtq3\jyȑǿh= ɫ0Angr4Tt.ySso=9hHlnp-U>=`VO~B^+z|^22${V?Englt8֜Ky^'=p @N63[}}ުt/FFĈ01bk-~O5;pܛ3N`-w7IȣY`Ty} B8>H7Uй^~僼2duGO$7tokhM~S<*Ď m\C'9# 0>܌Wz0P@ 20#koS2-pܜ7k1j32C~=CJ:q!@_1VG8Jx+?\D߮]y,(|phM1XumgB<8Ũ*nAφtƆܜل͊7Ҵ [:~ӃC\ g'HFhbmv]yi#leVTBK]v/s 8wX _AxF4㌧)7gs^=Aen]5!l`5z1͘hKC Zġ́`- W Q`烇ѩã1|3ӟ W.T^r<ԫsG̻$o ?Yr7I>i4e/~o <)n7,g~wH_q,9!lo`a]#0&`-g@. rzN;G93DŽkXo:Cu(ťnFM9p+v_VktB[  h||Ay8Bg?6W)w+=B\mknb 1>|OhFІ3}f qRRŹ6= oW3_x0PyzAAK@B  Mwk^9Ziޭo:9¯cЫ}e L9Af 톎>ySs9owX;>yY#vjIG3GǷ+q 8Ř_M]#ƼIj(V}'ћ]IȔuSA!'|UFys&bXY _*ǀB9{y@C7dس݌@5 g 'BY=u,4uO9||a5E97F?g'H~2 yݬ[4>}_(ˠ`&cZkř~o/#p'vR .j0z-w76fླYl6ML3 h0 \2,q# Ѐgut=IXo焮OX%6M4AȆ '?fFuo^=䚑C 33n3֟^yp) ,?󌟷CLhgS2~ɯ yd^2_ctWp<|1@Z9~쑳xg:˸ '!gNX>& _'zSY;'?DZ)))2I)v??뜟˻}@ zd Hr xgr$9yJ vf<SlEQٞg5@)ԃ5АnA/q,ҟ8iGpΧB *&/J~|/3|r]#]XFW፪hJ<є0=u ANu,K9Cc!=$ㄣ9gFE'|֡z蟁㞅YC'ak?kH^zOQko7/(\yp/ѥv_)PwtR|zeSV٘Β7g8#R n3XuÀ:óPfm^38P)^ ړmYoeSX+4K7u/5ƒ:pڨc[ dVmiaz[Lx aS?^fC#|Á i,Hƨ#_axL-Bs/Ko6%.^×d'hw7X ˲$ll(x8^MS J!a˻]8G)֞}Vw oq Z>m~ ߱Z,I:{f7Pq8#<;6J®:͍\A'(a՝ (G89Ȯ:ՉZ :K+__X.mE<幠,2nx8<ۿ6 PMOc?v Z ? ؘ̜KT,z8ҝw6|zus:nSSq ,T)Yq_'Y)))))<)RMT=>> z;P;qv[h)~!3yv9( _E~ =g_ۼ: h}~5yգ<߶ Tz_AH;wNcftU樼Bq N0?v{?uct;NK@D7@&].朑d||3 AV]-cc^ٜ?W6^z7?2o&_x{@= 4u2 ۿ@nK6[9=0 \vZzX8Y;֌u ̵>DxW#HsYNyS^=՟cp5l w̟a-;#4u>&27\rsS-k>v99L揁 S;vS@1=_z\ o6G Tu`Ҡ Ɔ6O㞆 wnXp #%FFZN=>i>_³d jJr(~ c& g^zh{m;5?Kͅ;6iFcn@9_Ry[t,a@:ኛrŧvgn!B}f 6&Vp}%@ 6Lx}G0vZ^{m: RNUB`TǗʞ 8_Zsx<W}LX}*Pٌiΐ)ѽg0i+Beq|TϹd!t @2=nN@bS O# LAץ[fJg\?tEhޱ?S<`l !=<}E@B&0:CYE393_鯀Ʊ%C@BT':'ono "Nw9/\M =:鯛0l\OËp0hЮTqMx |oW|XW/䩬pn1% IϧG'@>xXnHNljR9^k7q!oe/Q.))'V~8pyCkh3t %ǔӞƜf~iCw|QH.k/ku1B) 13s:1D x2k-!]GI|#\~ y5CDpTm,Yyyr.6&_Kg:AIABټ}Lb;cM:hbS 'p"o~Ϥb'pNX8IxMOys0l0yyӫp0*&mAsh~׏K6y2K766666Pneޜ\x}H?4ܷtf7+^'oɓ\bl{M=> ݀ ] T+9~)%eȔ˒;o8 BɀCণqKg5 U(l6;Ӈs̫PIԗwq To GD= :Ͱ"h!z02)`V YANk050W_W~{XSS*v4f_tWZ'֑Y'?5`1].eF92!] }).YsRvbFƀ_r"~$]J'}CBU{9߶IqzwY8#Zɼ&>'*@ @~ ȗK8%r yHc- q34/gHs4xj]6PH(mNś{ u#CMZ|%$:8dy$4X Cf ШNI9}4u(BUzGXc+K\Bʨ\:kl=$jLb^{tC׳f gWϢ&v766666679"%;- Lpp=O_7|e7 :/l7;Wl^yrS=WWݤ&9奺R\6[GLgJWIybGD@Lҩ<},}]97G.=h_kfISBf򼞡i&;fL 0uY8gͼW<_>#I$|,*@[eew."Zwڲ @3ys=ZzW,M0 y39}l`0 ~,uzccPQbUfCcy{t"oxi3Nr|/mwCY-:\b1; yg`3.;'/o{>0ߠ%yű pGxs]YdiW`/h?9v $LXl. l^6a7#%Ď W@8'ܕa!ƒ@.02ywaftPKAlSԿl(Z6qzdxx|?<l6n@z@:/~wdnS`S`S`S`S`S`S`SԁhgS333)\<_jc? S_~IBo-t>i>ߣJ?][_c&owc$/SwU!;|$y7)iӉWx.o}yL1~g=4KֿVO@t0|M&SF9떅rpgWLW/gs ^w//nSoCle>z;p6)ZAsyͥgxad1>>xDK7 Tg5a3*#3triP]>tAȮBE3f{&K  h0.`A[Os*kl2ٛ)Ck&/joz /WEqh(y#s~cĔ/o[s/Xy?S aݘk,x02Ny_:E,ŕLR[zܧɺn_NlFG6Ʉ&>\mxTUhfٚ)1x)có <,adKr!$C2ZB?af!Y׀KG:s9ڿȹ2| pN )Pn!^M 4Г|t `hGkAx) N8p*F}+|ES?~8mS"p*4n^yGR 7BxLU<pCS@5`ZѴ8^!@70` Pnñ<po\deT٭#%{_(6ƥ<[+똋B׼vAz4XJ #Sqs|onUi(9Ðo}/o S/NW©4da#PZzFW&d(@; ,yIp_mXaa7"`l܋_V|CQrl߷̑\.1qGv8kٱÀ:NOY5&J b K2³xFil  X R'qVWa0Ey/0jl6Z4^I- B٦/- r,Yc'@%(CM^MjCzRP}+Uil l l l l l ǿ?0 p _[x:ϛ)Fx{6H40&Ç*?w+u+>¼qG}tTQ^%1nsM^ɟ@u,8f4C d}w]J:^o?!zg(4֌vdE/EA=3jZrS3Np4G 3i7`ր>5B:G9'5ϻܴd|yJKSuB##$azU/7 β6Z}OpW1++;ac#A,badLhly>} :'0+Wy\ tHYwJ؊ |r+lj|adN1%))))))))p `-dz9+;vs+ ]oq꙼AxRD$PÒf1G1} ,1f=:gf>Xc6>m5.kLOkC^8 $@d#ݪf LPn |LCZ8ZǼkleG$VS?ZH}V3LīCɁѝg?Zjt1-`aH%Έ"`,)5?dͻ8nxNk~Gd26 |p%xU?Օe;Pz7@j~=9 'ʻ!y`z?$XB0^I!fPi x0\ukԅ3ڼovjz7D{w*Yjs8ח56!<;euzøf]MqS-ͺ?_kWt#3r(|man6<K;|P?iL>0DOY4 ]<63>#'nye]?y3% qt779éQ0{uTثi71OS1dWH4%:b=c!}f,&jZ%1*orBohٔ&+Cl0!X C1t# t Z}X4=šo-i䫯nyw76666666nέd !G|=.Vo=I Z^ɓg7t"`@H:P TQgT*=zwѱn CN 0ŀK[:^^KH$3o9;x 1nh-1jcor_[^43.C40L#ڢ_ɋ;prur 7 ϣ|$^F4Ax$PM IR-7箔 pֵq12Mv|txi\O @WB,B fvJ0D'Cp2Q PB 6+Aʓͤ6?R0KKx c!ld2 aF#i`whCZjm`, -SS1Jҥe7666666>::H9q!><}⛾;K;ykƁ#w30GmzZJBgo3Dt9 }pWo3{˼ATNxSВ#^߁B  -69z"}>c1 #ުb1W?e>]YB$ @?hmA cT Ht@C)xxLCƎh: Xm95D ҽ?m:|T>$t5T :Fi<)2pJc(iWй3b)؃uǓ(Z~mĠ1#v4К%cuޟ8KkznWC~ba^u6 :+sg2CYǘzBL7ޜR Z#=>)dG,SI.7O5۰aZb2>+4Α9N/5 /<7U~s=cv[Grl}Kg4Pv1׾oNj@t+^ qk6l؄ +*:c-e}}q` u BٜuAGMLIy&xĤp5zC1CF›՞+Y`cÝF,׏90}w7666666-O~SF oMV 3W8:X6ܤ{oy5;@c`eo(+(tN?}ځ)zTRVg|  p̋;ڜ>xs#@_1r3 x.JNg:k!# Ko~0xo.6< |Y9ѣ9w >A%B͘Y'歝oU_nƏ1P <f OڰpKh`$0#S`25q=\f^'5/_`fd CU W:(|_|t4ohd߶sZӁ1r/{~ I" JÆkyN8-^@;!''zdTƫܵ71^fyQMguD6Zqq]gMFvL9B؁6A;m/_Sl l l l l l l l l L \s37ah>i/%c41'=rHYiMHLX{>1OkWU/5(&?@6q=l 7C ( 8#Pwguk;@X(45^~M ~xSmx^ͫm.^{0.[׵!@ycy?Ӟ(C擷:z6>0!䏛$~'tvt$u.{8}-ge<9uZd,jiǑ[% |;o! یXުz/LvΒ#쾿D[ I=Ri9/Cۣ Rf2Y25z5ͯk4MP_]i&X'x/ x6]B哀|A1yeH}=6{Hq i^X=.br]Jm l ' H 铞36N[. U@1z,-rbHJ<ٴ0Ƭa߷P_ǏvF* o)3u*>pyǑ+NG#ua=1)1A`C@P M_!fڜ1j90dq%;o axr,ӟYga%>O\RzjyS`S`S`S`S`S)缓r[%666^,΅g uAY']2OSp/-4f?C<\X ȼW \>pzhvDy «z3L۾w KKUg9`ڇ^wR4E70ѯAh1Cڨmah;|JHjyxK1C1=_'x\ӵ:024vos<ĉO:xI]My=@_QaåA}Ŝ/9I*/}3L1w sF5o26>D=kol`142v(_ oNxs7n:N@DV;1gcHXuou gcxmi!m("_%aw]O ք5o=(K/ڂ?^FS''QF0'zQ=mW p |0䂹],;35#a!3=^_B9G[)C\aUP!ⲘY{2,=P6]/J`/|Kl7cm a%*]fڷy;@Ju=x1pޠTQ8/g\ŋnuS`SP:zO`e\ut3@ l)L@`0Svd$=Xx^H*N<]~؍ g5~Eyi?'MK.E3ay!'L}CN aQ0*6[0 /JV8_"Gǚ?!t2q 56oNyi9Z'BSǾ3hpHQ bc8OsW666Z@Qց-y~ɦq T^cϼ6~ƻNw xsT %!BN0@ /L޿.M%I *1OY\@z@1 J/x;IN 0Q"/@maI/VOP'o@7@9̍$?r8s:#Õ<7_`V@x4P>>0) (|!K3ak؍yF,`OG4Q6_ϼ絧/ /7k 4OvX G=6NЄ6.xxJ,`,Bg3`;X ^E'o^bM$4#$q(V֜PBښwTΠ>|>D|32uFw&`>Tnp!Eb pP 9x ȬY'3o0,ݤ@2 Cxʭ IFuH,t{m5^ȯ{VDWt# ^14҆ҢSvB'זXԋC0 xhgU!t̆HKaF(~+_Rf#*G(m%ySVP}^]*ݝڎ֍|9qN}w({)p]J؆4ۿg'Yt^666#~tNw:* @\h ͇IbEonVWRh BaE&3vytk.X0Ul^XMO#o'&@ k#Ӂs#Eح{{  Ӄ3=_0Gfx,%u2Zy-I `G}s>(8q~'ڝ|p{p*=t[w(cODWA.W8ʃܿ3냱]̗<{TϬ3֋y=x0qXӐ&{7G1`y&tctnOo@>c}E++@78,Sc>֛' `>N?Cm m4 ~~jǸ?ExAAy^^uG>P uz8y3H kA_k# f Yop&GKј0A꺟2M11&ׁ!H>]JP½Z4{mV`qƂh6|48Qh7 Ȧ/=pkǦ@/ʮwVԟWv;wKy t>:3G N U!2L0 FYIPm2RZI'L?:X@b)/K{,QR9)]tՉs>0>MŻts6hf2i`] G݌t]6ˠu>?fА{B'Ŝ_աy1 9i;g\oDho'm({S^4y\tm4ūan-8(Cd> bk-/ok|U| ]XS{HЂwt7W@͋λV#gyBKPl my %y}#=ɟ<9kh/-c9v .Y+@<Χ62x!,c_}^>\?!pჇCtvh$y"W^Nc$2LH<n0Cm;;^/uwx XX+že$cz\<@v2v=,/>np! fV\41OB `"-r@(m,լj#nJ]#$L їu %zZyPsJ^̈́;1AkEl!|W\3,`Gk[9#Ӧ}n"ȷ66u ,W{c8=ݣ  ߛH(%Gxx{|QN܀|@ NMRa C<-l1O#[ `4ptA@ 2cs*( 'ѣx );ި]7Vl޹0= X;5t '棠SWtbOcS'-$'tD* 7tTs=0`=oOrt ЎyCs>6>x'6' P]<#/pynjC@g_a3[ -1<3@}|çaI19Ǐڍa=&'2@+V?q ? aija}k+\ͩum00GdѲmah2׵;s8dDѾ7 $١x W9ZE@S`Ѓ0|m>; tJGOkZx] {枣i77<\ [Q!fJ/sl<=qGVME>>;le "CN3n*guP mnwIUFF׋mkx9>{ =(+ID8p*qb,'w`c#qp O`a,gsz熰&Xt 1JU{bDOBj0>P aO;X%d ʋCɻ+Ϫwh`ݜݫMMO@Q;Awzg6/izpp9T&;:`Qg @<ˋ~gj)O'4=gHq!k̤ ?C. K/tջ5,- 2Ntn;=ytBNf`Փf0NQ 6V:;}g39SDtz7G' [SG7صxHxR ' tۛsxC?ܤ&Qƚb|`-x>33hs&i7&Ȉ.7?8:S'qpͿD'{EABA3;Gu}v2h8PíntϺieΗȃ\m?fZk_Z ֫19< )rx<)d4> {hhמ~@R Ð!L&6xm=ce@0_[$;j^a62oS1B%w޹qNHo0 Fɺ$Kם91w+#$D)}3D['@o (h3mrt1 L_vk  ^\,w6jB׵/Ȋ-Lj3:9S^q>Z~l| a$BfҎg @Bob^FJ&C/;bkPȣc)3vxKk( VPj2~,a^w/)nm1MM@tc`<0y;MO\^heվoN$4z׻t]'ph&p`{,;yЛ|P.oE:@h-n=|Gז/ NZ$ #J mlk}''v@n#P04EQVW&p9^} t[43/g =!sE9@eż`-f^hbLcs Kݒ#r*oFW AX<sJ 'юz3_/t Yo hڑVj:'8ynl|a\w B}`ֽ_?zY0&kGxADp:z֋r+([ts):]=暱)`>;r5ԋ^fg|KK1URN[Gh.yG3_ g$#']f9%DŽbKdC kzC&ni[u2BP'NeC*΄XY[vB1߻`C&<bz莖 ÇCoy":} lO%>]Vpb P6tMAԁqu2,`2ouNA=WwYkᯱw6|ZWz={t)L E9`MMMgKsg ˀS_ !܁EʐtvJz iz&@pF \ȫtb^<{<[e|vx:TK9{MJF464@abr_N?p(v6 ^̤-5l@| 4v :&_蕁FIwItnu!C1oy=\7 M' Ԟ2<w>m3H Zٟف̭>Kꛐ2x|#9|oC(?Tva;W}h^|*iz[&|QIX@<@goT> ιպ6W7(L"Jm7y,4Cxʣ/Pux`cñ:]#tx ZX~C?=G2ϛWX\Cbvɔ=e>dnưvWxy9s1#Oo|bM=Ay-{䜬>!JXEQ w#/%<ɹ.񢽬̭6u YX6b#*/˛衃41 2>p\+rZ&`a! O̦\׉\L,EacΓA=wuyY\hm,O:F0 =肟{N cY|y~^]17h/;26x*H1l%;m 5 0ZK cݽkcL _Ŧ@=2/o= PbKݔ} ^!.Ez p^2{~ɳy"x StU,vgѽq`?9 pf* kXmlt= 1]L9O? IyӉ 0RjAS4{)Z ͫ9+Nvt6 ,Rg CxO2h94OVӮ `Tx8rO%y$l<$&N8̼bɜCy}*޹{~e7nBTyyޜهPtGQ,]@ݝݳMMK5Q҃Ã$Q5dN鱀i*BA£[W0k>MMw%t2}pTOռp~Y.LS?Ai{ /tv/}xH3x3~yeQz'P>)pk`˛>\gi47Wa_ڰdf7f_uЅ6~3 @HyG¼"x 4a6[…ԯd{`9—>7ΰQ^53-Sj!ǁnYefu?1jsoMi#+`nt  a6)/m]]ͦ2>5fզgG?^,Dg>s`#H`&pW'YӨ1lh0cH^W/~@缭jrfi꜡blCEFbdžn3z4U]_[<bfIX65Hre;Yˏ'H:c}@(!ֽ}ǣb}MM(p>PIB+m|<+54< 0&lz?Z z*`c|D@Þ^sØ0!^,?]Mtϐ,P*6OnK3ƀ!: K:a`^bk)y8GGLn|4W}0ۿa⍌.냟a`?M& /a$7XxGcL8JcG?z00J0t[~`u崇WgG=<6cLx֩z+!XAuF'܅E.7`3 dGWuNcߩ3eB+Ch|vS/ObG村I^%J1 oI7'nKp5uM~L}(2xTK2O1]iVw1mb6cc|t)myhm&4+EtV"XmX3e"Hє1B:8LSycb9PY6i~M xmk7p#KQ?cYNƾ±(m (q^;/J]\'1-zL4ɫA)@RV<謜r/j Šo|\;piSP`+xz O!^daS`SS=ә8g#;ݻ<2 MoB50%NLF/ȑn<%a'#Zʨ૭o0S}<@)㭉nFF:zN5]K|"EH,ñjlohA7M3]B  {BƦҍG2v 0+ 殌orY-^`JL-dԥ/GH&T[i8Seq %^\'11q祜 mW<eU9}ю:}t_}e-_&{p զѦ@g:Ϗܿ9=? 4MP9ܧO3t({ @j]@ ] {Dz׻@xWqz#x KCRdtds tq{8jYybN3^Rc8*w83OBNOo81ht `G9y3D `Pimऺf}}v7;530k2dߛ{՛<e=Ǐh? U+y3|o# 7m,>^󌓎 %H7sփt u6Nk(z1LMoψ`+97e|Gݞol 3jY1ݍ(*|Hұx/þ=+iS.oBiZc“=Wz}C6^w Tẽ'&2aak wtg57aݻ7Ki%?or|:)|x֕~gLwn_y:c.&1$0u֢)nHDu=`6(3Hh@hlP 0Kf qAG^O`$x=#axBYsk͗ XXyId+` +{Ijρŕ=>MP]?܅aXrr6 <1g3%<,h&}512,hLh6$]ƀyI<>MMMH{Aؙb8ϛSQ` WHK ܀iwtF[ 2 FP)h n臜%n4`Vf u3CJC 2gBTP3Hu*Qq g@.4htsC g2=htb:~ϰ4pVq`}:6dr} <+ 1ב`@/PXӋ~͛N JГ McF`Rp(7J3 je;M0?Q8MzOofvO oa(8'9[T [ a0c,`Q&48d?oC@[P,-^A뻾됧 w45>3o&cP7`9/zc73%3y_€0d$9rML+O<Y q{䒶@Xg̵W?mzF|3][kИBAF זyux&b8,`8B6֮1aעZߡF"r!,36{Fa|Lp| zd.c@eͳՖ،կ?`,V`rKBl:=k:0 l_[6ή& |G M-V<.6e}$4},+4:#/zȸJl=:b.!pi?ǹ))))(vM>t5l l 8 ;ę$Aꢳ .N$[яzt8΀zzȽ! 7w2"#!ب_#=Wn  z Ȏ,D$OAY׼cA˙R 4un-@Vc^sP׶9? "5vz-Z V<\v3x0p\njx\) XF@^=ɫ|d,n7֡=/1x #o0.䍮 5An57y|/Lyg@bxnϛHV G_F͏|#W-1&zL j ÛK_#%[˿<l '!0=rmo? E8askmtgnsr7Q :$}S;ptvŁx>9[uDljVBS/&>jC@ T U4F F DP6aua0`D{{-#᫜:UfWwX![<4Ld1X'цt=p6Tˤ k^v鄲 2lCO~V1k{b5="d1G9Tʳ;D$7>ZAǾf|cx`nsS`SYP%_VY}<0Aw- hޛ_сJc(C׾vp*e0tF@w{qzGuųa#F}H7gp׼y}. 077/hz ,~ɛW6|B~mtx\O{z0k~7~RS؄'8¤ysai2V(;㝣Sy08r3O9k8h7NNs(5.cK|8b<*W]J!].6г]6W @Sbu Gya0\Xn1ON<=Z_Wp+z͗ٞ5MףہOZX y|8!=MMMMG ߽9=9(1Xk~8%y1PWg4zTb3dBDgKӅB䱬 5 [ZbVӮ>|3W)$1:,c]҇dtoy &Nsyތ {^vN8F|㤏]ύ\Krp88E`-],Do03b H'#SX4WqMGu6Bs+ۇ\h>qsxI˃C_ }y8{06*$@H:Eox6a%+Ώƣdɔ_,qh vctÒ|;H S4#9Tl.9% _'!\I sw6'{<'m㩜%ko3]npk 3&<. .ۦźp:~xlW :o^YIv(lD6)'fb=ḛaCgl#mዄk&^ 'a ~`\xh)N,2/#P߳<8ZsUqn8? Ua^H C7Xxk> zb;"_9׹9U}}cbetHc^iW >>`47,=xl #\1zS_1 n.a1@ћp r[ zK M\29puS{mY]Cs^|,}zw}@kznz^'70_S/t4c x'ާW5C 5 tm:^80$>!`Jp 4G7:8%?/}4݅Uo橼K^8ьQzjH%Lk+= K7 j>&m^|Ga<:5p z< hn3/}a,慎_/pqޓ2f(L Něq¸}k6&R`4O[GD 2~ 83NI7W>~M#3SX́( ^+_|Ux&Y7nSnO),Ĝëu`zA7^ g =>w W'c`p~_|`Wp sqmz\ 8Gx h`pR%kԃ).o)u/C2|3Nt,q;" >I-Ah6&@tPK|znu07F1 Xp_ 6#WXKo6c+r_~ p~k(zuʳו+`/߹^5n (^x#+W\sy[qt`I^ϋ$M.$g>`~&LNTg D3`JNUCa]jҏk ):f wZ:)j).y!Ey2/p4g4_U6W|*o~#C|oWQf4XdOκxS9D'w#Ek}PxpȰKN¨bΫ16<`ͽ5XSC1[ uXi:,#P1ئhrmcmmhJ{0Lq1djGy#9b'թ uVPkJ ҁ Mf NHڛ-󯜅af|u.OW8rP &0&d͌ 6I,uZwPp>+PB%_+k2$@`b=MMMMMMMMMM;Dtp)o\Ͱ.ϣ u;xOxuYOkWat8 K+5W`\ &thvM禗mL׀S.,<ɣkrA=V0tQ"{Pyti 1mtzsʛ^JgFC3~ʣCg@p{nf+% [Bâ;^' k!xEwtUN=Av!uO [dm?Nc>WI($ M=ԞzOW`=>;| ߰>G.S @[bƭ O~oy0<ΰ>Q6+}cBQk>MaMEڭ kS_'ܶl<QfeBƸndHRr>Z<"w]Xxn[B_A9e3&'$z# ,dg\'B=w.rkaRoBL}r3Du[#E±Avu,A< 淽> U%Cڼ iaL# cBPH(>j/ [W & wSc4LnS2[iLI2XeHB{zAh1.LKYY6WP1Oub67[* Bx!\r!-e,x%߇8qimbyvtQ#n{?͊e7666666666nJ,x`MzV x(H332= Ufj@$*z+/G7KwO˛޴is>(G&n f|B`b|{`^qѓ 8L&&qbh]is*]@nԞ F{J{ѣy H-oT|@x!v۴+<34ʭ!f&?BRg @EkF~A<͑ٴ]myBgխ-GW9Tg3eg ]))))))))))p(AJu^9~$@ OGUg8m|}z}Y׹<()-b^!`rtr}Kg>vt1,&={z'pNo5Wva9MdxQEXhіG~3Oց:a(dXf*& @Ek&`kE..NKZgQ0$YJm؅#)a"Bk}8zL0e  S"6[l0isZv>ִpO鬐3ZܠLLՉQȕ1m1$X@ PeFb6w6WɚW3& G JrtUcqC@zt[=x/<"5=P=tX (A-DNY`Q c "I?,!zx8Ʌ?ꩽŪϼi7'(=AՓ;[y"tnłD` 2 ʜʫ(<棋NI@s2p=ׁzɼF2`Kwt&W|z'ј=:0C̰6M|i5U ięy{-~0: j؞Ey`O}d9$7p>@:X$&b>/OV%a :nŹ^9;1haix.[dy;6x/|&(M{}z+k1>}|=φ9c/8,8E`3cA{Ŕ%5$6aǻ:-* |Op[W\c%cb9ޏmP!NPv76666666!8IQ `Oj?@=zҕ@YIσcs06Cmkn>W7uO>ݜ.Q9 >r1N''A<&˾=9`Fy6%I qp]xe׼+.z?ʭ|/}J# y4 (PIְGD28\D!f7yIa:|/  ϣ{ox=K{0* j괮 _"1dCDB*>caQzfaDMK߭RŵQƣ~4$M>go-̇$7^ 3iO l V ,\iO:Cf?}>\kq2!׌}!Vׄx"-t`/l{$C]u[@WELM(#1$N3'87܋bf^qQ" b^ 4Жpqצ#^9B3wã%DQ!TCxwpj=wc' r0 GLU b%ki:3A[|]3gFjx$ ɦx|ƞ`̺;)`LϜ(m l l l l l l c9e\N=c!@X^Ò~=Fxʼn!5lkWXBLя~/gmr9Tp5t P]Bm i\,a#õNf T, T, L' n ؇9hf`_.kq 3\ 1*?ISW/p~"IQFvZ?6d ћyʘSQ -h pP( 9xҜ€AU?poCz}uM-_t l'"Ϙ3tЕ< oxȞ!h<9 A{ %~NG|3W=pz #/Ogl2l)cͺ_:Au0>*3/S |:e3.-:oÄpsx;``%0!-P.&Y&EY1ʾլ>?JIĕ6#0{^q;uTc\h :ǘU,VE16OW 0, P t+sOM`su8y!++4P婎o}o<޿hªn"|l|.Mcn`>Ѽ M`D#Z{ϑY0ħ=xXg8lH< @?O;*`~Pkؽ.Mt;0}{z u3f',G'\ҵӉV'`N9F ^r?yI@p8;uƢ]+?0< >͇2TElc?メ'1:D$iwx xʩwL*WgGJyp 9@5ǖ6_siΣahg= /Qn [GsO>9 ۢx7;=j.Y(e9ĊЯuу؀df`aVs ~Sqtjo+ƺu. ia/;~w~>|)oe+[95{H8|g=h}3fټ{+9yIW(@uũW{^&y>B`Vsg[ۘ]B A!I, hBDxȏAHs7p#`7K :B*NR/@0Fꁇ ?Ӄ6+ mN$})d `Y?<3ja x&g}}(=#~x(Vu02-ƺ<' (2EgnZk+.J=@M ΋:[YXmGwV΁@\xJ_À28 /P=}th'`]8aBº/͏:/ ab}uQj)-4ǫW?Oꓧ=S{\yl-nrh_b|(~~&OccYo(J*\T'z[:x0 ` [h g?{#ZHPλ82AwDNKY/HG- o}{y᡿„ x<-~Zo~_xb[^ Hזǩ3y5T ^ OCvNfo%M =i^U]֮z7 vr? lH L~05rwx4w13cd԰ AOG iqW b^!Pdg XZZJxLB= X dA@gqͣ}ud1r09AK-^x/h-#u?7@߀lk߅ sD7 $ڃ#0 ޺/sP IwW#0sAWmLx `m(F" 'H{__M5LƨGn x3orUڭBL}Ay"'?>a@@O "fqc8| CkqWLCd«z7m=9 +N6Ҙ$EAn#cF*2~nsyb @>e-9NC&֠n Ԅ^ #2XIW3l j>PbOp\9YosX̙Y9.φ0w rH(g, 8Nx뫏rLiҗt ~S.ֹߵ7~_>x$ksW9)&,6:x@=L8:Dyf1+<66666 xC-8銼n?YQgxVfpœD0`$,9_G%NcV6G7tU:0k1R믿~Э -5<{vu 8IF/:- oa?:~l@e n dT B[?֐Wrw 7:'phWcP&`<) Yc5L]@eB ȮloX\s/ae$1xƫ,6 uu㫮SrfnP `{zۘ4t`3>B-sҍu#!Mǵt(R>^WΆ?+ Bm” OOuc)))))))p hEnR^G=Cyܤ]fSI([xV ~:xW#G/@ p>rF O_g<`*0c~l`;a}tln3阾GӗlT?ytyk|t2> [@7`Vq8-ZV%wus?@Z ޙ3~o;},W9g+zμP.)PA_'=~G(kfrr0'A1g4w;GVjEyGˌF]$/ &~E#^n˘`^yp aAeuqrf4XZ^`S>_?2LXGx=\Q FwY(OdLG|FFo" }&8Anpok= Eb0ɑec ܔg0ҼNc;vY|Vhay39 <[006+|:aeg]6N60;O4@eAɪp7BD[?͂*O[,`<]ѰN{BflW10nBՆM KWMX]mYM^6 1?aƣmJS5Ǐ_  H[<U@F2I~Jhytk߯y ONS<4Ob QRgXF뻰/L =\Xh2G_1ʃD`p#W6ż<+s ixyC ]@yRM7R-Z=:[!4qi@cF= O=3l Їn1^87lA8brCtצuIп,v#$G| $d5>+1XS%2>wdÐ+u' 'Dt bA1zu]@?tvfQafeae,F #gxhI- 7 [жXkb#p0sVgH:K'oH-&lN`YOVZcBֱ&YX'd⺱qBZț6P | \\XyQg(Ÿnxv[kqiS`S`S`S`S`S`S&HQ- /nJW(Ȕzzuڛay( @xЀSrңo{Hb20ͳSKJ VyGftO6DNuG3O?yG;E6~]ړH%/p\}۷LX 8}@Wmjuit1nt׾v`K[}cR'zW?kx[+tɇYw|o. /AG/Onp{{;+AtLGL*>s~ v7]fE'tfʳ#?0bÕ2ly=﹚^r녥 脌| -N,&g36'XXv  mtCGBĆa,KqsEL ̘У/08>aa-wȆ7=3?ﱿx $SG;v!g9lcl l l l l l  "(tJ܇1>- վ[p( x,8Gh#+)]S :.lҬ&rʊOM+@`U U @4唇][B(׃t,pN+걖t : yy:K9+cW8v΁&~˘^s3Wfqt{k@whh\gt0_1AB̐pf =З/{p _z0f<ӣtn3hS-na  F@脿G3hpvWW}YD[s>?I#B) o~C9;@bxLJ|ƉxwW R=2L9kR7>\m ƀ$Z`a[ .x+{%-@\dqEI0 Z:u:$ظrY?oʢ67b2x͆#fK_;L/{(pf-Y]/m BxdSߥz|ώxu0v'ZŢ|v5o l l l l l dZV9tskx+L`cNZtiQt;PMgwuX͋V( Ggs"$X^?`r5-]Szn1y8$_AEO/c<+=HP$ + Pڂ1@ ?LWI#M Zn3)øȱ =@<;,eOX| i 2o̐tnM~mLp\~B/mWpM,@ox\ pƗ3mrU.nX[uS*Fո/sH7֕"'XY|{a}< |S9b-+~ƿ:n9΢w/X?ǚ}Ow'Y`e&~wZ{ * Ú#auٛ撁n@6Naa31}s#9("Đ Nv8{>]gRuV,l19kcHL+Lp߀H_=n?wm<4> &w P,ka؇/>׬S9VNq]"ČEitu ?xI? i*mO9BL{ἡAH|,6|^1tqOy KlPkk,[)־eQ`z*n>%u}?E}^U@B|-w$r{3lPuk虏}Ht7Ag8ӡ9w UC0)|-B^AJoYy W"Go\/j}cjUi6@Sͷ`+{Q@C7Ձs-Y[n14 P/3tZPn>,2@LQg9} :Hc,K޺bvy6~|__]7VpWI_DX_mScpzgQ#@u<V |6^s.,dq2o}nF/OGMބ#)_cG5HO1ၝ-Or7~__O]'bcq-ZcG֘Z"e9^9ꚋ5|'8c&AO2|o2[dYBnfyyuCL2ݢWZ}kVwV+ /P 90im`[ۻ&4E[WXƜ,h!GPb"DW/jqȡ6c&FBг`:ơN;&׆Çi g9Bc3^@F U}:i#EGD<ϖ֚ AMF)6]<[h%|?7le׾)) w(8ڜo5we'9eV/Ib]C!z뭫}6u:#Yʉy8gtV}\w{P#1yN텎 v C/J+hΫ:XK5l@i|=^:c\+p-tF8\9zT0lzg_Y_Vڛsd :W\hvLvgtYiU"+ \2>D>uZ;ꄇ)>@{um?<7B+KDX xe !\’`N z =2-@_r;E0J@iQK4'Yn`Nf_`rh bf}E pS8Ѽ ^{(c.BskT"e@aA|kd^_cw7 ~Fy|+ZS(?o}0FN$sټ2 =-,7ܣ߼ 5**<[[ &_[16 bX,ʓG>u1݅=U,az{zjctiQ1-ef jgUgQdq^g#hSd=}3}]gaOv.,`={c-Gg:eޘL8˄i0/ˇGPG:p%y<݀epTaw pOmӻX]l"L0"s+aa_ηJֹ/Uz cbۜٞ2ӀO #F)\aräh.2q"V<%V`17-.#Y7~%=9E~c;c^ŽhYrd}a  tOP7P|ȳyF>hqaNoX߭{DZHJÐɿѻ^dHF/8H[# $\iZάz;p]_*X;5n?}!+eqdi̹q'wAKQR_yK#^~r3AyޯhX8N.QqTʊӀ09BXLkY_z饷euEA'3ziP;!@cH -&z")v9WuWi і6HXB}8[[xeuɳ9:*oٮy,{(OyXajESn9gPfQ "xdߚ?aX$&/<2G>HNCP8N֡[x$!@Qf]3y?e O"pH%-o Cto{UF`M0y@Osl=^s$,-,Nbſ/k+ jzq ҡ?_xws_`:6+xh9;g\|n恼j7e#D 02T$o|Aߌ ӋEu1F(uZ]ߔI9`ؚ%c~URgƫj*ɘ&y`߻PF9 =<4n닜,7^/ūp@Nddm3]߯7>|GͽKhMsyYdXF TrHQ7yD>X>p3zm2*l:3?~=ca(62QůONk @a=ۆT-@{;0 CT c1K16Ȩ%qi*I.ac=uq/wx 3$@ OuzvwzYPvert@;ݳso =')y 8Mn lθVB$:䝇<8XryxÙ Ir9<y5f|_!1=W}@7:+\[tXcNo!%tb:2!/o}7 z6YD׀9C|h,,|m} _8ETT??xxӍY'ꗾC9D:p_E?_I/͍SFݰ XyxH|L81_X^F8*Y?Ͽ`<ɱ0Oa+E6 `s# g4v9 I ^Agj7тg K5/ ܠ YI?+ dƞcSKzwaN;ukd_5AQzsR2XDF2ocǼÝ%Y?G3| Q['xnH{ $֬ ئ9(bE /--njCm[QB= zm*b!#!̫1csq+yb[S:r;L]̥VI(5/fS-ͅkʘY%BÆ_ tzǬ-o 9\,WĦ@Uy2غLჿW?_MB^1' 87o!`K)HiLG-_^ '噝Ey@@gq~uHjtTtFaQyWtC<`ys> OhV/Q)Z{Y4]N ᝥy"k؅9~,L7 4#ިywţVBљ kէ#'7^+-[U7n }v]<1(3A-?6M@/`z.!1P|RHu$`hA#:n62 'Ǹ_A/A\97Y`a19!=ot\#[x50o}ಇId^g(::kְ l1OV&-c+yAxd#}8|0lLǴ1[7V;ݞ`J|QF*k"ڇ׍#aKW`9[ *#! ͙A,a`K6SZ'Oox >րu֧\sm.=r־s[2x93v{,y80Y醈Y.DA`;^(?I? !o1l<y#>n pאη!(NYhOmʘh&AAS:}b;`XlvafљS %6XsòU DTyY< 8w`XP ZBmD@bcP*ہMn<BtROV䄫|)/hE:d$mp}`RχxٺpPO*ʁ2Tp/]z>٭l l <4 -Q`sCWhfzgS(p,߃nymaRlyy_b8L~؜<DjΤawY ,~_WX~+AąC.>\=X qF~yst[ڦwr>qCa0`!_jҘ C_95Nє/z<G<ի/tiaz"٘N shhN" ЃCK83G{sIC!}vxa>Ќ` g(aF F_CZzMH}t/C]-ƺ6{rș g&[-&Df,;u){FN@&fň`r f]@H?cSzwy:W0] c$ 0K؄Ljۜ :%, Z޻IEV{􁇐c&j(?aHjû}TzɨY &o$ӛOdfǚ,"Qp0-쌂dd Si׼)p)``IDBR#7>o &8#ؤ;̳2c! x}Zs9:+IT[DjfO~ v? kx]M&ý<5ϭigc]a񐾪[[<v @i>mcswr7=Z?9O:Y*׸+- #a.LHڹܯK 6 qgQ(Lv@G1V7,r&A$!G@7hY B:'P d?f>fj~/fEN`l<`1[tSk 0]%Pwoz@55ם# _mb[kW6%FvuTi^:T4es2)`jFk6T!s;<NI/!ͥs#WvY Etl42)ۜw {?xzohE7On ԡ>@.UwdUiQ=Ϙmo08?]z@6ǡkΜ 0`W_3u`ܢ"1U;`8 ,E#`\%u`hz qY}9oOK0튂/d| qry(oK䝕 7nxJ`L*Rz.Č6xP;`7z}\]f9W(was?W㔁G9{=kAyKAo|^@}:G|`x=])GȯQ['^Ut`{ Y HP110Wܒx[7R1Ex+Njfrg~ j;RìȄ"5HuWt)`s9 )u-RJb2vxR6ν> J:7n?-l{0%}XFolx<;M$gg ن.z)=r`^` 0 ;uY EFxGΙy`gO`.نU*AaEZ/MʥfδlZϠ 3پރ^q{G-غ@*A4P HeW#Fw)=5$A[ 51 \366HGFYZIc|_1P$ nV@Sm rx׬S]3_gf:."E_;&"}YTEBK$u^xqT)s ZKߞ]{|=ccZ?xxrzҨM@V.F[z]2@;pt1^0q3Ϲ"{z:-գ~2vS$q0G\6}ukXp5xVJ4tErCgXf}Μ/xB%c2q^DS׎ vp\(wP1~HS6 1`-PB:Rُ}+ uznw6TK䣺q;sr΂ @1m6-Um񌾰Q$ m}*QA 6g8av2F0~{2 h8PA9 کP?'kpmAEɋV]@Vp*F$55>ui'A0{+ ,94:@N^xߜL3ewp]@U`=lqcCG Of%'=xJg 1ګYm~ibZP:3y-18P!TQ:W1S>.0'> 7aQx i g[;lb+{5 e> ʘE<ّbwmw{766663\Q3Z 薿H纈X8kQ2egl .;гlMrUF/A"F;UD@ 뙨. ~8YiuzN/RHd)=bytip֔5{F{:= T xlwAQ׀14+o_ n3NwVv9ۀc _Clln0Yp\;f$KtFW^yAt Q|3 EFkkj/D /|k'`vp"WE*#^%B@OWDcD (gL7&Ȁcc?`;4z;TښU> u ֗Ƚ6Ca2x-[ uEUPx7X'|C229]h r?Gu>8Q`ڭM?V/[[|]i1`s)TO<׿;.9 ` @pӻDg*$;p &0-Lw.XQ)g Jp9]\.QZn֛kʚ}cc<9-"uYqlE/z >f߯@k//rFԲmxc^&z֨e}pmF%΢J%ơW3%m5HwPڵ1^؋4w&_>s/$?77 hcpt~"Ҝ7? x1ή1an `-dB63y |6/C;B[ W\[mdNG9<'*p nu OTG ;@" B7mhѿB9ZWȺo_l1q'cPЩʖ l:ChL *y‘a=&'"OBHDZr[=KZZ\Wtm|3&HXhE#INHcA5A=.FFЎpiSÿDW =/˛GS/jnk-=y@ΔHsu[0 9q8ŖtiG@ @w٢ٓr@i`/Y]@SkLblJ`گwCݽJL= 9<~[+@g㔰< ^Wɱ>RKc#S3,> c|8R(=oNTf14ƛW;8`lޗ3;;J6.~ӟ~}dL6]9S,9% +tc-]0Ϻ;~[t5F0]7sEp Ŝ70RƘl05^e<=a%Ogܫ`B[,cuGCyYd, 𭃗un_;Lyjj7F׀u^zm,&zyv+JLܡE!Ev~L=='m}gOgzm4 S0΀&p.TUP"m|IDATO|VsP+ȢV}.) pTԧ>u(@>c"eL)th[!cig=^wWtz 0dE;|[u>N 15<ݮuQ rC 큠JkĻazS=[j .|O'p1@ǜMMKa4! Fya,8f|]Rx_ҀZ}CoyR`ktCSD*\]aߵhX`:1C^spHsi R-rN~c]'mż0?ע36iLКOzȦƋ. =+Nɉ%o/J!k̈(,NHQͯ'6ϻv>3B] "}׿pG;zX MpߚIE.ciz^ks\7z)~ptv(C`R3gc:8iRȸvzN&h2WtDAU{ܢSbZLIPA=Gl9q O E}(4p d+Ę\WecFKXJQ5Em9]w"gUqSRS""(+7ʺq.dMTE@Ł,6tTG~c߶)))))))$).k2,]d`U1}ck9@q[νJ9Q@EMr-{.ɞ^z,U4ؐXA@3k,R;p> []M ЙE$Tطs -GHnw48>a bo}sF3]C N̖p~tf;9~Ca'p _<v)}~DҋƖ"o,IM+ W`]sid*BOP/xTvkc~Em(oW^y)85I9t]Q6i#>.|OhR*&rZɧ[ s`Wsz-) 3N$|E\9 MD$@2U'Zhq!ky]k~'G]d>60_cöC=poLͯ ^ycFFzȑd rjh7Eh:ՍQο5>'gxvtp4ٳ) ӿRtky0W S;4P5NpCDy({dc},{/YͶ?Ih F^sG:>bef}~~ Up5bibyК*m"( ż͠؞cB@qi %? &w&}0k넜82RtH BL"k <ȎcOw&Kɘ49_r0+W#Wױ&gډ'a& ZWc\\_䤺 F3tk3~6o9:]qḱ6 ?Q7iwr>)d? fQ!rCy)eNx9.HFy=aLY0= Q;OQv11(OCk\3)m)gY %=q0Pbp2m+PpkhqQA^GZf2N‡PT% VmE_E'3M'Cgj:1g(z)0 %9sd,ʓiuS`S`S`S`S`S`S`SYP`JR)LV<y'}쓋V"-(}&~`\ >v$0(Nml gCkؑm0*$'F3EHQ"@-x 0 &x^34Fꥵ@Q*ǵ{桦sme38p8 >V -UTP}-žGO\H?f\0 ͥpMhj<-zm9kS  XtqnG  t켻v+]_#Z/^/geMy Ȏ@c}! 4u#lgF~WX <Q"W;oxA3 ~CI}Ty[gT',xwr:w8fgΗotwL5~$ 7g3[5n06A#ހ“$#5@2#)-#yC&l)CP L"nIфw YÉ dU`u4y3L߼%qQKQAv!sh'ZT9]J/c}85ȟ1ejiiG`5&-* 43CA/sXیwC_܎9yeh+:Gy^ƶq}_</A[7=oɆnx4kdPu h Ȗ^[|o1 Xf:<{KOsE›%oB֕7]mS"x5\g0TA| 9ݢGXMyv,f F[ul2q`{B6(POfH)/"hL@@Z@%v-z9陮 vd{T޵o pY\,D]ێe .׵9e cƇ3p>|b ]| Ncg*ܧ͢W纻es KOE#37˸xP[ 5P8tOz9&`Zh9x/O!dkhgO@jx(??s=+k<NrI6|~'LM6h՚0&_w8s'덛IIΊlƚs*-~u5۽#5YM?rV}ݶzf>s3ߓt@EG|l0oE-@`TCqgF yMEq]."D>vd]p|pV'ГM&ub+"uY %fcWrX[ O8ǻV p@iq4kxx;DGAEV# mD{ïk3:@ϝ+Dd: Y}cܝUJ=3.Say3 p0_}?v+O/_3뜀y$:66%_98{&ϡ 5& C]+e0@19AK~[c8RWż|;H~rq-N]+ca=2_.: #z@\LY\#1;'ǺF]<:w1%fZ9֮M3O<(>ՖIm<{p3 RJ)I3"8(=xhS:a}߽)))))))p(*e'</: H'ʻhXTPq&(G:' #PED7 ̛Q/Lgz .%uK @#O{_]N"p]+U_NtZJJMޢ˛]^D}fm喆5^5&EN (=NUzjK硶E׋m=juȞYU' GӾ΀55v=\<xsrxqUԌ0_8sp$Y|Vfd50;^[u iϠL#ڮms7Cj[DyZ6Zm{нj{;# =9ʇnWg 2>SX mBs |JWƫ Ò (EKAs5kmJs_w'soGxL.ڭ]]HcaNlPZ}h' tޒ?Gg4$b@5 ~ī> ,֕s>+஁"O{ )5W^Ȯ L6 6U3d>ʵ rװ)pw(`PB(< D-WddAP[ E|3޻TD E9w.2`9}/) l~zgE 3EX m]'2Cg-q x:ʭ|(p@lw~;=V,c@mo5@[]?44#>% _XG+ѭ+` v@;SN`ʵY7XW~^kƲ!;gYQ1+I<C=Ghı{N ]-q_;`>O状x8G?#5amxKg6~Gy O$]fTa;J#\{L }.,@Xvå7ᔑdy"-/tX44'Q1av [lYȊ CED;ZYe+a%i9AKg3ӽ46Ӂr/v1#o;$zF{]B[iF vtg r'';L6).oi9U^n<&,{ \S/Ls`{05fokͼ(~+&"(9iR<Ηu|_{ ;GQuxS0?a (%â*RȖ7O9Erc*ΠFV_ yOFA=w`C*8cN4"T tO8E}'9q@vP'R TET;| \nrVO(-u2=B4Dj?9"@)9O\ܘQH?ON6yFJp-h@%M)W `I ENB<йhxDx:G{floAk}F/y>7ҚZ[1!G?D3u*FV^wTQxN4yFճxy6_q/}]N>@qp}0#%<9 |)iՁzVu s.\N'AdymY(Xg9<8kc]'n@)%Y 5ekY^P3wEʀEa Ɠ/WѹN=S GurE) BɠTuҵ#7n l l l l l l  7*rO0ށ@!@_^pԐ(:EEox)`9ρ-3;O,z:J=dJ lw/V@z.@ &}˺p ؆NP{g gD~@W0ՏyNW~lxջ؀<"-P &#p:{s4ȍ= z(#ZE ϼo@?A4n3!r`whdפ?p_Cʇ[U"Sr" ,i<U L紘`3:;2:dsHȡޙ'=] VJ#A;U6"1 h?\XՎZDĮ<)v3U[;>|^|ai.T02:5  ^4oaqֆx ~=W|Ď/ g:q=iQW)d&^vAŗxc!`D{چW#T?4l9!&cۡOpRT:Gw}4G@;@gl?#}(0`"yK!STiEa`( ,:rmZM7`h~imYw<^xs(8#gҕK0nd < ݃rf:<]֡ E^Ǘs?P\ǮDhjAuH;b{} r* 8L\;E8Ub}rp$4:vF˜\?V_pVǐW'/E/w6{zI\#un` `&tu5Wľ))); ޾[l[-D1QCaC/7=>Q!E;v[,@S41 @jB̨vw"B<`x$J4 l:lS$#,.xKcuJ'Cl't w 0J3|"J}DʺFlfWt&@;}_SӬDhC3 <ђެ-pLhl6Yx VqB&/}P9+_ʃE_}FG?c'\xR8wuhlq836>zDÙ3w9uU,Ōqx?FG{g=Stzʡ^ڢ^F$<4*[Ϝ3nun&s` ?w~rt7&>9uxϮd:oE^NwsϨsZ4f(U9h8;D?4E3zhiI̩ާ., BNCmTy`t/cXG_9&࡞4N968G륹-@nN]C3WရgTxZ҅yoo9g\7.xPD1.ws}a; X跋D{ݏY̳C9&+{87 7nL q< 7$' 6r`6!J5Go̤?w,pٯu<;S@rg.[C˜E]m.?G&C!kuN<d諨ca M%Qwצ5Nj wc뿶k3=zxLq2S堯w;=S2ma[s2FD[0D1ݫW?E#XY*8kl]WC~؛淿3\F_"1k6َ:xW=~ p\?43pK^H\Z@gvhe ?% `\x'j@aJ'GYK@K2$3Wr2v xrG8Hϙo6iTƋ|dY֩|s['c: Kv~ݴONkbpk ^ʣ:sYw?Ot^wYvbf#)1+l犇H̶˦@Q#eTAoٖݿ{xuBWvJ'7VMMMMMMIȰ߁6@Gk@ҤsR @ω`T'$0·Wbh@<@TS7PQD{|~t5t7p~Nx{9\o^gXnv0]1{)hjׇ'?ɟxW yO KM~<9P^{ڪ?-Ցq5~ڛ͹EϜiglNgFFr,]3*t>D_P.9Rd_ڙ9>1+ߜwǧmx<+ZC>|@5J\9i @!&/[b|=VszSƮTN=p?%gvz\)fVRkAY9ALC)ft౸Tb_xt Z"c1/$X-ζl[,W@On l l l l l l _ a@$ s׾#OR#3}3m:hDz`Fɫ 'WlvimN PDIu9p=2 @q~闎:s" *QtS`{^t`V'@HC-"DŽRB( ߮M306{^~(ҕf"謍W;  R{֨k׌'s(cw }&X v#A"'T$Rhp#$`^A78@1l|="oA0.hK@~y{J44 s OTFm ցIxFtڄ~9 8p}p 8؜Wst̃;ѡ}y9AʹGlP?`Lq+0b@#k F{䊏{L9ǻ:|Tz<%'l/[pMoiR 6듗ǓqkS`S`S`SCDFT3JGx]F;  ;1 Tvwk` =]wN|wRp`bA"5 pLR@?-~.@l@,k?@xN9M@r{fS`>V+h ,z{h;g m!hyϚ_0mrk6,~ɡnk0 Uw段"gF)5(0G!YWn~z )r|cŞaee=)%Z,3zwO P5hPU}& Oq>?E?6}5l7N\j_{J3/ 9D`/ۿ}X#1#$'\ڐa`|v0&фsx%;9gԫʊ5r*q#ZGo;[scuR%eȊ"ˑ 8(. V!%W4:0mD{Z]詭 HjoPRTDһk7.Erf M*qG*X\5>vϡv' @?}9GZqcp4.kKM3KN >̨_)|8,;x34u}=y3ɵ_fFzF*1Ó 8;xMn:VrL}kd;:kǜmlDKo}JqAΠZ>S={sasj 0)M2s L̅cmh99c`<==hh{6s_dbBdޝ@ۘ%9Ey{9hcyMK]#xY}hMn_2樘{OU^1hс+Cor_%KpO"X1e֨5LKxf۠Es&/e bc@a]E}}S`S`S`S(`ѲhR||S:ZH~e"@Sd(bxY_p?ZkSw2kWxdQk0{_1hf>>R蹫۽)))p)`MnV_@Hb5:[RpۀIrT 73sC)=chD'*-?9NuzV,j= gd;X QRb%@M RD(EEԻxt j*t)W`t]Qiyj׀Y@Rبc׻Li pڡ?ikZEuߵEz`&N#=u͔6.T;{t2@]ؓ$S. ^0H \p@ :An;E3oH;Q\d@)} j,ʜ}: &Wr@ڄ3ii;vV}I2vr¡4MdN?~V}Ц۸}w; ZQn)n8jZډCnӝ XxfO{(L9n?p(jOzlIrs?$> 'tL-k"E&1W X@ͼ枙~#oa"(2ʾ)))p V}m(! EJXDPNlC,W3FwDAp/Ÿ(isQ:1L(] |NQsw[v766/ \P"r`'Y#@<%~'E }ͳ'O 3K>-aVKm IiH=yPg>@"/_Z(k)x9O=8">,)rw-=/_A :Y2`VvXs|Uiic(.zQe zu^ԧFػ ,vJiz0ꙗ7PyQ#g5ҿ!8]}a)ugg1o=Y9g\xn0=g U 39sWwi:s|^rǓ9(`av5㏇Ddݏe흍U{\9䴿/qDv1M)؀{ Tʗ!at(5G Oq~&o;Eۿo l l l <>(^5EwvF1i0$mzX_:}=?6Ox]Վ:$Lōѹ-8Fk ZrxsjωZP'19(WmS7ztv͚& DQd-Z3A zx`@D-w(O9}J +{q ` J'rv~"2W>]}z"pZ_wiiJEmEj N!=(T/p?ASC3߮}zF`"~"S[>ϊ_#xpי-]+02PK]CTHa1ߜ RF܎/$r/Gࡵǫ㧃!#FaK4Ƒce5?8tS4޵>:$J62fӑK@6$gzbF;,EN{@2^fMC^uF@t`,~-5 `!K3ٸ`5YltW3s`(bjD}Nt0o;&hLwcC7OT8h#{eGG},9]7vT8LEK=d.IΗҕu&s1g8\D+>+n S'iwI<@o,eXg'L>7Mwu\c5/P<So2dô1c3l))))p X` 僁Y|-9Z=PAPU!?Kw%WR {=CeZ:4szCS|D)A"E/f">8f[}ub ׻)U3ǫk+o833X "Y H|г|O|ұ@"Co}0N02ksęBx L;Su))|~W8$vmvȽ~ +%=oX;IWK(&K;d >@{ ZVS65:N=ux^ q2&ӫkz ].Ki3먥Ɨ3aZtY-+Myj.eW=ѻTsHįvӣӟ+e$/@҈r@IKDk)\v4*kڑߜ9׃_o`rFxmu8\tf4xL} #vD 3~֘|ak2kʭ tιӀ &c0`9L^k, bYvX"@{EMg{}%zX}4f_~pz5[{*ǃz<]Skϩn%:'|:l*gC-NcV{f: _zm1,BSh"I lᱨ/"ܾ))))ps ZcrHUJB?ܠrQpWvx¸0S3ꍱ`ӌ) hf0uE)fh b<#~0D|(rB(!b) eѠTQ=(8}Q48mcS`S`S`S   cGO_zz̶PZ @:E)3Mzimx<z{?Mkѝ8f"lyYT{'` l}@Rz/.Ek"!с8хNAЏRqԆvzY<S!cƼ`}ݻ<0~+("[eXA73Reﰉ QccUhT37~3/f>w-6vs/޽VO9>S9TZdR5c%έ9ȂYJ;}YYM]@.I5OsJ|Pd!{hN'x^>moia -cӚ\h@m*Vy'={ oT%;^By2L ßh惮9;OtF3ǚa?HyWpǯug\U#Cs;0B#x+ _l5&JiLJ/gk w~׋,G|kȶ`ܝzkb8`0mh7MMMMQJ=<Ű>œ4Xm( Eb-x.~,٣d),kƊ vy s12LcF8l Fł\ u?esj|N{|( Z2Ai|?SaOvvZ*؛m=dF/=/rRF0FO)DPJ<QֱYCy뤴xL/ӕ̼-m.cBœ3w)1<spѻb@yߪ9@җs+4 rN6ei^:8DO h-",#\x>ALy!8-W5JJ,p\d]g(BDCD9rv"H>ϑdbG4_|+?] 5sM#FB cz?5uh 2 }9dHr3o?S?u𞾒/hl}״~vwRAѢ(|qF[8Io)ihU2 l s39C _eQTkLhukm-bpO0m&t"Dl oWD Kɲ]pFJ.(~8vG)}PGm#bnqd490ZN=x 5P RK `. V,0MvN@@f /@\=Dk5>3Ȼ N6{Dր̜ؐ{9HtJ9I~ћ &uhf] Q0E]FZ҄h=78 0X58PD_VJ mx@;@ p01Ekł*S1utG=~]E?nwh >q@$́X+ǔ&xSV HcsU1 ՑC[)<{f9xfہ |.0>s9}lH4 Ne95X-{@4%6#96viyh%:OB{]VG27ҵnMgshsrɦ-o\Yf5c;Ǜ=fq4I@L_XJ k{t>';|]iauʳZ}ŁDjHRh#=SH:FKϝErSԦ~g;fK*:њXtPc )R1}iCPq7nS:u"1  xyz  jT41çe s`O~\ Z)H%sPq̢2S}ųTk-:<'rnOj$_RCc%G[{ cNsg#Ka?d(P]g#7 {ާ-h/RfVڹt"fMt#rw]3:MD+vYy~[m#X ,Q1JZxXmمڎ " P(H֭SlUzosؼ^Xsh#[{eE|;Ƹ\ދOhU p0!, t e!iƩ/YxJJ 3yR^c۶>|Q}ϦQ ʂf!0Z(yJ\QDP)@8-Bba-ҖA %UpHiP:(dV">83CDX9[W "5% m+gd# I9e܊s<V=z-jRGD(tAީʙvht6iVl: ŏq >JIEC KD<> vuXvf~zS`S`S`S>Q5 ZH)&P4*xϬm/jUpAdZo2s38πgYi^@{f ?墷p4#UN {;yӡ[NЧ~N{|F)a@w:b؈n^׃-tRH8,uDAƗƺ`R]S.mdz܅C ʅ:-TsZO֔x< r1R\tqi{↉]k73e!T0bYM#ή3MMMG@ ŚBֶ-f$lQxJQ$|TU\C^9 ) "VD4lE'ぞr)宵m)W?{SJL14)pD^"n`|NrQZ.*j)̌7}| TƗbHʹt w[imڐZ[$;s3 {JACû"*3 64]'766)'}?W{(dMYD>RGtuzWjIY2`N@\/*8rRt[C^ڦLT/tI)F*Rh~6!;| yG}8 ;$0A}hUN$./<>Z@`4k\%+ܾߡ5~n6/o(ҹ2`,b{pW \TibI祳} 5V(Mz.}EAm;_stRS |Dl <6C)W% Izӂ5" nN;7r]" W/Y0ό[GUQDHw( dea&csH)_z|G U\FYڊfvPᯊYvnߘicr}rX5,:kлW˾W4d?G^ebd Һhޞ pOJ (rn/^]3߻E8D{5L`&ؠQϝ`c?))))p= m@T.アԧ>uT.,mtZ)" (걨R(D|!2orz]euܩXхBз{JFgJLyS}Y{ʫ1)5m3\(G*F"C.AQ 蚺h#'sETCw{CE_e`(F!W9,f2mkSel{J_&<5d"䕘ƽk MX5ӂ1,=G1)>J5o߷)))p)P2ǀQA"BBG@ۂȓo[)wEε]4fs+{Gۂx:SvjM(G~X)gXck.erLq; ʽN)P(+ Z@xGSU!"H k1) Vv&LKn/ aGm:ė!cy=cp }y+ls|S`S`S`S)P5MEf&0aMA\L3!>"Y_CL_dy>st/x:[ svZy_zCQ96>)Д؆zd[:U?*+5_; юSDVJ%gU ~L}W+xM6bs?-"ggDԏIyߖp SILD&8DwT`38 vj3WQPF6v@HwM#k^NsX[ayCe6w.|WP- \svԎxk)/t-;_]B)?pQ}ַuUs(:Yv}B{{+ٍ  ?YϚϵElq]g)y bLکna51? h!gVtx~.ڦ)Pd1ˢ/Gw@k R^Ld{򝬦a1g=`mo;m!XE\n(_}50Z󀯔W Y' imˉ^U+bMxY(5}zDm3.k6%<;xP(gc@plf Sz؝>  eaOYB`JkW(yAq3s(Wr׷))))p;(к`M['aoVi\8Ai׬3>h9z5^]7X|uϔ??z)_tL9=XWu{h$Rާ|EߣI`.N_Qڝh}'XEMt5E7qm䴰=[u]; %cCӣ7ϒc;3wf YMXGzn+ݫjc~_>5쾠[)|ЎR;]\3' +Nӂj^"r`*2Jn# =;(\CY359dE?!ChёMm7S6r9kSل;bWq[֊CƩuF\@=;_[H?J}uv]#:5IT\ \{.zlKHmWq9!*BQmtD7@ż%Nwb 'ˁ˥OQ1ha"cMNBBy)+xSwʕ3pAm;)w)NQ :ӿʇnDVv-8O8 LNmue\Ѩ|=+F)_fJm-~A[gɨoMSyhv_]B3ݍћ4y&O.Wdq_N gFn&0~!qK,yc״xcrq WՆV|ٞ!Ȅ pEsEֱג,C"鯴͜lEN.vJ-ɾapT;ckN39Z݂i-YϥBZ]cE^aK~vM^uljmd]@<{x][ؒƜ He+;fzn 29M΅vrs_ymrl'MKkq:;3z.b95ysS (P`U\C4[Lx!vv,x螫m2yx}L}r mEAT$K1& ż.y) iOƙmjMDXS<@l,,6guN5,k9C78mk?M(E{'OԂu=OѳC! I mn_Fe^0(3öo)V9c=2 Rځ@v;(gp0/(x0m`w4n v6666MD(YF/lR_yFwֲ݁)k3CuSf?p[픓Y/ta`5@Σ.sz:@ATf`Зz"tLnKVw@<O]$L9 Хз\*(rƠ.AKOq gM85[rI.]Ƕ?3S697S,BNjN HwFc7+p9sd~x?~Ve=/ ?a r!-%zsQ12g@O&m &&4'ܒ xN%ԎqZؙ=~y 76^ﳏ= ]Ml}ճzהMtaˢ%ǽ }L5>+ &2s"YLK[\Û7B.E1O뉀`;ڮ玖L!NJ7i"u6}”+!&{O(z#{@E!3RXH2N(+Tt2V47ÒI+ƒrR) ~M=֫Rߚerd189 (1eе}c坷y i5M{yQp,μu]GgʡخN Ʒ2}ꠚ5Mn|~˾7˻)nD|茧:WˋMMMt-(ZojM0ZKbM"ٴ^UA@9R2X^&NuTYUkwpk}HP^ @u9@mеʯ$*ZS[SztzLRqQ; ʘ;0փdA{JL/ 읇uޕvW0Z{@nxWWcf&8@;\'r V0/4dL»![m xԚe*73wikv?sQl zcϦd Ut6a]nW/'tޮie.ѾphW~P7|xCZ5RlA8 ?w5cbc"6@ *`za3'V nۅne!5'b(:!MexP81wfyp.k6^)Ǻ9GMIQ"?':zOUyՅnҵ̓gZU:?ki8%}JOꫯcP~|:@̵ԐwP~DC޳eƦݢ@1=TAb逤 bs[Yekz@ C$RCǐ8~ UyTi]d"A}z~Fy~EP ǂ4>@`]\ }}C4Kdm?EeqfKJӣy@* #`?w\Tr8/ |8Fṟߙ.(N(栨`l5EG$%cִvۙBϧr6 I.% 3dpΐo*?2ɜ37Q,E滗)] QvY䬇cΈ~ib ~!+;_;fJ$mWEx;ikWP5r#?̋:S~twsJMhgϕ..&APƺ{'&ro ;a+o<[݊lUܥDc*>Jl<3Sx'Z˜peZ9:IlXa-B60wnͯvFck}Qx?^GblN-nk\|en8uuDx `[M>63i0)㫈o f )rm2OmsdK>K1#2lP\Y1r˹mݰ-6%:gDŗVkEA'Aju"c!-ȒnQ(.Yܯ. +A yk&> L'>yDOyAM3*}XP|yhpQ~6G|."x?P1^+ ,? p)))p)0C֋"7kb@Hm <ܚt}i rD?mMG)KzzDFYQ{mR48`T$#;ƱCW=WХUr*s{шf>qa9v"m:@纺>ծ@1|@G 9MN3ms&nc9&X\?qvEdN FN8*D;^%P%` RJPyA%U}lG4 8чv^CL[X9瓝N|=W4?|*TZeiY3bwGvkrNE_L6sϑ~FkJ*Y'(d |cH}QVr .(*rZۦq/Caz65vVyb~CG ɮ@0900}ͧ]=1sHgNwg;^ Pt.XI:+zŢm !Jo1  -Ȣ3A" S2vu`T>p eOă+PSjHy")\ :(9>bfj4_1& ڭ2ES.\RPՑ.R8l;L9u㢁- vs-\4n={s0)zl-dt"9m'xV{ˠ7f(BNMMMMǢ@[RꇙE!z&Nwh8=K (pzZn.XA ov);@gVZRt"}(-wk @Ӛ޵T~46boӭc>Sʿ^+"[[ h`Pi;<dŇ8fE#~fFPLeIlg lmfh {9W2NY` EsJG݀UBq|e:Y{IO_:ůGD%92ؽާ a# XmZuD]k?7ͽsb<؏n;fQSs!Ǽq.s(.K)ȹK O1;u4hmKxvGtL_ ggއ8)x;&>Gt՚BF/>MO=bBjrS"̿\ӄ$\LhIMNV߁.B0.-aw 'eWOS`} #GS^ o 9eʚ!*x)L`F"(xy9%d;ˀ)]R\sG:R(:]o#3}s]v= S(fIiLhP<\ޭ9Syʖr%m>9wʙ)2h.w]o l l <*fbu܁n{Ky`Zgt yEkv~<"g7ƭ@~T8A"GA>C:)0@ۥӵGG[ϰafU곎wd/af]t6A߻]Ʒ3u 28pKMavmc$*) 39roɥyh"+)B4v;rx;F.u}f1'EX*W2~MsR X?)GC,RGlkS\ Жv,o9CRxdSvez->Ճ.5zu!p@rИ2(]E4=R.*P(]rຆ&pk>Zyma\36 9|(EQ8L]`{:l|+usI]Ϧӥ@ U2Po:5Omx7㍙JxJ^ @]#[fcgp%< XKm/LMq8W k.=$퐩ddsѕAk{8Rh3һ+^^[5vqL Џw BǙr^{ 昭ikVN[Z댥]KQ^ t@|1&5Ӥz'1 Y9oZ1˜g|!l[GT+ND5omNȮ 3M^ K ^@ N}5k&b<7gAm [] /0B`]dzޥDY "3Z72/_\s2yA츯< `\Rlk)%|ZE>ʙ@p=EQ^DJ #rJilNwyƎ@ҷ"Xua3B ƆkWC_!SӍk-r0xAY, ? i߹)))p^ ENWtiȢguyݢ"tAlo~",q(p mEeQ|֭vE  i;Z`@[#EZd g6}z9""97ax6X?/5Nqf gǻOĮ6_PR^Kgpup )}K%t53ʿs_Ew=}S? RЈq#ȍ~*ok_ GF}_fh5j瀸Nqp7. f:x%T$ìFW/4'n@H1LD3k&AIgx`~ Ȃw&df?)8("0DXt|Jm'vSz@h^8n Ϲf{HZ_(*YD"ҽW)tW]c8!a95A.K.kl.t|{|}g@Jܿ7d+p".RޡFΚ6a}|qv?)))p)0SB J}?"%EƁClLZ-ꧏ!lәA} Z`c_7@{:ϻ@"@57E[{~'UjXḱ.;rX\yRA3>[3tvڣ3BVtyMe,_|CgWx2 `"7x9нJkh:)=J戈lI0v(^|v{7?_w+C5Wxl1䳍ޫ_Dey;PzxASwibMT _40g!yҕr+;b\Q-zK y<’[sws*M ^,j>lwT炄gmg]4>gu `489%*󙈔Xu|޵n1b'zm\y=g綾qO8}QB̦R/_BꠐR.ks&'{Gܳ@|kX-NDmA96VsAAJƻ?5[PUSo\fHfbq5ƥb=5JtyߚYYxPMrqRFZCg 'H;GPZv :){JLygE+ƨ-Epx{D!ف\/(RgEMMMM)a\6uGEK,`Ov5:$luǚ BI֚ ONzTHԧX9o!W=ݱ:)c1vЗlviҭ.mhzY@i:>2|%C3Ksg| /lǟ❜z' ԯt~vĒ]&wSVd5c;R[ !8:.uz~ovnXgCz"ekjډG||瞳Y_<7h(ղz.w؋0>^+ -#m󐹫Mj"At A1p][cs24{y Tj˨M(0A"OFMB[6&-xNmXE3As6]%Hm  \ħE3H>p C1'׬ NܞSgoӌ\Nuy7 99:e79):t'#9ĐsmWTk  OuBY}'?VLi禮1rgT<]1_]ކ9۰)))p_).^47 O?;o/wEidc;r8?/W+|ظԶEʯk+vY39lZ=muRZUDh>5U_T oah]Qx;"\'>|Cea0Y躂O84JA8y]:g)s,w;AJ1!G"3:x5N2lQJt=0Ӷ" r&nTU9n#I9@> d"KMS" 4Mcj >ieלH^'e]}=7q:zcv[O* :!x"yNp5`.4g7}=h5z.F`0^j]+VN)Zii:ER 3 pie:CJQ鸟[mO?!S N'YH,N4?ou`;EBb)Q,;ûNsӢ=z2|=4>S ( u(jUF1圀߹=h@]Ls<\@ݎ7`@t >hk"y(B {8u3 $S@N2VT%rRkDg6Pf,MoʹO@q[D )f|,e|vj'CTP_D!]tV}q {|ÙD}q X[g k@ym`(z@46ΧuV5xK5\"gF;0:H*saD}~R23,hD@< iɂsY1 !\àgicN{\P!̇k.-vyHgz?9Ev9̃ҕGSv^v`vAu!"^9fMs/(8B7}{-;U5vW- u}Gve;5Aڙ afc5潘D[80AL>)uv(ͼFA*-3FBrL)^ޱ ߔCץyhAdA#aY(|dzHt Z.,K[@YH$Z@oK&e{moSQJ@eu}IǸXt{5L#CQӜ2-bAYtksZ4KyDsh9iJ+jۘ 8#1y.ty >J90iq׹,L adߧZ98\@6 0J>g^MxVj"횎9JAdZR{ y#腣bǎ>/9LY꩔6A}"K?=dס)*%JrSNkE;0m9Y_mJ&IuVu@t)6Ni6/tB"S&w]G^MgAxQG}Y3bm%K'A9l Tiɲt QmdҮoz)Ȕn ~ۭ@,Z{pbVD noouufs};QFLwx>V~yۭtjQ@\ȈfZ ưw>MEFQ6|Oy#nf<Ժlb"^6B (AmF+L- 2wJ[Tcx_0t|(M\}Oƍ5o)~9g78d9 n t=; ][E!sN0aOSW<89fjg?{ݜ2~!>!Gq+A?m=KsuK(͍I}sYۢ.:qm{뚧ṕYsx/^ p0LgўEc:w\cc@w{w[:, E$p/-kZÇbb(][Oy; 2Eq*ࢁl &^Y(@v#SB|Dn=J\jLa V9yæfm82[P`yqi-cޚLZDpTRhv~0//{ "<7sF9@I5/"Gt];= @(ꇡ@>SlgMMG%HoOa+`L30{Pv*}NWq X~JIF?FO0^6{<)0[3Jkl.*o]/Cֲ ?PL0&6n_DgD^k{t.ka䕣9,D2! ݫƯzfcr5pސ,!Xr؀'̑Jp!7x2G;}g.sIH_C>waRu <6X;Ikv}xooyEZ_7 $va)ڮΨxhH>n lW9Zr6aEGt-: M ?kzn ~3.[Fo_r 238%; C ;@''M&192B1=7s#7 |*ښ*}zK?#pKj%<8To:x| l=k*#9K/6c ),Ȭ$6$[{g 2Gt%O =fUjUT]]Ev[_g~^gH? C'4{Ѥ衟hlݟT )~]n +>\<7l@x xo~*63 ?ɿM7Qvt\B 5~x󋴃Wa~&'ajdPO`r]LȮ#VgtutJJnTQ.)LIGbaQG+ ?/:w): w]=9c+m@c!Y䩼xXH{$ړgG?C@9Ew(Ͷ^k=xZ_Xk'Or3 &slIJΧI"E]|E֟ՌXee]_1@7p+uͿWVnz6[> nun l l Ml> `]ckP矽?G[IKN.r *{ ɺs9ln 9E{_`u9;zQJd}uhĆ@5ځv?3?s>׮fM,}@БHT;{}gq*p]=s~[V x5V[x>%"/j2ter,!+JEK :% |,y]͜rgz+6i'b.CRaH[?x8zNjJrF]i}=c}YR,ENrR $&QUV|zs); ry>fO֝ pnal g18-Pk:`e,n|rP}L~F}imi[,P |ʂg]õSuRG[onQhJ!8wMh?`-+*A5w-{00TdvmqD=O>'3w/eFd//dOdq-yt6y \=z8t>3y8m l l @H"!䷵N>`8?~8~kt#lEΖegj90o^dW5]<4~R8x6p6m^qf<@ϦO0*<3>a#׼v޲iD0l~}0r['ǁk|y!74Z!XFq&ѫ:c`,Q|:t4o fkH/7q_iǣ/x;mW:<$/:Ș\&Xd:`j Z`/]@-D/jiW_;cQdB~8 m=<G *$5m:ϰ_5 53*4nGQ:?[,||:ij2r B/:g [me̳m( e}Rt3#wwea^F.v )2!G0BF^uyxքUS % mrd UҾEXP!y7xls0:I17A Ó '\GKɒ![M`ΧA'H j1>EA5Z<%ӛ@@ 00n_/{vȶ6tkECZ9`I:Hke$})DTAR@ͺ95!{~뷎/1tN`O H&ޡP{Zqơjݰ^ kyF2f#j(zWo}HYTK.vdWJC3 }we  *ٟcL33o3r*6G|FGY SX]xB c9| p39 ]󶻗l#ϔ,|L 8TrHOv;/gvk@}} ;w@WO =dWqb;lU;{ kbP`MOptRk9Xz'\#y;O0HJϛoy伫mK %T7b]Fa0qy!Qt^9J.-oqUm}<-EhzS ){MLEG^}+_9V$c[ )I`xk>eH orvMХ3T٧h @ЋR8t:};v66D_<\#vbo`}V3*: Y."7kzf.P&u"` >s릵?l^BM3V(JZ)6ۭiݶ*vEO]ZBoۇD"mKca `>(]^t ;Uө>sfT73I/=P9/:tu܌d9j?Ngڗj7湔D9|¥`ßJ5v"*JEClx̓ڍ x.v{@<>~6 #hZkN.X[MKg mkKÜU(f#FvcJg߹c Qa:禅P.dOPs]T>1[!|~QD"VA)d&RעFyFJP zvVkO;# &}EpQDigqU.G/a>)"U#ާȋ~"z>usA.6T+׻wom[DYL='r^tb7I'M~~8rdSa X"M!kf[&69>K/t"J7ͿwU~d<veܠ-Hƙn( t_lfL-Ikkݿvok犈9!Ex{?][<fc!K c65ٳ{f{->k󫯾zԚI3StǻzΈr%syWqS ,1n_ҭ8~m68[c)x'xԔUF6(gSwl?hkK{ Np _`>/RFhCUx;T"u)qtJ^x|Ȑ O%-_:y 9P'繍$<ŎGhϑ.%& V;ţMt5|M~e ZwV]{ߴs~D3MLIgtgˣYGN9K%Qae:!a|lys&S3m0eqo@^fZ 9م29-9 $R3wBGE {uaѭE5.@73R(v U9*;pņv"<tlq(6Bҝcw}T.O!)OrMG9S| MX CN|zO ^6/t 9z .iǣ>>טUxrW֨>2f Nc{{HtZr;79 |q]El=S9:.;D TC2pα@6O8(ꅁu4syixS G;e]?Jt*kl{[@xּJ(@mSwFƈ]'N8!S.,]μH a2I5NN}WK}~%\_ceS`SS̰^kt `Ȑjk*yb͵a] ADCO^@ teS`S`S`Sf(^* ޓw*d2PhE;tpNN:{:tdA3htdlG5]'}wʨaBr\$Bw5IϺN&+[~}8&ȶbzd[f ۪>_뚔|ى }/:j7sv^~~᭭o:4܎TXKE Ԏ2g ;c-fK% &y ]?G֧?nQk|~FvvOߍ>pL 0gK)+ؔϽvt651Q 6( [s9׈\]aXE2NYc |YPirqOqIn!p,+P6d7w.ޙŻ|QԊ_3{.,,ʹvJAđe@Du-Ο_=*ǥYbc3?R|?*El{΄жQ N` ʝ7 5&@]WL\& شk:Xy 1Eݺ7  3`nK;X(&X@@@iRdo){ؗCo'1 b|sQJT&2??Aw*o9O|prs yZT~wʑ @؜gg</ci'5[Z]p bri۷))(*Ze$sD(kN5@bM)JvBk'g٣꯸kBhÑJgxMMM@z(P<[lUQr[ ]:Fc BQ3%} mA:G>d`_cہlܧ>zWiض. vD#`3p.Ń7WÇ n}A֯lV%?Ghs qrzˑy{sjYP%qH[Ɵ~EAYN"n{Ha<Kn³#?Gtp07ξRU1\/씁r E{V޽}7;\8T8˿ ݍ9ANOg]bv % CL!>2ޟ&o>Z;g6>qա֦1!I}TqiU{uxWd6&RD*mIg$l 0E#LBz43=}c@W Rn%3ƒ1TjKb -'`B"kbW(*:I/a'ODȯ='ߟv?z:Aw'kPx5MP(_N/WdEL;ڻa| "yG{:K+-IQD^} d`Qa:%r"sS|w9MtdUln l l l ZXlJJgr{]3tVttdĥT /`,d7YYPѡ [r~IavN"(}7QI)b~i =ݞNlOs:oN a}MV2g;K?v= _u =g`6ցf0nrY(vf[I8<> |'kF{?`i')zdݚ,ݧQ ^ī" `%X Q"9c7|rde1) _i86FޑuGv"yO32_}lRRJrI̷!wMZc3ȍ*VG 7l;_5{N F,Q]ѳ!kSdx| {T29< r+8=}R p~ ,{MbP=EY$<~}Q)$&EmW0G"/B^8p>GF-h{]AdatIvEu y/)}yMgN]0&%Aai\Ļl l n X9$s /E59Mg.sMk^TȠܲ[)))p( *nv YUkkuGsS 9-?eE=@PM%0bzd 6u]zXEEx/a*Iw Ɍ;0slDM>[*Tz,GߵVXSm(ksLgu2}^f[gYnvVtq -})_ҏ׽tvmfCZi6zg=ԖO~G_;DPgZ.~/Mu颵Q֬>s͔lyM(ݜ/ej=LƮHs~?auS^WjTO 6dsr'^a//{@ێ}y(pOJD>-xp:P$O繍mgxp+QoȂpAuN! /2Z:%uWaxR@z\鱤Ⴉ9Zdau+.1yÎ7<&c سu*'gS/<+!G f8tҰ3smKc}f9g]_(mg'MH7cB`=G~}Q6˫Qoh[lGQ!8n;C7u:jmB9~3ݛtO0vj'ttyE  Vyo}}V4% &igQDMw.p8B]gsxnk3p<;ؙҟ ,fhw5VM>gsNS@.[ѩ?ݹt;n"Me8|NB$ ` 4(U>( Dr4( >Vε'fW=j߷Tg3h1Kŧeߡl󤟿}ݠ~y \&o| #ujKN+򃹘;8{>D`?f3qpvʭ}ow/uRZT~Rg;E͉;Ƽ\X'кTgxBֶ++enoJ?÷DND#OTG,'*`mbuT NW_+pHTcˎAAxgS:r]z z]w2o` r/~o`T›spoDvO3&vr  p>`"O1 ĦզwvזM?IMįP߀턬 h.|w^(H(1)!`0"t>eSJurr G]el2-T#@Іc_.α(.ER rh_Im+Cϛ1/1 3Hywќ6 fRb("P7ős`"H'WܯBhQ%. m\3p5o $ȫ؂|2r2ER%}}b*WY= i2J#;6xZ5?߀F'} ZT%m:>KFd/@?Q.JK OuifIw@Cfr][-Z{U,, ;Tg󔍚m ijS Iv BP2'%o}\wҧ ɇ-#0yl~糬Cٵb?g@̝̙itn6}%OGNj _]WAf_h}ɟmQvupgC`iڗv HK%ޭ}|my K)/3Rj?2b_;?ФXp^9irFj^ϫ=u" W~{}6ƉpVYx D,0~owEX$&geꉘx!Naf'lrBI҆wHnRst41Eihi'0n`}+,؎) [ic%ew~e^;5D(5#:OJH3 SIx6Ty6y`.ZF4˽?wRf}aPeGCcQǞ 8)MkKs%ZZ3 r$(x0AD О^\C~0TN4\3p5 \3X36(@hli'[o_~t">d\߼}&`+-[EK@vi}[6gj 9E>~x׮9;Q-M@s vPP ;lM@ڥ{z=]Mk .R8+3@i`s"ּ<N}{{/~4mwz^?, s).^zvy3֋i N/̸٨p'}Vg\zhpξGx@ OO{Ğx>;􌆭wK#.h/h|mہ휝'WN)qFx7 8PBM ]3A(0d ~ o C2dz<ȥ~(5 \3g 'dNdd->=@fF113kI'fW]Xbi]t=# -56sm *E{"=cm@6?ۅtNueK_ro(.oNvCˋ 9lX]yr^t=I<Y حCz|!< NXlBw' -:#;eFFy+&FbH9sE3`Kѿ@gl"(;>HoCOyq1&޷'bd~T}R27gz yf 3'&"XBQcs?Z1y,HH -b `6zJeRզ2}ͳW,Z/O Ggc{ǽDFۜ+*O&BPQϼwיp HV#24 .\ ڥp5ᝆ"m韾@mwJ@^ 3gh! ;t\s'al<6;zNl:"&Y&Ț:& [RY"ٌp D9+mTD-K"` *Gho}v_Җ|>寫4`h͘_8!f>КhC< Axr۟k5gu޺`yӼKN";}'fvWhlE":]#*ާ-4w+xV)ǚ6G]0\wR2cP-N2&/{GO;0fS{`_eT2L[cBIm4I$\Kiil) "aE,7_a "6~` c%S0,͍QljmӯÜ 90hOy]f8ch@> lE(oCcb2kI@]}rÀS=v ϪHb]`Ę>!})R؅,m^WEf>RfJ@;C)$o'r9ʬ܍hHϳKan_sN}D -DW֞ ʾh:S)>|{Ek^ PH}</s踩=~!n _z^ofk>H3N'Je'l際ܜ+\$75 vW>R~-G{I| poNREAEEviz5pgGr[r7KXiZ緿[ߤ^5't`\l{y+LJ ՙ :[2Neů u"]{aWʑ̋5Ў58 5KC-ND+ @] ^ l@a'`@~蒽=o] 2fG7IB;hh[JBs(ݞ5a7Cvy3<){'IћpcQߚ]֜vaOҀo?mG?zsZr5>ٻ"}z :KNhʹQڋh~..;rL1I}]|AN]6+[R6˩ezI JF 0>pMVEɺ{QƝvfG0[@CFmd$YI^)Z@75Nz4| g7d9Xd8@m@"MPWӾ/Ջ~~Fl׾[nQU.9[~8wy6gӟ 6ʷll|枍H'K\ekwJlls}R<@^݋v *ܭ 09);ylz7@.AzZ-&Ɔpp`YKM75z66^xS5G:xigE K}c<$ ;3DgGߋL06ݣ2=\6ϫ|X-G<\ 7zg 2uy5~^JAz髞ߟEDylF['(E飭}6O IPg_(<`pQ)kRD|٬=f?+Kys"+^4)}6ERn_.o )#0)Jm9*/ ۼ*g @)G|CZBȅRȨCd<׌dQ}}0 \3p5o kE#wWY[.pFl!hZ`Qi 7Rz4l*`/- -uf M.!;LWfG[ _6}v^woc?dڒmL^fxg5no p?W`No3ڼS'79pwGtxU޻EHL8Rr((;j/3{JKO;d#) :gnA}"`a!*&0CޙmFF!"N3P޺,0 (~gʚ`\@3cN#@nE;[(EgHNF>)sAu(ۈ>@"sf-o@G3No(GQu2G;'`?,j;QѦ #)"b皁u5r_ySJ!ur*Aܴc@vr߶fkf1g F6D5l =W߲1 dJO=Ry8 QNDl1D=zFN+coHvСEw%t1ج=TRF6 08؆6[ܘ;1F̩osFHM?=xtR" hQͦX6>Rʗ&V!s|>4&y)2cu"Ax#P;G`Ƒ>˞H>l;`` .CVJVnb@tnNm6+@Mңu߱_@o(O}@,@ƻ9-vuЀWul9uS 0@Gz=3ӂ ,t ^l cҗt?'_?E-HuN5w_ex'\Cr̷2Qo)( 8ol F D62P'sd|N Գ}~ d݌$8OcƧ>A٧9VA/ର+܋ڑ=&Žk ]9#gyy} p^}a#J: k/YkbkpPd -VCc3swЁw*3&2-F%x#^KAo nWG>3dףsK< !`֗eCYiU=Klǔs6 X+gT4g~7QSh'4 l E㻸PX 6.B7] *Atc9QJ=й\[ɑ}+]GEV6j\VXňa[EiGMi0iO?52(Yhc]yLlr/}Z)mД}@Y%̝v6iw1,z1ў(kFZoR\u{s?О7 l7f18|݄W=ss \x3@SQo˩M9`aRrl1ؔ%3sd2~'O'۞}MtDzujZ{ٻ=Q ~~Ttu5 \3p;K,9 ,"۝QEl 0$9Q;9NvWQd;Nc pbz'ۅ-C7t ճٕl]"m z)-=RdJ?8HgBk Im:ߐmw3AWP]F[? Vj77VӁrHq.z A ޙD?[h.t&sfgkK;I3t%Q~7={Bb#;w:rIoj~րW';Q$޴6Ś}Z^qF|w^~ ߯|+7ۦ=dshN `|j12?{^@VNSͮ{ qãw>i,|C }+t|h:ٱt`MyNǼtH2/C]3*&`b}(J\t5o7FBCWz@΋QU͖{)@Yg"cpEыVL"h6я3-JRA0uXG@wXbNC`R@v`}D\>fCHndk(CnUF16ga7ǘ=)G/ a٥&" |ێb}_MK~"R 5m6,,e8fm"yp&EDIEftd_śɂ )rCty!Nm۔Y>M)ݩ3| j=mZk, \3p5 XG>hD/=T[NidEG``8K.󦦑N|#O `"+XC *Rl.M7z7 8&P{?={8%k}+{W3^/}A˜9͵W`wHc.9>!@.z-8pӳ7t faO e{ҷ֞,=@ve"{"}~.$[u#_.7ܳp{VJ(+ i٫Ǜ9 41 wx~c{9csNP,;pAkJM&Y !M&WNGIKV0^o/ƖAݏ}c7)gr6N0sz>1E@mAwytPzD9݋]Ez9q:/+ٲ=ή_9Ȇ#(6#BWg $#o=y0hyu}}$0%<@i(@}T)[(=lJ۾ȕnV 7'iG0}E8@v/#; @@Sj7PMӓrjY5n`pq?a:4:Ѵ G;Beal.~%WGՃyߏ42dz5=(&Zֳ:U^ {?y/pE)4`DFkw;րoi/E^Y)fd93;|˼KȢHxzˣW0 Kk)E@ЋDP&¼PDk/@WUה(!(HG#(xL6kXVhE10^Jax`׹}7/]yrtt/MK/S o9(]xi^RiiY@SZ4 2nʋAQut62#!*O&xgfGx%Z< #Z2g?{%;ƒS'KƯ _Q&~_1d](ougw3Yd=MqR<\3p5 3"% 2_z}ig6ZrY$"&R=6OƲM}'@en=|!Ii6*[\L9MƎU7h~ D&snv]ت z~Ug٥Ne8-'{"l>h= {JcmsE!}Eٙ Ү/ECY6}*g\^@h-{'GN)ZD^:UhF+{Sæ~%V؜rhYW|o-X@AaM6ʩ|:wt }/3ރWO=m]cP[x/:<\8M7ۘ8 .}LI"=6=M2·åHn3D ɦރ̼@FG7BwEW(S_;m^ `b{~hC{0] H /`n !/]Y`|`ue%2N.J ?k<jg/6AZQ}4f>:k[1N֞Q12) #An3VS}``Hr̖_2c9kxSi&x:AЗi~G0vZ l-%H-|;brR˿?$k grrr+[Wf3':՗kf7gIOs2 qr6RjTWcv"9;OjGD?;GN=F;1nbl)="TCua={U.o7)K{YW`qƝT8.e((ivCeoNyu=-=4<1' :@eV &W73o֛8Ji PC1wz?~h GvŒ__7i6=RvȜ7:3BNg8"l|aC×ZMC*fo֪yo8ueb(\6Gksta]kr ƼSݙ;gStQYO[%& S)2R(Cƀ&O@8PΈleq)kl2.YhaNV.J:SH҅@@J!%A=AH24fWVFyNf/;`YХS"۱SldJ{zn|_4y1߶I5c"+Rv t1hh$oY}}QvwBQ %O8:&y31?s<u3$bʁ6c/FSԳ @XjcaТ)}ag\_hO$+Ÿ'-! $gH9r~s>-0@`q&Q(]ōV1#G03|*kއɕ^>ťj._sP(ڌ[:rc_n疲(yx81kπ}#/!F.g^,?:[Rd_>(V|xOBQLD)5=tY0Ӈ9Lz~x5 \3p7d![T_Йd%0Mι ߳#G|.`0HiCYlQowvg4n>@A 'Kic ]0轛"y}+H`wyq/ QRW)\sZjq{z @fT f7W;|G>z|t! a Sz)9p!]I:ʥ<Ohc~Y#iHU |"?&ga-aZ@ó9xfOzO&x > kghS 4l.%dP{12⦑џp2@D~O怓]xS=O^lrX{8[Voخ=wJt:y?4=1elo(n&1UMX)k \Tޖq.oAbV`F{]>t5TH٢0JTJ̕3kGa$e &fO禺9O P6E/Ǻ̕9!WJ 0^tF4Z2kuh>@>LE;֌RIF_{R4__xu<͉پ<=d]@x\|N; %Q#d9'Ƚ%yu8oEhƛV.Ǻ1f`G^y[ ޥTy7-ۼ?>h}e  g-1P 9?Y'&kgF{]n^FG׈fcүI6']t`Q9'/[o *۽P39J E`N9ޯ7my;a"le}S> Fg|3= %͍6+Nc,揼K?9`?;!pFلtMFβ٭o' . z)p, n < P B*]=\ ['{HX{Mq<+08NtiF}TK||.V/|n90' fM+yQ7IQ7?"u= xYQp޷nW hD?`ɗid<B_3CD7oA|܃O{kI-q$U)fDϖ }B!0Q62 KTԮz0a<}u/`5kff!6>h^hvU@0#\[[m>[2I|uɻ5[ H9[ NVDl*&Ol3^Gl}ſ}ooǜټERjAPS3jks9U M H<AQ@Way9&84̡GO䖂O+vnHB?dw'Ѓ`{ݻKɽ%Ntni9s/g`{R{i& egxT; 7x$;x:+<ܓOށ[RKOo?l"_J\P9Z8ۧGvp\t\# l.F)#_82 f+ #v݂pgȖ:qxܵ2MQj&61j@w~ݽNt5~=OLgKR`N ;nnz=ވFrf-YF#6cD@K.S8@ַݟQtpLx޽<ރ(ޟr"aazs^jl(MK&%Ce^!&1P`Oh2c}l[(hmx0p4sEY<+'~wg2)s'6|O3ʾȯp?Y{ן|ȒMak\ڤi*f2Hfk^ <| Pd?8EY,Q 0ad+9I"E]id@}+?x nb_CmnQ 07Z&zy4}|k \3p{2p}D@9DG xHN#Pbӱks9Td%9z/wy`. eC@Jޥ PN%K+7;=d"Sˇ@/~MvSp~Esat+LOG3jK\Uz^$ZbJ ғSؽJWi+9xX:*FN3[`R!iϹՃD:Khڻ矁߉= 7پ7{-=u?~+mqb:'mzux/+0 zK?YwދdwHB9 /><5ɮkl8IkO ٛz#|pONYeߎgF^+3x2Gb6.W<0[hCv?ϸ Da󂹋З) xgԦc1idRq՟ԧu>4(xq-ĺ=g:+ݚz/܎W 3ל{Am3U}r eCY1'>'gL Ft Zݗв<5o ك/<;"42x2=@N3 Kǔśj SH) mrL6NGNSq%2~zFx5 `nߜ~hdj| "o˟N&V$/l7v)J]lXj?>p@WX%Ay1|RmJ%s93}lawW['1CL {:a p|۔۰6omV=Z= 6 eSۦwɻERlNI8۴1(6RYEmndW Q1BJMQ{f%eS&̿#4s\l30ژNB֥3P2 (5ގQ hf3 @>̨)NמvQ$*ƃ \!`Q呶CRk \3p{.I-(Evd!y&b "؏@v 8a\T@c,Mv?+_]ɞdlr& wm-Y`gs`+ W_jI^eƛRm0m';8Em^9B8I:=;`vt!$a{C ф"/ƿ^/ڣstP5h=ε( 6g9~ x•~eC0E[2\ ȵrmNw|KI}{Ѣwܰͺ,xU]|I-tyр0q= #@>o_^:rtL!|^nכZA)Ce'3~ 72Ҳ7#ЗUxP. >W`.GnJBt]Gx(Zikr\[+giݔjx.:Y?ύCꇨyw|ʌ+ :X]=^ymyۭF,oOw``m(;nfh;Ʈ֯f<XdT3w_W"C?NA1H؛{2Ǻd ]2a :AyfO<2Ŕ\X?>)#SRK7]fk^HW9NʲSG70PGP@"F9pM%Ҝ\c_n@)Q+60FkmDdcGPSV \?7;G*9$y)X=OJd3;׸ C/2F@X)_j{%ާOpLo7'㢠PV^( p81ֵ~uigiGqS~fڠNoGTNRvxu}%o,,Qx5_E3 qʜsCgn.om=egxS30)/ 8ܑds<[j=I F۵Bo:3Ҽ#`1s/ i3!tH~cHnflBn2y4l*:ˀ6%.G6ڵkcS6&猢hӟtغgX.@#Q^O|Dؗ M2Y@.ʒMc݊9189(yv"d\zJ啝9}_EZV3ɫ~/orgPv/o{N@;G}/$:<_F7X_e.r5 ӵ>FI)P ͣNIwo,!C#!NR?[; $\Ֆk_9Fcd2CD 8\>^Ng,䚁kf39d_ڟdi(wH.b{ 1;|l.]g@Jmv~\ R{!뼓NhIr<ʕ, *2l#}s;qg}g(c=+Lڈ~ t.LV,p{c@s>Q{ʼh/;C=;' {ӟw|#پ6+OX>84(Zu]w <η7ӉY:et=v2[ ){-Ş+DWp} V3 {Cr *#CO%TC06qr//n2AitvsqދC-gcSZ m <l_ ڽC<C hm"&%b7l B~˛~^F Fg6JK #'ބڨ@l0Q4t*w]B*z!Z;ɻ(vȿxcѵK{x'c/PP;J #yͣz(`/ol3_}mܭt7;{Rٽ6t97Ǻ~dllmj C5vLmu]0cή=haWfODW^b^3v@iȪұ,ēN !9)~/aQD QJV/* ex&啼L?xH.4{g]v5kf癁iN!d|ct\E!*#Ǻ!}A 7ph_>^#;dnFxػ#@<ҧ,i^J#Cv$[dr|_vؼOR;;t.{ .:\c=*:; 03'-p{/V=s 07Mvh)lngE/ TeZn6cY\{wmOthR Nn6oN6A Ɛ_ ECuũ2P} !Hn眎xK>oK#O헂Mr3FAg<oSlXB?R@G8 l'GX΢;tc뾀gi;sk_| .ѽ3a҇ ?ʅt!|OaZ=`MX]H8`Rt5Y&K=^'&9~B7|zr_w|_vu1/7F@sbD&80Yt`X F<Go)\{),%3{I9RQzEdz)6XZs].d, ]we6r}R޽L맀LKCۥ)Ia#7>kh-nJ#C0n'C tw暁{N!?D=I抰ۻK8G)R"(xY3q"wi6qNv#3N|7yܩVr5 \3,3TۿN zʟ0ov^ϲ;EJgMZ]=D=xmxwUϖݿ Tǜ"ߊ?z\0[?7P8ζ)T y >'kI3-r:>MSx%JBQ~{_(#=E3~ȍPދfk,ex^ڊpeuSVɂ{Ed, DuQ5Ed̢2]rr"C S*.% c"" m|M XPߒ>-گhS/x?CKw#E@FiJ?62tIp\d>}߼@`.[z#j+3wNNMvg2߳ҡ.jh,ZZg4P i GzuRٳ6V͏mfuWdO`(KNrZG;;Sa3БvJF>{du od`V~W5\]E{QL2g<މ.aqB;=)d# _rEO: 2uEoVeh`ó1&'ҧl/)dEs枷&=fzZ;Y >] {{⡾t:^Ά"62y'jhmL3Зȕ4mN0݃)c6h)k3ѯ=WۿzdkB74!G6 }߼Q(wLE A@~GFwy„m:lQ"X< t!y83y?oÅϼ8=K 3Dtg~ִx:Ǖ)Cz逻5@ˇeJ|ϻ@GAa:61/*ʸHR޸ʼ.` E=7 0 (\[l^B3+`!)"EkW8P7GE;;Z>|oYHK_DXR1>2᫝Mwn[M sWflݿwJiL¹We¹p̗zs'hL&v @=sz a s3鼰\|1s|]LYXk(h /Evv?¿qr#V99dgG;۱O~$>'>?w-LryKȮfs G: v[QK?9rDʃNo61;@ZN{iߕ~f-#d0=$œϦ`#u(zdrF,%.<]o__uúͻe(nM=1n{ѥ,6'tfqvfgrv%LѦ5wr ݢ <]̜ w HUb!Pnk'߻~ _s)5{ٿabyDN0i{,ƕR(C8bpN[h/YSה 7N4pzejkKZa`6ȩw{EJOvx+Z7Γ O{ex+̋˨}6l\9!G@ql^TX>t @sm t16)8C4wfM 720Iz7IB)TQOg*W&^Y@325W)$_&z)_9ᐷ-jB"%83uŠxx 0~;6]Lkrh]jJ}_~4W<[":Am62gE|:DdPWSd3fO{'#(HO8 dH;,vEG$g~O@G=/u3fm 0ɲ|q)?%;H4g^t=Fu 2Nm,c>u3Ha 3|pvuؠX50wXXG?΂s.ۇ}Su >Ѹ 6ݟk*=w'rUJb c1!κ@l^-U70FuG@_'=YbȚրd|9Δ6{W??]=F kia9Y98K DYܘɖ39GmB ߔe[ty;Rh)}u({B|9Ãyў]6xgSRNϐ F:I}3W|K~pSpG|L?7ٙ3{`. Ëh8c ?.Y3m^kl \3pih5An؎Fus%D$ӣKUIjc/3$pD.`=~@ `]ky(RKDWJ!#I?d\;͡Nr"[U81:&Է~Ss"mJ *M֗]J:6Ceu .ci >s?s7;|K_)a=I%XMM{k쵦~Ex0~S.{p8#;mAڟOks 'B=ݳ)? B ASOrOpx# &@|pW^.:=Ow$e`v!ym_:>yؔڥn1x7:yk'AA˜0u+ߘWQhAɰ;bl[eީ}LF1/ߝ{g#õAN.11&G?gSqxyaz7lN}iLN}hVtEz<1"Y(4/"u̩cE(/':rڽ򲔌 TyFtkor2<(lu7~ʐ&R _ )x2ujoʹ'7nsE$UY U@HvGzs5 \3v@)c6߰6jֽ#|${: `AQt`rQ-/;ݻ6`\Mld(LJ7vBۣtlHHe";7Owanٯ"YNdg}cd?xEEjGr?[itvR;Qm5*}C~OɎްq$a+Vт>h"-~6ֹ= l2x*H/MA ~ߺ?~++i${?Ņ &<)ŸJs[(jv rj+̋Pڋ׍=hf>9NU{AOK܋(33"[d\`XR|{0S7ɣnooQ@z&W]Q DBhtҨAi|\tgQL!{*ӿxWǻHm@x{uO>ƬN2HWwax..Z-X8w .ErcM Ns rTtWG%ExWzImc.qFcho \;%pO+#eU.΋"9Qh4Wz֕a_~_3pg^ǷɁ۳{LfIhP!կ~<L&>pJUI=]iy/>i ޑ()s5 \3@v[2O(g ]\ .f\ig6䗨i܌K}쯥#і"}:=F %__{'{}++5&?ί_MfatY(Y *:! [5K?.r{!ͥ6ʿyuaXzBKi/lZvnm^UPߑz^)}{-ZP_Fiikd:~/p^e:Eb{B WgG6e26 N@)|Z6ֳxu|I{Oo(Jv <9J6vca)9)÷yKӺhz^jkl`c[G>w.0. "AR`Hȣ_~y bh\RT{ |1fB퉆wzpFSja"gt^o_۩=K=to^F٥@٧dMNyV4~(ʮ\>Uz6m~}z|/<5~[zMuc8?E :/:ϵ/_%]fk^ ЗN_MRN/G9]i]$|݌Fto0\ToիGP-uT, H_AʢՁىT(+[$n@AnV慬ծݓmfaC&9C|S"ZC@ys]N]tase $M)$2V+C@5mV3v9a:C=d|`:gk#@{p"|G[5]/HftA::`蛦E8/9^R `8am~n. xlZ)@m:1ie{Gݜze@mo?E=ޯѝ8ЀnmSO|HO©e/pىd,32X=EYf%0O`Y=&! wP.icܛBD,O8.J|A@xDt^\O}DP&D_!޾s,2B c !Cir4qw!IHlĘ#_qy0U)~]+mRՍ;P@53f7fyTcF;h#L1,pcճ!QC(hܣ$h-e K צ.\ޅ+ftzb6]BϜP-\Ƨ ߣ9}1#}J{1gL}Z!EE+g\Nc>^ gx3x .`2n6@~n f.2`# ٿ>mLbw'N)6]>=c([Gߞ^w5 \3;~GF3]N.-zv/•%•]H'ͻ )PF9JĻ4f-y|WeY@:{1P o 2i|d5P9=@a{=+`w Gx}\:X|'>pJ|7Kl9sI^;V-ZT.{-kkF #t175ra.h]%MEe߬n$1[vn/P h+~bs>"%RC|*\ oooa">s"|680iڕOZG~wc r6`\_ 씲I{\ 'RY[xS*$]`KȬ>nbtqNuG@<+?QB&ͽ,*f^3g}{ϻLwzCS0e;YPpAT7xEeA𘍨Ȃz_җnou6yM؄F7̇BEYZ`Y0.x`(`(cn 1N5^jW?))͗2^+bC0go>Qp:29ϕq21%BD`&! &vQmYc<3UWa z%،^LAAG/蘦95hc\:^7_RΤ. ?cnt82I 4oM:`oG.d1:fJ夞Oe 3@>2f9@xh JrN.3cҙ*+>h^$~ O(>v*9xEw˞0pᚁkfg vL8{[O 8܌pXzlTtd.b7Ge 8{M}E=f[mҷlREevwAg`{i,82JQ;exN9 D#l7xpжʽ^9 eNuXKu8ڸ 93j{ໝXGXf7Hou䁺RRJ褝߼{{iuy3qjS8_hiBƆGY7Fa;%Oc^YQ5nz[e lBa!6oy{햝j@Mw~KsT1L$p42 ]OY L:HyJ_#/& ƷDajmcP)/!}|n1p'Eꢭcͳ& v^Ck}~8KSnesOhz͉ ZbJZjo9+śbe+_>yoipRRE[4a}VY<@.kfpjt\dx)t>ы~c,dWVƱ-s(ʺz>ƨMtzMe:L/W@':fp1d._i+K䜣{2{B= 6yg_SHu'~kw %'#w<E \3p5o }ΥH aK:}E&_) ,|6EHqSG3(]wXȍt4^&vCw頲.3wj>&il`l-آnAEuzuvͅ>hx>zq#]B?N!JIBP-R'~'nv9= ޓE?7t6GNsZ0velzy7}:uMdLy1oTs;Zv@VC)E |M*=4CNw4\GM񉜚ex=~e/d;tY'i9{Ew=NXK߱+%{x>޷ǖGTզwqft`Ҧ&*.I}|{ gvxnp9d};Ds}Q? ^Tt\lnTW*r/qI/| 7Emsz{mmpAu39?ws؇3];򘬶?uW4_p6Fw_Zz= &+y}3 >VRuD]mTo?g ?0˦y#p_]t|t~MvG2.P)NkMV+[٥hOǣ>Ʀ#b9VrgҁI3m2e!cWOTg?ٛ̽.ϻz"Opܑ|@O #`]_T@n>QGH! [Nx6 U%1YWotˑ6֑a.O=Wg;2 >6}9^\[ v'`"a'\kF7sُrba{A?d8ճ}4lxGG/֢2 yf)$ z)L-@tgˣr {Yw ˦ro < YS>ݘ=/}aWR1k_&avs!&Dh%M/@}PS,4p8s 06Q804wPi]"r G8ЭDZ!u<rL9l]Ub$֣x`")\[O+s2. mboZk|mh,[.ewt5qIPR)i> 'ZoȻ7E9(C3%NYct DC7hu2S;s/y Ɛ}FW΅P(͕z{u|-3U9kvOƷEg"! YYk^ xE_MI\t ,T1M{ r\\_GPzM RX[ |8 o?Rau|J/*z5 \33plFq9l9^F?mAgz, [/dTi{+xyL%U7wEI 3sRTcNi6_4=/uL']~u,wu͟tvʎQIq dtT0hv` [ǻE_~alSŴfi >Mg+鋹`wmQ.{.gg@ ]CpZ$6f sOOn:Ґvsu[62mnG{[&WNlg cT: FĞ ,~t+40@=Yv95}iXH >%ջT>k47CčOv)34& ۿф6a$h^wbo-0pÿъr6 CE@>kWPߔRW磛u<# tG9$#CMeAw۵{Q6"=s!k]FiID3i y(<\DygF޲R`V7y6_$D#!<&E9 ty&iy bQ/\$)yT=c&·lWgc(o$M=Mt$^[f= , >cc żL]{*_{(y9p`0L=:&3\t  "v֥c_34C'PY|fx"ۦ~rtUvC<jyg e$ñ[{+~LwÝ<)̣{"X[O s )輲NJhƓ(`vZ@ޑ@ r5 2_3p5 lteL\=OSMNK;ȔR0I'v0W򕛼-bKDwf4!?tM1`AK5TW͢cOҘ8?^WڣGOa&{J]rkCДnin=mw%7ez$ȉmM=nf's^a wnK+ |ig ݷ{3aiE$b ['́}R=:Ly=55?:7xʕՋb]Цut‹'a4]MN6v*cWnz$+5޽iϣ o2&!bؘzV/vll\ M a 0)nQ啕lH?S4>Rl3<oͧgoD {E]]7Y ;(xԁǔn6)EW4m-*<Pjl:3?F'Zc"z@ ڰ:O|)b=#͉:2b++e a/-8vxDO8/nYZO~򓷾v9#`Ջy )]Eu1.h)K9`H}M!Spܙm f?8^өOoRtɚ_[at);FM6cep}ed8.;37p O9xL>(AT^,m2PWN)(:\d8#YR_ry~L<" ޣ+Ҿ:LG0lt4/x쥃Q63@A<"}_YrH)0P6qu9NcWL9(D796bV 8ǫt(M,|aS;f5<ߛир1 0sJ/y+_ܖ Do c7eyI*Z,3 G`0'ZU㳥)*?zs{2Jsڡ2V=eE㜗7"dOJ͕u緞hu:,Czƌ:&)9>),5/:)ȔHǦC` |>QP$ruQ[ +c|+[i"J6jS? /"[(D{vIKxnBlr)/J]Wkf@@){ @}ܒ)_}.%J\bi~P cCXPRL wz)0^hj.5O|kV4*B/vBq7MA xm: ;ǓtAC :WV]ߣ!x ?g%Is.Qws+#ܕQGW>yI1S7/˔+GT^J#@4%X߷NwzƘc$vemuVߪgLtm'rPz J/O,զ5֗5y+ޗ<3ڌVY#5[Kz({Vu:ћ=``Stdl/4Ydo'}iiJu!uL~398̐G gQ_fk^ $5Nj,M7-Iˀ`tN\'KLQ/C[.}{ ڕ:oͿyޗs ].Nui5})Yd[iYq}xjo}> Ɩ>zywrlbJjm-qkJimz} %'1}橿R x}EA?D9@"{ 4>.MD.5l w bk/TְchV:0zp X__l`ԇjK%` H$5>4e-\q:tlZ k P3ۺ?ًۧ"o_}Aohw*\xg `ٴ<MfX[;q0kDN|6֜.b6R}nȎ/s{0 +*w?:ɓSe^| B?]$`KMyRP'μ_Q-ynσ_˯(TO$^VD 9G;-I+2uAsT k!j2]QTb~cçxoJLJE]q('L11Ft4PQHΙW#g,֭EV?;!ڋlvYhQ׾PzӴhAXҎM`- m3}e~S2TO!, ڵfL9/]&ą.a2G27"^^D;ߧFzm} c84S>6-ND'g7v}(":/cu/.^3heT=jo< `ܓ'~K ;/׿,zdkx%[d+y:E|Ka%/iW>wJ3tv5 \3@2^Eo(F !=;RlrXcdH~y>l"# t]+>EҖwr"q):zNz.%[lٓҀc'8ۓdGѿrӁ))B`6Tt $)\ o6*'TlA8 DXZD1?]G9:9)M)~ɎNohYe˛:D*&h-(xgL0!U$N6 YLACgvC?/A{芍aEKwơ1Z9F׏N//sz /ɪ-h#& ڙNi3({/}!. UfȁxF(-ىRܻ( 6zl"ǥώ2xaá k|c;);L6uq,p^޹Rz1^LT7غw'n%v(OH0O ɫZ=_`:K[  rZO1F!׏& q-j;P/Gν22v9R&`y?nйHcKBWpnӇ1zFMy92*߹ߗInd~P@v+c^xZG)ꕟH֌t UC*:ٔգwh˺wsK2 [O>j]]ۅz'n)ei8ۂӼ'Z}); 8]:Scc%֝{DDc{gYK WVfi.J-׻}$D79B {\.n j%h :aދP.F3I&O6:>t`_?8fY~X`"()Uh>3}%1{ȼt lS2MSUmChlqgGܟ;=j{ryw3߻}Q'@Zdϻo^D pK9A𡍎Yc\m+e`uJ>(WoSD}{VdA奊ApKyhrFY^a汽in#ͽ@{%Xtٲ%#c-%aqF> #~s@3t ,xe(A<?`lZg{h۷~`;:_`9|;ߧ/{t\ro|2 ڌGO3/ʺfkx3`{iZ(WLZ?bAu}* 2` `~t9 NSJiT9ԦE%J O̱^}}xhm(ǚ6m'i' jS=`].#KD־)h9Z3_}ӓ3> W{'K fLN~ؿc]N^?7/nyo2̽2byODc~sOup1<נNƯ,I vh}mX0//{Qrk, lm½ g-̂Ia>J AP @ Mx 'n~1Dv8Blܜ"Ā<=vM<aFqttdo/LwS(}N]; 鼘#8@5_SuJCs6-vJg,5Cۛmw:Y*})蜃C #6~# ( 'psw*o;Ъ ~:v !v㢜@͓h%"467oAs.2:AzfDpf =x:fPla(aL]/d.w7|'缗.ޯ~=:Ǐν'y084F_QL璨dBVGh6HX/:]: {Ts~Q| nu*H]=DvKSY5|0!rY"^]\m\3p5 <}lemƦ {1v /–CN@7Ͳ= >G-^.r%XvAbn'#2S҅)gz-ŻE}d-@w6nz8]?\D˞f wl+KG7'@.ma?Ӊ͛X<<'660Cm:cmrk4wiޅbOxL9%ճh{1dNĒ/ͣW|.~܅wc >UY2]7o{XvxjݾߛGcq oDQ3l[3_9>!ߊ'އ%K:@0 J'$DMsGe0—Y3wE!Aʇ BFXק$U<˅vs4&5%eRԃ^e򨟷WO)q" B {% mO'΂8~ߍq㘱ߨJI0/a(}Asʼoi'pzxs` / }:6:w~wwDY|N<Їn/J{#'_X3}8#`>^1شG1#\Xga8~b ܵȕ&gwQK2|)Ǹ|Exk0Y3A7qTwgK8R Ư~7>oo9oe쾔 cc^46 @? =>.kfo6@ r,Fw-t/?}J.r<ЧBbo̤=I7Gv09I?o݂5-/ǰH9z҄*+b5rΑL]E9TFy"ts~z@.clTb/@XiS *ˇ% 8.6O=Efc'(ݝN[Ns.`at6Џ]~+jhnsw*-ݺx\z -e |P'Ξ*ذ{|^tNc<=.M__z>сt~KNszkm§>wr?YUnǻktR3Κ)U`x*GW[??Fo.e"/d܋o<+xw.wJ榊1x='y;tAO3޲3m)@+ x ^ͩ*(({ ۤ:doc1&x}~("g:jw g;&@ŇM6`Bl#\Y䫾c^]΢2 >L¹Rfl_;*XNBso%^%8&h3P[}``S"QMC(_ BLZyw([mNr _ clʾz5 6*_Kq/:{lPYv6&#f`cN!܁4 tD)&EЩCv;T.: IQ2 `UP%ߜ4/?02 {ؠҗqN~s@v93wڢb-G_EW!>Nt&k^Yy]!4I)x64gx>œ 4` ҍz#x1 1fn=9zƧlz}ޥyڂEhv떖㡕.}eJ 8H_A^y.eo@ZtŞKQ=Gl}hHD6`ÖVEH[79e̻N,8yw <\?/'NAGJquFd9d~ON.c~9zLpNw ػL ^Ahl<^nYN|\uD֯_%u2~:Ѓwjat(7pUb&dd8y>'v i>fN##@̃~}Skc]OQai@:ٸ:Qh g^Y)r)Ҝ&e1dkh-Nڍ66ZOfRӦq^YUCPEcKZEf89+Q8!E`w,#6NI:SKxu PtڙƙZ"W 4R}N.f>Ȕ{#p}hl}d9?[z oʉ>|.ڿߡu=*xO9JߒA<>{KbP#Jë4n.lx8yP.隕ً[wVt gprFr+0Q B1Ng>h809>+.ۼ[,ePsڔQԣD L=f_T>P2 !eJ#>`60. (a]'xDWBRΌ͕fUNda% x/{a4$ҥAgȹF|Zu7m9^;_3ߋK[3{E#ۗ";>`1,h}H!s^4{ ̡wQϋq6/օ⃶0.VEg*}1[b to>rBb:K۞sh2 /Eπg)&b:(/'wF1{ϮR:[`ֲԬ=@/Ћhl, /d3&N :YƤ=mO>ꕚ =2uENup%ɔ9YANu@i19~F.F=d; e9=]Q)ߢQMOw@p7N/fk Ё 6tԉaE}-|ߦO&O>ΞK=6V ҹ$ei)Uz-]41t2ۉ x4g!L6@ѧKs̘ذnAm`Yg"h8 )5M;D3j_* /h8WzzR=bn>zNu*LTģЩ<60vznvJ%tg}٘h֧gokze9p蘎Tǘm9W:9Н{`t skQ=o^ߛtUq<3DJ2+hBKeևc {p6x<=TR(Wq53g-k.9'~G= Ա`75b/( ޚnmu:V!fHQ1ݛgfu֣҂D#9A'cl؜._GDJc|xSnFcke4B@m_SJ|HэSd 'y7K:~0wj?Sxf oy.<;eF$=b/dr" }_4/LZ緱EW}k\/H"^MOWfW=gdM{һCH.@4)ڴ/y3XQ|Ezo|E~mTv0qvwt^7'^m/3c1g7 \3p2RCsKoF1GpK<^0dKV Cl/ Hw}t7^K/I~}rSded.ȧH\#­6 l`r}vO]imNs V&oq֥g]q]&l;٬*wxco Cw^5x؈\ Dw(Ҳ۫tDhmnCsZ"C>lõ7$XOA%liγWr0I|lde[MU{kϣMsO/ѻRL@:FĎ.e̔N^-75/x1̋] 4>Px[ƐC=-# ֲwLh.Mgn&tgOh3 r$] fGc1IBXI&Z@ I#['Dl@u? otw*ϫkAqIRqS&JgO"K s)eMF(q)h*E$2z̓ygE/Ĺ@Le>t²'c9ٔ" ks6jA_FOBcCPưN#<Ypn?)L]lDq8xC?OIeE} y"HřǞqҥ:uT8E;i.j{̟y?="F,F}m<O?s`/S{eE"x6W6@'C?2^a: k9@C~ϑ=JܭQzc0t.ȅrm'8<@m hߦRKIv \оRF#:Ó +р@ @Iboޗ*=/aƋE˓@u:jK`A6Dn^}w횁kx3gZ-[o:r:RNF>1Md-|-z@7P:6*$E]ƶWj<%JdV}O^qn3. {˄7xsfRd[s}fcޗFƘLEˣntY4vq|_zti2,e MdS' RӇ^Y5ufL}A6$C4fs_j st#sƮ*Eu:śE&=zpid8N8ܥ/WQ}pܠi{{{ofX] -wq0Z;x?ZԖGhU@4x^@]oNo߱J9]~K7N|w-dik~'~(q7bmw`'g<ڴ6ucN>TٶCKQQ ,zB'oLS9rse/N>Oܔ\1#|93RȠ;v OۃaB?Ey2g:wZC !ρSO?0>"R0qpѿm:ł΋oY7c0g|N]C y~4*j#>eȜ\\fk>h3@b BzP@ &dsg;{n{Qd3prEݤvQF"kƾћ~" D}Xt.9y.Bt>U,sX 'tMQ9^csΡ/?pL>ҿ"S;;oit==0|v*_k_){ Nztް^E!sN'FtF[yҼ~uYkT@X;sqbޞAOѴ4X Lޝh_pe3}b?7C?W<Sb 9=m8t<o[~xb'wS6߿Ni^6-Y/Wh~Kq8>h/&{e⭰)4#\2)Ōwgؚ'Ch DT,3ffgcn)Wrև씙"CyfGee=m6qQR@3eM^vV\PCIa!)'he }2mbuӾ(#DFeEB+y$DC`'ݾ:)iIβ{y]Γ`Lgj 0FZէR[ʦI b",3>f@&K%l[Q f1. sjWF&OVe>cfm{@v﫬>3/~+Z]BMykQNLݿmw U1@qAop}80^Kw{Ux ˚im@4QF>wVU>w=A/|CiDo4]hgn9 S5H]2 ??7ecJqy cDאUw<:SJ(b?>.]`ƪ?Z|WלD;E8Z@U~5 \3fs?g\FL Lv@JIn rAdYDd9\WO`51"{iKOG֧ɕzz y]0'-JUiib'qL@>cNQtyuRMtRolDMmz\jvv{&qCmϖ]9?޻Th}eҎu/twk#:֥k_m]>֛j=ٔ)eK7|aC}qjϝu)oKe= E/:pz64`~;ɓ-@㋴[WmM 4\Q?ܞD9(Fs}k{lKDTdZ)7k`O[G㴗9_ݣ]<rɫ{%rm"=" ?7%UXW`o`Zs[P'{̄3$wzpo$Ygt1a^VrFn'1& DJ:EѤ٠ٮ([):~M ^:o|"5R#&mCDk`4Զ?m`FntVv2Deu6аѬy!LPA%WD^$wG֦KQ̱b a5hu(ӧTϺk#TOt"ü%KI|Oe e:Q]:3R_νڻfk9N$6Gp:yeҺ-w(9I BY"õY{)'$o.j%{NgA/ gN[ulvBY%M8^995`5tmc}G[>d+g'X,18P~'?yy3,3䬅6Ǜxa2ƋqAwsde BG~g4v[`Tۨ7LNXZptDtא}}'byqvASQi\ )x(6fj2|a]鴀}{{og1|=g{KZn>/`K/;WRz/|{St{Έ+gcpfBi?ߔ+3Ѵ}:'d֞ ğg?xQ}l8zهfQ{/C:gB6YGM쀄݈agerdF1zc0*qQ ܣLD1hyE*P|DqM`Pxb3uXJ@E3&Yjb0nR 3z..'w!-[03ͲemQ/E74$ϩu lN (k|ꥺ8g4{֑`]0Q)*U]fۺ_y]P[4}06ŶtlxT..~V3H6i3PӚx:4gkz~Ҹ7gv-gO67@T>F\>n_|}ZJQL34YAAŏUW0̹+b&Hc'k kv%m9\=텠 8u8 G}~'S%8 <^GkzRpa'c`z_l&NH{+d]*,krv̂>Lvu*;( 4`/.Ҹˣ}}!Q߻`=Ќ̣ki![ F,;]4p5* v d: lzXч6wk+B [M?{)3KR *:~Z `DcHO.qS-#ݽg'[EOw񎙮l?~}m ƊvFy8}_eh{ ff7[' F?h˿ќv wJ^3IiA?"ae )5 ,fY8;sn[z)ܺM ktdR^d.\ֽ\mo8gcTvr\E߂Rѣ24HpE7+,r{jMm*çAh~iiGFHppgpS g1zaL"ʻREm[1(#BOཇI vOidD^$T/0E-uyele BRF!.㡈l}WPz˺D@fOs@J(:H{{"%X̹T8|ZZmxYּSV1'\  ƴޚo(-}, Ιd)Pc}K_zP:,K9g#9Oʱ$=@̻ kyOgC>|/ %:9ʬ5}G)m((K5 h`?y/ N4(ўsbv*ORFoByRdϣ+֤A#W/;_N92ǃ֜RƻT:yf`8Aޕ0A7j}_]1bdx6E>3ųX_^v/Aӎ{kSHbfX1xs3i6UܫVۿ779.dvCex,9XT&˫ \3pN'&K6=ԉgn 7}mq0$F0RćL"VC((gv t!W`T{R\J/}jd I)@)rӜM~sN{ۥqO7|Y+`4!EgOdO㟻4qdD,&L SvFW'Mrx>OpoQoʭ֑v@[CW{gCa[D"ch& CmRuH|L@FF\qgwA=h"_ r$C c TR"Ԣi/Ld$} RfO NsAtOS9H%{eڳ|G Rƶ"OOuwM|Vyf@A;SlYELE+m T|? ?eJ ㍭y˽xƴtzi.T@W5Zhȏ Lia'/;@ƅ3 v(EyqрGJQܻ臂wEcJ+ 7s.WNtdxǸ5OaLDFF'}D'O{O͘_AxxgniH8r{|dT4Zhld42D[F/{;M}4- _oHFݻQ^yc8swj#f̩u4ro/ վYY:PҀS]/f uҭu- #;)tQ*#cdxV *9q ZYz]!l('栴" aM#}ݲl&>wss%ǜzE;UPiN=Y'7"wj RЋh]lE7Q! N*ʙm;1KhӾ8o@vwuc_d=;-y{G]4},Qw/2XB :@Tn.NL 6@8FYv`y149i{CIH컴EY( %eF?ݢ%D1.| <溑m->E?գ aν~a]E#0жcv` ]LQ^_ n z214:%@+9 [UcSb6FYC?aQ&ZRpy#* E͕GsQ4RuD3]`K?1]1hZѯJ+˯# ꄪ}+3"K}N*.\e t<4aCq"Cvw[ q:%cx}ʤCLJ cM{o| 'usRn+iK]8Щ'ٓ?ԖGtn-ghɇ{ϣ=A+X>L+_u׶:~.#| n v'Y >{ HȉE";>n"/\o/=vsgZk.M9G^VVNP2`o,AMLmɥL`8pc8TcMHnyVaTGe5WS_"QVT>] Ma!H¾.kuvl> |b`r-8L_+J|QqsC | tq[/EĄuVo۴1n]JX`zZR9:N>b{ҷ2X m*g[5ꝴ)K8STavrc蔈 "d]+Pcؔ69R\g7 ϲ;WTfnʇVOG 5h(އWkvU,!h':6ה*;蠄:vI|ig_"c CE9L+N0 4)hf# e| {yϺq~cC댁:=YԞyaHSϋ+2rosE_(W<R=ruy@{͟6CĻi:H1#4a^9-9]v G#2/ūULں?xttߘ f`(>j BNV7GLdp _G}1]im JA|Fh?L'ku/ {P:k.vcg ~AʾwGoeX^=43[} B,~zЬ*:Focgc3g%u^;N1]N}O"Gc{u/ ~Kn/خlTgHO0-|q9\D߉fm:mwz 8V䗓'E]}e Qטƒr),3lR6)E0%J:g2c@Ex azwvwFU|_"~#fP(t@O /0Ӊr1meVYzY PbHa`Mz,hk< M@n3<|ڹJgM`έT7_?>fp2}3 VA=/P}]0JE`% sO,=JLwQWb~=4t¹UC'f=9:y].b>)O2Φ#u3R"d6XD$ڋ@8"}h `xEWXd5~N n7rtel<e`7SRRikur;b9:*g{k1R^{;.jo+d8Gm5hœAA)29(58lv,fF8}Q^MlDe;)7/,F M?^'VD5@@RFiMF֫D>|.Kg3Cm Xj2x'ii"%uA@N^.='W#yB&j=2=e/jF-B'}K;wC0G(2]3~v>K/\ӝd?gЋ>C!Ǔ f1o뜈5W Ԃzʾs4_\_|3 K>ݽ̓>0.~[(;Q )MdA, zyB^t(yЈz٣N{;ew.(?7Dž9^Й>kv8{^ B7|9870Z^[imOљttWMt^rzG)o8o`CG*KsVр72=oRhثx6*` 7h sm `·-pxXW{Þ+]|8#FvQd~WIƏ_;Epc14AdۙL=tDP"xAzyo+G'cNͻ݃d.x=1C C\jS 1+ZoLu\L xgxQǍ,};o7Xx7 U.d3\Ψ/*zWpn\1F{V:'δLyYSFqf S `sRL :?^_>/xA#d/GKQ嗤X?S{$1Ni+i拢(7ƀwڿ!~Sə%Kh1OmTaJ{bOF]G9ETx) )ܥyQFvs=*o"GuڰGа= 0^ %apNf+ٯMrBEC'tgUEc2zc jOF3dBrt^E>`@49|Nqll!闝P2)G5M|"75onݯ?>#S_ d{J(Vv5sc`Gs]ɨ* l?]{z%k%DcІwYKew\b 0WJJDm]{o \{hש7kdJ]C6y{\ oE': sbD F0=O9 [mSVK[duf ҙdxh`/~PN}ޚ Ѿ5!Ս55篳~AGK~ckjIЀ}N] >;0.GFz-|Cv~/hvbT8M9 tkƽN.̤\esiQtG} #=~6ЇG9 ?z{';ao:ݱv@1ky*ȶT7B{Re32Ao;I6Йk?'wם*)55[v[}BOȍ U$`”4eՆ`pV \Pĵ pfeeEc)s]J^ jaI=eyy4Ÿ1V4yq\,pnCIpG F"4oW}_ۦis7M::"ͣ;ͭ961ͱpKt*荻 gʪ9U̥SA?' 9O{$O`hU3;^'M (Msh>E)}) /"F6j2Bɖf 9OM1ZG j>}hM{צUfEf)DcA)5f}l5kbm7o~Aq+jCg @:#Xv-n{V{/BeKQdǷ)98;YCEwk15)d\l@ T@s٩UcKKa(RednHd)u2H N'\̷{a36d6tɹMO3uC"@; ,ekІt\w̷֦ٗ{,U ?񏟥6JG2Joa=[7v [ںk=1 nOd!)#=eQleއJ/Ӆ.2- F'?3F▷\1w@ez'Ah}2u|l J̎+1G{3zd+Gv~/͏2kgJe֢>>o'p|={c zUޯn:O&: }㙛!-JI't6o.;=GFmَroy'O" He 6(h]Z fܯihC@/Iٹf ؜Ƣ HbADBy(Z! ?BU=_[J<:Ɖ.p0!R{?MЛ}&Ӈ͕~URଗZ^Qr D#x93_`%pY'\=`!wfGSgzc,*ۚipA^)59뿨p7ʮrWv+5vaokD!(} δ5W f\gN(|^&XEqa_x-'E>-+Mw}J=?ʀ_2'9.k]x,2V0]{ ?=1Jt@6|p.!tl7ϋּ;UBg'=Nαk]mkL~h 0EgG(稑F@Jmѿ欦/D߈~V.ZKm]}eKh_='@Na诓>+ut>6}^u\,($9gF}N}tM,7f(Ǿv:ۧ9:su6e-sӭ3Q+:#ZkOD[[\AhǸ<'e9ؔ5oN?3؍ݓ?hS+ ^Kc̩1N]xI|]񹻮:aRNC7yN:=eߒUIngZj08ID'vdCg8[L Oؼ:sgH{ZL\]f_^[ C PEP'\zmd\wryGsWsc}7Ŷ#~>fƬ2M9͵iw4Kd'S>gWD3BCa-'r'u^Vqj "@12c)~HwfHYP2||3IAǵܣoƺqw^ {5ElxFQYDPK/swoRU'm}y^9BcNl sr0zn3GA:Xhe g> sq)!O6U N=1 (%L}:$20,=]lY >ɟ'@DWF5&kNH[h.4L''S'D?IoSodsls~^D-0;[` YENaNޜ*C i `ۨf?]f8V$hÙ#7OX(}]` PkMqahg6]E=@_9YaZ';zU nxy<:m['I[t6:`id3{;֚1?x\>nBWo1t=OGE{y-B{Mƕg.$jt 0j~u. H{M*K-X]gq/.zz"7zCt_v[kfm}~_>uGv'Tw୛u@6ƣɠ`ߓo>` 7[EdŢpjm]t~|# 7x2=HZ`1&5mR ߆< |ebEb`\ʴOQl |1퍢qԵP Aj! Jm=mbE.NiCr^27-~RoF=4/1͍Ǣ,E$@KTRF #`»3x EeͱqwST:HAr}6褀z{Yhl|ƫboYmѪ{y Z^pQ.LCQwa =p^4ҧR@h7%B'g&h?cD=Wp+|JA۳}/&eqgQ\Qz)c&N4;hx$Eיae;SԚ>/4P!20F2ƿ9 ;Bf09AX~nNdtu@:/&ye Ϥ<{O_VWʋ?r8=MrX9Y>G J?E'OK䊾М6$_d'@Nɀƨ9ψZ F]L+3u0/GY.T}&KEnE &/qU`^z GIg'U$HWG|^.lsJ3t@z)fسh.$K#y#}__4)D[)~M,؂~@]kuz뭇ng@}6ENx~lN =ٵ_0W-ԧ>ÜDwh.X/f`04儾zx-x aSjhhhN37`r~A)]Tkg b/YWh{4N.:ajgOoU8/ێ?|x۔Ս:?#iMN2W9^H N6MihD`0 b ÑLƠ?Qj}ٹss}8Ҵ9s'/Ƙ, "uf0Qz};y/ud(Pb4شg3R)j@7E?zN,g儯S:Fd x__<+9eN?5ڲp/6uEɂ *,LK!uHNZ 48f*֊wIiN(r͙M 2vNM2>y:nE=oq1p9'v?:D{'cN[(&:Y9=~*f/Bg>xg I:&,62Ѡ ?4YG6ANnZ) =]>1EߡGx2yFtԜO˦~H&齜Ǣ{oot<@!rc'E.h1\Ԧg$5Vп3 ,'t6w;-_yKYcYQû w@.?-3lJ-C6B|f@WaZW`y t>JDY[hG=ƬuY{9hyBhՉ@?쏵#,n`49Zy~гw=ATBeFx1tDee(`cǍ:z^*ywe`gg!7r#9Kߑ5} e;C)3S'ѷeO vd!&R0$u1xE7kTN7{,sZMzsIz>p @con&ػvPDK;[ѵ e$6lmš@ 1&;^9n(D,"05拡+KRFr1zk[y^^ 6`|oD9+m@̫2F>켜uҟR<Noϥ^EN`uoBX_J0j qfP)n6u =ι(Lmʇܘ__yG^PO9O8Uu{VĹ>iH3}!yiS?E4H.0@;ooS*SOU~8% ^}n[ͣqX '׽Zϼx$\Ke[F}sd\PTJDĘGG48]69NJfWEM;Nf]c.r`C+GбD_sU2\> gu|%\3粍NF!{~1Ͼ_<|a+ws\oNه>s;L >z(} >36k'HQ꒯CCG(rw /&G7pA;dHQvF2 ۋ]KvP{9>Hz^F) E{̓k`JstN,Z]z'?g=囲@ߒG?3K$|N o=N8xv'#DkMgoG:g\$-}Cz?|Fh\:?FCe7̤*Cm^lOۀȡǓ c[g:d_o4r4gGmcwPGmA~EMhyS nQ1Rc:SzN= `0"\q昶s2YY1ɂʻL_P U!Q,EД qS T (j >?#++>}ǭF]D[ G5R H%M?RHjB4F9-Jc'lQ0n2}ο@i  &cA$W퍫-6*Ṷ2٣"O}1})4!ߔ۝,PiWLEwCú|K(SX6SrW,ZT~}4kW) 5YKY`*&g>ќZ*7~xֈla`0N1=_2O(LpyGH}ChG}."ΚYc2@ jNB.x1 ] ֚|,8y;9⽌Cs {|  g2q9۝8'Y -ϝͦQz;M6w.}ڻQ}NPT:?\.{.3Ht(?9!_>C:/Ȇ^o&ce]ىUzEs] {:Lon,raE/s0@RCƲ/a };m]hM+ǚS4i~NG[nhy}}- va*T!tW.}~&PUh;:@?B:kskEܚ"x>VG?t6;MɖT7zmS?3 mV283β2dugsWz+[2SJ%QhNA]{>N{形{; 7h4"]>8cWؾeWG KdJ' 7JZ'c<@ Ԇ'ד`3-QLhK=ER0L_- F[و1m Yu9$VʵX}<< `aOq̂wLKp"XV|ĥ}= tyr<ҫWTm`0^E G@t6oX//1xWQp:]*ˑc6GulF'$ͱcХ?ROW8G oZsep&L E 'k^'@qFثSvF様9z>o ,OAgdx)4x/^/(ƏdLK${݀'mR^lNbe9Uz0'ڧNIG ;}nBp{:T6õ>HӻBPs'x'^Pt_0xże<|Ğ{qt˱b Kb4`;/K3skRfO+ lWL29Fu; ;mg=LsAYils"{b#yɾu'Nw) [~=su pE^orXwwʃoD  cyQ.cS('j4]FO@tWbԀn ƠðN< JMGyqW/`S>=@ #cƀHurs=1QB1]G@,Ucû)>mmH T1kh9.q2朎{sAxV@dA,ʛ evlwQLUwѵ4U6сhsNR+PLiN^d'OZsL\FYзz]N[|.+ݻTf]R|F^/nˬsP\Gͻz/Z3Gʈu؋I ů} N)>3KO.&^o)si7 $lъ-vTӞ1p)J!7=:#D];!~FA'8']Ư1)_%>FiwIS!tA@y'>h^B{ȉw2$:=O7c`we A6Nu'+. -{'w]nd[H>z[946Z+']G}2We^zүگ=o'5$Gt8gK ˞:gy*n%yGh*!GtXOso~Ag{eg-$R}A6--G{SGGI?|uBb^>O? \n?@4V6zֺ46 gwm?.);,HLڻ< /é5mW,Re+C?瘇ͣ~yoYQ|50|}[7#X)NzGtN ٣R*-(x*KյWSg>w'LFg<;Kؼ"خS+=6P ـ6dzw ?`g^e'iR i3|n^܎H it$ͧEE{, ӻJ\Gmjc]Krtp|X4^++MFV JWf},.9Dc|<<'\6ICc9}nf_'77կ>DtDD+ ܈"&bh' {"Svr0T\JYN@3-MRG2yզ2LYYܛٟ@G> V}_ѺnRQyM2d8ڤo(fvӄyD[?G?6]y›v3zq=/Fjr{A@v92CnբsNaWQG8qd˛ioes1_$(߽KfN&-,N袱>2,zxA<gkmkDνs< QsorU)zcXPkctr[c?GQ [Fw9}򾜀kVEc*ӟyG,t[}"Ofr$U}~ү0^} -;o$w५8-bs eW-@}c;!ɀ" }ed0Uhu79yJ{}$1oqc>ཁsx'IsJͥ)g~X+"{~PkD'O41.`}J?@>/ L>!A>j_]9|MWU+\Y}3+{s^y}0XOGpiöى-r͛$G8U=7/5޽>a\Iр㜱38b`/l8Cݢ@?.]Sh9Lw #G.0]d)h$; ʜ,Kf#ۼSvN0}.2՜_3:!)},|sגuOvA Xik2щ=.pe{ \;[7q<TeR5Ft; u}nGPf.tl4|}COoc#H+ ]Ξ&I{IGhYG6*+ ރo Bt~qg 8׬U'%VN9oT~α6hNQso͘Mn%4J6pƇ+>2LNdߡiL&^id\lb{ٵ+:~`٩z?3+d{̽B2 `LgxhKc:ˀѦPNx G1n8IH`Fgv(o;EgP*,^G!`CQBۂ لPX|!""K`3FZ8;ʏKmx^BXcԂ1yׂn恲XĪzEryZKGYu߆ -8z_6_qE5%|y˞ǎ)s"&rczWLMØR|_}:krtX[e],{.ϔFשuæȍmO=v!ۓ9OО}h6K[}*QoJw":g |~]wOӿ]8~){A {d-Z~'&#Y_1@ݞ־C}T@l\֩ ^0>PyNm9V]搣+NJh!kNN1jsJ26;9 + @"{xdu#z+%S"#hOI8, @#ECb5:.ڳ~iѿX`R*'ҕ/{Atk\'_Xek>`prbgrW.EI@ܲv}Y ]tᔎ5.Л*z5fmEi|\):}2o;wXK)6Nȴx!Xui"cxzR}<9 ((m( alރp#Y!8ޥatБ=K)j#ȳOASD~]j[څ跨kVMe'T8Ĕ*;ԧhb? $5,`9`}-7^a.愂X/eoR63Wny涧g{Jz\6 4ﻺ '϶~Kg%!a%?)a*-gyce_3^DyTULN ]6[ΌmtǷ#mnJ$ѣi[J21vc)J@ܔI^V@9ţo6$skD!1~2L=c @r=6X=eM)?Pv w<>C+cܜ^ 7F񻋈Rďh@gюokhYƖcPE{5>N/g& g>o ]ljn^M>@vAauNƱE*u$:N@G>yI >/pRJJw!wԾ{yc^}I˥=щ.C71cV95£۠tZ֕Dt芞Y0A'oCºw<[Ne59z@i*US~<[+g6 Nz;ץA4 =^F.؈#/>s{S:ۅm/SپR=Yħ{hϡY,Hrb%_[cOu,f[2X'M^}cnPrvT𿕇y/Da!:UwO, ]ʢd(G@G#P0"L1b2Ur+yMQՂ2J %Crj>FpCvAQ,O"-&/szr8%*ۣk>y_Of?A-k^ mGP{v "ZKMSY)B/-Z|-X}F]+fifj\&"| +;Y]XYjUtZ,ops޺_nv`>DWeY6o1A<9{):zN\I[sFzI磞}Ǟl<'t ~Dahm*<:'3rE9oƯ~rGW 1Rh@9~;~>c3ЙcY>xþ}EC bsExŴx'cW_E;A=ˏD0P9K|wtɡ倠ۜ.&@k]EA'DQxSaSNNE> mQ;>D}mi QE\'b O2Nk 5<{ЫֳK{b.y g> ; xc!NU]:A?qZ0 X1%~&yo|Y` fKw?1U]wɼ!u8BIo22>]rJ]Rvz6|l`a~?wYGNag)`!ݩ$``"xUA>zH?O ҆=b6гqquMh;̜[{' Z_ۥe ŏ2~'TuXuQ |&\l!sD;BaWbExV- xncmy|VYN):zSb +rhLBf#+˱bWm=PE a`@_m::9͙Z$&mjJQ~e"zD[]rȣ~qu!rͭUz !hd/FNڻj ]B{ ΓAr ͇ۘw)stfwE VC2V=+r߾[ij% 1HÝ: Ej} T;}pQwH̜E !O|2Z5-ݓK=٬:@) v)>{UuK[r-{Ux#zfʶާ}VZ#-ڡ [5~2:+h0f3-Fkk C ,7@ q cg z d{wQ@m&0)ng~MW2M8{Q+]YH@D\ol>& 0 'Gu|Wؖun4@"v˺S9<~\ͩahOk7hzt-: 1s>FnG/}gN>87o:FW@W&\Y4WV,oy G` | $?18Q}EXg}F[N2'~h"4tg1~z/}3@o4 ~, ",UYFVy >* Y Z o9E~|{) _ Z:OU3 ^ʶ [ \œ 2oSЙG׏T4|ʳe>vt)*J[}2t)tR oMТk7m+Oh ZPyrXk`s5pW"[;?#{Wp}lLhŠZcA:~gO,RO g z9`?Op*RPY/M@5~|ښ{ނͣu3a xsSAX}˞A9O:=뮉E |ʵ/-;ɾ5lp;J*fiu6 Ë{'\?SO}lms_˞'`p+2+d{k5Pvʱi;t=G $j? hPـ n [YK C *@PfiE)Հ6JXEw0-*]$ڱe!e9V_JqmSl)}h&ͣ(o@-eh͵Yȿ*e'w)(gq3TXS*xѧ(_ a/rPysq+Jo_TVFgYt)XѸYL˞)Zbh޻ o㭞)ۛE 'Uuim?_On (pv,8#QT;#=?+uQ1 Xg>fJ_`tsH 'Ds .G)8iBAv9ӫ5L_(mQۢ`OrJŢ9ı~[ezA)oo qk~<#//Ho}&]c|Nuht~i^D@.E1E 2vѤvՌctXDwKW牧Z}c'5__ן3_|@|&kzkO>>F_/7߹}3:@:*؇?ү]s|zXAFR$HIr3Nd1-MGg? #hLs3*L;ȵ}J@E`4jW5װ@i2C/t0eUhNFW.=14=m7-HigW.@^k %/{oy}7%yEM`u'v @T-ZCM:I2?} 輗WNg@X>څN/:hN#sK'}Crhӟf0'HϜˌ`KuԾ}C3 R:i, O뱷8"29=,c|f9ƍͣr Ld?~XyI'mL 7X~w:0+#ϔg'ljϫG L(?HG}NFƼ["1 3!\En9Fd1K1(5`o~@夀JhKLT28&v[4}C\“("a>y&HRMuJKsX>kd0>7vFI+zv#Y0. ϐZc ́pnڻJco疝UEmQ:[?:^E-gz:V6LG98)~͜9ѿ5 8so|s9;BSz5tXmNEp2' 9ǀZXzDݓ =@yƳDxpJͫg38 vlwVf__(ȉP eP?Ņ1& Pc@=CtHSkKddM1oEyoufP] >ڋ>FtJjg΍Owx+~w"$E]mddRqv gF:mݟ g>X=V'=PdƲ\> )}i 2dn'|_}l.|' n9x?B˵h'g>8Yݥonva|wn/HjNU~'lUtlN9s=bGvѕ56Ϳz@ /UEzUO7(O9?(_{ x(D~b/|F~8h43eg@>֪Vzѡ8ؐg: C4l1| .:%ʼnս}ݢ]iH_0n^|J:-`(0_hadZWaڴ`0)ǗVMMX=ubun,>ˆ62D.1p$յy|vPa^{ F#[/RD-/H 5&DzΣ9F(Ev0vu7h -Q"ث F@q&c)߯<}/RpΙ}lYF49c]ʵe yWvon?̂ջ^z],Hd(a~ }+Wz [u#W)DMtr z6-H## u@h=o-C\ٮ9WU913fƴe}֥`թYV%_xf J?t|?%?@K/b:AEDsߜV7挮$<;mrJ:wWd(0H%MPx2[NЁb}QrƬe=)d/g 0rrӟ"Σ9$#C[C zXC7H|saUz9ܣgA3{fN[ElWϱ85k@ƿJŜ[xv!cv|ʺ{V>;s~=ӧR'|OP{>SH|#P.]Pxx*tɯبxUf5|l+|ޝOh&pm|b߰8,,~̏.>.fTelP, zR} 9RMvtD}1@E 41*}aws!ޓ lN9&bmM%:A}rZ5=̻J5h.6~g}4oC[tllhlI,IgSƁ>ڜ{G:٘_d[pMm|3KMp:Hqm ~nm_|i3\ lDnVȂ?28YЛa#d>[ڻ/“0@MfwL@Y!Ťh= N'\jI a܋GmCaȶpEu" |y^|zroSJz<( slA.[ԡ#Nֶ@PE+,zI!s<i WG*2ʕn(CzXYUwUveqګwY]n' 0e$c/_=]kR 2Ye)Ub0'EWe÷+PO ZcPQ>|`shcX"w|iN|Ebu>=t~R)~g9gl.}\piL*˙/>@ @^ҔLQG.1<&N|Bh #a? p,r졼fpӧ8`צ y?YaOnX#,^xe8k?=n=1[ԟJrz^RgdX:1wNfg'N@;dNKѱt<74N;MuUsUuTlK!YQN1Wk&ylQ%w-l7-6STG~=W8W!7OզϋRSPFN+ ֟R#Qlb:|rݤTK`@0@"CI[7:&E&d(oPؕ $LjQ)C<~D)F?y})4.yV=L^$~[xdq(̓ T/׾Ki˱.LN< qWژ Dki7^{lPtI[hъkSPOpY#}F]ߪsiJs8qCC~[vhy6ґ0br])qc1APUSn(ַj4`Q6U+cm#>yűEPri::V=ZuT3]aB)¸tz|N"=#"whS]xyGDz6}S\EfyΌ+W m+nEiR &broi!GBA'̧x:= uBrChNĹtp"A{YXC;k3V sL* N-gh6xNv^|@ޑ\1 %uskW:f,:jN,8J=Y!I3zNh2J 1^y/}3:No,$Q0>yU'.ϥ]r&A4t@V\ I@=.2\#VƅM+i wOr.EctMo*~W6@5,+5zv" 4MM+~ٽD"E؋6?=D==I&c91t}@`cw+s^¾6/tr"[ND8:gQ8{7g[AU;_7y%}y/I,: h[+Ί8ót>U͚V{>Yp'0D5Zw6>e}~t囼}kNp/lc3>n}Ller%8w f?!4Nnd=i`{t-c\#d6ٶZ\'uTGx,|FfQ| w{9Y$Q8Zc!i1lM?|?pb-Qg-=dRXM.ͷ\tz)sG;4)[߁$0 P.Ttבɺy яޢ eR ϲ>T7삘z6U+fa#[+oU'3.-F)E#2K\ ̯ަiч{|os#}}lRd1GCEǬslP8~jualb>>j/P8߽oc}`MnգGs39]?>"s:) 'b|l.$|c@~Ѿȹ-;KPk"Gwm?qd/7'00Ci\$Pu@H hfnK{Gc оmh!k,{;xޞ‹#:5_X?v\0L<9y|2ve9X󨛌}>{~2MuS/"'wٰhm4@\۵% NI=9-;W9W}3:V=\A x)pm7/KfKρ\'@hw 0P{ϙc]zoj򶫧lSDvzNH@f[YYгd  x`sZђ!кt9,]#y;\^|:{mw"%tֹ|km8֚4j+O^p?[:Ҭ*M.'tSў؋Nhݡ_<ɏe_d,wv='7?;0o:#e=޵K#@6ΫNҾߛ7/B@w o'A0ݓrN=-yW'< n6Z`^*ˡ]ҿ7{|/8:ٲ'=gx'NΚxF?04}K4Wc/;`FD,<\HH2(E[KCo_% frbܲR#KXC"sB6J4Pu™Qi!c}2A("wE=6/juQ)"R:Тwq2U{ ؏f׊OQNlHV/e"yAZr[N4ٟ-O| 2w'4Bxg 7ydV?d:6 Dv$&WjMy|] (Ci|GޜΨkx9戴NhID%?\3z 7/όIGfm9 FrM:@! 0uxY#D+:n?"թ]m]#/Ҝ?}̼ZӿwaJEN: <*}ݙ.JY'цQFB{Z^gn* :y}?wo=zO#$z, ޿w3l<)\/*hR05C8hdZ̾$p'8pcppm( %0~ F`Δ\'{ b)( 4)M!b̠@JA <'PhWV2}ZuVVA_S" )h"<Т_~35E>:m@7y;.<hfQ%Bã 'MOɒ/EW1P>BM} 9۵e=mM0v价N4rl9򍺦y7:\wܛ^1=) ~9\ٗɇ^nRǀesvgrC̕nW)f|0Ӌ)kvuqi)A{ vRr[8WyW/4@@xrkdbf{c00Sqc܈ƌj}qD-ME>ˊ'7%wSFlgEICKs`c5o2=R1<蛑́^"9 Jm%RjOH?L$6o?>rl4YU@6:2.\D1N(\6>Od0(]tO,O9kP򫷿tP䔦;{̩] W2~:`MБ hՅd$C1t/}ތxW'\ Sj"Tn|L=M'*fuыV/ޣߛˈUw;F_{7B$OSR`TȈI7>g9l2RssK_R~&oՉr 8Ԟ6}nmoo?RB42Fiͭ"'/SR9m7Rd9K_z+sRz7c׼s˙C4aAoү :A֜fUJ}?R=20@Nh6c*cmtjLr-c2>tʈJ͒Ę5}Hݫ|WN:ش5OFg+*zzUyK[[η/dcC,x  muf%>'Fviļ[sA/0|2..>Ǜ7t2qe3KթRShF) 9NFNΓ޹9t$Q y&Av!+$~i[6׬~Euw8`|UͦPKF9E>tSR^/]*o !d뺀q!]i=zka5Nݔ5)>N.[2yAc֞! ]33ɎҎd3ފn~uA/#ڃA84:~htLڝ4~ y~e:VCz[2s{sÏ)3w4 ܀SȔifc|N@|~]YVUuɮW .eҧ /elU(7>vcrI*ÀXj5 Lι- -.r= x'#>qs׏@B\c;fQ+[0!pxa!zkF2ցWŻv_ߥQ]zeQ*Op9 bh~e[cSfU6)sh GI(֛2kRC@("ȋQY)YEpHESr9ݵg>(I "΁gt1zo5Xy1?ɇH/y}1+Y?(o7W}]9W  ,;VntxU#ʅQ>yV##Tyfћ0̮!C"L9{BY)I4u-`n bC{G8WVQcio*eO4n\ޗPvԆ>חLͽ+[g)#tWNxQ9 /i%mZv@c W4`ֱ{J`0y)@ - p:N G`-9>hG}DB@= ~]Nbv}}/}ҫ~Scauw x(ބV웂ڼغmfK'wCo͖\ѽW3~;yg]lٔShV4< 6.>tqReYL›+o~HL]/@rW&j*2 w \hK`S_Tgl)m7{\JS[&R_w(3@ųL5~zG=4CJR[|Q4e핎*Ϲ!oid^&@('ZNʻkӜ^Yv)4~+~ik:upl6#ȳmReLYSRMGXa <!ߠ'փƅ;h׭#_WƼFTM$qEƧ~=е]|_>_i^cI/q垽\ Ѡ%g,€BqOP1Kɳ9;a8`;h I"2Ƶ TI)j8C8<K'csAE,g#}苵_'w㜎8iz8OzMcTqEq{}3 &"wOYǾaC2mm30~{&s*o4$՜> J1O2r.z<`|iWn%e lz(|$뼛n"eEWW~ml3N7̭9grһ:W؃D}.h؉mϼHB{ jMi綠z'Nz_40~&2{ I`At&6NغchSKSeD6^^W:wОʃGC 34,R}X˜'2{=Nv˭n/# n\(67Zk۩aʺ8ǩ)=d{6Bm:CIHb3$M)A"t(&m!` τQ6:Bq^L*_3I-Qywjk~GZ`›]sJ"9n~|_;T쌔W͇yhSE6Ta/E (]FG_@]gMRz6gwey+g,0dxW9_GY3KuB` >x>c#:'>c9_?W\[;cD>kl"3O<W4l)WήEnkV )AL0kw>ǸkcpwڸGf l:ci|#P(.yVڶ9B\hh[ƽpD@Gܰ"ɺNk#^":tE1qxog?z$)tjú6ʌ(O<^>0x>LFM#Snv*}w74 8=d~2Ӣt&dzdg9͵ })kύC`49~0Ѧ=/ăr;lg@.>kroӞQ͞'4}=M0_hԜ:L]nruۛM$p[=:J+v U=Od{/ X`)+""#/{G|B9"ќ6ڤd]]N*V4pʻ sl'R na4eJ.Eԙّ o]'"Kh7Ow<4/MݔQe]Rʚi;-1eͅҞ 崕ijmP^,tl>cLl}KV޸3EH@3bN -řy;S$7bm>߷e{YbpKGV_:,氷\қջ}fGx , X% x)'yps7QˋoYu=K!Y9?l~)g-wFo'8ht7x>lD3I(զ1)L .N|ӖC:V !)E@_̓9EMmc@5ϑ''oˇ w1yi2QݻUymx #~9!9t= XON NZ?r:iͬF7'΁h9H͂ {2xc9|Ld;6 f˰ҥQHF6@`85'g8zOLB/bLBfCg#qd>I_Ersn`l4c\_{]wqr77xo?]NToJMC&(Z;{Ax=9٪]C.җK DYƪL o ]}kX]xߖ]#^c@C: @Gch B94) :׾.;NmA+naF.0'4~ʌ`_pz;]X _S/=G9|>쯗/|EwlK'}Fl&OgȁM'Zwia`+xˬ0^_aڙܢh}+ L˙~1 y2=`SSFL^`2D̠ cu3qBóĸ@2~ݾ*Y)k+;Z=c^`x #c Q,S\Bs)lxi 6UI1/*F;9eч#(m zw+">ƆqxVuay^cJcΊn`W5e/«=NN}Jvp6Wz4:*o rA+йyз3z(%|:sHVvhN}ǚat{2W ^͂㏭ݭmuna1^46Ueq~Ĉ[]|Gj? U<%c (<8C,ީ^ak>=e/٧,=Wu$x =Amދ‹lmuEGsQ*cccieN,:tü۟^9̸Eqǯse)ƞ4>5X?^C: )Wy:⫝aa[tA|82>%2ߡh0IQ1ɼdik`r #}a>|TnI}NӐ?E>(]ƣ?%ghuA-3gʤ1EFgF9ǃR۾}3^=Sdd6y xxs;L )f򉓔CמS"W+^.˾T$)Z` [@/ Ml^љ/Z; G6Nt=&V</BN}z:CnpВu"O ҲN12yў%9&EHzF;[Ek>HZspғdwN'U6o}O xcnq eh7h@mzEX>?zp=LviF0 1N; > tz~җpex4Df jonG:ݽJJΣ.jf.M;~w_WvЩ2A 6ؚ/ !4g^Xꇾz'}+x209ƥ< i2HBDH0, W80oS2<}V. }l;1eX>(:Mʎ4 FN$BUڶAD"|$,ḷwKq ơmTy}c3UwSXǭ(ooεQrF.<}f9msb>]kwh 0cZWsڜqslV3`^TO $X',,weg~edX\9&Ṷ7ڼVyg'PgNj2죽Xw#//+#iOTĻrZA'.f?~xrF!ZC[Y)o~0;vƪH,4)z9"~SuY+|ظc6(o`m?DŽ60G9WKauY:]=`&cs:fFqdHl][$4WOej-'Ṱ>{hj0G0TEǂCCgmy?:m]S |F ho\֍A{9diS̱v\]]. 8y{Sj},[=z {C?`:Dgffw}2r @p\ T_@{B-+=6<:p=Ss0]-{YLA-ߦ3`ȭE[bek0P;Ȧ`$XlJ0 ? Ӿ Q x1tD0. &B30<"["WgD.#:~y4>vq%ܚ-+:V|4.ē3)\B^3ene9EUMu:(@lrV4*o{5^ 7GX:=Sy),z4o1Oq?~"O£_{z@FcrGoѺPj 4_AVY䶿3`М(F3RrO~kI"v0s}5x挛-6WPšϳ_YS=n%ݍg> dl3 .>|4݅_t'g_ODseE:K@\9[fSIў5' Edk\^IħvmCUt/r%o,m\{`hg\s}aCluN`6{[ N@^%7T_3-˂dB';ճ)@gk;v:ߜLْ`sH*>}]\z=rOceڋx2'`vi>dz[\4C}3w{~/zY`ukc<+q.X_"*wYfL_6n9Ge時}w mNJ/b Q}? ?ܦ$99@Vڗ2bBvnŊq` 8Ukrvɭ9ZX3{z@+>)cQ_1hGz#ވ^ ^x2`hC. 4 V{erʚwМJVؙ'}(RɎl0~ƿ?:EAS*/2.]:޷j&SuG'  @r@X3ܑxvQs:t<8]NwcK(X9 m?tb=1ހNdlqd|hDK=o7FWxKy4>kYK%k q7~$݀y^>LRi"$qN:N|xsӭx<(pr^kL>Ȁ Jt 4YZ_J'ӡ]$NE>-jnisf嘐l y62r-RHns<0[=0)+\D6M&l%g~&;0f;yet.-a>7vxc'ޏW o6S8z}&OѠ;<$^/ޱqWd=O?,Xe \dHrǎΆ>Fs>wN 05z%~.g8\qsv1>f=t؟hEh]~hS={jZ..)6uTX [J&>۴gq&k?u rYښ+m۟5p*// =z멛 ڱWQUJg<? rsbo)7g'EFҞi-8~3WXYm_0|yN$(h~4QƆ1 t3# 0?G5ޚj- ./6, P_6R: /JwT䘶r2uT c|\m+bIgs瞩b|4'x:ҸJ1hKyR1 ګI$[#}p`xXF7xne k\vzoX=|lO_x?5E9wx<$`)]9uu4)h.$Hh2`?7t<Msٜwd\D[YE2o$"ӻO=7#7PHsl$ ]ط&>=nl#. SDhP4yy-K+/9BJ ҸݾЧG>m?SX00SX0YsF&Y>'|NR;YFΒEh8Do'?yty;UuM%=TN )'t)fL:SCk=F'Mo~}roZjsXMӎ=d}t$)vJ̾pc,г)%E{/tq3>e1eN6_<Qᮯ~@N,o/xI͗/l˵<i]RcO,MD~7ի-/aݠjc'K0Otk<9h\YyAla[L[# Qt2h8{/Ƥ.C*rw1Ib,pjcڵPDD/ЇO fG2 oN0cS27-CYDߗwxkzϓd]AǤ1eyS 9G<)kL6+BY{2dC`JQqG='l\Kqq7HMMYYE tI@}|m"c{S "=6%\D͟z>ycR u :΁yH k# 1BΫ/.Ck'r)my9Gѣ1Ơ^h?݈y o>x73MS> qjrǗs@u9D&wQ>'m@;<7~G'Ƙz}/066hBZEߛǕͱ{KsytIrtN`̀=]Z .Y(Csxϥ> pb=ўGԞVE ]%֩Im-A/ @tо~88N/ Dc/2^6m?l=zk_4Z m^7 ɹR 2o>`#fZg~i3W,(d9"'rOzfe=:Nq9DK#Aj1@3TR/C,u=m<޻?@pGLաw/j'K1}3Ԣ 6V{ƀe6}Js;IPVEW@an7:o߭[6)g-є5af6Ocg1_+Ywr`#֎#'H<$m*&>W=H2%畺h9PYH{û1%^?9wz¦p}+_}cKIW9gɧ) َjigS(/宙W0eezF vEi$x0sԩ,-?3uSI ̽1s5!NUޔ5@XN~Rh~2S]u K>'qteNd?P߸Wc㱨9 ?xs)X>E }^VD畖htE{}*y|^~ gg`@zKJx3(ş,RZ15Dr7-pwZ{@l$e{7YLn XߣMtiz#G:vؒQǻ{w'v N&6,:Ɲvg\^۞87Wk3ylފzdtAlm(wA-P;ń&bM]zz՝:9wN&)Kkud鳜ע/̧7'_oe hatnҕ;I)hA}2+ ξ`S{/;kOۻ<;=KMMeĄV=zHu}g(68 W=r"xnٺ/{ 25$ro~}f$qedCUos/}5 ª ;AFxڰa ܘ\lM]zظ !Xp5O7h Y ^9 S؎i 9F Ĵ/>($1*3D=WE8PDzK\W/}\~[${v) х*"՞he9{3,jϻDf^z}'_h+Ag!!R+Lv6MxW`mh}E[R)h'l. ,Ѭg>l:}&z怜w]:WsپH6*x޲Ϲ>eY3FWXp^*dsoϼ}WetZG)y<9ұzCϙ|;#0mcv\ڞ04%E')hCگGq̎&-:^]nvs3 /|Ԛl-e*eꬣOx}@# Kͣ^ÝRiϢ(L.m·:Gٺ|14;nhtkxѢ4' 67R®E;mE/baE8/ҞX~|__yo0YMV|ƕ̞@1퍢9hך帲Nd˦3vqmg~Bn^v̙١NRD@͂ _2TFWz|aKf1@|O=| g3N^Ni"?'@2<:;oz6 E'0 MU*C7Qӑ(vQd̛O`:&_df-f]D;E2\/l۸sFoz5E"ЄL~{/}X3r c@H_-Q=O%0NE}@> tZd9=O8~ֆ7>=l~sHgSj)q9s*gwSbgLMBut\]mSWG6:N2ޭE]KRn+HЛ["W~{CW -<3e{q#/RvҷջUf.ϴ#`F(/Zzew1fϝ<Ɔio$(ՍWgd‹$턔(nG$7Oz;O;>l.qr1t:#靶?/hS}! Sm?OF~Ԙ ȣN:WtinE2Zw1'U{ރ㡇销2rcгaW.wdwzаOxYNm_qD}Gпq\pvѼVrJu*ߕ}Rx_~K t_~S}ϛofgm FNrO{g=t-e?jw•H̾69) qzC- =fLf߆I~2tK)2gx~y7MuNoB2pa!x#?EXHƴm?\[fT(RczR2rJND m3 c~+9#"@3vYzȭo)~w}8)Ey.·6Bq9x)F^nݢn/ 6zHFۨhM lGk>7WhMlSYXri@v{We1b["s˽~3~Vvy6k{':+ˠ.Q:ˊ2vkTO#pAo]]DsN4DE~ӑJ%jhh 7~ī@m9(D+70(x6+Y")ݽzR$g|o6/:r߾I!1_Ճʸen4>@lޢ{ =e0.d ߢ0u>)F/#Øi{ODEk̯G4~KsUn|Rp=++/j/\ڻ3G?:+ުX؋z|/}3T3oK@W2A:uՉW}N6UF;<Ɏ T\$t >+G sd4gދS͕N/q26"OJfκ 1du8#c6_d@|{(Y8Y/G;rYxG?ib0i;"Em0 q5Zg䭀NzcZmY<2:Ė &gFe8ީ=]wj?y۵_2 /q7EJAǀ[f/_9엥IJL'U}ײŲuz^Pq{<}wbT|CyW.=j: Nz«١TJYv.4;ޕF*QGzRwALhu4/v(YH')k* S^)o{ت~L<)HC/ny;XGK#Qrcej_m.y:,6 XoY6o9Ag(jon)[eI)fЖ)Yz XsHݲIu c=˗𞍾/}uU<$%2MoRF3!ǣğGD{7KcM݌r6ufe@iokNo)/Fd#YC\?3n#Ash0zt</0_ܾ/<Q ޥhk/58'@/W<`l9A+{Y3?ޟ.[0{3bqVqtę*C00ho˅ߔHxHUntPE֦:~.8ch Xԅj{3`%v]/F+gٮp>w>yO'ȋ=4ܾMbq~Ogk)fQ߼}eUsSzj{kI&!Jy+~^~m芮.br[`y3 $ZJ+8m!0luz<* 4+h~:wG)> JLЭvVDx4)Eן̉8E8R\{'is0/L) hܵ 0 @Zb\pJ}.̿ts=VV$c}Aǔn[c/t:lNJXYSQ h,11nMfrzfw 08'r=>[ik6Iw;MDWidnFA'ODDx:t>7 c]+( }oh4Sy|Hp)v)9_-ވ^gdQce1MRkEѣ\L?!Z.wS;ީlv$KF/{Q/ Q\STĶqSd 2kwO;HK* 3=ds8qh77e >M{~Z'׻^;>ԗ^zqCzԳg*)7fD~<6{ ݠdnc/i<܋Pa;d70]$]6~i65LM% [4SF.n`lJYsI+kHy28o'@&1:'DGM LWA(M׼\fg0MO)$}?>0`Ly,|ާ]P.X"Z}VnD!JD8NEn'E0;_$}f9mJOe|3`M<>#{ߙ]}m3/2wu /bChλ)$B##rr"}2>@p+]=}+=Cݝ#r0@ɞ9M> ?4J,뀓uu*y|^~ g)f lbG쇭AEQ=]''- "O?ɛEK+ïvrx3MɍБ$s2@0M&MOTG `3@d$`nL@ٺQ{2Hh K z]feC2$W͙qb F@?<0gdv{zKht "g4ҿ~2|H!Dk, :>h|uo՚xt>t >-&Da/7L 7 Љd:局uko}_|jV;1DnN/E}| ~}j{23Q7>.;' frvq'?/eDN>+8#bD^]=eS[lٙ~Ft:Y[vnd^y2 12Ldћ?QXS>D0 '30¾67-p 1EoiD +SQ)+P!,"*,;BEl|kѬE ۜgٙo{SŬXStyZeǶk}Sn[ld5B'cH.&sB~]`]Щ>nWQcmsfzƻK9+TۜceXGs잊*[zU;{c=(*z|mNo~rT.&W(ܞHNMcl x:E:rҺ;*ާ/{P9Ʃgwb#oȶVyE~o4zF5bH#^#rۦ0du./EZ畃]$:r0xӁh.nT{e.byRu:@{J9E'9rVhXuʘܺTuyMJQDs (=~~Z q{}33@<9U8,ʶciz(~H[(g5{H;X9~{xD_l>4NRzV85C2 /:>d>k=dSAb{ c@EDG)򤷡CQdda__)y̓6>7Eӱ//?]e+׍ Jg YŶ$AsE߳kUz597Ơoѻ=hݧ*f{hG@M?Þ薀s'I[xrz],Э- >o+=j/hӞ.>XV']~ycKHnIc7Mb3y:i^M`z~8q&$;hWFJ^fѝ: 7}vVfZ'sv.z'Ofe[qņSyFe7FhmmUwڋyWΰž pE/"P*΋XzMܳ~L{ӄΦIx]kwD-̷ )#@-qhlT|s(xoIy JduyIaQ` H YkVEƱNR+HLy?A"&87aV[m{ Hrn:E蔷pΦټgm:,`PAz/K#ާ.`yy)%e.y&E }{liN\ guR;`* }CS4 KRQE}ōΡ|y.$#p'}a<Z3+Ә:@a SrB&/r}x+ZX>R­Qf]ʿ1L ŗ)$m時 ,R<}@M1x̡{*ƐCQ"?aS$B[wuD;\|+( sDEN?,/rVO߭-t^c]c 1ik Qn,W>xXxDD{E=:twt/C#MrFB ] *Y<W&R\3A:c},y/d3`yA^6=7/xp16iY]coփ>ts͑AN{8zxWLVUXP$G:US ֤YsNEPF?4Vkb.ųtWaa8,6z1{mɹ2t.#:31Z5 zYq2I7׿k@r|ބDŲ 4}_'hS?8@mW?9ub.ċ~X}sIv˜`O5es4GvϻQE 695ao4dž+.z/E }z=K_`+@tye螽vSׯʺ'xN 8o/XF|?Md{A3. RB./&a,,gSp weM&H B 01f6L׽Ԧ;_ePxL!p{r3ƢzG{x$p"J3]hc?0_J)#lܕcTfC^!.n[L vh,jT7/B=s9[Ơ6_sO;R&?A`D2N4Z_^6gwӆ}sG[ u)36|Ё}oe W';ڽP:s^>Tļ{_hgYUxV7ZEz VWuj7h}wD's.ldz!YTٞ*5!4EZ-"S-sҕ*Ew_I 5'qt&r[ރ#tP*1gM90k'`پbܚG2;:doa(׆>yGSx '|ns/zWkK^Od릞cNs#y}(Ս9^Yn []zuh\{:@z$3&r8 n"dgl=JA~ͱK&d^N%N'%R*j ])yDnc :iVtFO@BEGHМoutg{ \ơ,6=]0ڥOg<^^B&krэs'gY`r.L=]X'G̯>;Ndq/L1K;)M'2.-jE{ :i-W{r;hy'I|tΩ86>ˑNdC"m&]QPLvxF>x/C݀-O; K^³9{pDvB햜a?1y|ڡC_샜 {Z0swh>9+Q}{ Dc>l /G6Y}=;eP'7:)Bem^Uuwl/dʓu#3ʀ,%G,#ψxNW=J!1u}/0D?VQ歷h?Y?%> J6A=,7}%yHXms-/F79^SeE%YS@:Hf }0OJ?]&2q#t&# Lda61S0 Ffc. sļxOWrH{=PK{|YJUB^USrWw@Ny:3~&H۫hD_~x,5j/9jO>yS;FW-g'Ǜ ‰a;xI6z!TUǫ9etjA5(Ϊ{"38tBlFVj t~ٝJN}iһ`lHed)p^%l-{N" ë˃a+6fӱe͑l׉ɓ{P7/2n1_3eCUܛ֣(m1Sƿ(>kP@a-e<P421\J?V^apL@ 2}Pp1[0oF`# ce)b9(p9s?0O]s >CnOgNnrszS2͞IDB] hL>,*q~}%]^kxZK_zvrRjciT:gݕ'aΤg>x3@^r22hOM'bͽ~쉧{t/Zm \.0EHT0ŦI. #&&Gd!YlO.++o2՜pn؀82@!ÁܜkG$+g@/qrܒ'dϻܝl'sA05C4P`3{;\-XDWu: =]`KfW̘+XLwg?{;}rtSzvFvO3'7NLƐ_T8a342N ĿC=4 }d{_SjӾeCqx7S^&ؼ?䒾^/<~gGzKrָDߟ'鷽82tzĴJ䳽!k{/Fq1Jc:xw&i`E4` % Qf!l`BC &Z }(ЂV9[3MWX_(h{a$h1l4(ӯḢZdGMR&_IƆ"uVhS?[==Kce!`/Jg|ƓԏOeݹ6wWy`$H@X6|^ꙫͩzU}S@=YF?VV"Yþ5gU ;㪟'د곬z>b =p+V۾(_EslvO%X{G9?я>D]V2yoќy/_W?QQܥMkjSy&0w2 Q`Ψu]bx@ƍiBP (/3i=@Wo~׎s91ΣQAUDbKa/ cmB](wcE{f`uK&9Uǂ)k.Ar@Udc$g68%A>N'm\QUǽ?%O&v #N>27\=*=77A%a,o2]t+m~r:Lɖa 7򭀆>Sc>|N8G?}Ig(]+nN; 7]Y3l'3ٜh@h@;h+O:9[kxc~=͡4O:uѮT =tDE.}͉w^E>o/_[CC-w4KflX .~HCx]yϻNg2Ҟpᶉhur}{bSǝuRo~T`l{@@q UO&AB|4÷32b褯=BrĪc,^29l?ӪB.Sp7N5|Qgxu2>C)6 (rDG]d׼c@mYbhh R2tF=YK.>;'ʴ}0Џ|#o+]1RbD Ǽ[[e>)ڼʕ"eWΎ椣HW߱037{441xH4GNs/oKikD2o5atHvJJؙ(4xCx2zl $[73Xɮ3 3 N靜2hOgFy*gg[mO,C3 #r ʁ渣ч=k\3e-s|ziC ]urءcwFƺ;(lD،š0))󅮺" =` Djh@Aw#yu3pt|?[w[hvԚ#W.dd\ _fn43?Y;}^Dhmqr*ClIwzw J[Dc~gQVD~xgĿ _e@zlzR?uT=EwGN ]h <ٰ|^ 8u>D>f #8Fr!kABrY:V/2R75E`ud`gۍo]12e@U< G~<U'3gEIwMrO=2DtOg^}dV츔x (( k*ش4E{יF$&wYJ&֍S{؃yr#ׁxY`zQ^}d5#w ٟ NM6g@?|nnisb^ӝtkuultxc{׼<㻝d7oX0Q )x}o:{~)_w[{ NtzMe3x_44~Vx}D@5Dm4NO8ARokFxa{%K}NygQYvSJ?YQ_`{Hd>$AbQk^=@>uil ȳW1ٽGTtaHIHcD9ޥ|Z6BMyoԠleg_u2z2LJa~lHEBX/|_7ЇuNwE~ccZTv=tL]o{J7EZ+_D;H1s^:~ $ŹCÎ3pҠ ٩3"jsSzDs'^ yROߜ uj 歷)6{isi8P}eNR^)J@6Mt/?[;^$$p"#ɀpDCB0B 7{(YuQQU37yȑ')ݑh]j,lhh{Ƭ/R~FV]W)Č WRs}{d33げJxoO ŏ P2m'(e^feX CvO}ŋ2摼e'{Kԡ6GOrq$3fvTg ^W^|-~{3g-C~fr(.gkj.h_ݟɟ+Zni= [VA[p}U]Qm9Q{O?: eX9眻wg5_:3C›Y4.j;*idAD<=}Vxg@6;}N.=f$yQBjӾC`?ZmJ˦MΨMwNt'?۞Z+:`O6L0"Fւ˕rXjʊf S&߿PѦ,FcB0-ķKteȂiˤe&N"P_ ` yzAm*ҹA@y &(ψ}h>ĹIiy+(  b.1{1 s#侊ZT:j A3WN,O2[\;[vI?!/jm}2U5ERXtVu 3LJ ?};a"2-Y yzZ{ʥ'˽tO˽489UZLMut09H:|9+ш(w@gBtXX9J]GO>C_emx U>|T]~soG|8öL 4 0Aw׊?S6,'^{ʻEe{QgoM;YOGgľC&~ @[EdX'"=}/ݺ^]Z~(S{*g Z='EM&3|^c{Eߊl_h#`37"O^SwO;o Oh.g y@S0H`V:oyWϕŠыnsqڡWCǾFr{ނKtY*K"j ~){!1|N郎g+ lo"t_*> hD qiҵ| \Ƕs._-%FMlNvw7&KF̀y|ՎCJz6Wgx–Se;VƮ#ꕍs!l $h-E3.ɋ5ϚVcc(pہ s{݄.B(gmamS}!x0}@8 LAAh@ h171OOߚqR¯rWS jl4(Z֗xC9Vh[e2¿bEϞe޵y+42ynV=+ 䣌Gegt1,0sq"kT9E_xTϸ1d`y?S/1bb61RJpO)dNCsr\ -^ʚGey+ʖw=*[Z++ rGx1S-"J?Ka(3ع2Yc/r.v:1{GE_Ӂ 2=[v}:J{pde|Pvk|;]9O[9X[,ȬR~O O~.՛.,tN5穧"n 9CI F!? _sܜt@߀e>еOc%Ñ@7)_$W ae},#x'Ot5ަQ})R@n:d0L89Ndz{1# .j^>j&Dj>iט@A 7P>ƾ0>hCWbЁ6ͷy^D'85ڥK7 `g}nWh]Ӄ9N6+xk(W:ؗ,cߊ0g3uF[2ճ e+9 `2~7ǚwڃw6ޢߜXxO0ؽd O\Y(x*Og{lm׀tG&F?RƕsX'Ew nud3zূـ(x壞rx/gOxz}Xw*#OνTF شpyW(ET변{te&"A i!tqZ<;iyH yVâg_07Zx1$E[: ؼ{ qUjlsn4 ,҇}^x{J?sS~0445u4g4,t,~3g{mz2F FZgٮ"{f{% t5W KOæzW2g,GȩtzટN{Jsjk {\{);^+d, rf@gymq ;ҋnܫ}AQ^x: 9?G5N9.MڲPfw1まӧR/խW'KȎNYʱr:}sE~n쭫>"mG EC0YX(dW1RN(5FX}28AH~ z6GmGc"Gyu"޾swm ,tɩ|_fe^fHo#x'ٓ {@m8p"gz&)*Zx/,Iɓlwo3Hϥ:H?~Kurd [͎J sʖ4ޱpg%[S?S•t4ooos9o%Y^0N `'Ӧd7X~b<}w0MsFJg5EEvE.,GuKK/)svC0`>6%:;̅(@mzeE=Fu- P`t2:1~ڃ/@h(/ Rq95+gn3ҽQk4*RQu sNnik*BpRy9ɲ6z4ӷMߍEp1~T?9%{|t:Yᗞ3hlݺ@aBc+o^wtX.I[K+L=6Nl\6.: ]IIrCv_VqA=蟍a4g]`&P=ymzʼjax$$>f?+΂վE{}3H8yO,h:OХ+<%z#SkXl9WO= Xht.e _S/:2{OD)rD6eR;?mcw<)p|Ol=K KhZLF%kOۚ3r\iܲKٞKAL&{ߞ4Jw2)yxuPIqD4LY{zye^feN]-ौLcx < |*uO?+_dKwg o}3T?7M7Ţv9E{oߊ((]wGqj>"*uy1c|U_PV=nm mggC2s]u*~ҩ?]^W鼂Ϛu<5ZE&}.`-סfs7:`OЁH)Yf,hc51^MW襾gumA9 c" yo@>mQt@.{494 Ӳ :69 eR-=δ5nur,2Vp dyK%V]2D#xoSWedZvoo65\hOF9| kٌ>^ c?WKU{&tS ,})l]k_vl g/xZؼ\{sHmp˨KR~1 tuYڴ# :I6PĠ,$^&b בBRFEg CB$,. OPle^A.C??|yYhQ*3Ͼ .жr4Ockgܧ?y/7icF^k]E/h[kUY|o>lTh9Ks nr9]fz 'XHUjmzgLXT/Wm>ף=":߄]7ʽ݅G ; DF{BG=Pt}Gc.؎N҇0͔Bf</EYD4oY!r#/u0'SIeڊ㫏qh̓أd_9dr[u֧4n Iڪ?kh,wk}[,DQG6XK@~;|id:=(l'ˁ#Q;6/Shq^a} =uν^fef%O;K.I&;;C@EQaX@1@XL[7_2ٍcon !Njė*'csf&A9N|m; p$۝aR蓔%>y/V"͵ LyItzy&+]{(r;-8ǹWWy>}Mr$Y@NJ3AvX'`\d<":^H|h4Ȓ~xggq캲;XT1&+/Oҕá%zJ}̸\ r}ez kMo ?~fD[F4Nq 悑?3R^6,7lz]x=ehuЕI#ʳE-G*=,Ezz{XS!1wR=Hpn'܎ɉ"FwKe7!Rvs0Yw<t!6x==#uOR]ƥMoz=Eb.J{mzȇUx.{ye^f{_%;0 aUԤhbM&[J LoKɁ=x1O~ldwם@#3A=y'x&Ykov!]^wx*Fyw|樨@i磊~!GY4Eou8*)N?O7F?hXtS '? ; IͩNv\=yD;K>ϧ 9gz^nкq{| OBu`=serЇYh ^`+ ΃[ǥK&.^G.F6-ę26 l \v9Yѵ>Ag#dV'7}F5jP&BY pQ,Cwa):C`ʈt.-_w\@EY)J@D W;ysOm|g#QKکL{S% ༿͠By:|4էm!XlDcЦl!ec7F&Lic-y]Jfp+n+  Y>x0"/t@V/3 YveAW'su x޾,8~on̙b&/Vn{)t~= wl.rv( -P dp_y~;S}Eٽ_07BWcLay|nOvh S qx@O:3d z*yECԇA7Goߥr#ʢϵIr_r3l_ -*^#yW4Jꇈ2@>d뫶m~t}{x>"+q z8\hGJMSTlmۥ䠃qӓ898K̥1WPEVF6ʯm%`Eyq);΍/]h.dz[zx汀*4RT9-ú'F`|ф^vJ@A̻;T=q<1adqr\Gf>]kЎ{9 AxFCj?(Re( dsc0{wHQ߲lφSxivriG?F'yv!=(3zvlPӜ"/;Gw<5o S-ueڈGx(Y(}]~34-AiHλѥkӛUrȾWt/\r{n8$ +=x:z\墛^g9wx HdFT_kwD&; )4`2C9M<%9X] xmwC4gys,j_" ȮWz v2̉{寏5^PdN%TNGQ\@ʡٟe<s\C@<}jNvq1.9-4v) ~L3UtU}^MM9.RyJలU:8]`ƣ 8` Ki~{\yK{)^Ee?OsɂsuZ7?W> rLz+ ?Eq\qL.:?e9 om=E;:ZsL֋XqwJh |_9:tg)B^ڸ{qн.mAY-@>P|j39e|݋nBir{Vgaߟgn,YXtdGx乞6Έ򊒅'''Ohz6|2~ ߩ-z}1W9t 6M+ۮST!%-(Tw+惌С'^pθ/`{̟g~gRQp$v=K_MNEэ56/ZlOb}EVKWf}b׏.Ō0tQ'HpV]=h NO5敽~v U9ڭC@g1 hh9?: 4b__4ѱ#\A?{G,A`ED9=\N{T& h|:e}^SG75 1>ޖ|tge96,N ]42 "w.:_%;LGW1Cw\%PtEF[Es2':2)-|~:.p=g6WYnv M{VϱvҝWu)?- ֶ:A6)^AoyGwD2 F+Z0坁 ^H]h331!ıތg,SH0R"D^oj}U>qq[nmZ8D^_QP/a#[\sqF(* w^0jL6*76mP;48 O|vL d4\I`]}B6 ""e+P=)a4):=Iyz/<;-;^;{iI7DN},ML ~/ w`>ӟ8++z*5#1e]ǏOfEG3TWwQ5OG "NP3:#K:O 6K34,eV3: RDKQقh? w2by# T >t:ɜ0ʃk=:Y|htskE!"r:{`SZ9 0?NN_iq9:Qh{o}Ri|;>r=3Dh GMN:.}٦ztI;@seN) `O j_N{k2V_ԓNfc|j<+/e/323@d†yiDw@fDk.s9"CJdO_& ?]&s>gP[e:HzySx/&c { p!$ȴoN(  3E`ӓD jٽܘ}]>t~e#:чIT攌(C ]Ҟ^z-U{X\@rڀ s_*;+}+yC$29}Fl Z ,w9N6׬Y?2S#g9LF'¡J־깂Ț.%lU24=]mv~u2eGfۚ=]9[3pQ Q$xB6ن!hXa!< @h%%ɂR0>/+`7@D,.@zf EFDPmڴ0StF{^Џ)2;q/-5Bi΋G';n *\>;}ࡧkmsh<]9%uh|& I*~HJf<锎=%F}*zuKx $Ӻojzb^Dҧcx*L\B D >"ͼ#ۻo/GC5c['!H_\<$#;-?3~/Y{9sD>CfF{C>䕲N؟ٙ_Wo_]hgd˜6:Ov]gd; tͭTn]N\YAS_} }ko߂c6*@OF #cЩMrS;NӽCC]9HҾg,HXNA~fMO`z&X#ٞp^o~-7szQ,:yJHՋGzF&Fg Tɱ^rB4'nڔIxW~fs+y8`Bn.koXa[؝־th-cn*DXhzͰh[͑ flG.kթh{KWvG}EAfuxIPO?<'E:|6,9{F]l `R|lRD!Y؀<)V'-2ħ FИ811Y_(cF3F^~ȃNr!E3wTÀc79S$w 8#1UTCs_r/x} Uf og T}/e Low0>9<JwCAt_Й!a=,;OLledQ4?$|ۦW])j=/z%rwKlk_MQX AS=#Bbo(A;{i/be]PjES@EwrTts(3C'^䲿EgDYOcLntJ݀@F-g.Aכc<q.ɘK/rʗz/35!x .Pq)8*PHn/|5g.F搅qf,dk] *x7ӟɟ2>@,@ұ:r7"q~d} cMVW;Rq\ëwm.R8 ?$:0.a5Ʒziy=Sy54߳9g:E^.{yNZknmB}9v-Ee 4!B,JTS`:0O)ftvp>`43%}p> 4;&19D3|ٞБA[}+CNv8 ߠ; ;<>oxFSV.3>ocTI o>ti`_Me.K ߂N@p4"b{>  +$z;D9IثOt^ [pg} 2i0ehL/.|J×^{mSXwɛe2iTFw9`!j?tӡ6@Zi\sg)֩`+jxGw-F~;58e-G !3 w奥AX̳rj ilug0ݎ>ŽV_,ĈЦFN]0.ΨlsEwZ&NN,وcx }lꑳ͢Od#)' @vs_= S[z[%7{ ̚ѿΈeSv:,uIwy߽~ŀ} kGR΋M=z+B[}`72ti+ IӑÌ_}`YlV?>mNՎESMy$9xYxucf[ϻ/uj3 Hw48Ƌ!2m*,~"ۋ8Te|wVyḂzE(D#[Y[~Jף܏:3΅>G!4g15Bg=ƽ(}egͿYgi8qER9UN_c&dЦ=øAWZFNGF_ W/Ͼ{EST&xHj":yE=VS x&~)#]&xds7*RmF':{?ևpW&J~K:7gnmOT+sx~ӷdMĜ&;==n 9`'և. U^k\!!fH}$dS)tД'^wNrn` IygȾ/mR.IBQƶv*S(:jS{栔_Wn't&z+|@"/ּ6gzo.g&??>te^C4N@6_z'?y;*N/}[FO:zz O2N$]~4/҇%C3W3oKwt[vKpO8_"C~,{7-݀gs7|(?'$ {ErQ V{=%|R>}<9wm/=Dt%dsc0 }8?d%\Fw$H_*4JfRiko^l+y-EN 7;ݼ]S>` ! d"&@(R j2L0bFdS?S7BXCY x1["`]6R{@zʼO=ϣ[8sP(Ky{;t3R`mlĶĕoM(^E6GY46#6G ` @?_2oƛBP~[o22ytզ5ek@+9gţ+uʴyX*26//Zn$Wsx/Ǻ@zEsim T/k%^H~V~՗p 藰!(WE{8&܁@5έ~=LCx5<ю,Tpmf ^ | !Xg|>[jJ i9WM~\$:h{hz9]kY~y(Qw??Oxve5?K1q>QRr |4d Fps o\YgÝc(z$V4 eݫ;o!ѵ%BG!}5'4d }t{#pUhٗx KH<ˏr4>H'''ssWOts&l5݂ gމGtlɧ@i:A)_NEfȱ^@'2^CR{fN] 2&12 >/8ȠiɽK<d E P ٳ2'ԺDԼ}[0T t<_kllr 6kZ pF_tBvyh"g Rud-J`7ƜE3Ϳ 6]['lG;gS'";NϜ;lLiWס?uп~fyo'[}s7dz3' ^[BrwڔgY3x/5&m/GJhQ +ĵ cJӳP03j}"u(%9"y@VVW;Ot8x(u W8ЈivcV_ۻU?f=pK-3S>:Aj3FlbDK{ݸsZ ,o$󣲫9_NΌ=Uŀ=4W)k3{8aܜǨ*cX_@щA'Dgx{D @sؕ/T=mf1VIxN]kc\ѭпt.e,yQ=NvK'ȫR)YNF6 O.5o\<֯pt7}ThZkˍoVw.X}?<04(ш24;g|CZ& ~#:['XoWeS^3rK1'w{:zCKW֦{N"8=U?:9cDIr Ry:hiq^ԏu6E=MY_+:o,cD0*g۔ui++-3:xCך;>gNSJC^ gH@4;YJ). q*[,'1eƲ{sP\"~=z7PI$&4޼wk8HetD7>I TƸN{N~f 1To慝EQ ,7ٲx.T7UD7Rn৓va C{֩=}, bN#X=k]{c4E(.ES~k}0r)?Ju~ ` RՍCs=l.#>}ب|ed6:vPݗh7Ó|]ߗ~N#XZ%}/E[x0}s$ >N:Ag9]P{/-Ê9~'N8Gu}X=CA| s 4O^sfVU`Nbx~YI 9f6Ǻ2{6:=u<{ɷ:A==חwQ>N$+I AMwCH47cS_Gى@hw{Q9!"IDATdU=(L{f(^j:\6r@;a6C HU3c@EZ jߥ͍` }DѽơbmM=E!FE߼Bia{G/)pR63GZ 8C ?—* e>$ /|H{e!W`}1U/ {}Gj6{L=:,ؤMݢzP{`S㬷 ?7]L{@Asg^n]9- y؟6j|+{j(əO o.pU~,9#3ws-+eii3 z9)^w{<@}ϙeOGuEdgedyҕ1gǸE'3:bh{zƴy%^_fe3_C T\s)VCΞb{ s޵ 8Oc`3}]G4<42i>UxޙSX]6e3li@&߱y2Vb4Gޜ ;8Wz@XKK5TԲv'>wm%*{s|ܹ'^ə ]w2zZ<麜ݗs]偯Ldxm҃Ieco P꤈2+}.X|3ݘC)CᇞEI ߓLVD܊~0[Nxhz'85C~޵&=::IDDaQg FJ/iGdS(_67.(c6M :_ V M q[: @sy ksRc}6 :qЌ5<]ʚ6 ZG`=g u+s+}yln15\OJ}@Am!gSc ,R5.:dyAoO|G:|'߹62k4BfGNr?5[~/*#.w#aѕ[G{&* h=dj~i }uy&Ycqtsu>);L1|;Ndk0D#;h|j}GvFSK/s:Ae xUJm[q^t~~;9A| :>wy1q::NP3_+;3Y ϝx s{@&I7 T]"7e.^v!Tsl1 }77]Y:"֣8m}eя~] }1(Y)zl]c{02r>':lke핷hȢdBS}o{^B˾.-5hO?GТNg2 4L'3N<'Ymq*9̏5G# :ռ;ƀJ#cE׿~xN8ַSwt{ч>|}A1Rx/T}3tY-cߟm{?? UVs^<o`#9m?m_/ﵽ26ĺa#C9;yQgʪW6Zn{.9n/HEfWӶXe!J7ճͼs ={.qK,b=jDf;{aJc:,d2xI.XֻEQB`#Je1U~aKHvix $pGR䘫=SFcؔ8uBK9@<0S u?³N#̭ube֓i i)D]=H{|*+Sڈ քJQ(YkIF@#;Ap3(zh^X?klhZ{zXwg˛bNEdºZNƏ~_M/s 1'Y1|\|;Ns^ӧ~}̳+?V&@:%}=A&ٓ jxo\vkkC;^@o>iMu{ ar|nx>Qd:O{ei}?ݴlexerGbAT}@(zcǯl/x9|Uiݝru\]kBׁ.HJO tw p+?Ikb& ) Cϊ (p3I@*i!oʱB:oVWr0hiϝ<5_m/# x2S: W^>8")GW NBxViphnd)"hz^Ǭ2^{!UN>polP4V[9YbM2{W@y"I{)\N r2oѾ5>O^ |t֠+X:A {W?7'z5(_du 1Q[)m.U?(ڢxiG\)R2/3 t_ǯx`מǷ"x QTl~]Ud3~W@vYCVFΩm1# Y[eƬT6z|^X?ϼ9Hvd<\opzq$K8=uҰ|3u.0@Z_ QrSU>[yvxQ~\uv(nuy'>qs>DO Q]'tq6٬"ټ2>N(Um=e/ ?zwumtW9yz)ן4wgNX"^^O.Þ~ k8^+gG3L={y;d),0^ 7|D5*-ϟʂWu'4Tx9_57l EthީKE9ԚN}޵Hr6g} ۓ  DFHf>@ոˆ'rX|m:ԷwoP@n\w p4Q '0 "):-!M *@r\iwY@R oLv7B<6b~P6MFX[$yS !\ vл(#x=CĬ^u2&s$g;H\mTzw,x)o ujABsX*e)ϘfbԆ 8FQJxҎ/ ]?S>*m}_(юD?^ڌF<`yZY*]']@GzQ.}@h GK!ru.u,syҦ|g[y9Aͱ~*my*( ջމ{_9DၢOtNNTO5`{B}ӟ>]NQy D{}Y^>>iȚSq8.ƽtt;_zEc{0<ק>."xxŤEy0:{&%.,9]͡q&>}dri:]&]tW}0W(׀ :%Pq7+$?l/ϼg&,gDf˕xjAiK >x</Ke_ВN#ыG W&ƫ7x]_s%et3!. <gE:$إQc.ߞӦwӴeλԓU%|ԣ[r:Z+8 a>8@.YV\ [bڤui1sާ4߮RXsE/+"X'u/c@֒<Ue찾~بH1h[V~uZS;I>Kc͢-{pej0NMNlS뿧N+xMkcY{*z{UlOi|إ?3?\I^84*Xf{shMOm*l's*tz'bG^JLgDv]PT[y4{۳WV&,ćLwτ24cQ)fϝx Fclx9~t*ҝ[phA=* 3hD?T{ 4&y0\?N~{NyQO4 &X|K77ΟG)kT=9b,d|YE/8Ǥ[L'ER(ZQ|V]ĩ!eS9;c)s h Y )]0OC`m1@xn?H{R hS*UEyg]4PXurn" /bI'(> `Ɨ`R&8Չ82H(28}æ>D_r46W+ R-[p*;IlY%'GNy1`ev>}z?;O1V}tFUmh3c;=+XEȮ`3kcO8^WqYx9Rleq\(W>*3GY`?:Ӣ[oE3ks|FH{F%/ߔ^DKʦoh7ʟs U zw|L#sԣ\p0 qu>3sj Dڻ˾+#/o4:4x,XP^$3'X(22>?3Ҝ맋<%n-F| ogLð-G@]1{ue" WGg1EO+MzwyXm2}`){a]]dPv|RЄ+گ.6wtV:ln[bʯ[{*76s`,SɚU.K]xM%#͛SՀ./p }fCt6ӏ+_m}N]FKw0DVz]6K>Pn^Jpx6-?ukum&W{Z|'~Ѕ$>7;KhtO[ʭ!lpF\洲7mgmw} s;Tƪ4+Ϝc^ץ9ZՏRƳ֙)]3r sn5ʎ;2;;-ϖ {=]jj:C8*ɉ)S mi,9X hNcgtV&O ]{̾G>߇ k{IwTVw+sŞ8δ4;d-5 ^KyAWB~D%Mr Wշb$x d  "7KK] ǦI)Фi! ^,4]ն614QD)an*>//"(ћ@=6:\GU(\@Dfr~c X6 0oǑ!<ܗ~b^O "- i['~nikl*Ib |uӻO:~cش@8#U9/3ޙ t:#C?~Pd }Diq_B`SxP -ş=$-+l !P?5ܨwXr4N`'Wvq©XcA411 r{N`5^oV?HIc\Ҧ9ʣklҁ,Avj;@}eY\T Tx` 7͇Nv85^%ϡ 0n&lWT;i.L(߻N3/AÝJX@f-_q_w.ݱ= /My⭉ms= goohwzo$=ЏG@m| nGQТp^ c,fO9|KfG# K6{)kK ~ld:}a rML7Nv;Qi_H܇H' xyoSӻmM>;{zSSO1d1C4P?~rouúqvi{>wOL^od`k/ot oY]nt89 #w흓hOz?~J2u/7`'4@^aM.{{1)ݤKѡ8 dw&Q " \@G;"0c +N tQ3 MP/'EӦ Wfܵ+|̰\_|ʌ0 kSYh?|Gԡ"g vtB@cƔ{sQ`LMF%$\TtKصi\`mSkڔ^G4U_߽\m~Jhc}?LyP˱HXSʄ|קW Bfs-a`x'hM"މ}u5NFsc4*[:>{sXY{錐.9*ș 3u)ލ&7%3 XC79<`Qjm^(gNwNrr0(ojO 9㑃hzmޙV eUi*1ey=ˏ&G3 =Ch ,Xm8y T1W󺧤D1znoW8;9hݾirz='Q/E ?0zڋwLu{ ;7_2/3z3=xO0l;/2Q_ax#?%>_t{~GxxZ@7^=Gr:]\Yy}#ErjBK?p5{f}yԯRϬ,wi'4G8TUJW籧n{̿^G'toRtiGڲ>EuB>DWM=4/8N]7c x7Aouzמ2U4z3IЪ{sn\R#ZGϦx~\s0.vϻwR h=NRYeMG{qݬhS930:Az=ʱFc^0irYvq[#36tZ:Qft`ҋXh5w)Qs] 8| AK[h@hgcc.m/{;|vJ$IڼLwS$zQ[sf &|' [Ȏŏ# LtcE?<DP2u^tʩZ'z@m Ħ2 [}ZG_QJ[D'ד>Pkxح戌dS]zho1}}~`u@D'S4٦5}2479Nv"ڲ| y/7ٷ 1Gz6]S2D oV2zDWJ;(55lQ4&x"g(>٣Ϫ/%sq~1e(f Zoo| o"m.;/q0γmQWd9`l Ɲ9lt˰kqFk/FWԝ K,ڴ]l PN|n>O=p>\ѻ~&/Biq|s7]ѳbFD:hc#`ahͬQG[;ţ B8di:ESZ}1'@@ߣ s_4|^n&a 9_3* r]1"gZ,)O^HhKGXYO#PQZBmO\]3ue*2/gB_5! znľȕULOƫ'ZA7+)kv_ oߐKOB3wy'|u ~u9Gw9Ͳ`C%E7-X ܱ_wF_\6=] yB'ȝ}/=cqǣ\ɣl+G+rt7k#/cǂuk,k Џ3dTM= 3됦[e}w?teWb[t_r&;ޓ{YI;E;BMB]V'ɦWѦ Ѧtt6Jww;y7lD>rĸ4xq%+:s <@U=s_;'d :-Q'zsO~%AZrAlI3.?.EtUyʳKinM z /ǯ>_4sf>Vhyw?"9H9Ҭ'}i/ ' hWI^Ȁg6v;{0^~~!ER!z6WoA~ =I9 tGHd/_RD~;ySmo!X׍XCb=ʱ~C/0} k< oʸڄSm٨ZX==5:I<{p rϜo=V2l"9Zfb|e*:ֳR` =On[-Wt `4@4p0Ba?D4}D(6CH޳^b`Nyɻ8D}4>}=G yc\2b([BG!IA(@6BI~sp/(he3#yHxYpUSZ+9zFVB]S(茞RX|λ2~_9-R}#+Z5XA[g=e=/}V3&.]=Pg[Sf){7yI9/C7= X 0p)a?t`٥>"~E8rN_mo@etN (z?^&3hf{*eʽ(2h;9H՞rf'0r*z,ҟb(*:vkOݢ *6PKko5]o'4ߜ߸k6FWAj.ml- ߽\y)gDl#.=ϛ;kQ&&ouU Iv<`|8x 4*Pu_r+k<YZem\Bށ&C6.~Wm5bzQp{P鳘^n}R \goXm sMe[_ֻu 닶Till4cm^*dA4s 3S6+%Of/8ma{I2,oM&Af0 XЮ;0"`d=pDs'R4͙奼F?];R}ُ"O{Ra2޽z_٢7- 3U_?W}~v2ڀ:{׾OoO1^.<՞If.OG=S*-<؝O!;tm((6CctWxN4RzVBuZ]C(WNᩢrn{3ֳ49칠t8 4Os -"t_pTRW8`9l{Jbf*g(ڽ"RyY'9d0dw(MhE3[ձ&Tfm{oʙ]ﳞ[oD^A D {xWko Έ+c@gp!_ )G* G'#wK~O)J#kD1d~#Ee,@c07\.5sI=2 ĭ (s b'+PsdDs)~.g[.*SŇ\+Imd_:OkE^U:q4Fb'thcsOtŤK၂f-@PBFc^5*^5󾍰?w6$:\mM>>ܛt觨|ۨcnc<)fLo~߼w#|#EpqQ[Cs- |"fͯ4N B:uБcI/~vZm[. ߷ўVJ僕uĖu92~ s*]8Ss1l"CN K4%^V࠶0BAS-}̫HiѕHsdȭR>rJMv; raF+{3W8xdSzze(@'ʮ]ދ[ϡ'{+W 4%IczȖ}  J=o]os[jc=#(.~]tCΔ5?RBmsWipg&h:ތ ?4{W{HWiǫHo2.厏ܓPoet<5WքG?9x޼|5st իnHG{WO+}d0ܨ?ƈwz/?t@yb^Tx?`?(zZ{2 "DIx~Mﳯ=x9Õe6!EPr.[otw#ea]4Z:ێzOeƃW,<؁w]jZ9 5gPIϨ_XU|3 |ߙN~T^ҭugLoATTl-Qb[z`ѼtU$2ihC~h]C/a7 vp,:nH U'qd_v՜tb44B;E':N CCYy⣏&_$}~6E#1Kt}N:K;JiS}6QN7=:[~7g@LG6k<.o{Ӝ{ S5sr1=/hЩO[[ɏ/Fo}ӝ ͱ>bn {ѱ6S 쁭bA淽N~x '|gݳJ0lsLk̷OHrtǑh-7Z-Eaxݞ;1xus]^vrKd2ZE;pMMSr`/FPR|S8Gqbu+y˺d4^ִ/.®Iz6<6`17E~e͔A[@멯rrf1{^llt?cno,OZ^;ψ56@ʤc>wmj"Ѧ20#X Rs5~GyA_g):s^#c t)J}sק3eMѪQMa6^{J!5P:e1[_n򍤬 ZtBh(]ņ)kV*16 ƿz̅L޿ M_~w]r9dY:`I1.[ -B],{J SW^GmglgR셱뤐G!J۱מu싘:A~ji}\w=psk_D"NևR1lO:V^4־CcSKS psB\XݢR(=*CSQ3[.|zWN94GVٲҎ1غwP( aD:կm \c>{3<\N۴o2Ui&_9:. >춞`?'*~lt(ڼ<2/3$#i f<+=qㅜl;~/儞3 83607NGE#ދGŷ:ekhlcAi|[e":Y2Ɣ;,n1J%hNnHZG*[}oXvDk96u)himiKD˿˿|'m:/#`]:4GgQ㥃i81'Hk[ptWkZR!{_Oed?=<\aW8|:ۦ>ӧç?0(2[]jtГK>sW Kt;,=+Hpf&vo҅xwi' )Dwhm-?N ψoUV$4(V?_wip*{ɍM~|~W2cQ#[m^󛣍nGCfΜhd1o-͡{:|sx;On[3kI5Ͼ 97>>or;2㴇횓:'mmΥjajބڇd>}]M4: @XLQ=mU\Nذ5:^έ"OQކm۸&!#$ǐ Íg( Tml(EMI|E6ReQflN -{y ŀ6UZ<'@1Bij/e(㱹X%N#m"͙ęY3ۄWrK?7rà*F5/ZGk<}~Z/`iF#֗"]m9}p`$ zDgx 3J зx93_"O49Hɞ8GH]\l90>~z<d_댺>+Auo|/¾13ѹGg?+G%]{>{Fo=A0bOt~#knflK{mhk6懶sOx)e0J ٹ0Nn,zOf,=XYi{,ߖq%O2EWI/v(g)ex<%gp^9 Q]gaϠ_PijsQ(Mpg9t۞! X-_wS_w^ \tn/N'(ہ#5@\g|o$8g?dw}r9݁z6vDx,J^9yЫN_ h_)dM/@pwyot_cKqQ߹]N~8|ߚlv$9͆ DV8xn5 x?2@!h]&ˋnmntx uɔЁ>[$,{Ns2}DK㇖[k}"쓓?T0WSgѣ@W6EnYed { xB=)kXm7Z7!Nhi=>嫏~xPh.o_ sZSeڅ=hiD,צ=-#& oͩ6 [_O]v„1~ە!.?CGE{N'RwG?kHwAr@drtɞf7.26]'"/>.؂YI}Q5/{o*Cx*Ȼ}g. N͜ 0 )p|SaNy];J8TV񑥳; ڄS2#\ep[. C@2ҕ`(+ўcH:~Qd71+)JGE ɓ0_ 'e@ssp޻ O% Q}i2sǦ=} N;P?;x4©DW 5ǝ,(מY2EH{R`'<[RcE_U;ƀ }UU%u^57uub{GzGe>pq^Љ7dP X[/YF͓{J$>P ;,47 4wie*;葃dq IGv>>*LeeWe9yNz}Q#u۫AdrҖ1k:E_gپo$Y:A˽q.y3ؕr]QɄƖfg8X4lG_um^x(ȞĻm|K{ȵNc2W:,o:d1+ǜn+p6R;~TV}S (6.)[8o2tzAuVG ֥\0T \jQ䶹2?\=0_t~@%??^uZG8)_[9c/nL`<0qnMZS ѺQڣk2|hS?K+b.t#=48vG]Ѿh H L|gM!'j-wq8P6Bz; iAEk3zܲh~)z*sdp6r[W`4w~Vi{{Wjrq`8:84tUFcrpk9)8r l@9M&k';1Oiv@v^+pT?=K4Q~7F]Wc{J=@|#Pu<տA߰ v%K-]^~=ٳ5nj&]# Jݒcy2'MU*k]7u+Ӧy4Ep}>jsw=JEFs^_Q4>srgd 3@7o1sKki ZiWe#9H/l^'wS0uUN[j/c l#9:W@ѡ\fTb0o`u$Ez2T }bza9ASR0BJ /rM_1-2oIEI#SYvS((S ƫo ib@)I @'g=e-i]zzъ|tn,[P kZͽSSE6Dֲc 8{^dNФ܇'w=V9vF֞{~Xkm=O: WgwS}x\({NYSJwsϛ'ch=ؗze,=g~^yx l@ c0b͍d~"m3n2{Y{bK+urW`|1YztՁAg7=gAOx7igƝo=@lZ&и;AuSӯ{~zrqtS46V788/e̺Ш? )puZ]~kj[Û9|=ܚ; p_]]yh? j;؞]Ƌ>E+26/yS:Sԙ\!U:}XU>{wsqڭC9G1qreΗmd.::/VOX ֨.][2~y/: v>ƹS~=꓃Wt O*H7۾S)Yв &@ݧ-|OC8&f'> 6f@[1 Nӝ` +xW<^8Lf`[LN^.,:- Y6t!n UosL6@L8py#@[a{J>ؐ[Cϟy"wЛ `{QFHƳe/C4fȼSkfWu0e1NxN>b|Cms\WI?L1ܲƭ|"Zn̜ms8 Мy}qm\ n{1G;k SV9 tnYo LO)zls2!iq;։ogw?*]T_ '#j^LGsçcya54\ aRU\@s|,;z϶y%ŧ;iq6i-~z7k{ysxE^Ӊt́ltOS~>Ӄ}2Ÿ2חg^feg%2G`K H6ګkL>dүtg8)>Jԧ>usw${rrcC>L?7/8^vQ<!#KtOOzT>RP?k9jcyutz@;y]ʩn`'^gr='-tFJ?_٥?|!f˥(x1z~L>,3oWVNeh AKޭ-{݇%sC[d3#\:E9m?:o*_c(ΙBG}o0O{SZFdr maed|mGvޡ8ݡ)^Ped4qfKu^<~,q,I|j#A"t DŽ -zN=,L?݈ӅpQڠ!8y)yeҘl8%ӡy8I9hS63/2(96ّ<5a+EۄpG4Pϳݧ1kXzcsFcO!stl[eFV:&zw+CWz9=sw-m?8Omzz(I:g Nvd\-p^MsF7d1DcѻJɀ`"̞Φ{6 x?JYsVQGk||]We]tlq#~<{@;AMCu-xrczXz|V9#3K h?J=uz<-_x{{+6N`g\t\&p$z*^MA9۱O|90R&O}L_/c{ְ XWqo2[X9\0v:tvVle`DF\wc";R;m[X @s-cKUN%; b{Gؔ/ƚiZA695YⳌE6J02{_җn3^nmqD'= 6J2ߋvѫ.h8Qa9ؑN(ݞ1M!?ea]0D@y ?ϲ 4?T~}f^V}M"/"<&3&*{M[MP{(}nr "n{-#!ln6i*u)PT%,m&(`` 9Q7)>AH{/5Tc@I ȋ1_.R8وtKe@*}Enǁ<,Cnzucw^]LZegp'hPg e>{A1я|#g0Dl$$G ? G:^D=UYt/ڴ.%c2c5Ow4gA S =8#O^^ss׹uӅv U^ԡruqQׯү3Rx-oG^8 ͡yBfieIhw\4~CzEQQ>=)3vd?.vK/3N@'TfE:[#{ӨK8x::gAt> VG"l35wc, }v5,E㒅W ;Cұ'rr"`Pԭv߻-L9}%F#ZNhm}2=R%K/H+eFxikai>k4[or4Aw /ox=yG)o5`{<=xEV;Gt~ -}u[|Jӻu9T*c3'|mଃsP7#ޕ.&6@:;=c'W͍v6 &7XI[ј񞂮ܽ4&BbJ':HH!RJljRŘ @| PXH IƐKK<(&6EoLGmY cacBF{ k Z¯c"atdTyccwy6ЦoQG+b4ۿ} &!8Fc-Rz36=ǜʱ,Gy[nEJ #ƺgh`9@̨ <̅1Һl9v9cV'l؋LUFcE p#(FDOghS2ĸ?pEJmO`~*;.i_1N~ٮ甥 BUg_yo2cQ-}o̟? gtXg<_w-u}Stq)_:S @.z.,Zͻַn:*~,3>a_[nvͣnlMvipTNk>sdVwNjƂ7ў.Q<ƌv.GGx\>Z ӧlR(Bn>@xk!6Z{|+GK+:/TW|crm/}hD=s])ÓRvՙC}c)ka 9+w*\sgJe4ڭq 9к9:}#b 6> 씉uI2ߛt >ZNNM}Vuf<t ^Q:}rUk|_/u4~z{洅+mhPas_ecGKeWy_~ݽݠ\w1&ctd<>!&s.;#3?^b޷u$| 9֖8`A?%y}m]{6~ZGNmx:kdJQdL72][=Ηƣ澓Ʋ EWy^/uN[w]wpC~SLRci <׀hK}s{򌛜0@>7³Xmnbb6u$LG]p\;Ch_~)u$wɂo`)X7UBk/T Zmm}_p\vbP r9Ymn32t,TKw@1Ύ[43R?[O0_kww73rqŽ6=!_ҦGrAFY:~61(rSmO4{ -| PuCQۗ}OXyLS6_WG^r<O ߞSœ<9q|Ҷg~rxͯrC{)ڻW`y UסNtenv>fnW9:h<&rΣ2=%tߍvez*Tr?7{}QF,DF /R d0~L26 yfhzywc^";()Ŧyã3{Q4|F, = Tz6 c؁@9Nox ^{|ӟ_>^]QA_r 3`ŋ]i _< œDUv:n9#uo:8;lUQkd癃]Ntұ+m.x5gC|@Mg~d+W taNGxΞhR/2LOU{ _s&2\?64N4GOM|d#t*H/c=ؔ7nY{lkN.?7NR44Ob|YSwiU9_?Zc{W;T α`TsZS/[N6{rr{O|B\n_ӒQ7Sj $g57Mduv LP?Ṣehd O։b:sA_/m;=^xQGx3L%eGU'<,3O0|pC#);\j"*[t=Y7  =;Ge eN`mIzsEElxYF{y iiGW^MQtmuȒ>xx{YTcCom.`qlǍH 7K8yBl}(²}tvk T0K/SD8Д0GEkt2>t}e[3vŷĔ&R: P4.gcOh{ ̵~Wu}AE~>N+U=+'J' "{:w"KMS*Sxnjqx<~Oۃޓ޳ }6^z)lUrsԹw#g^ s *]kG@[<(Ȗ@s֑M$`eU P?xKg'9| օl֦yET7zI'ou@Us?9 @ѷ(Ûc u<{_Ӿŗߖ29V߲}]Zy`l8pZ! HSV3̽.pYOS9EF ހֵ@krqybqw F/d~Fc `q "Dу[mstT ¤x@[fW<"!@Ee6hLH++z{ٌpE1h1mzX 恳mj#1=֡?xA=m:/Eh̛"H']`vGxеaeN8ˌG 1ƈX_{͋=F.O K@~|{ie>3[ h+Yfcݭr-x(o~oEh-r?g3>_13峕өOiԑ1,M {\-p9R6s. 鷿ch?I rQA}Ϟ t #7xQf~6uyTKX?|:z.Tt~xwѰLtm%'_ GsOOo1?;֦_MiSv"Æ |( .,+5gG[>WS_`e'9YYsdTTVdk+=Iu $,=t 5vegWÜ3?1=FNntNǼ=cH_nKYŝtJD\=,3$~͖Qf/#{8}o= 0ճ+C+l,O2?YAƪuI@4=Ph)1}OWA%QGcFI}5'vl%/7Z96/гjڬ 9s{4C:']5>R7}!r纪ݲ.tQh/ceMml.}CYCYF2?aKo<='1&a>IAWE&obbP&{ ю:x Dh@p/cBxzF9Θa`UޗV pק6ILbDK`P0]AaQ&4.J3Q/.(Hpcq+:Xmۯ+b̳֐b6Fk:ub3Ww 6ѥ1zgALV1>G^y{& L_|[W`|)E<bjWykfXйȖr߮2Hͫ?TCeXZe]9:,kx=c t?<dz~WM/3Uu:LKծrX׎5o=~=egwT:cwZCU$k'ryyUCuh g,wjЃcG!k%cyb:/‘aOV,*oU an7 tz}d<ÇS{΂˞jMxdSicGs [X`CO{֘mǾ͋1,P\@1}d3 ؚ+KsK7ָrO}C_nvfkl 9y#EƯ(iƓ- `Qm-t7l*t9i}ΙݜVVj02meg7vr Y=sa=ފT-2u)EJ]=[T8`۸YwnEzBMl;xtoF3rEg:K{{l%XCDSl ]^L~75}N\Gi[ބlFwE; [+iL&|A{Wz+hgx PEʴnel:WOY,rasZnEk?T_3\DyAz34pֳ/Ktm(opoC!YoO䦄u"xO SZsyg @ &r\EHE0+2D7BC0[‰hcn6#Fy D٠Ʋ nP0"&! ])goumycBʼ fTPy{ǐ(>\)vq@iRj3gly!͙ZpF66sr4ߢ@AП譨-"UcNPWep^LC 8U@7FO6U &cpK|obܼ˸,򚗗Urk6=vX4# UJ{L trtٴF_N"oOpS"R¢9ޜO4~m(CxNJ˯^nY+ݙ~餋-*;ܧՋwZx[{gJ}ԛ6ϾB뿾? P'_!49ߋ/@5|wH\j̓wx4{f(rhThզq8E{G-QOu2_t)wxstۿ1׶> "[*htr\(d$;Slw^>{~ˌdhLcȡњhKm&`뿽ES FkS=k#w,@#lMr4#<ۺ٧OZt }CGGo4l zxA ddKYNp'>8`^cov=h ~%:ۋGtћ[#}FUYOA3|0NΕ294'G)Q9!nVpXUڢEfs iNIRr =~6˱J^Hς])/hYp ?>Hc:-z[.,4ՉNXHN4Ƹٻ\3YWt3{Wee@* Rf]Ryc7x3?4᫝MڣMiviˑ hL25ӡ0|܈l.X)b^u BțD ex yS\0JJKc+:@w#Hv!6NqǨ#RY;B9am VΚMӺzj3'N]sQS gGth( 9>FƜ~h9~m/z֚y[\z_@uua]JSU=”x1lLf  p /1< ,B(;]:9ÙbgsD8#\+۠Q^п3zѩ=ψ*MS <[ss/ozƭt޳ =z|Ng{mnz}Y)>oiút@@}I)૧M^}gKCx\_YeSؕK tkL p)EJU=J2yGr9^"DZ۹/mu֞a{:HJ`ҞÀt=O:OoGcy;B8Ric4KMR,y@f`V<#xZ0]J"+ U]9^v׺%~ՁeCf.g9Js:x6߸,Z ֬h갅;u`L[F&"[)Z$ʮ &ܼ[R nEpfsK/Z=ΕrU4>tw5X]}d5AW<d B{A: :}Ϯr)v_iߧM.hnLVs0U/F'^,q"NأaZ='P8`s{D!?W˱r eW^ur+O,)׺5;^noǾO5ιGoĻ́Ʈ]_/&Uz/F_jk/آy[Z;)_ٿMGo ?_mNDT7Gʉ_JlxYz?foJkwvߙ3\NtbzoptgLs٥Ȍ5Vdi~v~N|ƌ~†чP)=8e[Uf}u;uҲ}W4w Ffuzi#0zsE|ˤSl!8sUD,|e&Q=ħķQLQ~XPmĸlQ{ JMzAm~02Bϱ<ޯߎELx1*+kͿ6 »0H n ^m:,jG|ol]u|OK]eq=l4Ϙ 3ʊ89"H kbs긙ճ!1C}N`eL?tn8G֫T8\>+< ^O\ T7Wǫ2W@Sg=-bL/R6qzCjX(bYCl,oy])=z{w<竤uvJsEA@Pzj.WT{gsy#mS qB<Q29Om ;gt|::U#2GPP/n`{цH.HN+z$_[Q9dt>idV1O4u(md*0 hf>Xw' +;u,z ]\wxƉײv0EYREnnwFǵ=eZ.4ū}PZ!Rg:cprNvMp+Nuh$'#eL MG͗=kOWm|ov|{gD_޹(Nyz2h r^(C { /gS)\; nVJ.N:|xE++pM_s>KM35~qv`Ey;0h,yǍN9{h6u;ee-w:%ki9h|CE 9dQ-3֭ӏJǬƁ@k>'5?O?aBޑ<] 㳿ȀXN)hoO[D=fxSk^Ӯu,8lAh?wiSh3>zOxS'4ZRxr_kEi/K6Ψ];]Cϓ>Ech]ѿHuP6>v0:=N}aw xU;PB)wy;G>Jxam⺅[Dݿ{Xu ^e[Hsnz Rp$P(uҨU& oćanD뵮- G)EҔqm*.JZhls0 lrd;mx`$ qFѷN`fOKWs:pT"oiȧGˏ@7>L5PhS{E(o#Peȳn ϋhjv~fޅޫ`<={$ 56y)UDg}Uy;?'81a2~w~COǽq={Oꪍjt{xÍg4' >mӠ 9 !넏)p<˜mg2V}d.yY$K:KmUh91&<$%35yޅɥq#oz_ G1q2Z,}:Z CPq`nz/]bECx6+WDFDҕ,dyxHсW`وSHMFj//ҿ.pP^0Q{t/޼1ɜ8؍ @h`~nv]vmg lCN;4fe˿7:Tl5K?o-In"gɧfǔ>9{J=gu)}k{/yl#d%}OvpHh6Klќ5y-Qc=DКy7Vӟ>ݜ]tA"і6i PDtXOQ{I!xO{JYkK^g|lL/@ `TJɩ#u>-W8}Fl韾"\ki_,M ;4ki -j߾^ܥ}uKhOrNCh k47@S{#>/h8^-z`މвͿ3:]usx _1s'@彠#`ُsNQxCi5|qN;<ż{Z/P3z{ͷ5wS3}TuQK[tә~L=rm[x&j5^ڮr{֞}Kځ7H\Xp:a}Xr&;{/})~ _֑˭g28@ ,8b)ڹPgMPnK1ӳe#$ı8S b< / qvTp*El$#y!xwǵq z[R'i!,U_3UR{}a>{"dJs"ڌ~tz?#g)x"s(HCSsQֲSލKscV\vf6J-Rjϖ ɞ\O=改 i}3YT>r^-BG~G+ͽ2KCd ZJO:2_|7$^p} f6O{x ]zl.np H߽EBY]xXQ=)jC4|?&$+kޠ҅u=:uUrk8#O%4@r.~*RYc^Z_kM)C] 4]2)̯#R}N;KF԰_8g_H>OҜmnvme*!@hnsF>T >EP'ӽ&vm~> zu :_ :)SG'S!􏂐hG@fq;tGMg%[Q>t!)4|O犾≭sk7tz?}A$M?\lЎC'R9ѳ?VnC$ZAwx'*k+뾍ўc7/ؾϜ_/. +;n.d'c;:weNz{jh1u9@w;}7z< 3c$Dt70V]<.wO[;{#.괗qNOmG=3_嗯<{x _ǚ?2besn2ɱ+9?GhΘuawD;e?)?(Waf'#/!a}1mbhD[^ `s,t(H=3FMZG)G$HߛK;iJ],0.p|S 2o)?l`cLqh%gJ cB"M}/< (ճI/|;:"s+L= \7'҈N>ShshȾ(:zB#k`k^yT}Q$;ةʺ~XryU+U=';tPP _}[^VT>l.ΨNgC{r.~u rI/GԻJgMvZ^ޣ94;Sܫgϐu'{h,T]{z'~UfO1Jhth(1viv N)GȂx2XcNt"F*ۂ?́#r~'ZG~c:ɡN'Z rs\*$e<-9]]< Ob;Uh˚uٱ}?\/aFe2 xbrf>M}̼gnxNeiss9-g6nO7kj_m]-:PmJWyy{C9F+_Օ=<\]d_Q%NJ=[C:Z:ܛ2nu,<;BZuΆ2o ,r^pl%Dg~ɢc>[<,2"=}զ[HHao5P0 ,c]ی8r}zm s RF)3o]8"cvZ+ڦo{7/u^/GQޱy,B huz5{3Dجy HV|p#tTՍR֤[dLmGڳ(79rIm)ObTuYTAGɢbHI'9}F%_WOK _f aub~>MGDZߓe3G/*bo[S$Z}l$H T&h;]k@`^,? A7 XЕS8-wl81WR*G`O_jE㩇w"khGgdc<ߕۑ2k7mlh8g|/:Eq|.t__9)>|[֍\vmFc)@Rc_$[VpQֳꝩ'YSlSfnh:]{/{lFءE<|\vO_RtxwYeR;g:T?8-=.{cg=`N̹vY]]ly/Ѕg/oǺgYNW̉>ޣoqgpڋa%x1yci7X͟u4篪})m1m  ٶ)Y{S&#ɁwƎ^^ (F0gueyہgYvv80y'?iT9dw@V6;ُ/>[?.̄N7&G#3 b|(+YC'X6wxIh;(8JS^; jos e^}85(Ս-2 b8|Y-Ʀy2.סto!@W`M`A榻Hp:yT h- jL&72?Fa^wl펳 0`ǻ{8c 6 !!ķc@˛8xCBNql87VK3{^Z9QUU5.}nzz҂ `@G@Lʬl69Mzgۜձ{UƦi% zs7J^V{3=6m.JBt *rИVIଵFJL`wݷ./E^+)Fy0[v 丈m7>*; [xhoMΨ{zѣh|S2m PJO_-Mi3:Jg=_rmE:夷RϨ0k^Q-[' ٥ksrk=Ѻ~fSZgЏZ|(;yO*{y:rȫ|њ>+=^|*8XЧO631>>.ش/74Nj`\l⑵yGtWln=}W'P)*=}FZM (ٙdҁ\VJalsak>q(^@ݳT鈜~wz|A\ydY]%7ҍ>.=cgVM+[E=9AOgaAJ@g'HP^h8G͇Wlt)g  ñSt"[fuRhxkO[3ZXml3t&H1oD$FO||h,mM?܋84>| HtoO2}smvv?4gs;#_?.ZU vL+vShmSxN{ZӟQUD[c^ Y\ƾRT "cdi6uYk`uY2F}Y3ԍxkV lw~~j=Fd>!KcL@ɜ9SgqU4;:k?JDέ2 2X[i .0VF& ۽2=O:WWhLYSswZ wq^$ڡ#]DUfx U{C[ֺ$!,'Dža3팮5zZ[w˙Nl>񉿝g?MvKK/<2^pQp%:`GEs|N,(tuJ=B/B}9РI7҅qA-ѧx&':hiq쭧qʵe2ἅ׹fyh} ?Tmd̆oQW@{l:.xufX ۗ,Du尸z,pX;W]9r־*Le7dj :?S~wj6GH3"+#}9[*3kQT_}vYȡ}OwncQ{}/gw8ZǴyOe^c 0pO3.^rf/,':ɿrg2?3l֍' =fORØ(pcsX"L=c6^cҩ@+z,:qXc5p{ݍuCsHZ͝3aךh@Bll@6Ahc@kzI(ZSytË?ҙৢGoL-5|Q5ǾӁѾ++#cb7}BG#{ sfT~ @+m >19cv0O6͖u.EW{xL(2m:7rs3(@~W$b.:m)Eco4}mߘ-FcN"hh^@R?/sWWtK7ia11ǔƫ^86x%j}Zu8+m/mx2 w(1~c Ia8HPE',l˧7v)q« =ԠzNqߙ8g" JgpjM*ӟ3ZO2s &VD6K8[Aew,KT~f|ߦ,E4tPO rZ1?'ʌٸ:*-}2O4oWF]ǏhzK6[qU~r{΋_;Wmnds|'w3^+ @ל::gn7veEmw=3&Nܘ+!\O~{S d HBfR~s cg>m^pOvէ zؒW"! 1Ҹ"9p Aܙ< 3@N["JAH?*iLЦ9=%p\*G?m #]fΕGcm<3^PQ0z y: rd-? kDҺyF62-K>%x1%;x ]DߛG+zio~U0,iG9tYN| p7s˥O60g>}k>R_EgYnwⶻs: mOgx|^<$NtG`v-^-W}?' ^F?z@Nn$PF[F2u;te[^|{ʹ\ #] _EoҢS7?R gDoYʜ4.{Ldon_r:sSKK3ڙy^lZK㢷 ,60r꠿993etֶYVۿh>꒹ =6HѺN+N-姨qNGYLE-3@(gTJJ4#d:c-#4txx;v]u\`w_Em̩- NJIޣ}i@cʌtޣt0˦|@6c{ue1<_m6xF/|zҡ 2'^D= Yʣ޽2JJ;gkΰ5}N9{27@7akb;ɪ<66O[nPޟr׺9t=l??ek O%K-~5׵6o}CE-ZN~(QgGNәɶġڡ/}NC?M~7;$:6EJ`Yi:3b[?ҧ^m{sQXSkva)b}6:_Wלk3 9󇵓§#Νh?· SN=A@}\YzHK3sS ϬбJq6)ytش"i\r~:IM/cVzkVmI 8xS |C@)~@^C׼`A1l=Eۓ;ki]9G+ `w=>SdFj=ƙS\/0dO4LCXtlF>^h¾] &!-(eπOs;x |}T8ѼVw%j 79X3G>k=ȝХ]'x4xl\xZ@dvR_K=NѢWo/_;[Z>OwAn_oV9 +gmP:7a4Ɓ/2# ΔU<掇ʈ|?Qؿhl|c> grG90N# `;]sҐ{v<7~'_@Όڳm\0/ 7vk=̿s`U{ =洫]rٍSF +=)>hI?(ݩ#8\E˙@}:Nk+#[vb̤OQeQife [vWsrmxMJخrH3n1˙q3FNg'Cͭ3g-@x"kvFq_;=дH^X XX4:)G1޲tЈ˜OgXH :'کOUJu,h1wosܲ yʦaRn9r,/IFy-j^7NJ{-x+^~K_u/ͦ}9݋ɦ}8/;na'}>9Vb,Q`suכPURwn Do_eF+/*,Ѕ~k_{~=^u8/ָIG9sgsttmCա Ō =%5:(wL` tl}(`oi6<_#C5{[.o].t/3^\3GO켂rxn: 1? ^Z _?EOm|#kZY n+L#w-J:|3,sŤ/qU=b6А% :Grm_;t?'Nzθ8u]c4XIgd:6T\y_w E7>Og"g &y=^J$93g ttga7iEc1zz^1ʕMo|n f/Jǁn,tnad~ڄ0@N{~BW"c1Ni*>qdUEG_Gߢ7$xoSDQEZ+~Ou0ou4}Jbw~h853/r!+uy_vㅸ}z{v[V>gLJ-/"^݂2ȕ=<ɖ:f2tDs:@E GTOo͛, _ѿWk z1cedj[ʹ|žHnЉ鏶U^KR_1\v/+Fojr̋/ə ?>c<_җ:˱pmMd46|A`]7J޳WvAuNDSe624K`^-Osd}O=M2j/ vdImԡK8ccs׬} 7&gڿi p/cзlnoC3x}R=:m/FOr'#]izI"Wߑus:;Z' ac+;>ezdk O"tp`7qF,Gf69_ J7\=X-~{ Pl21EPEBMJw9CR}`^.g-zD,.9wFqߟp0 t2? Q-c8w0UõIAW"#]Omr84WxcGڀ,yfg~ V{"AR4\s-Wg!f/OzN|#3{F9E/E֔6vp7҄بOUVJ|e,坷 RiOZk *SR4UԿzL12XnE@Yi2ކ%zyg}#o=Z{xK-CepI-r|7f?:e ]D繖ڻb斃DWe#3x|Y{F<։aގG2>8hXL:Uuٯq <4!gZRd|fG)+NScsSLpMۯ3ك Y}=r!2@+J>*qS^`_D!֙v=,e6yG8qMg[\UXپ҂8س3"z?9uhSgƎ1t~!Kbz(LtfK{ h:vfAs]08ڔ:Dhj swvE' [I/wƀe3=ߟ/tYȈohl@6FltZ5GقT/Ȗ3 ZgGтB緎ݎ(f* xto(/*[aګ7zF(ScA?|VO[fMɟpFC`#KJN=Fn͍1O/n$2ee5zGt$#ջJ {cYP/IMc筐[5`n4_:A}:m&JWӏq֧_:_9%kd E-G󵵶L5ٲ{/̧Zh/w5k%ryk!-]CҜ13 / Ok dKTN9`M0~>nL<:3s{H%Ȇe#7wsK[|pyF|HS?E|C)=Pnr=ǨO._3 uK;Sޖ3ϽHy}ϏOᣡ= ۧxMd/fRIYjO[AGVйt6}y{ ЄاH zsUvٞ աn8k,2{{/fJ04GBqNye(zک?Jf/Yی}CJOr=ަ䔄@4֟d\ d֦K yV"^]7UbsvRRzC Y4z܊*tXYɓr~538,S k'C6e;o-ZUY2~39=嘉6ПՋBѯXQ5p+Z9P3қ,)BT-'{Ii1׼({YVdYr=y$Ch:̿mD>4'O^y*?N@U1[7ȗC >8uSΫ:g/JNݽ)}7)lFۻCi,Ff;cbIeR6`7:jP{ <:,j DDi߯J|2MObi7d/+XO^4П (s>W?؏fl[%tD6ц kk8*p@3tp/^E:,q.W_=D! ʱ2t3z@ z9l4 X!=78?*œ 3r2 :$am7w9^:Fk/`68RyB|ލ Cvqw1 s5>p^`i?47a2f놁tqΑ/Rx.|[tS![Jd;!!">"] D?+=puW82v.  r7zskCԇW`;sXu~{,Z( ^=irZ:VFј#SrMqacvg_atX~q:pYk6_ͩ`\sgtiOҟf^25+_a`9 2С_yQo ʮRZKu]v}3_;ƌyptPeL"k!2(v6۳J̒S[d(mĂQE+AiSňY*Ø9#t80 ()N @Xâu4ಾj`/r-%MDS nvNF/uP9Wno$&k ,)" uz~Z9V rlY^팄RDql,3sCPdžOCeov?OOYd߽_,;_s^s%ݼu}ҥ9܊g$r/rG?wF_z挹 Wf9 t+_Dt(KG7 *+6EʞVh>XJ:9cΌO7Ԗ/O^,ʑ{Ce8qCϜķdO`WmktmSxdÁG2ϖ76w6u.cEnlo:8X:L|PEh%WNnz-L+"ӴqCWvxaU"+Ovpvv~Ȟym*(:A ^ylgǹ#P؜sr~$U3qs\`5PG9sO՜NψlcSFZ}-x^u(ut6Gd/ ?u9#ʺn@g R<2k,R;^t4f@Os\0?Z`@vȂG42xKws|`ڽyP?[}l͡9`ʹ¾':XNGw 8񠣟"שh&Y7u4ݨ3< <+[ZKd;{3_'J LJp/h Xw94O8 d藣 o*S ޳hO?}x|O:'pN+ Yꛃ7}Gᗜ,D7o۬AH:p w۲^ؙ]3^kAaSno<`+PtgsF×%:ٲ$O`YE[;'ilMz j>i>1u]<. tf3G2Ey?qu ._uc񸶍|9iз'ix*e\|-@7ԃho۾{^`8uY]waQ =ϩc~t5,sTmoAl?zwbhP/̛FW&p&U]#t"dEuǰZS`x˴Ip1R([@+0͍6Dk]00rࢾ1q;y`X)/e'0 (zf A1cd-SOF\яdqm62t6g2_P::sh [0-]ʏ3RU{9&{)IG흽"P3yvy(3NѮ`5thg-JiEe O KZGgMe^c>gl(ga!09so5(5髫MkܻHyDkrnY"6oOdjASmM}y7~)OyRlƈEFq;k{اX _K:!H=&}Oqw{9ˡȮ`Y<'=@ 5eI:k"ҝn46g>>@?1&nJ0c&@o}>>{R/-dgZ$;:r2T]ˊZkR\ezӭ FVw6|i9RN';ts)Gdm8>ǓhgvmެM&WE Volo-5VUN>7;GPٞ':os3N5v~d}}:Iz|' -6ʤMP=oAz0a_D%L7ak7[?E"'[您S@Eg9XWJ?S & W?Fd~|0bhdlX׋`Ok\F'H C[}mֳ^,k!(&8A@+nDP y` fL͍*,g;,]{D> QEKɋƉsLrUՋIѻHi\5>r_g>wt?7{Ek\Z?c,#-ۭzdRY9);v5$)@k3+#֦r}iSN녧~.xg{6q1?m:BqWO]:MzՁ_o<ƃJn\+^٫/{:5Տz1ޱ/< ~ Z}v5" '_jq:^atu\K쑀zQPg){N +2pd,F/uQQTt7p lMuR:'\Naۃn1͉ Agce{Gh@3.wl~> -.0*0ٯh1~cF:x|2Lg@k4D6>=1l= aPi#əd^?~zEV/̦Ѧuyq/.Ȩ^9Q :-{`u&^ƓGSXi;3,NJ6@Fدcp'F@l=g9Yqi"s:ݞsm4!֕fݜm͕;  c=>aٿD 8'ջ p:4/teyC_Y3!\Jv2< {} ((r}1e/Yn4>'ּ}$>ܡKc=}N%иW_n]pc䌺NglT~xƃqJ^\ZumOMqukT?Q78 yzssJ{ H1_9BVCGrsꟑnHLڭ^.F)}Ͱ.boJMsn{髃C%9:_,CK)H3pb6{fwX·ѯ[>z:w ޹7Zڟ2V݋4}SHC@V=dVGx8Cl_zʛn?wC?|u3 (,A߈,x_ ,+g/8E`~(DIY/]p<{V`=L@gޗYS?! 6G_֞uZKmF6f{ FN"DO~ nAe;#&js›{=py{08-.3J?~IgzmQɍ']2U-ܱ8sXt7 }{lt72m(iMͅMv(󠱓?ow[:lms!!4&K @Y p@pg2Eaad |vv?֪" yy#>^^|PzsvXu)óhr Wgg:𲾜'/F|O~HgE5 $w/x=O3"Z4hvNOv։i۰wilv[,W=nݚ,oFyYKgt/mMgsƔ"n@*,/-C^n"2{WfI^qS\9H։/V􇾧[ 7=OV쯋fMKȓEcc[@|g2qeWtLxN'Y։nywD$)] k1ކ 2"k˱RS(O)ð#T~g?&(g*deV6|E+ Og,vm ~[Z)WG;mW`5EDht-S^3JK ZJRe12Д Qѱ_hbm8SQ(o}[;B]YW9 rԟ6Qe |SۦPpTvq4ʮrru=a{*Bm{Sra;s?/ ~MbҙeEyr'Oc⹫ZC8[l'un9n!)f*+?EͱkR*¢g>W7>IJkC4u34RaZ9S=X?ճ_M>!kd*F*r bw0\8\rc]eEgM@ i"ᚎKQa| kc?oCWEסë䛾&x}ln릈'^IE_/^{w-2 3;;/ }f@y۠>?}6˗Z@hcv) m/j1vKqz  @1RAuԶ)z[qYN+J߹KbXL}œKE}p/h93[9{{V+*ENl1xE/5ft,:VgT\g ^t@kWwO T#ǐ |yRcԍs(l+G{Tt멓KMwg>󙇈qsܴMV Ka@m 5> (xѸ}n߱VVW9'UX~6.exmӉp\=g}o A/D@Ұ:_m3zG:u兀ez<~setz?'O$uw,8Wo so*Z{m'?fޅKԧXm X/pyF; /ߥ }@߱/;:6C?ٟs7/Ӝ'7Bͫ{nŻiLFuAR^v;'fYm1rfn{Wq33mii֩EYs8ܲ"]{[{d {JH/%(/#y Lr%P[M"*Cpb-}BxŒ" r R{qF3 (~A}%hXЫ4I9YXbؘϡy䮢+Т)JhWRj 4BP5vkw",b:c.Tr Q@ ﯜ oƹ@y[R!|Wg='p~n@+|13 }|j?8@y$WUD?o [-<kt@3n,Xct*'u v_Z=P< W:-_1_ӥ(íezWc:o,eLszٱ)rsZ<[zDgtXߺ'o}qC!$O6:1O"Ywtpd_is5\s0OFՂ?EŴj!OǽrY|SR,S`"JΌGfy趇}<:n=/ @ }#:wtʀ;'wja#r-*}FEg|}o~ؐf˶aO)D Vv4VYM:&6 hGQevև 4ǜJ_'X"ha9\?4w0>@eE!V^t0Έ[oRGVn3WC裯M"Rܝ8qXk9_kNYA6I/Gu^' : fȌ}<\~x>~)9~Ri|(Z%Tf/N9?xxex{1Z` _Kv2s#aXDv{fx3gs# ػ+ՋByREWOy3@J=dQ[d)w[/7}omp","[Y^BWmyN9;N8t79gԣsNΩU|QzuL*wS0e³\>޵`]49,zDrW^rl\ʾG]s@smoAg?iON{|io*Kg<o}<{[k N uq^g{JצdηB>OiarjGVx пU8%e֋EH(> -ߟ7p{\f7ҤPڹe`(kG+ [HtϪw) T:We Ȯ+ab?47GS+Khhirקּ:doڅ-+?M6419A3 n>s8yʼG>r>*{f#m&|#{~̿~vs3hg]"~;(YDFCWNr1>5tf׭ӫ63TMn'=2\n_.I/wq;M4=S_굗++b찦])_rOvTe e'+-Ciiâ~%B}2уof zF>{|wxxoOsQA^f+ E*oP.V>pg쒑tRtz@^c,8]."rw;d}Su@ݔ5*͋ nLϛB<rڸp9r͖uzv-RȈFl@H3W:p@$ @DZTm?|!{&MŇ=aF#kI'~f{qK P 629{: æ|ʬ!X(ь[S?p[{}WvsYmEo'kQTy:!3?\βv/M9Vv_Q/2kԼ׹=hz~CNUx ^)]g_HseS7'1'f~t/F{FzuȜ ^4EI֚UN@J56x}99}ӅƏ7ύ\t˫vM:|cc@2&c)5慯x|w0<_)tE,8x_o:)z?n# * xWw Yq׺{GN;SLc'Gg[މ{퀻Mav[~%[8 Wߐ:ctRf kAv-h@/7SH2D.m1 t={ܴiW9ݲ@i],M yGfOcβ/w Sh"|78)DV兿=zf2InX[G6 Ƞ-<=8)j :<ۃ| Xׇs=8KfVIW܍WϠs:r/5-2gi9fF h8("=gn8W^D! [Kt5gsd}vr6)}[fCAYBs*5^39) Ll|w_ece_{gΪ';Tԋ'Wz!r65ۈde^Bwt__}3e#H^876:=1 p.stѧ1isc(l_ٱy}m/5"|1n9 }@]C e+˕o|gWhuOM쓜}5۬RO2mYh +gC~s{χ>5ûwhs,KiX)1Z @nfiNixOݸ0?+^6Ηo%m#}!w˓xgm""|t R `7 Yn͍މ.=[>ݪ0nG [[(cEuiZeXӢ= elP4P9DpsoRshSw۱(Ek[W+2e`OEE,g#6r34oPh A!02xıKd6d(/F^T`v3h@/AܲIp t}:А h/Yu^YgNgzt/9U3Ɣ@B3|:h9%a16#lcЋ4 !͡R(WP^A1%.ţ7.̳q|pdox4rX Ygxot?9{׊Om@gW<*+OGbeR&C-%J{?9%i^(:@:ރ? q:^db~ڭ͜+b%>OMGБ|M.tpRپ?tK@{9&Of958s\nQ{)֒>t[x{12|J?ku6G5]vDm(<݇ zC3.=ְ^Rt!'/7b7?ϵ1z e'Ptx G l0zͷHXJ'M:k+(&޴}͍۬: 2@Fm΄gM*r6(4LYUFtT7`,^rEyۢɚq#Njfp1b$ۆ@Y`is]G&=6˸MY? 5ʆo,L6'LiuSh| MtN( )@+]D!F_tR@z~y3aL_G& &)\?[Q=F _Qvv`̫oyl<ʡg7ڟEVϲeLi%CљwL=| 5VQIgp3zUgt8dy89ns3+& ]'nn0+h(~\0.hhh Lu 3x`<ƛ?yM-0;)<̫l3xm>6w?~eT?6xcp.Ge}:K2Z6oj UÝؔ WYDLiQ?I@O2&e^6=muƷDat:Du@@]M D{~B;W*}guV$tڟ;lR]/vC٦6+_ UƲ}Y@2`Ё}6u;[3Rݼ6d`t b.rA^Wh.$}qFпuۀ`6<c_sl3uu YR-5R8j3]ƞL@K)PUW fG?pAʌHP=:^r/绢kӾ 8n"s<8^ڥ+p|Ă klkMT@AR`W{\vO~2ZIT,ՊT1Ӻ"ugMɜƇJAr'}}|ѾT1#П1H=fɘ|/m1_:3yیTR5csV穇gjks]E&};9ijO㖝. ;ޭ[ſE'M)ү1E#g}UdGm >)Q?+? u6.녗}rVB>z?_o?rW2/4=-o]c件U51!V8ʣNc_ ` Q "ii܃[R9P|Rz?@W_)ծeXx0::`\^ֱikEq Kp~FW¸фڸhz ʏGfrl$56ucg\]W) eE &E+V~'菕-c*G3"owmWe֤S1D8<@u,K2^d+gHjӆUNrS:Eܺ29{g޹^ n̵2y? *SM~.궗bf u-9Jó\=\EOo>tuՑHsWq*gW5swR$Y{e˙b;#nՋ-g]s{Wkph]:dr,`MKPKw "+GO}Mi#//darX3?;JXR_> 3޵m34fGv?׾. rk3^mae݊WN0 @9:6SV+K?cd;6sH<`abG>ֲ\g9MF,i6yޞg^yXܢyWwή XMrQE-zĢ^JEMAVފ|g19C1%%UMd|m!l\<ОQI/}K߭Ƴ ޷]lGwLrSUJey= LDE#l`OPd,d1xmKi[{ oUOقOl&֞a]%Fmmhu=Cg}!Ca*) b92>`p/ҝ}M B0WO~H7'\>cLc F6Q2s PtmڼҦYxtT&y NᡌLmnuȔ&7b xka5g1ItW_+I);>mt; t.mguY{u^V.2Nڼ5紙xl/ҍwsr7O^v̥*Ex_9UG5NTDemO?l,^NQT\{D)jaZρ1B?XUوEe=Yl!}}eM7ْ݌+ ל?ZRSK_^[@ &Lzr]6(oȟz{ݞܕB[8Hkq/nd#:U+wlD(c_"kM1CЃƷ ;ۧ|v %>·ۮw,h4PeY/ {F >EѻN93h X)1I7j>CniamrhWy8TjH=!]mn*MDf[:/}p {alFJVGkVl:ϴnѥtgTdgerEwq/G)k..mUy6+8 vǃxϜ9W ٞ w'g&E/ϪKn @^4*sshLED!gu 1:F Plp&7,wƿQxFtVkb|"`|ʭMMYO`w$lʚ3% +}Qg&GasiFv?ϾHkd0O~i/XWts16ŏFl^h9]W/UV_؜Q^=:Y{Je%dKNFŧfLwPe\Xg`2|?iߌ3={ ٨kx͕n Mit&:Uɛ@rF]'7e<\B ^ Na#9fg7 *?͑/KU.~d~,zTU+;Xk\5AE#,m T1ؽpgmզ8sW/B G3e? (͑QWѱS DJ&(z"&OibS264]r`S;(3NH+mZRrrP8 +\іWߥpl `k3WeMW(+yYhe{E-c tg ]_9Jaш-{D"u (sZ;rT? YxskWlemt7kM5e\hs182y_R+pwCy:I6<}j,íwܚC:*y -4z f/zYy=ݛsw37sl2-{=co+=ܱ6[X{Ebzr`} F_c1//fO~Ns@0҄ė؜6OcN{iz洳/E%dҭd>l֣)楹xӳٱN<=YT֍c_2gbl^g;2>R]0謬5XP}19 ͦhM'Ka:Gr]֒<q?qSpHݛ"=b3."q;rW)G_.Zn~Y~,'˜uet+E1^5],W8곀3&[/DŽK !֋=Z_hN{^8Ҧ"[xDUdwy{ b?cm|+FV42ax9ʴ1/܏v|d a> L)B(r |1A[f6ǢS!Ʊ6=1|O :gR2h~z0MI Z) [s`, e^4,V}uޜmmhhka+!#̈́ ~>ƵkڕG=A b,vڦ,ØhVu2$Ƚ(> < Ƞ)Xgt{Gj/^ NpFHM/S)ﯢG+C -jQ9;Rց4طʌ5Ge'0܊&XZ l&ލAg,5D_ϲ ͜y`=sXS4+ ɳ?JMdn_X{O^t<`I xz/{*vI?>_5<szDPn7]S'px_^egrGQ5".L'%=g;l@)Ch(s[*;XsY[P5}> ;,+>«\t6)%tNvC6C~&w^ 6XN(csVơ`rdM,E6}H6y$sf3~K6IxאwDV$͌  Pg۠)c7}jϙ"/} $, }z: [CEssW&g=}h>tt*MCf9o rk@$}6uX8 KY{i{@cF?W->RX2>mE{jCӞ;hQxVmT=*<ѱ1oh5f?q}j 9y<q S9^\5>tC?@2y(q[oww.3Lb.fA[vlX| ݮ`Rijt 6"LIr餭nax(Du PJ~Q/}cg}x&P^ oW:G_lgz!XC3gs*HFk?)¼u݊}z(z>'$>n,E:mg,94T\׾&t|6y&7t0"t:wڭhh'i4L) @=йٸ֟gm.Q[qx3q,5vQYpcA=G/ܼ΀%eͣn7JmK-v_ӿs}7S>OG߹X]M_;Ak|ba F֙l_]|EOQ(ĕjzny|W6m(EBa $ 36(GL)B2Шr q3uzSP6XY6^B}Sz0ܭqS}dMPn%Wx8NW)r<GSKR5xg_B׉o(2=܎JeB9NkhmoB}_]5 п+VzpiG zY"'O) Bӧ8}x\Ur0PZxu?Ez_ʞ:}^^Ö]9wWf~ۡ[[l+u'`}m&;զ2zJ'k`]C}Ҧ h?8$3\9ЌEԙ)/!2<*hi6O;i߾eȀ0v:nxiˁ|9@Wd:t:EϊNOU/U [5b#۫E=6G/;%hhbr.-eQg }_+CTvIHeՏy('M{耜Mש_sv`?n]Y Q=4'D R[{ 9^7WlSdS>`lv \e7@ylڜƪn;vbAUs0rA:t\Ew8,Y~}Q>6 hj-!mT2ũՁt7~^[,A8҅W-!@z^\g8u`gLhO@l/^,D)t-k[9 `*ob-淼±[~irg_'> xy PEkQ?!W.5Z╵"܍J6㊇'Ϣ T..Gzv~ T#9'˹ ``)(tn9(^n'Em z|,My4Y#G-ъSE:t eiǙkW/T ?O__~=x<]36|NvЌ(ϙ.Y Ί﬋042e^W1le-yRQdugs)Ïit nW ԧXA}K͞XGYt+B{ɍ6V(H?'?kQPO{/;vK' ҵgu{bnh9s?O,hLG_[X 9{: kU+Mb

Зq8o{5n{WlPڬ+мC0o7SǦ'W&S[VFnr]Pں嘰9iAic89k}2D5<}ёz6evI}-ΕrD3@׹+@w>8_GC^B!{Xpe9r?'W)jgy ~t6lp4)sںt%~ϦљJE)晿}'S6 `,M*2Sn6ruKu \8h?k͏g1lw2m_$iUљKQǁ@n,.+zG]ߡG)/BdkOY`}f`~ec g-M1F:O@FMG>Wu$me4GslPim&Rݜ3NcnMzn6oelTgAx}{AjA[ET77  )›}}">mbP &}K=t߁=% Ξx_d Gn qi?e5wQfx|y=B( z:ndi< :c'W;@ѥ3r73`"N{M6M P:CO)Pm)m:XS?y@U<<6:r7h׻`͕G-)xo4_ڑ]Oʖc[\恿D=!U N|!2Nx:KmjO.SϏ[C:/i-ddz}xeOȵ ُ΁5Zg~B/|{XIfؽK_n@֣CxLp{Y=k*S(8g/0΢ -Mr[ΞLZd]8?O9ɵ-xcwJ)uvs>é 4Xy7> LG ^2om2H/ntGiӾ?k}A׌s nwn"ڽaZ&bL FB<ge ҤaʍUkBmVF!瞧[t8NWνHf؟/E[2wX_ 6iWmqKEr/__ϴ4'/(SgɋU{p.o $wS_{rO6! un F?/Ru͋w |Gt8Jz 8"$;(DV ̩^ ;^>)h`㭗:A2MN1[J[!f:^]lA`;֌} =1^xSܲ__r@xjA҈xj b;o2z+{ q(fGnz{(t/S&FywH|–6VmDj7 Ft:"M îuHN=dh;)*`c A'g/E[,ќUEk-Qچ\~`cSTtŜrV>mb/-cEEZ t3={y[+N 4h^>}g"y9*%ث >q꣹+l]GKz]=w nmA"ϲAyk_^_^h>iDYp6~tN(2}!O<{ 8m,7N:})Ih<P" co~ZKzGtgT~!Jo"QX~ix57FgpӼCaK&}зfd а(y ;k2 Ofs3x\Yn(oybT҅~39Im:q+kA-t^۳6 f$:TuǗtOQ1w?_㱮H]gJIZ]H42t/ l=j,j,9:ݸQʪWJ۶G蟫t},͡5r3 ҭ8K/pV ~3 AzЁg4}%Lg?6|VG>wĘ^:Q;_.E 7zr{޷՘2 U( M))aDT[]^cI٩sFAF/ʰm@@0C' O;hQ&LrX(l6 TL̸(-cj.A7r=znhR?A{g}6BhO!Q ,ڐ(16Ɩ5Ar1jӸ{ q׎(3J^=}n- ;M2 zC|`s| :k-΍R[[6"Y-:>i8%{Fr?vs|~mGXUO5Jubύ\(-<Ηw.}+bfN InmTZuh3=}I^o933KWlו :mg_=tXzznFS#x/C˜8rܚ_7:uXlpTԺì,Z1`#۳F~:@;e<밣;!`tT +kH{OFi2z=c?odm]5Wd/Ot;uVm*6=}|y{So&`oPsQ0~͞e;lJ#Չ:rW;HK'm/gK&ao:B- UszBQtɴY'tsU{{rR8Kw3/: <yg+?>:{- z̺{ |E:@`@>jAr,#ݭmo_[X#}Npj=qG`m׍%|c^ =vuëoT)zߏ8q+$~qh'k l֟yjƙơ#'#ڜ7Ol"Kw4yH7RdַR}Qޭ-Ҏ(UPd|', 8ҕpw6]Go9>A3̝9m8;9,_v^WtIn$ØP[7,7?3яfxߏGzDˇ7tzt(g-XZ%2uŒ1;IgzILd/ 5?֎9p|{{VOKY3*' >==g^zOEnUti/l;29haؽ_UFW@[edzn UgOW\~;r|id'@?2Jk~&qjSМ}-[,8=w̥_>=# =ۭ U0(]\K7?ύθ{_k &2XFFG)"[PX1Akki"`W8i V_6ދDCԈfi#1E3V}~a=VW~P=NmK( ` wȌ.3mR!{޶D"\-MkIq2o`?Qj!6ha3_cL1/+F}4{19|S&X߽-K7lF?QXWtӧB`nrb5u+gnb4sse#m&G.ddi_Gw'U'ttަSIg, Gj4bC9O^~+ h/=MN62SEm-[4t=Ӧ.(E1c9֭{Swl Zq`6ne9sfXGN^b%b#ѱ(Fev1'tKh? 7H~-}Lo`OfZ8xzY\KKo3x\r歌X/Tܾ|4  JN͉nsfɂ.dci!=vM,^'X .W.E -ozZթ?uc>ڷ@7ZG.6]D8smE|NG!y!+d,=6]d Gϓ{n2N> &=k`mrzg J =m>y7ROK߶6`ؗ&~%ƒUf\9 }x|e~cKr12`[Z-78qXrrcL9zGx3 gc~mRMyoy{t6KâQ ˌ<uM{})q/ǵy5Ryjín\Ut-GE-nx]J[&;mO:grISkS@YYezXg?Z#t}L)]6\"|{`BF;'n uǦa[Ocΐ, JtczscLuP"BMccꐀ?:d캾7x6G ق)" ?WEd=;,m4;K{fd'@emu<ϝAVxAzm#Y#fg6yLvgrҢ;{C]'l@3 rn>;-^7o§ 6f6Eͣv/ݲـ!:nޗc;E(CEo=ЎzK*m6ѝm gw9˾eMݸ@_~tz*K:<@n?r_6L4,7{e\%;:|È#݈׮>jzr,6\bct >%920017>a|;/ To hç1F)C )M9Esy1:x(n&te^\0_U( z'/>F[W2ڳ[ KuBFkNZ;߇u{*Ŗu+׻XINy+)yWޙBf˙=9c>xӓhbnKh__qt`k8T|{eq/ludRۃӱEaDАݣ^O{:ً*)_,$*ED}V/ێ\Nj8|/p9hh P`l dϲ_J?yǸOl$ X\v=KޱS^Q,ROt7=+j ]Ŏ@Գ }2_t4ckU*20~83 99ʡ_ݴ/sڱoÚ:.0һ+o|/~ {n.}izZ!g#_R-8NvƲQ")#8FmҚoq2|*q]g/$~+x0['K!o=ԧ>LiG3_|ڹX ty5NSǺ]b~`~B}v ~FrFg@ʵn$FJmJyos>_`k:h@nav ߼ V[R5{\L9;5{52 LGf3mlR |DxZt72Ъ[ӴYXژ/m ^N? )bc/p++ҵ}M20i){ϡ.C+ tRxh:wl 6VO?Y@<߹.}CO/gXr '{_;V)8mγ|lM3*c*}jso)46?ku긧s1ww^X⏫|A&39Ss7^7}W'mw4L;mer_prϢ9BНNX׿3Άy 1u:nšiAtϳ'å`pOt{Nؾb|O1ch6kmnBz>яWyʞ\Yz/3 oC?UdOiPYiœl2KG>x>`&:[8 [8ڦyݜwQ]@2.ݷל=d3hˑ@k@}+扶ti{k}v5<@n.W](g~>b6RvEWs6ſ,ft]@P|#;R. "ֳz-/.:C@܍.>e֣>h]αl6:P62LD51WJKTlinPl1hD$!^ol_}Ϛ[M}hyKcِۼ5R[-謽^BKĎ [KYioJ:GNdnj#Ʃ]KP{P=EڞsG:Y{H^Nuk3 uҞ$=Sz=8ds؇ЭʪY{w7NsnJ,K;븘Uyv@dS)k.{+Ju˱*Ӧc?:~Y |4o@KXɒ~=leK"7'ssMh,-Us]\/jє$f,J8h;\_clkE;tJ'=f*o9=mDrmyƀh|omsE/v,mͭ|CU7QT mt=P$,}`a`KagN:ڗqE8и/Sf_paѢ.j'8l-Tؘ=x$S=ړ[:t饤W[S&sdnM[^SNn3-$O阊dN 4)7^/Hy7ts/ -[ gwR or 6Y=J-+r#NY=ΕO?ó3zaB˗w,U^(tct!e9t6> f\St6L)3:ǃvsu)}8G_2eڄ/d(מmtY8~-/ŭ7e^qe6W P#W>qhv:% bg# 2x7Z{gelF}s9^㝽/&ؗoR-OM{ ꗿH]Pw JA (?/@.*glmn! lo6 bʪQݷ!|t06AI: M NF0G8K"}Fz1^Jekncd0:QX;MRlw9hc`1SO^*;l\"(((x?0f47Mx%q1OJ]t8#usPlVp|jmtnjx?CT tx GMZ錺^]y kWJ4`(-fWWsб2L\zjezS̵r丈U)#+zgDl+h8>Цzyȷ9^&06h5}-eQ |}[ 35M^6s^_X;#g^pgg}WJ=W Mm7 Ls(ۯگ=8 N&pmu}m,5IP| ݺ :CU=exfyѺF+Gr7uiz{C ^D=kF|7>KT$z-h>̙UZƱ߀:V/`Tf}Y7e'B#zX49ht9 nz{Xrxi l~@^k|&rvtM}r&lg Ib̝C}Y:ҳIgi;'yG~NFV/S@Rw'?CPg%1g}K[Co5lB4co,QwR'`P7(jA{b[/}.?en-A0\JRxyLo/0NOΎl9c)QY&j`㰭ȝ֗^$?FO5+\9ݺ^@}]Gzf@x7ܯzxzR_X] dkZX H16PexIE\|7SR`ikSWl,Mc,К.J8«U1nށ" k.܂` 7p3@eMcLm(D; e ~&6"H2{gtIcAg\Uq0xh>CfQt!Ⱦc P Xz5"0PТA3׿ۀls/畾w譌᥯6_c\l]Lɤ@%6MN.9]ڴͳoFD ז:sh,xKE"ݳߖ/v1NkX@ "'ley!m_Pc]c@ܸ@ȫyָKn:|ӧp+;4yͻΌ7"|g'XmcpyXg4~,>zgzWCdt^tUI{0(LoS?y+̭uqp+V=+-eE/ ][9L1T~εP҇3[MOo;ӻ]2v9'@{#EC/C'T ms7 P佲}s?^l|E.Ѝv:$ h6{8']ZC=gu: cڹƁ̫j}A~"f;f[әvL;+]\E-8|oN.zr 8Zp,Oi En2f{oXeSU& ok850_GO/DOf|E1:^|b.g[@)$]QMBO9Ӑ/m=i|=}SDmW9Yc2kݮ_:^u/vP}mm?:"M1e]9rGЁhih]=pjS$zzyg!hWZ${6, H&/l]=-ggzWp6:+笁{4#g@=6ʩn@&P?>#@П1FϘ,:<\ho]  Z@SQP>1Fh-vRtoE^ʿCqZ@@ w3hka \XƢ.C6Ϻq*ӗ̗6;Lc^|h k @VF e s  y ו) 7.xR%}aniyV.\{`D06EF$_گʯ t28ʔ+CZt%1m&x.Ҧ p*co]4ַeϧҾ&>(>h#{kb/5.8@3繹=~d|yԭh­xW;7وGmg,'] {e6嫲d*?cXqƒ޽;M^NsY㰑n^Ǜf:H67*N|Ȼ';5$:H^"d\Vj/:[8ѫ bϴM (eA439߶,ICuZe'gd(5GF{yzwo~8^s!mP}\j '`KOxu9:x팧:6Ѷ=W /[sx\th6[7LI{oX~ad]mz{s`"9sߛ]VpKp9Ŷx化ןyrV= vuܸ>!кj"1>|O=EwCwj/F[wpƜKL"@@S0d$[le>ؼ@E oL[,0`ldAγw3t =0zW56˼5oG&Bc"y3G4 ]kBSDo.zm#,K@WfR֘waEjm;PڒDOƠ5]Kn7<͙`rd$[rwP .2ݕY.׸Q >'8^YCmLhq\( Tv}'cPMs5q~JtlI6ۃW.&ܙ.!" ϜznY:P_ {6s 74[}L4oL75V}~69QAҵvt5n)#d<\=o*Ŗ- YОdž&/{-n/~t-1o.M'0t϶t5V^8wiOrUP{ž4MҧJ6nѺήNyLAO{T`[u?zћp`tI1;k?QM֑Ml/@S뢾gsN ]Mu+Ws1嵢eYF{O;/b`hXk+>()E[swE67B95"68$٦tV򺼧~yɦ}g|g|m{{-ћy&'Ϻy֍rejk1oYg 387E4IPʯGC)_m<,~G=S7]c[(Le>ngeO-R}/ɹ\l^^{aЉ<0s7 c0{`)Ls?u`F$Sho[_Ʌ}|7E6>*6}iʽ"shA9zg^&ݹg\Ã+udʳh3X6p W (XeTcs 6 r]7F [OYFX~o$N(tuPuQ@1OU *~3+)63~ØI_F):x*c Gf(V/%ZzMX/=xjBe(]Ϙ~i .6 dxYϮ0fF熨\IY]yqxTJeb-k+{-KNe va\Z'4N1mZ7h֕[eWm9&]ms`mxhoO{mCǜXA]EzpoT|r9 RE/f,n(*c%@.0W}^:s.gN:G?ƏEh/D@<9͍qޫ׭s/N^U洇x$zJxcoE/}A@s޾zeبsuӥ2WuaPOoy8./~n|/pݾlIϭÍ(UDE0>Ltt(z'5Nco\kvjS }uH𢃿}G$l8p4#2A;~WE<Ջ= C,{͐=_Ʌ=vS`yy3]ыTs J(DedL? {LAQ_Cv^onqسIqݴ_qkX6pur[g7ݤoewZ'4-m6 @$g[s"97HtQ,`zzA?v2{75D^L3Fog+'?1E)+g(}HnN"o/n7Ǝ6t5p&S.tq3ǾE+>9e L̏//|x{,:ck֠EU>{” oϖ6Nv1Եqw O{C`'q)SgW֔Ȗ̢VN2pMoS׹Gz'o{\<ڛI2&D46]kG7'Kw: 赁4e vA[|~|8Όh{gRecdm`eYBXc([zި["w,l=t ¯gϐn$: :9ޤW:&=sgѳb/xN=/.O*\u۠Ye&' +p0T 7 Pm;N:LNsvjO/.(.)fWq0M]Zoq+mXJQy79H?L9جY7&2f.܍襰]hsFe{ˀwCW@+-ͭr&ZW^ cy= ZsOг֑k:~\y}M)dԵ83(y\] 1i񉵤#=KjKT9d^kI !&4nt~>[`,d37"HFF dP$cs8,zt|COwѬz;Mg6#1K1tZݭoQ_ cFx߳k7en)5^"Sdy(F ~~F*+@٧d7ݘ*w%U']׻b p%WtH/ lGw7@:V8!xVۋkϛʴ|Js3NyDhh [s:O0nus8Ώ?V+Có.[O:y9^yQ0 .Jo)#3i@3t|q8aM/@bmֳz#FW p^g`+8VB+[khm,9 Գ6^OvQ1ўlhp 4ǿds<48_[ȍ`oο(]i{νX |NpʦOyZSQ~u^uW< Nx,0V6/Ń]/U|=͞u'wFk rnm3\6exds=rgh,͉6Eoy96ssГmP_0@K>@um^2釷9 Vv5#~;4]xONݿGuc˺MQnX%]#s'"Kqyzgnu.5sPƮaݴFΨmVfDh5nKY_?zX 7F*S8 Dee,5l1,灳=,Lo¦LlbbӹSt(:)wpo 6<;gw0bR(KA\]iȨW=LҕTLSyXడ *W'; k ˌe`R$PXܘ56ṁx?#˦KMJC@v~D 6o0\@g"5`J@˅A[ g-A؊ȣ^n4+l6sA/h30ֱ֘W7:qD?6MPh[dzno&S?ed&`^:%'3zN_%;2riҾrL<(dGeAn߁q+|Oڈfd46NcKrLh?Ԧf,`%m,1K2Or:l,ߊ*Jݙr7b$@ Y8ȴdMa"xQbцKCrhmgks+Y[0ؖAi1,0.;^@O}jAE4̿?+vo D(mf|hx m1c6Qd]6I"=hfb:8"V]n̥32@l< !#Kv@:򃧬At}}q/ҌwtyG={!ݟ'9ruu3usws{zIwiE*YpZa3ug{9ִ 6N8XcuWXBkN=Q@2rl|_֡LT[ݻ$2ϓc oX+Mu{P/Eγecl΋3lҤt#t\ž{Gye41 eeP/ FD4k*jИ=~E3WwS2Gn$\o:SVkKwyw/M_GYV} xƌ ]mRbT?C?ЙQ7YXڡ-#cbX@X1a"z?Y 3,P\9\Z= D0@&G}UJ}vSIi,]i01!a cf bJ<Љ#KS*@њ X+vE"g\/&6 8)]ʵ2s0ke/?,v"Y^Do=qXn$.QWy9%^{{^R 0ށEG_7)ElAFc|Fd?h+݉S,|Q$1qit_8\;X1칥+t0;Vs<)yL@!c1gӚӅLtCt7 9mr掏v济'Lf};ϡC&Y/xAa݋;~Пa 8c0_m=gW@>_w]Hv!kcFM,G6TXX-'_^1 m|oo_pÂ|'_;Cw6@ #ݖ>WϠ3uZt2)YjƊkPz|xقy2;.tBIҵ0@{25ڷԳ_ۜr>}|] | ɉmR_z*\kzo^R|Md{Dg(;~tUf? #c̬X\*Wϖ~紕4vʴﷳvPOˏGoN;6  ͧK g cV7pZkc}Ic9~+QDZ{1&@ r@Pd .}!ж 2$]<Ƣ->SZ=@qtÖr8}onCQl F5FmQ/76?P{y@&(vlBZʚ1T2C(z:cGq砍.B nW9Pik Jh XY9&<,wnARԒ笏ٰP՟vsR`1.mp+l5_Κ"uOX[{Ey7Ã6lDSb h́Bsu)u4<\~os%ж #}`-oe=yȌ6{OI: {1v|^^ 2/ V~X'`2c\i5kܣE7:AEdDꥻzW껫21_Cy#8r>[Ӧ}5jS'}k5KZoF{`# \4uX<LMӼ]x}VU[Vm˖qJuAGP`lVAa9(M\lN crSbߦ.4j_P89FtXj3~w6jK{}'<@bX4Y76-u]אŜw:x!?>_o'Gm|Ev|'kW97MvhD29JPP:ɇ}v\2V سE~Y觏-Lf́tHyO{zւH8#_+9o|򢒍l--=8z<c"Q6"8<yͿO`P| 7va_+>m.=wmw@X]p䈗W+t}~[]@QEo~=O&W]ꇜ'ޡ.^䎞(5ͦn.kGDnPVf[ 4<7 Ûx_/'E=6evyW0"= RpHZ49SùuF] :`[:U(v39;1=,+?ݻ2>`'ڗxONDFy76[NdY;B%f#*>F@>a<ԏOŔ~f$Qy#E fMН5^v:;[@ oo֖p]P0gֵvl5yƓ@>ַq6ܗƒ3WiSS (S8Znڼ2j xRX*m>H/eAmGc Hnlgϲ{zG# kn;:M6YFF=U5l,+݇OM1s@ =#Kgc4./!uOUc[G>A<@|K![Qؼied^WWg3^4=~Wa"M 'kh1|E>y&!crNAݓO#P9O'IN=u[ޚ&##hHx'tSE7?usX3Ki}mp?[M2ek/үCf%"1W֨<֥y3)G[hSzuhnhƸpZHα[^9웲WOeϭIsw7Kʻݺ_}Q|C~蒞v` alvs7Fv?ՆE͊'/M仈8`p5N;8jGJyq_UE]l; lS{69u uYa#@is/ژ=>>0^`U1o,] l/Kq7ڶh3G;ҥsØ FW:7Z-. ?`ָ?v;`٘Ƈ*/u҂SZWoSbLʬs u$9.1,8;(K;PGSkw1a_]P왛 mM;e?p%v#϶s?zU|$!&Odl=<!uÙ~ R[2g7HNtH\7j_;X 6Cxӹ + >j鯗NBQ?O^,JߴNWleWe9$K[cM{=GrSY:2||'啯3v*{|cwY/RU;c5|D-LxC'JN{HN!eoXgJg++Ȁ9oKYjB2Hl]=g9G}~Ɓ&y_xlL&fgz:3u6讲gʿ׊BݰMmkлul=u€\.i Ƣ?9xѶ[;hT1a\JjMkn(A;!HVtGSK'Ϣ"Jw:W3et`mQ(/ ͙%Au"hܭUGZd@iyJLI<hsҾt A>uc#z6\m*&#V k;3Ōyioѭ  iYk)=0{ H[]dFPw2`k$Wy>8|sC[6ԿFۈd#Ciree{|ɚa^pr,}841s‹Oz,P #^oFWmXwP3Z8:XruJim6q>ZpncQh ۫Wtv%B9VVZ^4} s8'qD@>cCCT<ͦt X x@k(ཧޔ ["~fI`~t3Ohg:!ۘ9fn=^@Z畁<*PfSs3az[9wl5lۛf#C^z]9!;8V}Og2m(jf<i'O:Ow5B B;c> ~cd/):IEt_ċĻQ%g9^@ރezcH+Rsdѷ+?(=F"ה9C䲾{6^0ZX3kl/dΧ/-c{Rd>̏md#hcOY7={狎>s{}AnLxePRTj3Ngvwg̀<ғl#L{:[\+6~Wݜ G1Fwv4y{;7/lŝl_m-Gw5.}Ck$mzAde)'nc*uy맳qSY7Pڝ=ǖ0e?aץ|w+tV.-7y|26zO2Yc轝48=ܫ=6>.kBQߥ:Ӡ>wpӍ 1b2"EۼQ_Sctu RWʓ!  f̕g,6/AH:4k<qHW0{E}Qƥue#4 z2tEWsE1: گ _CrT5 _I|,&6G6><Ϲ16/Y,MB:30N_>/C{p+y\{7}hI}8Lr=Տ,p^IImڰotFk" @A/:~n5@WϠql^g/g0z\{|Ѝj#?=km6(3-uYL_x 99v9W39ɍ6›<,!6-ne62g'g-#dlrT<`|9uY砩lPgوUJYe9^DA (6lOcߧ~O"j֜=FwiJMdk)}?WzʌlW:xַEɥ@'OzQDM=Q<ҹ9O^RdYi_OO_guZheO!ydP pNp:/EFs1coy6CeGNBcj7S{<͒޺l@KյY@ d %G/1 ޽8Y\]K5+xR;ξ#{CB.a6N`);>x\0vm] wK2 X~]/-pKamw-3JSa7w"QFUGRqeuh?MЫ EKhyʓE7pn4Qw}llݨU ;aMd^D@6e@z ?[/zEq\z5!HP|gfC@@=cď>65}A{ Tx9ETmqo,|\{C{}Ʋmg/$v6CϽ.~TdKQkm݌nd ȑ˓-"gfJ{}u'RUEظDGiGPƫHfá)zzyM*AW+8(렪=?328$iO2)g˫9%Ow$cҏWVGwOx"UdVWZy{V?+/YeT$q.{$[nh3YYin=ldK9Y"s z/9%7/@ٵKEڧ jy[q{K:򢡊|=M&u_R5e\}pfxTmdݗ?{G{S΀nve32kGOsj'+~{BIO0G=gL}/`ڴ7Ƚ%r,ONӱ";u;ٙ G@=a z?ֳw~{$er*X/BV<؀"0=ɷTTqكkO3}N>Rh:1-QdXWi+#;MKrH pϼR3l/5gXPgQ9-ϾW65GIu% hل}zy-)76z+Y _Ƴ;g!{TÜ ƞoɟɋ-9e {B2%r?ϿdANCkF >mɢ_=k (377򶯃sd.e?ڍg'(hN@|{#9ʴ)}G+ 0L9e!@n_3simsk6!tSٝgxnt5.A%7 sɎ r 4>#dMպ#y?LKq6qW 4u^q*~쿂vХ-/ޫ`#7J {{,g`+:Ya\oaO|8Sh1P#!6Rr[=bfu݊.eApiqͤH:hAomKaZ@S91O#vmy bX)HGbXR1\UoHNŇhU93JUOsx/}ޔ/uXe8㷜%k)/W쥷yэsvW + <.c4h֖ͤBwD_"1rya?^,g4,c 덧5I7S*ksivqa{&0R'EKchZm9kd2.-MRT^6N~qdq}g7.{cuç h_VpgGO_bo?\Yp\_;|QXhGC80BPU]I/j"?ؽx]]9eAԟ b6~ p'|6g!EzE43l*+yc¸2r%&#h^~cJG8hPk qRF'?@A|Ӂv*c#Ƅ9t5K= 8EfP4*im^k"*oԑW2xQQnT:VzdQ˕iS Z>"gqlS= աXyíkm} Qd_sjkȁ[O3=9K`6'tJJmRS$w_ezW3g{Gxx=`宩~or'r-l~\Z5i~\ x~oK%ǛC{^FaC9T@eFK|) \NS4:^LV!hgeىo*px9ֹLna$opN9,pAt$G]m8cFTsF3:Q`~x^=z.9#cd.~5D/`To<ف'e5CV^57N֑!ƠlleJ1VfMCwœW>w}֊ޮ?>-gzAD$ҕx ޾>4~ӿ GvhYkgȄd[M@.+6qoI}r6Kl箌S~cy(d(HowUϼ9{/GNyÁUe~"Gc=h,CǨ~8VgU3dSꗌGG_kCHPg#сL)_:J>ZGDԲX|oSkW.ΟcaꕖwFR1z:s ab(û#1wg]|mٶx[}Mc_G㋽YR"ڵ"Źɩfэ·˱T>.P<6y v8';VlKt+RvCs/>Og䓵Cpi9P:Zox|׋a+_)"͔/~G)n,>|e|v9qڟ9{ =Q;XGΦ6oD6ئP_Ru̠Tn%_1舦ka9)܋݊*9F=dNɹtf/\e۴.[0?4Ig) 02;_Ws>qm+8 ^ڛA' ˭0hث>肋 !OM޲!=2a^|ᐍzxW96Nȕy_d3,*<(=zOG܋1hb^@`PkE,@~lfM)qsoG D&8m@ f-Lʍ 4v/peEP L&v?﫺^3>;t Lb&F")F M@6OBrXoY@5-S9Dg$Yseu@nNTl)KEk4)os0"^D13. }(g^rU6 }#kPWʪv2,~51XnŒE:8X|Ly"d8,(JϷ7n]Z7k>sa/Z׌|/Yrs8)OQW0Yz#m﵃_v膅=믲@gڹW~|Ϛ*ѦO/ M1k~QH7ho?Ϯľ3?\뉾#猳ƣǎ3eQk9յt%>{7=Y2OBP3rs# P?d{I9a_2N^0| ~!~ hձokr8{Юms'[ȞO z:=F_X7c1ޜU9gM͏|Cy&*A~齂M){ٕܕ׉=O=Qϼvַ?~'_BݧŶǺzhAxyt nnm:ofاB s(JGw}Yw~~?Me.qSSЕn[|Isw.k{䀲 t˶iɕfsEy'oe !ScN;S޻rt,_)fdSk#zꄅE.ܻA՞l ePyCL b6Xa"B3: ïMD2{Ih"E;1BKFK{a,4!_}^Eų=9'F/_ hܡ=&ʋ^Z{E]FqHYRm(z6spWAmn6 {C Ƚyo97o{k]h^s[I);:4Ǐ#PN:ջ֥* {@zoo$t97,~n|З &"D9HW=9~:;OFjaM[k+톃5Em7=~GdQ"ȅ֤YWʚ acO&CBQk*"Y#2A |h4ns-?uH|=ڠ~3vw99 $}̕]`CeSǮ~{x >n͓Sdv/BO'ӽHpHmzQhܶWpJ|e%Ps, vdok ecA wAbWt`6Df2<[)3{  !63#=cz/݀Rkz݊w~zDMqcE0g%z c1$8;79]/f=FuneN}4:LSW/SAd&rpw^L[ʕ@κ JWTofo{\Q>U}#o٦&(|9ԭF"@=\y8[Ks ))Q8[T89#Zk/se#mw `Nc7:W<^Е篓ZXw{YG/kx-^d>R~[J1|ʖ"X|Ǯ1MֳtCμ_GInJMc,x]v=owVEp^D?sLU6-GCyxŀ-[^#lX4Dc{+gŶM{ʓ=}\]a;S?\̴/4՟`na\ ;,!7)fK72e٘jN~:+3{|4Gj<'oY*i,fsje) R4@MkyԻno,>6 DmA9狏'=@>swiЬsrcǻۗrE/kfuٍl٬1ko݊~!4}vO[=pFW)+D)0m"<{ _Ctf4h&ipU*c1>MFS` Unj37B2p ͡?F/Q̢̜C\nr]2Ѱ(Ͽs/1R>ɷ,pw(o"ʙXKW+2@^ F68z2'.*>`X7m%coчz]EY@lCH(T$7Qp*RhƏ7ϯg3c}zE}jC KCCPr7[WHꓡ^ ρBK-&ƙ=ʅDcmq7qRd 0rcʽA~9,>֦}t]ڿ)t10SD:xG42}QƦlSs,Q vnhLZ`9'z`*'ˮPڦwWoG/}Tkqo5֎uz`++1FCѱ8B<ּ}1dro< Fk#bwz;2.`^73Fy]d,Z!3^pMs)>y`}ceh/ΝYAʿ/}K^g,ړ+][vikJٳ d`SPGQ~/g`ݠ $6ɦɡAD)ΜfQy {Ԛn"G377MWf7Óig;Ю=џS~ 9YYF`g>1Q{smXr@"Įi`=zV~Qdx/ݴAxx΁,ͶkոM)exkdz9w;((r)WaPx@UKDs<&u<9Sv׾SWYy 9wo93y@f@mv5Yk⬯H+~롙2c)k-6sMMs.K)feۦHߓk]ټx/4u~uqsmrP{^ʱ^6tDYKۻ9QA9ֱC8E=}> ^+ 3f1:lMrņTcZh0 7Mէ g|o!'7Z;ڳ1@y{ʌFeƱ `x$gT x6'(LCSQA7 ;a)Iļ;11)_E++ Mm,ֲRloDG*TF!enk0i j]\aOh&6aaC8~EO 1VݺR &aNڼ`zvV2ձuF EYCʇHUr {(l*<Ӏ1rQxxEpZg2cʺ39U|9֋?y˨]\_[/|;p8Vt6"A'Rbʒk8qͩ+ƢEF[gFz)f6/jρr Lr Tt]P=|\gXbvfy[VE/t>uZ(˩tGOEGw9;ö[`׌MscT8~Uo!:` ^&RfOۗOH eҵi.0^OE&꿛QEBw ~sV|c,"9KF7LpEkf Ǔ`2?o,-`=JwƬ8(t{}.xHm$؞@oW3s}{!?*vo~?:$tA7cLe6a=%^;< -Mm" nnrz6U)kl^&cl_5vdW!y\ٞ['s\T+ [(W[1sS}XƯE [>% N޲ncea%xo@mmEJ{OL:+En36yR~:q9aax#O`u{Ch1YKQ2{-lcCN2{*?ǥdx=3i\Sٵ?[3N)Ц2[T[u 8au~0z B?.?.κkf?`91sg{( oo_폜 #9np]Gst΀C+{_l(3x4WZѣDƳƊk?{Z} +<)-mܞoJܲW0Ekm/DÛn[s)|ʾ^~r>ƻohZY7@H͑ݍ ;j[/85_t?gM|@nmG'Q=m.`JYO-sBAk~7Nb>e, '˵eɬJiS+rΏ{Z20j99ہ+F`[>tԟ{$PmXt_{- ~ ZPiu\V1^/')o4 S3Й^@w&F;k؁Zv}(ȦwȌ?գWJ~ʥMlDY9āG9Fǫ6hl '激d}% zSEeb5qYKr'QMA`VqRhJ}у(O(GSt"QEm:|-] or1KHmG@&4Y{4yLcĺ(edd`6BxܞŇl]ʬ[e͎[gE/9 :<F棅qٟk]eOhC/J ֟NFc :Q1vsIͧ,[%-9{59L*3I[m&ry=]D SZFϱP79gc;Ҟk-zֈ݌_s8qi4E9i;P9S'k~ʽ3`g<a,+ĭ" fQ֛K޵拿Pxu⁽W}cN{[2ϳ)>J7$ zON eC,L fS ;WZɆ$Bxh rǀ;8%YOpU㥰yIFa@x )zVoY-v7[1wg -G||S4w ='ɾ:n?<'9I9(D^]^cE}nNw7u_nV/礳Wo?|uaP:?Pahi{Yqg9qw#ʼʸ@Nև1ƽQfOW|WnӺC7C7 ~bv@+zDDwm?xMM^|MiKoyUWy_\pEc WlB + ;)1=ľ'_Фsj6d;GḲuгh1.rB#sOgc.HY5,7T 5f0y1'#>kPQ܁!F)}YDEnj`]{x18W>U$Vwy c鑓@~Chk$] t a,0]I7fgvOo.C5K  f4W*U=J䄋c2sUVe]q`n6aPۈH^]L{!0Gx@=h~^@71WZ^/BUl מ46{妞+G e o9dF< Cr8nOP^/8 fj:GVB2mϕ-h?uۧxp/CMw-rJ@uqi֛Hk}#̻\/ԞyﭛS:V2+`}c4rf? z*2|?6{- kXuY3=vƟC3Woj}[/7tZs@1ګɗd{4W7yMn^3z)`mG)c ŋ샀u ݘ TKiS=ut&SXt\ѧᆄ=u"^7z'-#UϨWYE|_̮0kdeduW9@vlc_="_<_[cFیwϖ{=?{zħ6ohoWBsha>! ~#苆8)X!xl {f6P{df)]JIQ`DAlCzڴ}6Ckwp[+EÜ*cwv=#(}lܮ>ɞ TGbQyրmЪR@8;I!N9җn-3c)r-ZgeFurv_XAB3u(*m65 @kEEmK hI6wEnvҗ筎97֖/׸ȖPf=Jխ$|SFV/`?P5@r% ES`]ڬ#NO u+':r>w/L1cVoO^F$#L ҍ7rWxu&Eo9 446+{O:;=*63b<팊&GtΗhk?RjYK6@T .αW/*v|I.X~3$YYw1w-[Vdnonc$kq{įWf5z;N7~[7}{@!݇̾wcvKl:++k vkN>_To}q,x ' 0)ˍ9]nAOd_r468K}ٻO3C{S`4K`Q:GXnJ)thGn,|GRP5[DkXŶ\9AF9E3EtR'}T 3Ls:/\G5_ܒ'C9tN=\_Yxtw6͇m#@>d 6-#; ~ejKRYZY'vnf-})^R2խY6r{Lf32~^lnʐh}6Z畽71PɌوxb=ZɌrb6g_$>Ц=. 'fnEworQEimڋ͛M1oֵykeP{EWI4+9>ڥNhTQ^4h+%kUk50芟x%B) fXj1%D ُGguzW%Gm,|_~9 m+녌hp_ T/Rؘ /H DMٗ+HB-Ӧڤwģꐹz,{#gl/ŇcOo~vznQEozg3;]2XO)miM@9GnO)Ts_9k~~Grip7^U`Gt֚<.mW&`Y[ 7s8t#۽ə\<*Z*>Ou4ABP6 ^ "l1v[w֧5+c%茇>S9(RMKVpzo2G*_J_vmn5.}Oh+[Y )Et+`~9NR/W~u\ ]AFZkuKg)<+u3m=FfbX#-X hd|EK#3*}io kxlm+u<8xsߒpvMNd +eV [`xY:BIӿiit鮙ʱ)Xft.we泩pyst~M-D37(3?{_TmӚ8fkz]O)I?:p4 Pه7 u\|!X_;T"Ot֪liV&s$?CEd-9h/?wHo _1/XZc=*Mw=qNnWW^OGn3ۍV7vh3=*[+x$'gGuv5' |ΫLv@_yts[K*|E++wu4֌8d$~v,_Q:kxe3 =}[\X=m=Ͼx{^R'߀JF9|3cca[PSfwۤ [q;@hCUʦ$wK;>r>\D.uFW$-ry:ѝsnEl? ۹sNh (;ƾ)U:laAե1ί V`a>ɲt9)wgnmu{;l~:m#{oI. 4]`BWS@Ƃ;ʨ~c7`"gڈ~':SƊ9Wb=etSz5 ޴5h>AwmHi)/\G}Q ڧ?qmlb<VOwMK)ց茗}_o6+Ybt?y-`;rسl"<&Hrt yksoEu17sTjߧw^֋͉O7|}Jg{ ޭ]Ӝ'aD5azz.H%G;|~=WE%lxE>]̐!$rDHX!Rtԏ%İסԮ* fe1\ЬJ(wn24 g7a <sI p sy.BeQ92^"jNm6ѿt< 6z"} nMiξ$& hU XEC gWtL q0\lޮ]MЦ`k˯^``~zO [e]96:x}pVV|ؔ QF)@d_רuc@_yZ@9 TiV:&mY@W]'3v{byIOTy"cSjAEe mlx+/lZ=!SJa܋P^T~e_Si,jW zS}ˏھ^S[yp2iߊ۱X g!S7kzT8vz1:GNgkB$#IڇEDzV02]YH>)O?yIt9RM#gXk1n,tٿNt'5in-;z^a̘s~Ok~+i5E.NR$89+h簐r&36r\d$كx@% /tlr&'6燵:^ز @|V[@ypj@|ZmvO;ƛFӟLgëӾojæQW| Eg]M/|@0p B:b! F4Cm,ް_QqkhzއmͶ@ۓ^mY;OP6tQ yni5fCrf=&ZXtSm\ o*92hG/zW{γ:^ tZ $:t{q~'P!puVΆEh<`<Δt> #嫾П2h =Ӆw]0u$ǯ+scN{o1"?׹ }ѼdqA~^K3pg,xi3om)9ۧ[[g@u8InZ,h=$=z3x (saJs=)N|a~GWNljXz#DglkYקs5wξ#]YVjK9;<߼,?={+6}еcMHkJңE[ ; (yi9g]@4w =%ݛ<~Ԏ QG)#{Mwo 'oXhc4Ʋp9B}=<ǭ: 𭉱O9y`&sLQ%Jw67ѺC8g=HxskYCro->?7vs^.jU@GTJ\95g"\<۟ SVj1y_0xS`%#Yڽ^PkYn˕1>z Bw{W+o l֮lGFAoĆrPc,;AeJ0' k]% asXk}Hx嚉NM,anw!&ݼ͑/nR&ERj Hm'^DˮʠE Kc ܼmED$d2&jQ'F+e'uЩ,X=hQhkʊ6sv## 8ywv ڗ-/a??c?P8q:DCsvA/3+:KEz6pX%W}-bl= "i'J::*荇Qh-SﶙsaRR99޺?fzv9-0a"{3z.Ʊ wƭ[Э^ݖ5 L;, +YZ?[sMӾV/WxS_9|FmԷ 0|N(#y0\Im6kֲ>Я;OMs ^gYnN7`9q0m<y|T+{ Ăݕ,=LE!0eWm`P%bj ö&Gdb"Zεz:(}N8)"c$cta* ‡A :8,!0 c1&WVt5<e^bt-Ҷ( xv迈6=AkZ =xi<$SpԁpjEK1*S@@@'4ee֬cN1/Mϴc{Ede@\_B6ճ. m A+_teE^{!ee茖"Gsl恷A˄yge4_yƾWsnP PhX$\:{9E$+".h7\xcΆ)Yx] =:8TA㻽yZtW}ߋV%&Q>bi<`սNgdo"PfX~4(TYQ˿^>)m֒@RѴ׉s~}#h+'ArڷS=gͯ BUv@V XƎƎdG>[goKp큀ckLS9+{|_|xl?w#O<ȶ/}K(nLHm7?ˉX/Ħj]|9KlW\9ь́Kjx/5(@?P_SxX.x.6&rhJ 4'|)ui9,{)T)?]\90mK/ nV//lZ0b|WA`d7||o|1]Gޱnuծ3Xz9r~К,]yS[|J]Vw d߹h/XbΓrj<}6BqCY/cIχߡ;ņ!ilsf8{'D9^=)Mdx־aYc_@VfZ[%Ku)m{~nO^݆.'f ph{ _Ȏ =&f j^c)kHtX+R+yLC2 |Ok1谽d l맕4,؄Ej##R6@;s`cձc؛;E[ʏPL̗|_Y= ܏pMΌ,Mʬoe/r!w~#]-]h0YꕃPEi>U]<9ѬۦP]˪ߛ*yE0N xWl 2">DjuUV;ZOZRޕ5ti|hv9W_'G/ⶮ xV=4 #4Q=`}~Y{n\֪w\i}?~vq{ȇ(~ ErROߢ7RQu0RKo Z뫻Fnx@t^0ٍ7­e+_[ô1@Loe;طE췯<=g=-"~_`ol|oѱn8Ds z_RV.?gv-J;zeRvݿxv}rH`7y70[A+Q404V혣r\Ѿg̡z 06s?LN))zotѽ )wNEnfaД<[Y·cyg25#De"L1fA1 &߅ɀ(+fPljwxiC;br0u7̂FNȦ2~!)%˼5x$ (AhLP'KYL\#]3Bldؙa1h7`e}_}אr=sCe8!V* YxϨgct߈laR@Yg7ދt-2SXQ7+QFiN}!:[RF].E&1΢2~s%dZckrl:[> [KH!1<]ۼƱ{ڻ6D"HqE8cJNqߜl S Ό%9Γk$PI7&'muX7,}QF1zQuT'g^C  gqW{n?e+%9]@NYc@<7r{~ <6n9h wT{}ycCg{G^V>&`x6Njoۯ:#zҋNk +Yh=3woXK]Fb%?9ӇWwnOl5 O2׶X:tجyvC;hoqnDQ~k[1_`y1[^ ؃~.&8$@ל$Kf&³k_Z{|։}=@ ~ 5vq 0FmZPIu=hws"CD69P4;lRg4&hE'k@C7<  [Ƹ-_j_IzoMr<~k,86F 0$Zl0֊.Ȫ'r֝Ûm/"Im0I; 7{/@ڬiZGҡQ}$D!;XpN襃i-svy ( YtuBHu ّg>̭|Pb[\n/紮o ݬd2&2(˙6{x$+ ó䁹&G?dG77#ܶ;[='{ˤ2-u@7:cyP0M` ڴ^'F2Xڮ[yLY[˺o`S ;[+GnG(ˮ% AM?3J9UsmCє~d kN0(t F5/4k/ YEm i/dlМW'' j##8#:O >eT\t㶩3)l2J=N:HNڽo@5׼ς脾 *> (¿Yx*tP{xAߍ􅞿[rNpKh{CAف< 4ϗ#vxϖGA O46iwNoch@%`2چZTv F&ð) Rr qF5am Y[)^`zi>ۘE ]JU\Iw@y#!|r#zg𲞍e7wm] !iw̯U [+|,^{E \h@w5ʅ}L^Q|`Ѷ4"5:xERT)"[K횳^0p }PT-!@'cЙa6_= ?8h0>ݔ5^qtVy5K`/gOzE|X z[uf#x9GY Y@-s-*+q V;,Xc&6N͖䄟 o9a멌 &c[Ϳ7m= 倇+9kv]7.Ъ޽US.?0Ga|r.>S?xva 9AaM+c'دxME&[<D+9qe6Ӝa9e. Zك刯: oR7>3Jsn 2@O{&fSX9(ʴiOz1d_N1ydO'̾Ochڲwh),'pQhx/%}謭MF^%ܾ T|îp<@I_t7]π y ,|#rO RXrb8h #2珀7ʿkOvɁC.[}ceC_Jhg Quw s9S]Unr7;=ٍi|{'@d? ɘ"εLT|; X_䲛h4nٷ t/=*X;dro}z`ܲkIu1B@ g zVcZe2͆$D||O=ψI]E_ESw72Ma<7c1v49;ۼ Aq8~G/ͣ@}Fm~a 'e MaДp['m\6 o<760(B=`Hxۼ\(\o0Z? U$ʌϞHr$\ )60igEbU/ 2򋩧Gݕ0TVFV8Ki`y t|W2COB$pm(G~G^2qt N^Rtߞ9c'$; z+~!z6[z8&$dz{sH`zY=}{IbvoHdqݗڻ}{;d YCgv tw^3^(<##kKt p) E?S=~BW?'[@wOYBڢ耽_ DR9e99;l.sĆ*7qW.ks\њ#Jirnkx<ۿۯsDxw9X66gkK.n-l e7}R62!3zڴEq\ԫn v JbO':ZC4CEǦ\x#__.OAQ ވ{W{{m셫]0 Z_~[dF/K1Ӻ/7nMo?tHOU>ƢNCOgoEE& ^Km.xkbޭ͎8 KFuL3VFAwվ9-6hMVi,EOݬ}5s=8Ek`'ۗnp *Fm6EyM@dסKgТ{4S]=k];[wVf(v=޲&ؒt$8a tN"C;-OizkO7v .՗u=OZu+^l{.siW[l]&%F0woxִ եgLLgYAkūN}Tzp `Ph>@| XR`8I3@DӔhnL~tE5l=&&|oLTfi)}ޜ~glUxud_O}^; 1\ @qhRr/nqjxì#Q$zWM;Kyl:Qw=){'%ԋс27&>`dRڴWsrW*.m:Ca{K᳷E=_` <ʀJ!ʥldu ~9<և>rw=0zyo`Y{} m[B2J)"S ]݌W;W_ng:gH[4u!E1x7 <9C}7!֘C=e壵[@еճNt笣2|̸ʥnΘ_,p!{S,w]GߔF̫w6hxzQ-}r;/m-`KZ7Zg{Zj|[ZӥT`t:ay\}?-"}&csCDv"] Gg2Vwj2 }g&^*c_ Y5Tc[Qi_K [ӓ9- Cg}+{2_i1Miuo)&7g2Fy-yyhos&|iY+rߍ/ t{mycΗlʪ[چHvLh|N S޲ͭ@}+Ck x\>{PFA":0f_ԣU3nktf8|Ÿlϩc]`LhCYu<о։<{Qdhvm_9\Zm\>xS=}{{_dv]_T=}@$Y?}Yhmڳ~~O'$;鯮7kJgңMz):ɟkn*1zzi|Z9)Սbh ycgcik֎ `\.{z}5QՕ9H CK։}g켱d=zIwTOʮv!գFc+dQZ۲َ%Eל퓿#?7R 7'uQн9MkJ,onv)uS/HEoZ$r0,ᖱgyrb7#1ۗMc__z}1Qd~kXg{mmG~a6ߍ+77};әՍ-鬊orX^؟(/'gpz X^gv`2zϏr4sƎ_/x.m '`- Y %+m`N xi RwsCdVgxnm"Խjln?۹kO:=&t5s'G:\{f= MRy-`ZxNOw)3ŷvܿ? FD| 5@D @xK,PѪm& tf0B p$@}? 1."[R? Rpq+ @}4ɚb6f 1u еl@^}m1(Üq)X4n̊ƕf( *S?#4DŽ BuN {74AH"R_=Bb#Y4n!RY̜+zd:^-7xu T1(ƢMJ6>IE2YeD݈}͢ tu7N􂮢: 6U]y)YulYCS=Ju*J=\pƬNe6~O9/^xG9ff"\攟>cm̚ݿw_/BW91t`/:6y`Mr-KYo)4V(7ϧ.O eG_EX+@cMjS^}61eeʵ[tx77 we:XOLdm,RƪHwyT|l_貜xHHgXQ}Wk8N#'xNV ddgVēיN{o<5c{+xãva QUY*cQe,kN/.t1[/X7ez|` kưtJ*^6[db;W 8O/'ށFNnFē=`}w@Q:ˠC7v1(-MO{= wl>}4t->7ga/'uO>{}i ňJtӃ[0gwl~6ؖ;ڋ~+<3ϥYqqЫd䐴.CR=,' ` 5vr ̣Zхl,o͙#d5-7 wv)?yTc"@oONv_kMzyx֭̑!Sȋn5m#x MtmmY'PِFs2G: .||o=r&~k)Kh9;Ƽ}Ji)~#ާ']Ξ7;6Oe-G NF:t Cz=YGf`S$K_c9/Zg},dzxmKyݮkY'ዏ2e"{h!C@ut$Xs|///U:^(n{Kt[h[|mNL6iJDV%;$х~C+mh?=R>`}-O-eqx362J.鏌DfT9[cw7M![4P֟qSN흿IAv:XtwF:ا^eh $ GyokXо|پh3|<@?~W|ҕ{c ՗6sض˘L1ߓ[m,HGyJg)b|b^9nCMr'KA>k66҈ [G9;2<^vY k ,?{SڲkkCHȅG8i~WHT M JgNOK!9(mice:REˍ]m.͞it^dd-TϽ+HQxӭfsݞe)7џOhXMqSӔ:$t7{Ѱr#7/-sf)uȾAĺr P">,w6eM)f2<kMYu,|}WǕr!ooWeG{BkId6@<X[N}}7d[C wΐnqn|4~C{doF$cO{^rk?nb9vkWcu~F@+gsd$؊GYWv='Չ?};VQuզ0}t=6g`9ͫ3N ϕ&~ٽB;#ka=;ԆzzV=luƢT7r/vhN֖: 47E+{ ȲI{&[PAF `xFKxglG; /sI9=%;78ШK2 JK#jW"i~ h.h䜵d;k6F`'/y&?qPڥ+S@۟~9`")wp<`_^Ɵc傊qz)rrueٓXœX2cS+V+_|rd7]d<]vjquӟ/=bMҸd/cIx/eɲa 97N<^Ե9x|. HY4#wE[4.D}_W_bI_G@dWrgOX"Lk2!wa0<}82lQ[ /.?*zzaw4U3}|'ʴAtus^, nN4c!óI8kAn]-?؝@dێiw{zV.uȾ[g=6!9.Pckv}o}E灊dFh9 HonjWd>W ӛ^@9E{d@7p:?3a2w#;4 d1379'8.]Jm"{;yOngb{6"9V3{7:ܗKjezJq5,[ux 'ʕ@e|2hKsr[h-6}ӻxS~'$SBMishڛz!3t7Ώ7g{ @K|oj;z]:>KkQLK,)wa!l>^T%hManΘ˾asz2ɼ2/7F{&{x $q/{c#g?2Nl?-2=?#չ{t9rg6Us@a gyЁi1zS$z|C'2[+6Cq2wir2]ЖN6R%esʲiWfo*. ,+^5^4 䅹i|홵C{nS 7WoYeյl=߻u3g<Wd!gNN9gG9Nl X?km 6Bq~)%f/)BilMRn31эO(p.QgԎKsu@8aC_h0Nϖa=o<慾d@̮ l3geW i`“J3VF&p &^0k hD]# 4\xExEh3dd}r{5tzO)kwOv#86zE3 2Xu./[Euӄ$x7eI<۞ |/,*a7@9R Ս``w{P7^, I9dYbe+Ѱ_{9m˜GP's{֡!hNY~Fz]8Ȗ5rvFY8fRڈLWr54 (K?9vK`b:9pz=a\UMֹf8:sj,{,|c/%!׳@k[xѨL{*fu}@u%vkn36uC{E`fۘgG߀x+ 4ws{ȶS2?wwhhgxZ9YsSY:4;w>^WfOIzq%Ws7?VNem7Jѐ>@3rýyiS;݈3%yؽ !pت [DJWl^kmx>pXG2gݵrx.{6>YwfB)rߥi#UW\HTc+5'3V`h3푛#YK"~o4p}*c7:mʌ%S|&Po2GႯ{Lkqeqe[Nh1.r_h +Ɠ ۲R\3=![zzvKWz=:b(O4x`%敓<mr,эnR/Vo߼d,b>gq%n{g}-i,xZw:fK75M"{'m{Xd:Pn0CL4u8+?uLO_rn@ٍYw)fyA^AjVfЕΡ݇lk$ʮ亮x&3d|wG)v9;^'[DJmo]978Hݛ&A嫧]|L-Ok5nυ .;ʳ ;{3ۍ8gK(=j,foisIx<܂}gMNF`F?{W[jg|qΖ^3d7_eλ~wwKt? %LRL*V(at@MO i۬muBE z Zf? @^6t}F::u耑z̧^8t K\sWfccGB9vˣ~2A1h56pIi4n$# -FӔH`0鶁z֦[;\z_ p`---M).cX}EuA(p{ tvk2?O!!~|h Ĕ5 ܫME ?u}O=(-A#ƘLY55cl5 X#5*4=S]c.S{J:>!˜8JAEsvK_{[~[ӨklEfeۓ~颤}J:ks`{%X[/_ICQ`u/T;.~}G{hO49X~VV:X_eEANYc2 ?z zE,w˭5,+-e>~_Ou:I@ v&&3:P0,-j7֑򯛃C}rB[Oпf_4lHQt"-nÙ ECkSh,S.|wz1-ZݛA ٴ?c'{6(묝FG|OK5E:ssmr{k^ y]mÀ-1)n/.EPj ;ǯ&]걫[9VO&#ހ@$}uUkcFMg4Lwŝy|a=o 1YO%/&/YZ2x8wR}]H7߼T0i0bǣT7UVjÂA^d121~zy8ߕv 5^#WFVG:K{#0-= d%J kN^0\tl^Rx̕=Fٯ(r3]nJͥKҭny|j_ڣ.,0ǻɍƞ}ܚż ZոqV漀z}ooJ2mS9}/MfWNO1~hWDvÕuf硩s}_m 79+K_˚7NƂ%ziǞC[ɟ|5s?ww=2M dw:o^銥JA)a<^!Kn,<צY:yDy(ݱ ]zѕY(Z>z יޛ"Ȭ$/,q}+wxMG6ᣜ<օN$?J[fѐtԭNho:]-ϼ sX=E)?z})契I>00S"YQ5FE' Z{ 䠘| :]8v4ڲomHo}L>VGƏF֥K ɫ{1m* DINR.v)J ?ha䔠kUl#Ì25>{:%!#S=s-}N/c,NPOviOFd7?InZ0Or2vB>\J)o- fyh\ztڭ ȁ @u4I3ex3_|L1>Sfފ^9; [`ܥHș0?O<.A|IGkӺ?R/t߾Sh,1N9K?וJOv`{C9ꭾ^y#+ ,Yǂ:Í|Qٞپj:<7pA/ʵ%5Ypd5eq(zukARAWt|餔m"s39qOѿ nk/ebJ2N`oz)fUfmY/{;/}Q1xh|9,D"Lc@e IoL4L{mw7).sIi*꫔#4֢Q{rآ'Փ ޝPL>~u_G (CRTOY/ƣ t$Ss˛ [}l:Ӟ!Nm렞‘6ߣc/G.ڵ9Ex@YƝ3/#< iShC+#?f ,-G?r<^/>%h\ڳ?͞D{aQP.Jiïͻ#9_r*_c$h^YZ3k O{uop3|ľ[Ɓ~ߥаiWǓ9cuoTrmޱ'-eֵss,.P:Yҽ3==v岱o.6fzXokvd%Z9|5/ m7^߬^[2[Yڙݲ'>QwpMMՕ4L0`,HRBW&FX*",\OyH{1E^1oJh E]!FTml"0TsSCsLpˁz6)w.a]9o{ښ _ų,[bVfhm]M{CS{uen̡Qz[Jmwá.4.Eɂʐ- TsX̡[ 9-\ўػxcb? XmKWu//okF=D󽂴CO饬3~́w]rp|}Wիt=|3ƫO o/Ј`uC?CCCOzLcH+CO1K=՞˾流q).$桭[ =V{.W7^[~6-9x X/~9k>9Yn]g^87wԖq+^\VMc 56fr(_TznWэ|48_E *3o?G~]J=@V,`m.##YnF+z+ꦔ1TO{#ݑQĶ9&_dǏv)3m8V۟6ߜE[GfA{շO})J;A=Oཱ,ZSoP@UY`>g-wz zw59' AՇWz[^Y}Jm{H&{ |Ou=ЂL\Xr9[P_褍nQgс١Yۓtł?9 nt6Po(`u ]JɾBڻdEfng4rV$'AJ9\Gߞ4gC.FnnٓHX'm.VYkSY}&w^79͜B"!g؍n4N?qX#veǎ+4~6~t1[ĵ~ɩ¦)YOZn:$/|EF eL=4gw L[>pۙxړc$vf(\ٓrA w嶙/рw# !}SJmYn 9J^Oid$Rm[^KOv.(9_WF"Z1rAٝ/7l"__zxxVs9lryӦș]kU慤:%,}9^ArP 7}ut{!Z?d٭'^6}u(>wi\WIg? ϣ"59ٽhh Bc1G OsfhV߇$dBv2Z{]}j_xѻ1-]SfgS[&mM뢽ǓWz묞 _GgHkOqKojywޚkـ:H&udjs^NaTYɶРy j{M@u6/ʼniM.j@o><CoQKLI Y)RLA+=[=VdDPc.z#y{q[ D6S93ͳ̢DG sw$xL9U`g^`9]Yz oƫUP̉e蘿3N@0uMp`n/J0WCbu^آ8)`{}WƒPVP c̻c+7&T&+Ab/c=!A`Y4'WpY+YrCÔ̰DŽ {Fc\=n@4^,% :: o>ɚ;Th7ohiBzja@-F"J2kȡ{d` V1Y#㰎2V$qt;X,Y(ѷii❜'@Wpצ{ov04g4¸q7ʻ)AumJ,c:Z#OYW?:M^{7ƖU&"|t/丱|@vGɍlkUV$zvmK˓i@QtyqU?n7ro|<`4sYu_>1y؋Xj0"E?)qY`lƮ~.R>4ntHv)d>|M}U|sWoVIN 'k 9uo鿗GH']hfKs<@~k !GCS6 z4 Kv(^{q$McW/[X{Ʋ] uks']`^NҔs |˜ʿGױ#bӒAesu>(+Rܼ@GǍ]0͛]Y͕9݊m,l??X[3jS_~ؚRzX[O96_C덟U|W_zܵ{(YQ?`o?uHڔXRڇ5,:˜]goF2I0] RO/*ƾ|Y=Ϡɭoߗjߟު,0uyoዛƤ"w,nOzNs$;S{M`Ջ Cי?>\^f[;Wαudح<7n9'r$ѧv1v3a-l6>Yp9F#o>}st6wL7}8>mTV˧mMsyX=k:eи<^ p-X ڲpȽ~3FC8M]e ;owmݵ9Ngnl=«Nl@D}gtuea-ȠI .w(mj)`DhʍU_݌Adun^v qoNݹߦ^zE M @א'@ з@#BY^^StTB"q ?z^E}V/ťhq3^dePP0xCWQ漑h|Dz#g߻"͢3Ȫ?):6I@dT/`T{kkfnw)mrחW:Hs(d8:o>SS9^ 2ܲ(GmnEҦ3 iϋIDٻ`E>զBƼbrzn&~bƗèr'/0a;pWE[7ǀn7 ]ɒ_ ?E;aF'ۭ!Dr^:W΁=#vWlǶv4DXhiAlt+B"A~ۋ#CMK4qi/j@ier"u)o8h[拧,MooZoFL?5L=*`!_nwx۸<;aO)G!ݹys16Cw lnܽbANDѹ~ˬu,mK1sQf,~xXJnW֑3 ow/5^>%<6344GϑUtL ݴ 39s޽)mrDZ'@n7Z1 />\a*Px|gM@ge9Hq_xEQm^",.ͦPm|f3즉gM$^6_c;ZCW;?k,t*WYc7.S5<@Y}9r$aLx}ǀ$Gvn Hb&+zB*ܬ󽥤@iԶuhs}xc?}Wz΂ޚht)޲.݆2gLP_tݖ3q݊S Ifk {ͦM1gCZn[+Da*xHvӞO8@i_!fSmA푣9%>n:/]_zp 0!RL8 -`; /-AuO@6 W}?yMRDb p5Ӟ-rL884?`OV9(hU6-hn'0v 3Kr0rW[{s=O=F#]' XOY)4eHQ˔yF?h]w)v`U{{y-Zk'bD5F)Z +㢵.cɲMsT.j7pFf81Sv1r3 ߈}ߣf.}"=YYMƯ;xd-`|eEhǍ>"ځo#hg,e\9Oirʿna5~D34):7rH>s'dn`񣍹<1FzNYI&('wPwB lO:(@ 7e` _79ʭ1y(SJJn\ѧ)Wہ] BgwGIٷ2)-9y㖡=zc.e97Zxߛ} &dH-ӮCmgZ@&<~QOsk"AA$90Go(? <6}57}ax;ȸ 9W<PѸ)g=bclUrV،'#f `r@nm:x9> ?Czs7rF볈nGvbx.)Lq^=zMwc;!H,2gҼe_rZu<+b<Ҿ8uV_ٞ-ƦH⧍&f})͇Suq ַ@[]gE4̭OmK:K6^ճX=/S!WWߋ?mzVq?. +k 02WyvoJ< W q0H[X X>3.vsh*|)~)ncnލŹCM+?(d;pWtfi7uc=MԾ.HgǺ6Kiew8O *9K1([Y 7d/]ݜq{^/+[Aʌ''Hi l-c1mrmz':IzJ)F[f+ֹcQƹ.^h#fvc\&}fR)n?f5 8>)zdlP^[]2V}Meو/s_C_ twJl=*1ozh+KF7)67;{Y ;g]K2V-^&<ݦPv">SHOrG {?XrfdI};ǑkwV^0lsNZݛ- @_(G3l@c!7po(YbW K &˳ǣ9q"Yq s\nR);Lw@ϙq/}hau<^<ό|Z/ w9޽'!L,0,ȎFEy3 a2pC6|~l@<"2<~J$|Z+OڴVg $A_jZ2l{ʗ|c42+:y++ bwmno2{Q&#U*=kJKg5,g1>F9)B!8@vwyo<cVDxjɀL!zRvoFgj-F};xFeks**T׀! Q-_t6)2wIճN$G6gc7G|ska@ge0:VgY|E2jLewf{tk/b/}G왍'#m4?F:GmYGY)ϱ2|gekv]*eex<rwEvX̿Xc`nC6gx̙ hͯ^ @JTn,{3@~E{-: Scs>ʤQ`9=Lts/'7@֩+𥞲^ 0Sf|`=J_חE}1@ulxzx\]tfWϽtAHts77}/W1?:8=N Ͻɾrˡq͗w[ndgݱ|bEZ{6V49I@{$.O K0OFA֩>+S4Z+Iv'] /u||o,օ|-_1~W~uv"/ y]wUHĆNAs!ڵ8'KomY8M{x{a3h|S#UՍF?t?c׎@c>T۷ͷ6Iedo:l6.}dz9@;.՚]h3,^-筳I% }~ɼuz- ^|QmW5աh"96/ozXx7 }%'HM* cj-\tsz&dJ<j_Vy=KiވW>n=mbGi3%kWag؂ 3c+5j~hWNXLtP#hC0㳞ܤ(ugՎa.EJвi 'E#K,PN2lH@ |A Q,XL`4͢=4[ͳa~F{?E0l4 3(G<\DB˔l#f6G|͍jd'gÚM\R`LCI% WK}{ø^L۟yd[7:;۽e,0뉷 X` =|c Ƙ'â.0v5y6XRS9dzxQ@G{0И !`,@VD+_2{8G[FԂ-gmǡMF;6gEC2hƎ^dkcw9Md^ߌumܵiͅ|p%H@z*#|zOfMV@_I.?[Fב|k֕ݮySԵ)s`~{ϡ&S9wch9zZ^i\_q:]ֺ}}cC'GMl5O泷R:9aMٓIx f9^̖0esր?n='{2SkQa搣8yl"?KvqI]V [߳l=Mf/O]exCxιa߾fKC{ /[hY|NGi7_.8no_ש7z%KڋYm35N{Vn~s| KԻHOD_Ǚenlu-Ly=Vt+b@,+P-_zY&~,kM|MRc1Y] ^Ss^*K=AVҞx#j7Hjg~3R^gK6Rh?[huQL ݬ\!grQ[!tެnf8{N MZ[Ś/Τ.}Sns[NcTshnem\rt=xܯQΨjinY+H{Q[{u~.hd,@{CvsMem̀]$_=SϳD'e1W -R7O˰ESr`:@?AQRͼ@2TZ * J@*8 ɥoQޮ?b :b*wX*6'W'LJq][Ck}+pc;wCɝ-% x3c[jߗ[9^c]U: 1h8cj34.xhū% EH{гӀ ̷ôz`RO#E89spyR1raԿ~e}/ޱ#%7&NȀݸ[!6}oM"{stc?R?%@hE , e2Ќxs0|g/9vRX/'+}غؚQ9?_SxXr7gSu۔ 9KrG+╕qKsv?Ect[ͣ}V}{FvɄOO`p˵ia{@|JnO"}PC"s[lyS1} PXl6q75M36w!^$+eESms(_q^yˆGHnlxiWΞi:s=c>ɚpoa1wGG 愲E Frf|]/JŭeByF_1Wcu!@v\_iy &&F8MY=EiF_LĘ!b&\nj2s' sm [F^m4nQ6LY06SQ`/H(ׁ$@)u*Z۳ v5=0]7nod/N}ۦ)'# %jCxjP~~Mm3bX?U4q?z[K:3HauY#;_҈x { q6'[N̍ f r:93=VΖw-4]i-٫k̾~ŶHh :d]32ZnYvi^ ,0dUn$:tNbi9c ޣ`q y X/yov?]܋9ٗ 8*wbn EeOɏ @<\d׎w \WA`4+L[1U(L2k~K23[WVO_~C ț gs3( f 6dQLqpDTBb#!E06O8jH]L"8(їCdr֧k 淑]m%/pNnDO}0}.XjF#ȇWZ 'dm7ju/rwo _}4!F+I/;S*r/$p_g ]/GeQ2: %JhA9bP-_$6{fK7U}RHZR}_|I@@j,Y^mOʒzu#`<9U" ϜI 4QE~?MDʊԍWS]Js 4+[ٴ59x3Q x4' %Sm-Όu5+'+ /g]o[9xb}@?uUN2sec\\'tɛ^i]\3>\XZZΡ9l䘺k4nXyY2Iz%Ы lfJ_= >Cjhxgn>=nh_-eOr AdKkl)UOuH{>榏+w+[d7C;Wrj oi[yN.ic N@7r,L2Iەugc9.ko{?+'n{u=>VJuGF[;.#]=~C^ImmPǮq@h~Gy|̣4Vh`=ͷv:'[[ʩU¬w{5l3V<@h$:>CXm9yhud=q`sCLqV_Pt,猏ݛh"<na}3ͫ5V~ORXf3 Qߝg-C-0n!P `,DO?Pb ˱nW (t[UY%VAʬ=Yvz3f6wn3Q5:/' n˹l 0&ʱ@ ^coĺʯ~ dVZ(~!찾 9"o nwh@wl.}e#/J&u?@絣M?n%ճrɵ^J 3Y^QR&9{Gg|9J!Eʅ^Y{ FN_OU#rek{Mc?ެ}omi l=ڼ00oAQ D{r l 7͞9Ox/|u/N]<$[ִWUGzqrkn B\H6Qqs}Š׍sXm,UvҾ'C2:_olN9.pO-ҁ=O!YkWk۰ Qt0W{^֟s%y/4_l9re ^\>J{D\ 3(' PA!A,uZaw DlD:IXT7%X"iCL{τX2<@=sXt h(>B3@J#clI0 8?0|/r*2́?]e ghfX;07"ڴ [fƠ^|a뙿fvxu0:?f.=ʫ(l`Wx"_Yt],|ʬ<3Yz&PӤ:g {yWЦ3z:̳x*]_skol{ys@CW{ޙ邛~FыSs;[L7_@o}n-::⭗WdA܍5چ!:]`g)ߍHh]osQR1Ji (UC)ur_4gsm(D[E_$`38b`eƉQ0sE`901Q9P[(ʮQлq5m]ᆾhΌ+ X'7-MIufu.x/b.?QFIR("ƽ pW)h,9vxMq)y0 VWv }ym>yZ3zy1x2uKI (Oiƃ+H㦦<~ tSHFUv\]:j/Cc=)^'LۨWVXZ{/; txeb` ٹb`5$1Qh <4pꛁO@38ԧho0Dؔ|eϬsd(6sTOZ WßE'p`عa9hk5##)Mjӵpr6^mtL Vun&zS9h\=o7{vH/4Q Rhi !$OB/\TBBL{) PJK[(`SZHZ&&*`O_}};YYk{^s9|1DVi]#)O8C-(~ s4uLiC>mLˏwgrAm&J|.-UaڽƖH}ab_9M\0ɫ:'ICsd\B{%KT@~l mGNS9_W{7|ۘѶE{+F~CMKq0*e.U,ƛ8G^ͯmbPpgx/c<6vfeFnmJ.otaԶ~2>9n%XxS(e +g$@ȜUsDn\j!9mJ?ɼ$G:֗#ON6ԏP*BX&mHS1@7Gt+y%ʑ"4k~ԳMߖ9~nΦ8k^f:i3w2Ӽ4l+^ W~K6Ζ֥$œP jMk GVyjYn!}qlt ::3Orh17gNcI_SƟ;6'VCie*gfq=ĚM _y1G_3'2eV.> ƍcj,۬onG q@ 37;5O]RhV$f>50iaLiMPs~s2NFoʺ/"|߄`*4%6cҜH${2&kc}$]!{4hs&i3̰ftIm>bvյx)/qK8 GaY7N!Iv9IѸPiEY)Ƥ?rR_u/B|s|9Sȸʻإp1nsP{+4F_r=)Oiiw2K{aYWH{e .U ʜ2D>63G?o ;۬C QkgC3')i50 /D6˜~lDꊧ]r-0nqΘ{;IT=rr gE1$2|B/ p͓5 m\,*_g)J”Aڥf-`>4,]@G}g_!6X(Kse%nݜrtf8:ASs#{atj+Htf%G٬ q@HRd\?CM(G$g1'.XVStiyo1Eߜ0yӯtA&߂D.Ü|Н{ɇ74K?,\ '9>PM?rp&̦;) dzqQ=)rhS[ųUE\Ȃ-Ӄ;=:y@D̶fD8oȴfUnL:u01X{OK'<HG%;GWzc@Ȟ[J.k; XNш6I1YQk|vC'9QCY'a.mMRY:i6a, FmP?=QYO،G(]9r!RȺn|a1u}7"1o5Ωw\GK8S,tDVw2c^Z?^֦3\a%M1?×6AC./9/7#V$Rm ![mxH,!Ӭ͒vIrd<$4^Y[fݜ՘6dqRCqnE ueEׂ{2e3BZHdX|d%wڰ Sͭ(91ۋ^\f=rLK\"JtrBWk{?8M֏2#Vf'g4;Y=\-6"FZխv˿0c 9M my&|PsN'(am-^$OF$Ȝ)0d͉;uS~}p:(ŕgF99Fʵr}?ɁyO\pF,Gh#C[7lnO_/s5!$=VWq;v+5\{ւuuCw*i\-R) =,T[+#:I8yt9rm(gVɝqf{vJFe0/ 2B4GF,CIV{Ɠ;m\>_=#prvNKO[;oۜ6^{Qk}뷲)y4e͊r!#Ҝ,6+Ke%gk##Õ<ot1O.d-V1>-e|ڰ x8Lxlԁ[hw)$c"ΑΈi_Y0Od)Jr2SY|{8C τQeisܩ`ϲ o_Ņ>[V 9Ma>+JId 6XL"8X FvZMFZ)ZJF``ɨA7RE;`n$(6d3A_4&UL { R'ChcKc1.t҅6KY'd;4piF ǵCK]$mll>#O=ߜCd\ZC\SbBc|?xYRܣF 4dʏ,w'~YLEStʪ|ƝI1k.:RQxNelHwY'ga\{69Y 8Ƭ湩jf+wnI k~ܓ@*ILz?yoCnx*yւ͔w e)bMCvu 0#>Y}XLI0Đ<&Os6&vdZote<[VN/[{{ǘgxx89[hV>0O6ҹձ&1M(\4ڄGi}^fɛT"92;5sE~;/ovJ6:yB6Uz2ќњ@}Ku1;^>3w65\$-"q0k`e 9CD[9QFm8n'tQ{{s0(g8|?[u Yo8>s8קyKVܹ\A:~/" CNKy C5vB^ڒLUvas o"-_dL"ݕϢ?wGҍ~'qj3z9<98ۿ٥fѩX N;,L:m'_tGҜ}Ɯ3+qB1¦5IsU#G0 L:s ɞHfH߳k7YW!,8N(m)K:2kSI.e,KY]Ye1YWf᫮0#{.mޙ/̓}##i`7NZ.`dL}r1$EQr@tN]6~Zӷ7W۸􏩛^~e@~^ꢯ;H7v0/sTT'];^"' 8i*lKJ}32fmSK?[ym4<+ f"s͹8cc =|j,3ll^$.4>=k}ɜu~(aɑryֹfo;-b r7h ]%V: .ʽc,8 4,pa7EHHu:%(f.Q$ l{eŭ -u:ΖA2#;IJtKRHLe R[yp圖ՅUif :M-~Ł6<+4%š6)4w$YZH>"Χ?²rmOb+q|k6gN]77,"Y;'o_E!lQ h↬LFQ㕍>OS*b@7v .Leere>nW9&gN܌V)SeLN`pHlq2xE6x+Mf, O\ t<)%!y\\EVNb)&yKXV?Vuufc8oq$=m[~"|(:tgTN?r͕ƈ(L+29! w]S.s{cM'}Σԝh]Y.yBD6UnuV7MTi,}_d^;!GՃ,h/#MH$r5 Nr'KKS\ ePGߑkasa2evmL&>S/O}[K%ƒ6Q~m]4G3H>!h#_n5n;s$'HwflO*YX17mxg-57_Ep? O9o\63~f(4evKGkƩG}!e)O<6sU<-̻ǘ84inos\9͏\nsfⶑS fZ巋Ls$xEvD4|"4sm{]O`QeiDGٲ`BHOf2 k7og.-D(4B))ͩd!{Յgngc Z0/.ehAjsB=J/^WOߑ,}e%YVFՁLR&CnQ/BQ0Г4aOS8I|C6NA?lK%dNٵ u")b_u&7WǺͧH>M$~iuՔ3,ʠ~mˏh!,79z|I}n+\(z"C?cx:M'H&3M'gj <+d|jO#坱'5E1,)5+xʯrA撻N9 N_jKt% 'dͲZ'{?oqWD~7ުoXڝFxf:OYE}xj rOrA`?`C=w[>>O( LY"( /3]͖tr>\:56i(q&am^R7IN^CdBeb8A'VyT c(u+--DNgat U<` J XeUu.amBǯs!m)\9TXi!+ze.N#xKS9! "sKYdgt/k5r5BdHa,yD r\dS\X(ϴ'n%OuWշ'+t깹v.F/eI>}gLCÐ4єOò_,k$"1oַnutmDxfb 3e"CsVX.4r+RҦtrtZyy@tKgl \PqI3'cFw(l6C<bo/TƳԋȬ#KA!+j.MuZBȢ& \_a6lrOF}GQ&$i[2LS|̅yC0$a%>c1'fyiԎư?㠺鶗glɅ锊0k7dݥ4"7}:7 MdvVhm7-?sYͅ!r56\Ù`N# ""]|G>+Y­'Yaݦ&}]JnØʢ"\9+iu%avLU^rune< 3,]rf\K$u$a1ϖxMN)4WFiHSX>gX0$Wa"gl;o(ҿ2 ȱ偹1q>ݤdӣQyj3a6׉1[ZK0cDΤplJ5Ƒ[pDw*rU[?.*fޓ;ژ-t:y1(L3 \mI{ԧ x!KTw퍋2Tny$Kygfla4ijg6;s6}]o77hۜkaꧽ[d]"^}H`} 3?ł?y.Ȩz/l)?Ȃ>ï=y<_3QBInLNg3U&=k  BR &J.b[0P78vy:SJS u!M~LNDSֳ@>`mn A"H1FߖrSFҜs`cΟd#(&[4cjmgՙ&gyx+,'mZCJ{p{kJ1>yW7d1JXVυ:r6zQw2g\w):u$7v(\T &ڄ1ScXDܨ6dfL'%Гgcr7_rp$GT>K|3$w/fV#u{s9h}\dQNezusf=`nJ90țt#X2Q3q) ĂpߜP;oiFIuD08#NxПӣ LԾ#fqa`0&jIf\)0sA'Gf;X;1@w}K]:w:$\rXJOf5IaɬqQzW 2]xnKfRgf{Jrr?!]ƭ_K#s+r-MNo95Fw%354󁿲i.-=Ƙfq4{:$0kK[yZHv "*9fbCX.L3;zj6DpyPdEXR&V6Y0nciS <ϲ Ιik̾..(ױ?3?sJ7'y*N~&Y-n><NN'O?Yu~\j?$v<^%2p1ғ>{}hαigSnOƨ^횛O>9E؞l]/O|W:A.xL0JN Id8i3Vں W=":WqœzjxC8>7iSVL67C#w73,5 nUkNgG>oMW77C`!lmiquhZ$~6½Eda[jPԡrO$ 4pen!@& p2EUC;0uP.AeZ'4~pv)Kʏ8Cių#mLP0<D<@9s{$˴ HI_eZ %AC© (9 XP"qoe%ܵX߹CߑMȹhGȕ;$[, B͎_X{ kjr`76 D:gwJ@m&$˒ˣSdQ?JG?N3ن3 ˚_Y°2c^B;wҜGF"00m3iX3WWmbEOO}b r> ?i-k򡿨)$g!ƛ;?}[dk2*w'l*y1Vx)>]?8zRrBܼja/m62Ma6kH x)O{ _ v6=5A`iS'h0B;^~7yT̲YHqS67"h#֥FOd\d ҏ'ch̐ގN-&,,[,#f,'m 7vnOȸ0;XI2'j,VkyEBG9&Sʘ9KXGk,f%8y[ 5ȫY$BrLwr&aN>MO}>S0ض1K$I\i3MNsBIc1^(E//ô?Qnk, UI݉V~-=c#~ |۷}qq.Y^f<&Y2yS0lm:-Hxo,)M}tqȫzH)ti!Id'S6KW>xӇYCoWqXYa͗&QxeDݑɷNYjϲhKfH ̻qBIk%AghQnz{hk|ȃL"+" \}l .EHw'~6W~~禆cSx0׏ mC%t>MYsTؔ#kn)+Xs&sSNa9]X*{/;\գ ˝鵶rUZ{?e༛0 +Wr`}z,di$y#H{#e熆BH䱰tj:6X 0(IF  5ɡ]x(,zh;i;o VZڵ5.M$N'{ɗ\Ŵ١_6Zv_ܧ5]|mFo equ68QDl/wW/Mз|auEZg9.B7#Oyz%^If\"Ӊjo9=iS2̺D95FBH#wei'w?p7i8%OmEnA$t9f;r]i&y i<:ɒͲra6½BWsZX06Q6jձ5J8%K02̧Iͣg!O"K &ЈϹ%IouBGB ,ҁLxFP \y:NkA&,Rz1} ]4Gs 'HaN> GM9)M:GK.+:E +P&aF -ى(KVڒ3Rdeq:I&2$;mpk$i<yg{E;rs@Qi5 7oSdQ:"?eqgoALVᦍSc- q|3r WIzf#m\}zs蛤JV$iaAQOi!mJʩ)ܵ2Cy/qRLS:^-:ѕ~Y]+wUXVgjЦy/-W;;ʧݓ]J3$Rd-܍aI[NGm0PJgH8i6W,6m JOi,4/kkU<otYlW;]\jSWSgC</:՚lYy},#GjOSVfӅBܘ\[7omEGhdAG6 ,HKϢpsJsHʟg1?ϛo}gP,kQGsP^7gehzѷJzKhŒTY|7qI lcY':qnp䗰6:7bti*psxK přaϏ066.KZ&35ڿ{j/ܸMb9/#3iSf}Ԝ1I9O]D>QW?Y-0alpYkO\XwQ{ҿf?з+fX i3Gg,<xIN7-xҼ1&9?y:])W1$$$[m|K`&Jf阝""_/L|q.Ykq$u , 3]>%\@FqoRHqK24úg\P5ry)CM{v?Naq }W{;1}0q{K۷ߝ>&?F9*h, 0no q*w6|'cg aiblΛIHn.שƬ,mr$;6ħUJ˼9y,xS#eiK%:'`iFA;5u6qSTLX xmp#7eё1RGT-e1)KE !pTv`9>/MֈY\NiϤDȥT4 DQ02  |VIV˿Ka5'K ߷0 7Y$3]v!l?Y7䎘. ΃\4'~Xg^Sswy D()AjrX)'n07 v&<)r$7o?%""$(SȈNBz 8gZWW1W9"LY'WYc[OĹM%$'韵:wK҃ ?d#b_邔#qjR2A=$x\na2=UVJ[-lRLE[DRAGeM4ad' b󁲜--"hQgk%Ұ Gf jN}䰒&#^gKѤ:#IP7㪅 j.W>Αy,m}x,y ?3yvdR&:[c͑L:[ɐ(ggJ&X}&7=]\6&l"n5(#kNl:yE~%:6R1 6iG3 -:> +"yf1ɝ9Lt"reOƕ#Kd,ݢ9-\u kΛ-t9L Ho(#3RLT~턟ڎ^4\W8,$@~r6H1|w>dK>s*RWzmrb!*/ǍBɀ4ʜaΚ0 O[' 0m 5_)Ny֎CS6Y/(eֆHq;T[YS0qM}G>ų5xҹHt̵/(BB|:.("Ouq>ʹubX9?x;kɆo3JaЭ#jnް>׆KcGpGΕ7_n%# _6N$ &gY\cDe",37'gvȤU1P!mZ= }l|K ֭l g۝/'Y)H0m9'"~૯®- ^Wd"2]>fd| ;WWsFᢍG6*z&~'X#!d=xͿSmڨSE :em8/>/tP2|ͼ=rӺ0 _iJ|EF"ΥXk9 [^[q<qM⨌0q㽗%4i#zZ v:cy&񹓯L&IS~ٕen NV #&W.NΣŚ\@r| &096Z&bL=d~焭,Pd 3t'{aY###?- 2+ih7s&l AV l d-_:\J3}tzMCh7yUN$"%8iᘵ]SNrc57yYE݄h64eM`XlIra%ߤc$$$ X0iQkTB=V3F8a4GD '\30~ xW'kѫ]#G^uZnjK6k:6_׏>Ϥk(sSH;iga<}Xj/JE̾.y517H2$w<獹NGS}>].hc4/mserӒ2/0T+%s6ץB ҩ;OW~Iq e_{!m夲$uuLi2.S;E"NSziplSt#^9 ;&M},'j~*@>u6~?q]_hyBC9P䬘:İx7 YW҉R~ʇqdkpҦ)Y R] fֳV9m)&ͬg- Sz"۲yQƢN#aVړ, #!OtY? 6շngoꩾbG3^C|d1b4K{fLD*{^. xsuqI2ߞ9IxҜqՁ+[OOYwA? A?lhj?WKliGHW_0ǭ5<{m%hFaҎ\qu 6ANɏHbJrY|6a`Ք:E^y2n߻x8EBrHsL_9sYL&)"=20,(γ8&{:z&1r6,b#S@QF$91INKUL)SP$[P aɾPz Ew,/ HaA> oû#p/O0\$ܳ>Fn,"KEE%xoo9Bv#蘻xLO1GmJ''Ń-iv*XyΤd^mwcV, HIVy[Y歸-ĕ~-e6c ‚|Qb1oEdA,tȜ,9jsaYm+EY6^;auZ,1DZlk5/MgeIɸL#Vxu`e>B) t)rNեO6L= lM'!5ki#Er\$COk\YȜ<,rUWdl=1Iñyy[5+Z(0,dNt\IOdo󥾯uHSsA cqXX] 0c a >Cmκ5ڴ#&IF&m6IJҠz^[g=39[HW#7 i3t*8 ^,Y Y+"흆6H$tswV1?5e9*G]guEC\t֙_:lt@z\x\ @i2JrZL2,⇢x~&Ѭ0y[g'GJann(EZqޤi'BCѰQ>pTaYkErv_E}/mE14ME5 k: Z0i4`D#)GN ?y9wٞXa0ojnR(C{NBM!E}%,)ɀ&&HL]:L 3PH\G(cxd8?HD<;ĝ̛d/}^ *ׂI#\W mc}f vUぅ{P <"JYtRl|dO ۔-ynPo-;-Cz~oO?SmӦtoo~*":0ef.ƒAc2tpUGL&SYr,&Vl a*%rhr` qڼ#\L]FzY-t|P cǑ1=C򘻸_\}PJsnLO|7}fY]Y34pi'LcWm1Np 71-^o:Rfѻd.9o󡱤u<;\LYVGeQw}DH7ӷ¥{1M=̱:Q>>d~,=MFQ%&dj,ip@JˌʂT7.i ?ɰ"|]Io/}aNʪm`Kqԑ9 <~ȋ^mTc:IVmp.D:G^>Wyp'{Ʌr$mSY˗f$YyKsH#9T؜k ͵{{mJBr[o͗xafҜv)u4?[pI*Mr 7466ნ! l ok3H_ b=rcG29 EdecȦ X'~xuBg$3jct]x$]ؙN9f ˈcxGc㍲X3*Lو< ש/63zTjmҥrSO l.E9/5f.Q5V|HbȋF3E8;6|Cj2R0Y3Ol1_i*GHIФN6Tp%ʪ) -'L%\(S )O_߷9X-4 4# b$w0R q7B0;%N=߰ºֱ$e0;iJ9lOCXbd,g?).ŝ&L ,sdnZl oSAe(RN᤾Q99B q IreAjQ@: JqyQw6礟ՕmH,#jh',xeE_۝ sdeh'W mB*ct+(j.mMFŌ|C`O : ."{&ic1bGESG7m $WmX:O|pT,q.z'wNX9^+[]dMN,{cM;Cm! y0[Enkf =:!DndN=WdA}'LmM[eQV|O^E "㍩#6ˋ',kgz}9n`Ն7RXl|s8CkczĴPtEvQed4}]rJM̏'^BUoE#姜KD 2"${&ĿYzLÎ$/I>%xgsE/\?m.> ~cX\|byS%`@d;X'fgɦ$L}&In+:}z7^u*OP,|۷}uk&O=qk8<߫Hڭp.njwU<,9˥GOB46h =e)? ~2)L%XTHsI,LٯJ3ٹ{[ Y*ӌks[[9کai,[ش?uK_ks~⥃:oaɎ:Z#K3sY*HWxt,6Gr6½F6It47xP)I&7x3OQft^04x$'d vZ4x0xNmil?E* <' &2[)&W]] w'{'iAN#ocBcEvکiT.aʯgBќ-m,F s%9_~h ~^ǰ\"!$rn!I:awfD ;lNki%&7=3lbW/9f{N쒮F::.3sr M?-\V.ڿe,ҽD#Wd/&HϾ}뒬?5fdUrR7ɛHBE$3-߲0>j\r+SBjٕ&[e!V;] _/Ӟ,68kJcX0x}dmܘLE@XPOuLV{',-- L*6G~ΓE3MߘoP,>ԯXd.NglHel#,9kpFRxɇzE86 ?ˑ[ d(?oͿy|1'2>vMYɜaU67;He$+2i͂c܅Yqȷ104>Z/_0ivqU>md2H\4J1whL#7S'V4au~'M[)9fL9JY" SOX#,ptIY;y@涩 6w^3E=)"%gx]Ⱦy `oNssVstᦎ!ڳxa/|⧏rAfx/ ͰAkirC` 1,X_5TDXߘ$KYcmSN.ntyUn?O f@BΕen^9g%#?R%2@55}\rd;!~B$;X!tʬ/4_ƾ-:wijssAIm%^1Ä9/:1=?:o0uX7#Kؙ$,ϛu)?뺿wΡ\"8F0Mvr2eOѯTּcb U给f2vI.]j[#5,Rt(c֭=G.M6!poɃ9=dx9]I-I7c}F=GVkB%. L ."oԈ^ts 9ySz:.>d ;SV&|"{BRD/Ki] ;Uy;HLP\(<¼iW>MxWBQ,P[rDKexY*K~^Dxs^Lj&Ώz^#Nu~ >׆ҁ H6])D ycln ´\M\!rY3)OKhc8hK~(Mcd;DVJ$(K*@s#Cśa)?wJ0.6610w=6hg 7y43J[(.4[6?7B2>D{F:|"SN(#Ѿkя07$<թN>OC2vّiWeUNN76dJ~ɖtCS#Qۘ_3-<[Yc,,Bn^lN)mC~6cL2:g,GSVKw4fNyͭěFs`lo̞$+~6i.07s9U7!ƌNӖ9⑍dU0ɝKdvm5ε[ɿ sz$һY6V”1>Iݗ{KsL*RD\^*#N&έĻ.WY24I<>?8>R.x8!o x˰-WZE_q,,V.b$”쮁\] X10tnv);/kIT q^t,;m޸g| Y?`1$Hmb2mxlRG{"s҅spSa&IPsH_Ȣqt|1D/,kܬmt,`eOU܅HsL;.,a, Xh+mV[3qu;Խ^}\LkJa SQwrIB i%W$jz{2yNG kkcˆoq Pdl<5w~dGxasTSasenL$WjQUS/⵹,G[Mb+S[Yt##sƘ*=ؒ_z yb8W}Wu&C-B2obuW>@7|Sgv Zf&/\;^1v]yC&Aln_.3")}3zKMhqU揄cnZ̺ őUnI.x}~IDATVI[w^Fn4(VDz[o!S(Kcuc/,Z(9=z33.CuJ= GǻOּK-=y\BTbHDq?;![XtQVdHXZP4m`GX(??~q'IyE/1Biq\!piEa䧰EhT'NAwZ,L9OEvJwg)yAׂ364aQ^rBVk/DwŦEvJd@#S0!Ҵ/وXnA471 WCnYgn* }DBF';aZOw,&G+|d'W) BU2"Ҧ#ze:BDӽ9,9f23,, !,~A9D&{~ץCAڔFҌWvǒ՘_YAg`Q.D`/V()MX,LN DX)*,rGrVIᪿ ֓@&ّf ˊ=.?ӾEV&ɬ;# kSm>O0wQt$k}F{ט4Oc*L^6`or}qdW;<4>im bqƞmsZ, ȢD08$”k#]*W~0n,h;}@G((>_?KtDk2ne,,b971ײDw&jRN Unk ; ȤقN0%$CfE0%$6:>, 1I笴x F-- ,-:8/d+X6*E+I{EeY5nrKrlR|2tʔ:xՉg(1˸,u6+H`dIWϸXPICz X,-"Ig!eO"GZ@[`& 1m@ TY*?ylQ.V&=`a |VɽNiN];:em3FGdGS$-v&; *OKS~Y#M2_D!" 23!mMLA²d5Fy)z)_[&@4r4+g{Z1耫}'Ð ӆ s8JP2]Zi k%,) 1,Muf쬑mL;D>KV+WyIvyKI@F:sާ44IH"r՜GNYz^]o[a0ʟ ؆eG~N /.݌]Y"V塯4؆taukih"y e)LxxW2"”x _2nGx:%XIM0KZiRYsYn%,y* Ǜ)}Y,WvQcx0m" 1[mn^qLQsYK(M?Yx߷oܔ9/u WŻk=E`XE`Xpxuk|u0C?PY֑N'ś.G]wp?/("Iτ5.Qo, x(6EyXvc!"oQ6aȕ,0+j ؂Elq[<&WR V1+[F"N&/eBŝTC\,Xi$\Aa>u,maյ| uT<8HS8riiA\VFoo9͉0f;o0_[i%5hDyr|r$r9$B6 *-xHLqGye\'Ms8#uc'DoU|pEHX|}h+wV3, pVdM~69'^d=l\9 p/D~7"ca7B f̜. r#Tj#LM";Ud*nܞߍ$w,lZ7ӜaS4=fXo3Qgo"XȀ0&}u!¦u8.l'sd1զK+Z~ZyA?)_$d~iYZ6R܅Fyv&s-I*+0&W]n\ {}UyiFeYz+ǔ6K]:\e]~,ŏ?wr/޳mH] 3fpsUy|{#s]*ǥ 2Rږ=}Ko(|>a>j ԤGN}g^#sm8MnWoDVz(ҼrlE`XE`X 3{?6]FNm}v>¦N.t&{po!Pʺ2Ϣ[fE w0Ey{0āXhf;#"@e H -IzSPQCu99L*f$]䊧fQҎpKB!/VW"Uz"M!:ڝ`0ڪE=O<;6K,KWɍ +.zʊvjīGV䅨xd */D Lu^CrKmu4 L҇$>yBF]KhU?NɝGr˖$LaM>HFr++b &ɵ [aO5_L0 Ր/87d^5`7I"ikKR|6,(+oX"<͈.-,\Ȳ6$;4^Yy'W*^0iqE5iwi?uoHO,ۊט< 99݊>xɬo|]cnL6Fv)#ɫ1Ҍt>o\#<'CYIgax'SsXru+QZ.ܛ\_+ݬW֩4ӝ n%㾔faS20vc s#Dwmcoi:"=pIGlE`XE`x!51^tD3IH,R !g`iPNڐeiZad> HN(4\^O &ڠ'x[V?t .ɝeٝ@~$Iġx0&M}IgK.ˇ%s,[%6dyOzʎww+Dx]27H 3M+lYruӛUN!獕vnBwJ<%vUzo$U9*Uiޛ~<:Eq;]ŸB fotCrXո`]ex,g#"}XFV3NX8FdՈlO@rt5#W=;v/=mt))kˎsȘ': 0]@'ӬsCQxsr&"quɚLJGٻϠjgDֆ9[ϖr݆ ^=7+ B͓@9gXc͈8;SF Qy)s}tKr";bjnD7aWYkWf?$>Sn7|o롋NG&EM߲|O`tO?2|X9-/","D->|#'ƴAξcp8t凃ƗNr H07k*{d)!̎+Ĭ=Fpb7 w]Gxg|$E:kD+c-^gӚ5\Xxˌ7VO7ei6X}39x4]ui`kDxm n1kÆƴd ?!sPfGnS SD4@.dz)Me`z;3S"sSĩ"}ƛ<L7 D_Eެ<Y2xpIx׷nQy*ȼ4m2xߛ\eV]yrU{ܪ[GKo=;H'#Yb5}bsMrra{Л;HϥϦI[|:LwXE`XE`N1)te67Hz'tVO3ҥ3̵: ⽲\^m'[h#ODf|2HO"DQ0ڂK,}gqGxDUB*v&saU̙X> w_ Lwk1 >ׁ|{6^gv3MWœKiJO9a7K0Uҹ9a7bV󡌗;Vy{#R/r=rޒ/Ul~Iy| jiE6-݈u䤜Sc6gg[lXE`XE`x8":;sqqc̀;:\0]Kꛟx{<{q&p@f}KLU] D8k1+q fJbҰpbŢDZ#FWV!#}[V [`t,/F' 8hϸM}i*U=Ta7d$Bt"Y 2]:ݟ>."<:@G{=y e%JlAKlё{i3ݮ=:Z.","7=.'pPtU< gAȗǂ¢`>\7gyrӧ:\f)=z䍈gUdB+eVw;ϛv^^%{#JްYDJ'*`qE`X ,k=oA$- 2PF?3|c]F -N)tpj˱,","E ݔlc3S |ӟ/ 3#ُ:+*s}nJGq{k/˯WY1\wKr&\ }vyE`X 9Ŝ>kx*w~{gwIRUދEyqh}"tZ I%6,","E N7a,MoN#z6]AOri~:e㜋GOsOtm;AL\8j<3sS\E`XE`Xn: w鳟âΊQ ߷xV_95@Eӟh+ x:4~.AԻI}c`Cu/sm1E`XE`X\H"ճ ȸ F/NBћӱ¦/G@ǻ3V]!aݓI1Px -D,RY$X%/9_W7E`XE`X@.d^W]{}軎>O?pH^XoSs1CֱWt_i2Byы^t5}#=IO:,ۅ!=thipwsq#կXoE`XE`X7}Qέ =gLN&^y]zґ0/3w󝇑7}[3)MeaBgrI{ȲnfWlnd|׾uɂiMeXE`XE`5QWaj|}A3^^i2ny^w)OyJrJ=2|}.있xĹˡt&Õ}/3>3W3ʓOwzcpgXE`XE`x8!0(?x>G>O",",J9=IN˘UX -躹A",]:)HK\:4_^H|XhXP (?DS庙y8HٖaXE`XG 鵿q|waPnKw~'?r!#3D('GW} Wn+^!-$dCGgPtoQ*N\E`XE@w!7;RE.pǯw%t߿7.c|tW8TXs?s=bWg]{~0x+2t|GR&w2-*_EAO}ik,",##,k}׮^wIN #^>$/{`n1" s-#] ]Z,~,!0:XF@Dr.",">OM獠i^Um'>ń կ~a(~XX/KK oo~",",,b_U_u,JdiiiC$w}w,;)$8Nl0-BӢ__qIoEҗނBy{︮ti2>,","P#0z__nPBOwґ'^Pz<-Kni >0l/Ʒpy T?ױv-<,r^W]{,:rJC-",",jGKYPH%NrFAOV^iιzOIM#O6>%;+xbя~4`y7Y~_)YE`XE`X=tW:*C>y38FvNvvgl} gfucia|;o˯SCwc2-N, Bo'QOuX߰,@Dx.","W"#۳ w"U8;&|( Q,({bJO+2=b@a ^-/O†w㱏}쵗eG哲E󶷽¤yIkeTv½ { N[w+_c,lX~,","p7:: :fޢ~d}r G|K.L72}^* ]aq8-*/;Q*?=ut="BCYCݺCI^~"(BozӛӒu[,","pF 9^KF#saܒ{vrƘ^ͽ|ݯ#pt k.%o;^,&7Tݿw ~~JJxdGC}E`XE`XۅR#?# C?CH:NbࡠSr)ٗ%r<z,']00yOX(OV?6gݣUa $ :ʫ”wyRu%",",.r==~p$8)Ӂг.YOe4# g?j]V,b(kQ@d[L/z?iiGtgdyqWvifYU:rW~Ws=+~aE|~xE`XE`X>rk"pz'8}뻾0TDZa躟'Gz w|{ko}[1GOviPR;"1憐ʻOF",",rh-~򽎰 gL%}[Mgċks=l>՞waB=]9@oAxWbo@_5_sIŦr=|G>tunp<ʎ|^~Er","=Mc;[/lkkz;8󃿦;Щ;nu:Q8MYPP NS-NXXX,","<A)Δn":wlG_^b+D.SY𳚉N9ڌN&.O9Y/_<3<2ދg^Nf#6ް#2 =6E`XE`XG {ofB7e\2ޡg♧>Ϩ1l"߸ eG˟q˼? OQ_2:c&S,p'w~w^++",",C@~P֑s5_}-U ||տWgNYa"KTC ;[Ч#QVzDE€MFH` ^dž4lZ?i.","B ݒ؅~3yoN|&NwǸm Dg=H3]7sY4(cO3`Wf#_d*_+b%z[E`XE`X zfYx(,|p~j'5鵓xKT݌Ű*gQ߿z|l?߻S8PXyt}٥ ;F)]-RK?Tҹ.","@>NIO~c$<9>_+)>^e ;Ǜ2vtzSyIO qY"f|+,X؁G>8 m*\E`XEv!َ`7__?\G#m<錘0O'1!Fs"<J+L~Ui wH,tA C)|aϊǥOg:xr4W/xܥcMozuWޯgXE`X |sB?eCI3(>L>?BpWK'+w5W TqFcs -DXR˛TO%YE`XEN#jo}Ax;|=2@gU C4*tٔp8}7e^vF&x(dZ OxArs;O:=yxzrQ&_Cr~w}ӝE#lD^,'/DέbF-z6 ?$o","<`׿ x;]'";xF!_/ ==\Kt :x5teX+~X($KRY0+vSpY#[l",",COOӑeyʼw|LKvJݞeyՑ˂*7??T߼ U|w~-Rߢi)(?]$QFy}XH}PNqlH\H}=B2Aҷ ","<2` (tfHNIO/be y{sbI|]N4z/_-!eΚG; < :^YQ]T",","`"0R˿ ڻ77+P魬 EZqӾ,s Y#??|(\ 书AK2L͗d ~yecŽRŻ:կ>ۿ}{VY)5(o~Ńv",",ݏ% 9}~n'?ɇޝU(&}< 1La\T| C>wYx+YXS!YܨpXpX|g}ֱ`d0Fމ:l",",ltQ9YDZU8z(bOw3 ")S;MxjّH闼%)ͷ4j;rT/ua,- b#ޑWʯk}cJQGY= pǦ?wy.]:Ȗ-",",CCu=,yQzxt~ߜipt3.=CiDBV`Ds$pxc o<$!e/?[@=P,",݇@,]^懜SiCWE#ʯau_uqܴӿ:ۦK=u[./7HnF(L2k\$a-cVЇ|gӆWxND \}ҳ5ZE`XE`x(u0Fy;yYWxw];SyPaUxݭ$w٧{Hiߕn$Um'LX̣ ;@[Xo}(w^E`XE`>Ĕy>;}iR]|_"<0*Ad3:9[HǢ|ҕ;1Kn]YWi(=O9?c?vE2oeyl>Hs6XJY0y'Y[E`XE`X@zIpH{WaF3tƨ?}qUNOqwbD0?iO;Id~'r\JGHGg,cxp>я^{zs_;s,>L9pY 0PnҀ{zE`XE`XKNTҝWd Cs=KHaӲ=N_0q?CeRX;ak_-.p/s?v&T̎API >$L28.",",.IE GVGnLB/}K8/Of{$2V^f >"[kpy"). EwQч1Z{Pd lGrW2͋P_y>ƒ.MXXX8›\T.4mV;s1,~XE`X$ ?<eFƉU<9~%d|lnyN7f4KOt-%wpO񧰫|(.X[eq_",",o 8rgG.|YR+㳾b&\ԉtffzs*qfEE+^r=O|G9-X׫# ()X0껿:GgcsISfE47 qMY6볎{gmBȵ ҷE ŧwQyiz~rae,xfL uRugbJS=ه퐑cXE`XE@:x3\F@~ɗ|ɵ}C7fG5_>я c=>tB(5W1PSoOHVGr.HliE`XE`Xwt EA4gNGHUQS 8O>8G,?+ `Xp,CF#}J ONW>KMɍWjܽX 2Ua(+yߋ#~#\^ ]'=Ie~|U<7Hwa{Ћ ","9莑tS#~7/g/eD}0k9t{<¥B=XED|f,cف k~~s^E`XE@6r2ڱO.UzB)x#{MevGMWY#{il@}}|}ő8ggUr*g"?~'w:,ovvw(M< xVpW?y.m`+,`f}cGݦή.}j n?re[E`XE`xHd>8xL!_td8yO(AJw1 q kndrغ/.b}gI;fNq \((  GG{9oMqXE`XE@tK4W,,Ydю@wCLqzIt)+o=Bi,.}>ّ)ҥV9>E]ȚKe>,J HPNߖgFdPxp)j6 r|5?=LgLվ+e Ho>p˽,",C0KHz\zc04/xFNJ?w|w\?|ěa åac]]!SCgv6`ͷE`XE`X"hmNI滑EwDtVYi#pߑeѝSܽԖKv190F^կ>HuJ$Ksا+يFKM)kԞ Q/zK^c1Ͽ},mRPIWyw.jV8a#ɟ< Ygn=E`XE`dNofC!__/kp/+3`}++u»#GoW8wpW@ |G,<F" ,] ;*",","yA*E"{8] 6kP u  #-M-|鸪x- A#+b|˚fY󖷼 77ЏW~尮~Хm8ń? O80j11D~l(77 Y!۳WY0i <4B+",",.[M8eK(TNNġo }C;gt2ѝ;=v wJ3`(?c?v;7 Gŀ-,4;&;.݅GmmE`XE`X"eHv8r#ի^u藔u)\ ͧMqCd1kC(F~2yWⰠ0 A~#srrM>ϕ$33i;&,Ӊ=,-6"]_Gw6X|` ]%t9ռd6 SgIz\@Zm~pӣESk߭","<:ћ'Nr83|W"2(mo{ۡ336}۷RyI*ni|%Ce\o;XXPibQO~Q y?ÃlXGGGZ.","p tA32,G:R:-=[hS!駓Ӈz$|-"+6.An3bg2wl'GWX _DZ#/"nV;+!d><]Bۅg aL"7&/m <6D`{Z bf{",",ݍ@FRpCO3=w7ăS/aovtޛ.?/{nwpTOKs0mDZg-N[E`XEf.^x["=g<-p.&5*xga[Y#5:]q<X6]Q.?ua1u mlӧo\#G#^| ń􄩳#ۿ}̶)Q@ń eYYs="6NHSl$G lM =1~(6Ӱ?k mv,XE`XEG s:1=3;~0wKH-X]]iIv}MtUK frn GkW;pXE`X(RXf >MsdvVzֳ0Qq*Kz)KlJozfGM!ˊ'?$q)}a}jo =#w]7d5.l^pPF YN _ƒy'\o,#ɳ: < 7![@mk;&,","@==Cѷ钌^tNwҙsȨ[Bfr%bku;HAm'+ j̴݂q?wIvlk,",Dc,Y#i\8׾?r&Mnz>Or-/}\)Eu2e>Knҡ wG"Kٝb_th$:0;@`  ߥoˏ G?z,\XG"7X!m88[ҝ>ەWs6(Y|(S68po;&,","p"68u53qtV8]U<#72¸+җ7_{[rJ3NvS ~'p5ӳQ!b$wGg.\{ik,","p3"ۑjF;N1}Rqw>f$s#m*'QZ?w1+iņ4.Xq ҕfttni&HDsUg/˯_<,Y!98,",ݍ$wß;i>OU2yғt|ON^$!Hu>/ yer>ytGwPSYXLLЄLįr}ww",",W!RבR,Uw?#?rDEg1pD 7ܾLe- 5_5 ̢%|_אˬj䃬Fٟهsi+pd*JF1AW3 peDQ.ndWvil BeK ]]亯zz<"_^<}{'?Sȓxe+ 6Sl=fXE`XEC`rg"'ҧS.q Hg0q1Bg#nd.o[yّXeXɟeZݷ0;[RG?ko{ێ|c@M$wa׼t9[8"mN|g~auimF9;v,","p!@Mߤ+1WNwr#Ltw2;f\$W1tY蝹EWwSӿ꫾ꢫN@EYwv5( ʮR}u",",HcEJSD3R%)tFVG"ϧ0F033^ĺ2(<*nzfk?%W8t39ndPw!|$~*Cs0'-x``#-P Y2ࣞKO5eӂ_{Mjvmc",",wuDz{Ct'~'ө sjC!%tnk<9>iҡ=xj't]dU#ܧe eUzaQFʽc,","L"U;5b5B\B1F Qs!aD>ψy Z.bMiNGdll,Ps1K.y#s]DVnuNVWƕ_'H(narO~ˬ__plt bz]P4gU g%,C![+1yQ>={[E`XE`w{F)I:%2 g$SCϧTaKm'boqbq y oV.L3pp[0+g껿m E`XEыztAY#]laeW∃fND#ʬse|0^χ:ݔpDHr :pJ=]B>ONuZ 8֚;Ӳݱ֬S-yK_zc!_7gZBqfW_^z#L~=pS#? ҟEzur(  ̍wO*__z82g1ck,",w>V|+{|ټY^nM>? vZWrYs6|~x5sgHO_+Csyn;^XP`iŇm!Oȳ~dXE`XE RfB")\",s>KabRaO /?vU9\> %JS8 xDkuЩk01_^Mm( krtqDY،,rcַ?]H7[8y\H똏}c|5Ffp"bo]ڦݝ5x6ayH--B x_K{VqmRGó죬St/2,","<<K N2#<Ͽ0Ʒ}sØ=yG{wX[0 C\*kOzғˡ?xX(K*:{}71ύ X.Yϩ._pP;dm+!~^葛",",tՌRf)MCg]Ӣ;dArmAX̥fE`XE`XL(c&]N|~+YASY\S͎r̷|˷ő˯믻|aMd!M$-=u]0ҥ$_X{ =bWڗ fnd\XVάml>)PVYL??z4 ߒ~/| [g"Md1rЀ?CO.-oy˱qa2k/Lwgc'Q/Me)`SA6:Iy1`즵,","#F&8^NHrc5/ @.Y:n+/xv Ȃ] ?,jA!g-U|AE`XE`x a%2Y[|tww+4]N:hX!-,DX F~pC`] ƃJo~&  i|/Y1a-=|S%4,v}]YYYnN:@Fbp[E`XE`XI3Fmo=@PԏpM(~{3q󝢌w zT-Td.lFoWN,~t^E`XE@V,|)VJ.9¼:P#Zτ4ݒJ9#mYXO4'|# ceDioYdr,Pz,Nñ[ixM'>g "76X+eΒnC@9K"*W?Qk<K?\{kXE`Xȝb_ /n kpNxw9yG_cMq~­EC_g:㒞y Z0 w G@.","<HIQx]|yQ5F"htK. v+w0tHo 5]މ(fC7키._eA淝M>sK&*??|kAP~ӞvʒK?F,O\|ٗ}ٵ:D[| Jxcn B7ƇiLsB'k|gw.QﳿMuG"a(煗 *#Xgv½Q~-~,8Uy7|7\{@R~]b]E`XEB  F"_G΂$]0+oaaʵQg]O~I|xyd0kszi"y"^>_җJt:i;N:xַez'Z>Kϭ _WDr%k!5FG|NoLqя~yqvD>r?(;]o8IY8i7(gGPcqo$P P:y'eqdk,",wlIU:?3}\0.z33f1s15FzG\peMϞ-p,U(@0PqDwmmE`XE`xt"Βٞsrv9:6= j/rE"ylTࡔy.。Y&W">Ddusw1+:Q?\-&,`ǂGڏ؏Ƀ%MeFír|aD9۰)m Þ ڢF!g&3I9q  =.f.-ok,",ޘQ #ԏ|~EV#:d}#sU|pO~wЇnsU}VY:.o3ߎ{,1t","\@"~gUMF%I=BB{88f!Pai~Szχ>:]&3GhG#_t\ c(!JT|D9.˓UO*>IO:nĹӤl?pTV;s" ,W {l ([yn9 홋",",赝 =6wg^w>w] n9-\)f{kF'a!RV(D|;  E/zѡۭ TcK,",@D"H3ŕn?"+zt()])ڄ~I-Kz"j$=]u*i'\/?OziVq_Yoxx/KbAr'7^PV-K~$z]"a sǥr:ŵ}cc`N\.1 EP/Q Gs룞]+8iGis?kc",",o2aBONw2S-d]}?-kS+~\v}I#}-Dd D~wXα[E`XE׿PP Oӯ+$S#]XDYFF#B11(pqw ɏlg-tJ02NK:S򔃘J:]z-m* {GfQwivMA /|Rc~wDwm/'~HX*˥uP,m"ҿ F;*>:#m,!Np)]gw/MaI9/-.","9"||qzν".uw9q+IǤw9N)!87NfSt(\>, AYXtXX4LšXʯfUΉ,","p_@r>/CeAL"8b< ,Gvlt/Ļo{autBۆR=?4w- "wwMNZ޾Q_ >ҟ%={|[Tn01/;v\Xh_5 #FK7Nʢ>8oi.^#_ +?e}? wlL@Q,'skE`XE`3'aL1un! /;?{krԳ{0s-+ |CBߔc͇L"-,Dx* ,", 0-UΊ0}qt`3%AKfLC熅HiF:I1Ώ:RU)HK^?Gnse_Y86WV7[?hF4ɥMG^N HQV~8ϥS\YZNz`> ϊ~O&ĸd#]yFGM ŝ#TGao 4i͘J<'mm8PVzYE`XEC`ɳu}'#Ϗut6tY3Ӥ3Kwp`]SD{b*BD%,*ۇY7E`XE`X T!MϓES~Y1Ʌ .(.|- ٱг=q ٫>I'O{zoY'gLG+Nׅ/ڽ~V;eM=:+xYr\Yr3OOOv(ܴ Ms"lb)]x3oD!҈hCDs!'.3l0YT|sc-ȂX6n!eY[(ِ)w|;^1yӛtԏnzYE`XE`xx @O"tI-g^{RlW?x=Z c8C_GN?Ї>o~AӃ,~'jwp(Ep~)2l![E`XE`XLbBJobDo&! 1 p+ԝoX^#x;"{w/52Y=d,^~M~aA/_.Z"gYƲ[H0D;6b?q+w(9+oEמN)4ؓ84—}ٗ6HVD֑Q'uwIxpUԁoyw"-xH.k 󆆺aF\qkk,",Ԝu4!2~u>#t`Nܞerv=swp2m=ZV/u0 0x}mo{۱` źEZ?|:ÖdXE`Xb+ra$懜Xg=!T?E:#Α% K>YH$\qԓHw$rnkHڥF,#rsο 6qGPrHSt`iZ'kmt`Q G<)rkd fI,a"·Wy2Dk^ՙR[=MiK&|_Z(S;}K >ⵙŵ[x %w [E`XE"ʕE. t\"|t /xU0}:J );JKTX!mTF63ysfU0%]zgE`s_E`XE`Jd8Ȓ?t9$遬ő3@"_\Ce,m1#³֦#"Rq9ʇlC>\:%BXR_Y(n圏=(ީ _ӹ :F bqKS}Sϑz '9[aGOz3y3AVWwR X a >ܤ)V,/"weNu4,%);mziHSy;\~&]l|w ]MM׾+(ض,",E GG* oxq·~^wʌ6{y=H? ٞBy)aUFwp?/^{D.f2(g+",",%35s&))Y&KC\\2BŨQ(BvZ]G<#z#YB]z,UXuɗ|*) _vȧpϋ;SթRS/YfY>.r3 Yٜ/. R,g?n46A]梂t P^HlƬYk6m>vt{y]zSʢ-lZho$ itJ6Cc.Uy+.6h>>}E`XE`X]zKK]q<)gsv=te__2u_蹖)&?An>?w)볐$  K9ߜE`XE`8#5 kdq2%3o;O-"8mD:K!ۿۇ?̟{Jw!g>E#DAg^ĩ2w4md4ףpʾYs< .Xf.fَJD#Sv .&~Eb,~`8g\= Ua!_;`:K{;evjզ\(iǻ&"CŶʊo~FM},",",-N#"#|a ^rY~N|+_yx$qyQ&xw1 o]$~"rG@? O8d€{`I: K?/","p_ȿ!=܎b(cV(ġ~}A"b|a"Eroq3ܥ YfnG(dWJ?߈g=Y1]gDKߏHue(!ϭ>}'NsMaO8RFSv$Ӟ }0g>>?\ $7½y&|G,>" u/)+:1zraGIF[<;} E`XE`X8t:_07;?@)}FV+-o9ttr:,0YOг=s/=6z} ikD]@qc1e7!s4~w|QٟJW?fE`XE`Xn'~'jzuA#Q_~XSMksqA#w-܀PtZLrRi|EuL8K+AG(Y!#ߜ-ۙ] M"sgQ 6ҟ✅;ΗF,2Ig$t>Ս|Vētx/N@w5OM ʐދn?C?tPndSe1$=rsV'',ge^W\{|`lD?[6",",IK;tcM uҿ??F)A?< X!px(#~g}=g; ad~kME`XE`X(1|^Eh惈bke;#R .y{.Dbh+?"ydViʏjR-̃U?8-ʞ?^E^UL8vqYMS˒G|6HjHgd4LQ̴аqRI{a^,\kEEyx|OF&~x5gA|mKK7Ȗ~r"6ocy}g/","7e=sFatKkt{z`Y3'cn',o;DʶtGTXeԶneO鶫*[2M8E`XE`XL"ψvd5s>OْLFHezCCwwӅHGDR#nۚ\+SM G~Y:S݈wѪ2~O>գKaH|+ubi,,m.dXٸhtGYm`e#3?]`i\.`"",",7G.Υ +_ÇF'}ti*o3Cþ/NdU.o;គNYf0 -|AfB 4J9}횋","~"͹`ōD+uA!F`K^.Ɣu9exscVyiWÅtYqSxNKOdS;N*?܋L]Uވ]e=]$4gYY),p5{Uq|7Eӟ?3)5mf_^Xä򃙌tAmJ6ǺŐp~g~ )cq_zVK޼_men^fs!u#GpY=qXE`Xz#9Q! mo{ۡ#g_.9@艝 ē&cNJHGwҴ7_-Dqfww>uL,wm E`XE`x Щ,QRzyT#Z%a*VI#[.=B G{S")͑t,}u =y^woFeэ`EΣCneĹcu>[-rS\av64)UҜ(ݥمacb¦\Y,^Xw~N~ٗ}ٵ??<.qU< OnML?ɘdc0`A !{xy^,09DABH(L( D9Y2f(H&# Ow﮾Q3 9` 1S.&oJ8^|Ol,cltGݒ@K%h b 'h/~M~N1;aG{^lî͝F_|ˏ|#GǗN6"p}ܵ#Rr dvudgluctU%h Z-JmdSK[Ufk/j9O"5]g|XYo<]44Uƶ߁#6kXo~ ݍ|hȩ\ڂ1(a@u£Ju!9|I$w.'2HωD՛w)h{O˱kЪoG^Ή?d?S vunoh?}5T1ҵS4S4І+\O胨)'*; w#Sڮ%h Z-@RذlVe(%j;džRb+s5b?*;ԏlD _;=F<޿x;ßbԆǓ AJD;C{h Z-@K`% O:-# dj/0.1eɓ6E5fƶOf{. e'VjF=,=֍Vn.R[w_ >}[ ڏQz{kDo{-L\\|i6Z|Eש ׻BK녫N~N@]#kqs#] \ Gw|/cևC$-Q'G~;o<{Iwڥل~&4c;rYq5 _D'].m}uV%h Z-%v;Wz؀:lˠI` 44hbP؟MǞTG.Jw%V68 |}Sp"a(Pb`9\ë{h Z-@KJ 2 fƧ!ؽ |b^ilK.d2",Z0[Px X@ow ;~O46 Σn1ʁ teL".Hh +`Xֹ1Zm3~*lWvxk4A,okd~9VY.6mFNLS#x8E4 K1B=`NF'd9l_򗇓ʴBX}_48׼5=p;iϽNZ-@K%8`tPOH3zp6/x#_cVq&;-m6ܝ$mn?ƩMmAH 33˨tjDZ3aK%h Z-(ʗp ܬw0D< e x dωJa;΅8@ K _ {NS_pyCG6ʘ*oo>}Iش}୍i ɧ=(zFY3g;\DkCCP.H}("KY3p'Zrģ93Rr5cslx\0d?Sdܒ.:BS iN]s<-@K%h vp8)g~B/١ `\Oj~c 4|O 7]#:˜x8UX'8$i/{ Qu]mFqI#>c^җ/$%Ph Z-@K`o$bg7iϱ\ 4 ` ƱȓzFr+65>Z /{"T VWښY9fst&~c{Qyd6ĨV>7|n nkgx2g6@((~*{w]D6׏< X3pP?_ekJIj@.Mùչ.8d.1]7 }hV;ۥ,'7BJ#cn d;GqV:c \{3#@K%h Zk{6WN†?/v\p؉|~<;ؑs {P.=C35xDHcJ#݆ou[-@K%h  Qi)uiDUAZ)zGnw)o"[*sI2  ]F _#sUtexϠ'f焀Uc]}pA(t(t>aT IZo>۵U3:G)41'Ye)z1&DUG>'Cc&'h}|ӔiɃQ^@/$ӝ,~o_A'F/u-@K%h ~ D|=a[կ_mu1{3%Lp9zD.)ـxw';/c.?Ѻ-@K%h 8 ,`To|cx, U1Rt \{7,軤R m S|Ma;?@!M[󮽱Yj#+ >6! kcG"<3 ?_L{3l&ZVyOPGƶ,"cϿBOd~&̥o[ʗ9>Qwu C ?oX'Mk N|S6NK%h Z-#%b ;w| 8a_v`UJ쇠AϦ2?zf;;|+rmQpD3~EB1ï@u)C я~t=#[-@K%h W*0mV6BXh9ˡ'YHi cyuޕ&zg<[wnwِ" 0C/þ!:EnmztNIO@l*^l:!͎kQCYNȋBƸvcgΗt*_}DrEԧL@s.1x]}Ճ5y_?d'It7x3sZ-@K%8>P;+_#P"v.=}C~_-i v4TgWmAx ^.*Opg|f,ׇQn@9{h Z-q)z@ v1 7# tVre0T7(6 Qc5hQy0dkDr؁T6" +_ʶ0r&Q*>9o_WeF&yy Ȏ-~hD DxiF`mP`97sďhpBH.@k;ݙK?\]jd& Ho/Q]tv(iK^1s¡~Ϛ^ķ#y 5^ZzIl+Goߩ 93Ko Z-@K%px$6=' ;:k -%{667[ mJ]/}iFn7n}8R)c2Ȇ8KG<5Z-@K%pJ  ov[Q%Uzհ`A[ps [K.9 =X%'M;.-P)g}_#9r7x1PwDe *GGַ3$/0^8 [h Z-ɗ@`d`<g  OZK6n+bmW~QyVWI;7 QPŰ N;+ ]ˬH tA+Ph'YLՖ DϠFBW'O- rCbY TL$ Ho`%8*r3.Mƨ^}ocY#,ڝD| ?oiO}j%>q | _Qux1m!vn:@K%h Ztan0IM6O#Hdߒc#z_5C?# ]?a.}_w~g ¥ IiaHyu[-@K%8V Ğn7 @(43 :rsXdd]*Ozm`09{qs< Ud HX^e'7ӹLKe Iktc9ܢػqߣ\Rf_}֖%wfocOz%8HQW~u%_WjԑH/w4Wr8<_/GU&2Iz^7ƜM\4-/xGΦ }G>rD}@zyO."iOK%h Z-f'!`xc벭s}/~S}Vr-~GpQ8w90š&JJ #Vӣ7VK%h Z-#$d6^꥓&cD % {,W`ű(r.E6p_AִUe^SbdxV_(IB!x(.j'V|)hkŝ++0p.O{پEå^NuwͲQPG9|t/zQ }̩INrz|S34:ٰPD7;<`\&@\}O>f{Q'هfpqnL< s6nk@K%h ZGK 1{wQa;]6N0 H41sR7MNNcح~/W;w{ŨpE="F&}?jlp  Tl Z-@K%p`` vp{ EӈUFhL瀹itO6]X]=@:k_A`*FPπD=$h8۵1^9"vKbV2IG[YۢO+;OUfGfH-3rW1oƎV]= om06 ӮPhܖPo3QʔϸU7P׋cɉCgoTcf#^/st ;۴3>;gK%h Z--v(r <|6&+k5:l|޿G ^a{a?^tE^^fu ao{.bfpi}__e{^uZ-@K%8A`12D pKw$>ܕNDNwӖ4μՉWJ5O><ٌhABlJ/ .4}ֿ=hRk.2BcT)-:).%h Z-SV$c6)={*A4lg`};s)Volt$ <= Kƨİv!sFW\qňN o Z-@K%p%x'  (///Ozl8g NWWYsR 4f4 7 MQ0\Dc*Jug[FO62՝PT>\ƁhtOn*M6G{W'O>&?b&4IFhS< >>Lۮ-caJR~i~kO[ TI(mD,UG*e{9f`]%Pe|_r o1IKic#sנIV]]K%h ZV J`8pw2Q1aCV77X<3؃t_~gn_86EL7xa3k g>aݯiӠݰ@K%h b\b8WӁ~a 'H"<~26{ h^` Pd9I1׼f~c1v"m@ ٕ3(\}!jp'* ݿE {C[Cn3myc.Ƥcoj)nJK%h Z.vV=i҉W dc.r>-]6n9 0O"e4 ;8+ ujca"6t& y>0M|@eIdzEc]$9[><6:d\_sW>}#'aSv-8N422 ynZ?1۞|׽u㲬8e៘Wƀl Q1KxE=E4Fa?-@K%h Z!jַUn'>1lسg}O+mZ*7{Ns)d[vҷڷw'#tgxsD1rG5޳%h Z-T:Qp`óz't6JRӀgeB3X-GM x ' 7Pwٍ\gjmy+99+Memg=[]9ZgʗQU2t& ua"e6)SdWP]~w.-QP+fEϗʁYoȾJnd͉UT8K#+6@yjP[mO<~D9|m8@K%h Z^?fw6g 6 ~#WHgi5i~є) O:GOԒcdK3Br 8NC?-@K%h l U{}c2TC r}W[ RJ':HAglJ1#=jl"k[7t6:F}ڴV5"~ҳ+n]yC8$٭_F0^ɹ^پ)b_dL`1y-}?EmGm^KîεY&Ҵ<7z[id27fF X>_k^ASdb^,6!y߇~_i Z-@Kഐ@c' 1l63Nzg agr Ɔ}Fs]+?4uJc[ԧ>5h|S}3*8XE]4='Gq`*i1ں-@K%h $p^"kk8#pegfEAx21v~WL:e"Ε-| dDI؇1^%v2M4di$Z{tY6 ښEKk"- j{ηTn}334?Sq(f^C&s̴ʞG}H Liɗ%\s7^zrXO)G<cCi~T@=Fm̛/4}J4:6;No Z-@K%pJ?? ꨑl3~yNnwK%h Z+\jy 7 P 0<_׏KG?V*=ԟ<@Br"_--ꑧz=Gd^m{ƴ:%"~镑]W[DˣKR#k]}6 ^;ٲgzz*Ꙕr^\C>vȓ|lT\Po5Yc. Z|KWy6zc+r;#Ǎg܉' *>H.:29`.6͝|]:Y}PM0h|g|3--W@}ueϷJe#pv)K}UZ|)4-< }#m=iʚeLc3EF ry j=6~Iۉnv$joqR>>)cHPgFFYL;q6ߨh9]eO5wZ-@K%8,MȆ= ۊg&"iP;uP u&9%hڟM}c`z:~}gC?ǢFN1 Ǎ1}ne:u?Z-@K%T1 qh[GP-0AT(j'`DK.dTY9} WU#"`6! 8^uXsA$Cd@ecق3t>A`u.цl"ʱ^U'8Ǡ[ej֥Wٛ{o ^+O,us[#rךoT1 1i3_^}Nz#_җ ^?9erGEǑ2ꊓW %h Z-&~[u3j o'?gT;Wy7:{=a}szMKT2dǾZmazS @oxOm Z-@KMr:Q@Dۊd>0F`W|:ϹL1~oG?Q(o6@V5M}q, T*{iUsgG #RZm\ܕ&t/~WeVZ;9&gI?s,sS@D4G/}iyJ=db6yo)m]҈.'\}_'?❙bǦ_imULOPӟ֯1F|KOķ2[-@K%h 4 T~v߱ o?O -vS&/}NcvmGL"sP̾\Ƈx^9OxW^9 684Z-@K%p%hnM74N<:O>@@43w@EL"wH  7#oPړ4`7aj_] ;6Dk `s`W^}5zeJO><tw#hb!#5:\}Դ/K ^@zs9cuX3nD{.uXڜo̒1 M] Ʌ$o>|2}h6AZGh+@ ކtf4mu-4cv-@K%h l ?[~ĭΦshV )42{i` r7oT<wwe "KQGFqyP=VaL>9E.ld%h Z-ɖ& F.eho%jҺoR>.onP!{7u\r%۾M׿[|#= ns5o|0D@s(.h2P-@K%h v#w70O{h(2YlFd+rˡI}]K؈l&״uwδņEi#F~=Bfn4.#oX<1@3Guſ}4^;/aS 3|g_~\ϸf@8r;:,_qGWI`{닱e!@ƙ2>6l\,Xik Z-@K%pP$㷼ئe=n˥Hطl4~ -e" !{Sc)wϧ-Sm}`%Q#s0z`u0ҟ'auN$K?q=>胨h Z-@KHm#5; PT,P&0u W** ( P ;$>%{6 ) \|4,T mL V~o~ $6lKxtO۴F$"^:FC>ʚuy|Oɷ[j}76Jsq25oL`/}vLu*o.|1r+| ~Yߤc:,ݩ;[/Gz(fW.T{GNFgQZ!2֞u?Z-@K%8(Vf|lFds8-,)?C"ph7o}Ƽ&d_T &qJ2 -$Uј뎤WjYnT!@p|NwF ,9S:K: 48&2J˓4 vkE]4.{Q*Ε)ըlLկmP^vi d1Cqdo~71.AіwC.^Ƚn2@K%h 3~=zնc~=,_kf<䐇ݦL> {06/۔ 4w_wxD019y3A ݶ@K Ks;WK.AS%_0gtP(~g(~D:m\P*@.Q~/`<vp<V=i a u.Ky >uu2N>M Ⱥcˢ3U :/w{}u6@u)*ܻIZfM Ͼh^^J.d棲Dlk'>췩±2_wtAAdmŲs8glF=iGUNDzY(߼ Csk1ꄉ %C3Μs~鴮%h Z-JxTv:}^~wD $[ou}^{Æ횓I6[%}c G~sxa42r񱛈%h / } < H'.Ƿm Qu9 XPL<'CPM1\32!p",MlcXu֩aʔ}(OO}p8726.#7X羧%}UnRf5ܱȿ0uiFdi%h Z-, kfENh5O+^mn!ilAe`^W2|1 (Oڶ/{ 19Dq8\mg| /44"li Z-Hh.` )G4}H:!@maC&x'M>i2(Ѩ m )D%yYtlCQ;Fpχ4br*(0/d`{w( /p@w):iCd%8h}Xn]rٱџO~HHf1׀@2@K`2W9@f6qC]04"5-%Q ̸ }S(y-Mh@zo.8`Jeez"=z/}K\#Jx%6VnBF(ː=[UC=rA2**zz/NbK6bj NF틾z72r` :U"بOff%m<`4`:sfFCl?nB=yO6~t1,c9qjsDއz!/uVO~򓷾oq)\| )wvj7[-@K%h j?1[KM;U| awy#MU#<' ̤)O]  ^tpMl`!YR929jT6ޖ-$UU`=eYOIw.Mt zޣ"k8μlt\GA%'eX_?@S9d# ǎJT9]sA菹 ;P=n`ϟ.@ut; ~A|Oӡ7O4W=ԞJWBF"ٌG\#?G@״&&N̠r@nu0^TB0ϛU@6iNow6`w3&49s9>UFI8qtfN, ^֭x㻄'=j/\s͈DvΗ+G]կ]Nm<ꥸ{@_mX=2ʱ{1Z-@K%8^ tp =N`3Nw L)Ȯ6Um46M`x|W]8R!ʘ&8Id!h^83;K%TKxJ$ݑucO;oK^AsG=jo@^@ *B.3Z0uQvkMO Gp!c`:MGMwX%`l,c똏u7;'Fq6\/c?`9]#8İAGOC=P b:$ٴ*&R>O}s䴼HvarVst2+|D;4>BR^ߜfc2`{Cw/Q24ޟAnSr˟9i>`Z/<?@KrsJ]W>t1si;yiK8Ƴ߭Ƥy7&#KIf>$F8]`曏6s7ĉ~]nK%h Z-8Y>h~rBP>69rK|;36$K;T؂lV'b+#(<#@F$ǣ ƙ~?hh Zs.'X0rqiJS*`P...z)! WWtMDjGlfX,2ynVw-]y8@6 VxElM{-.%pI +;[$>BDgj]">e{Gz0> 84Ѐnm?׿#;l;ac02C]ꔟ<tXyIWݞz S{W2WѪ1~Oljy i&Mߥ$mLm.%{9֥J= OkdMK^gc OW]DuS׳ XdWkygnY>pO5Z;2C/c&>i]pt7uu̼^lu˗s5mnwWe]z$@o\9gm1VÏ_S c~(3ULpɾt6K|GG ^y73mUanɵhϜ1,sMrh Z-AE3=}{7]Zp?Gcy/E3;d; o٘e}ŀ%h L l±^ ,38cl҃r缻CM~cJ.'5Jwr)Wo `Wqw+\;%rCix']rKG{kqj(@]B|-'u]- pƀca}?˸s%ff! Eyǥ7߀t=]z>t/GW MUǼI字zAjK7`v[^ǣg7pi\%9meqȘ9-ȴվGy߸blit4oHO>N`;ڭoեg|ԩ-LyJn\D^dfqSFeHg78SNoc,N#- ݏgwޖ@K%h C0 {veNdվo&/Kq&f؞W;KjlP2q8<7tp&u||fi'*[tK%h Z-* {HOkw\l`Y㇝%tvYd<>ح ɂ/ -=:8vHZb\2=R#t%׿p=@0utZ-SCr)rO57,8g8Ш؀9=w5׌@šGQ4ha*X Qps} It @P_ i N0e6gtyˀ G6Om<>2zC Pg^NxHhivj"M[ zپ'&(q3m8ԁʤ|pPEU7+K;/E'6,!Y]"]7V.k)wcf=^xK=g# }&&'jt42woզŜ0⫴X+o{襡JI+.#'S.07~_ ?(1^;ʬ}$AtN{ _8Wـ`oشx91y[-@K%h L f mڊl- {KwN0s8Ⱦ8>=Ke kof;kw !4Z8Ӑы̨OMDzD_9仮(D]" έM h;Lij 'Nw|ץΩVE9Ǐ3 8>x /;ģEKmid.(bTmAp.w`wy>t8QjYh7eHsJ8 zE5?te桨G;@^B=k.>Omw@9D|wfkK0ڵF>ɝXhCQZ@z6]xy1nqYgԷPۑ~6zjwWf>1|ʝ#Ɂ^y;:ZBK{Y #+X-W8IXpܳia|,;=u62xܩFe 7/yf̓j_TDo^%"~k2KxM߯[wZ-@K%8Hm`^l۰Їua+ୟl+@((k$k FmǾ bF]@B3*IcDrRErN[%; #BUIGEXrzmDsñrkg=Y[}mQjB}$4gR(n8E2-@~V}.[(䗦.f9ٹͅW]ug=DtՕ|LZڡ WZG[.MT6sF9hr6uݐa~1E p34ʱztKHciCŴ95QlN:/#U ЊHO>:R9-.kQ4 ŌPhh$sRJe~ob&!ȫ%94dEϙX_7_#}|%*Mgna&!f1gfϧ k,$Bz=YGәʱ9]c_6d msU]N[{-@K%h N;f ;f R\tgkg]a*KXB$; /]CiG"}5 S`3#GHK^)d%8O8蔷J<sf)tVKeꫯ׽x[(8+/]t6 Y*7-<s ]{D6xS:E'Q<ʴI)ݢ!.v*[^}ȧ=.MfQ OKJȘ7Wrad ,`Uqi.pIO cg9=v`Lt}%R>-8SI/@(O@`.د존ʿn`luA [?guih68ٱx ALկ~uLtn.}ߛAV+c74֠J6;Hxw_r e؜O K˩Pef"cqǧ1n%i'-Ldr6fplj;J}zIos@,m:@K%h Sll/m۠ak"'*| zpM~2qnaPdypF)\1fiv'0]wKH }+^1'U6ER}vS.n({sN%:@:R@$)yu-,8<xL}k;< ]_݋"i=i#"Vտc#K}ISf.MEʓH;[i & $ؼ1!dەW^9y#c0U&sI(PC1M6ޓ.Bs >t#-FVҼO_`iNb%,F_EKQÿSQJ}#K>C9]T\n\ZGBW)Э.= ~*3 ƇbƦ.ּ _wC13ә&'Ҍ+a6]ҧ&٠js8CQT#vJ3έ[^s^6_'G>M._y]7*XV7mu}CM&g>d[ʯaҷݗ@K%h }Ddӡac>y*5ǻ;GBO)S#Z>6y}/78^ w!Jd  p*0h~xU%8Q̓HP-tRKa1%Lq)Yj9_Kel(M@1eEsz8ʝ: ~d[ }s{!I:tK-4uI2E,xq쥹d\}MHd:Q߼m , ybQs >Aο͟<恍']HxƛD(o-B Ǽ/-3r*/|_u^֣c9~Ltf旦>Іg}Y:mHFҷKڹٮui󸙩NVErDYwQNbfn&Q;̓cɦo7o"J3On^TNνF\t)1›Lå-ajCYs뭷>XGi zSf刳N[|(Ie Oؾi6dJKH?CK/X_þo z?;0 MiRk ֬uJ1Ϝ//Fw00sr[,рB¾袋:ZP' '?y5Wp)7r9.GUB8'x릛ns/|8EϮ2YICƆ>{3.m-u&636a,C#0Q[T}Mfv#81?y h[E1 zڇ>dn>r M7)X9Hy1GJK9KLYپSZ.݉gC3ϙ9<WPƱ i1m@c-t6÷nR[)muŦo z<{Z-@K%8`+bs Ndg#;7 d D%;RHCGFoX컅)!Q5wR'c&QG. Exo9h 84.1]zP ;:v@D;9$G9@g>7hsh.PT=q<̑? |9vTJq고wPhEfspb!9@:9@@yD4DERψZ[{'esX{ v C FW\1tvNCj; 3G{F;0k=Y/cӁ.K>wF>4tJ`|.G<[sP2N_'Jͮma,E(fVMs9(F;o/C DnG)._Ҭ#njh>UX4wB#}]Z|n顑qB p^'͚^fe/{Lc~ؐ :C\L/~X*ٱDX)3s9N׈\=ߡA]FK%h Z'BN obhCM믿~r42(aUJAN`礱'vzz0m7=2Z+#Naև@&G%AzX<Cl . DYnP &0g2F䤋P~Rkpsm*[~qhUDoAKOJWtGRl"Q̸HM8!0 ".T/pN𣊡YMD4eZ~|;{v.˜L6iyct-/sIO"]m*?QZO'+y׉?|2Fd=]rZԣ}*Y #䞋2 ]`͸3Kt637' u/ut:hKd>h[nvMcXIc8qkezmkfM;6z.Jl3EPxm`H 619Ӻl'TLZYƸD>\.F'$No Z-@K% -S|iشgq<.6a)@D@Dhkۼ ZW7=p9 A2u r^yrf`0w[_֫noMe%*|~8qV$-E9QfFe8sɧ|"Esdve ` rW}ȉj6~@|GK^tQz\r>`~ذ5,y2:h'J?JQ=`|37aw)٘mnI#nxnΩ?!eU͑ O5([z>|tU6!Co~s *4u F{ 9UpS~I/SyL1SYš|/IL8)K[ݚITyg>:945LQqB*і8яw uo}Ʒo:Ӻk9_2*k+]; bs>c9"`|t|of{K2Aƺz7&ut@K%h N*!yl2S_er[s~S # &'g FÞQ}5DEqD6]s58g &/=x2y85$DMBopJ"Ԫ(s{ <)N*Y2J>(3EW-#@2=pN:v:13ȱ&ٜm`rNy%@6(^EG4\ ' Pm wߤϛ'=鈨V.Kx7O3['6y_i3yޘ8p|g0և.G | 3{S :Ct(FlC]ڷq,1Nƌ]p eFw&#ogg{_ x\N[Pi#aniwFo.f\XQ5߳Yޝ|kyx集e}5+KP,.w6݌UKz?'1]_M'Vcs تii<6zxGMo Z-@KdH(hM^3v7>]zjml؂Nz5(͟ e @r/{?я~ob?{'ǎ9gz2>rh l PxQ&p0ws8~pRr.?qd)VXtIv.ӈDaqeʣ8gpSnsx~wEIPIJh8i pV4ꮏBZde/P6j@`qc)o ysG_9i`ϫna2@Є$R=t 3ܡ/*'"c@|6ԕ+DpJze>2IA 5\  \W'*&y:j=a݀^ZVA9>O_ i< }Wi9@wcs[gdU{K!YsCٗNcI3FY\왍akq/1q_d"0|Ki00sa٬rItݺW墯gRvѾ[ou[fL.}MM^h Z-@K`?$O*BaKwy#! =y $=ilHS5B:Ly9yɶSEpg2d9 @aT۽6k0n(]gK%pp$4 ;)g#x8 ( ۪\El+ RqpQ(ފ ST,‣"8Л-:=ѩ>|K?>XcQPaP-NI6ChB.XQx^7tw;̟nɱK\2!։FAnms w?_(^2\@X Qƥ2d_󻂆i\x*#mH^c ?90oʧ\X%#PIpUWthzѲ|7 -n#%/YUsUyו'w^ՎȊ6A(tB mIwOʫ#{nf@6T&Zt`ts]~F}1# ͠y苖6Wb8Mclu7s8fkj;-@K%h N,t?s>|ؚ~ĐPJD{/OySb`W=o}U,0(E3q`.կѣ"A9_VZa'cw]-@Ksa @7WG5p\¡H xLG4dvdej b= `#D4<ȧ=i 8?|ᘭ[N@e( +b|U6^ = $.z4^~0O%馛|3wUsUAXish:\9b * K/txrd-Ol$&*/}0"gC@H4u8g94 3v&9rzW@~2Fn>}FO-<8N.]\c2AkӦ]UܡɈӵg[،t))NtcMK3 ~(VџH?26d`{A򭢑M%©5WmB,͘4735m-.B"E`woc䎙o]fumglqFmȘlwdrZ-@K%h Qp=6Qeڔ||*;uJ9*HmV/`}QNE1NPB10AgQL D Z[ r݀OxPK-P?O}S\)l-7@wՖҀ~/o;:k[H_;`hΡx{ .@w3|CMmERpgalj8įRԆ3=.;y[-SG#E"FH7ɳVnvNg ZS>/:x'iI$4|sj'J"D)|κ6Pi)? DK[~09p X&xGtj9!3o]A7y$2!οԙ[HvhdoKx9s}K.>SUk@6=wsV44`|@Ŝ 8ngt6yet5uFfmwG=`V\B(EwK_lTnR*k>f|I;u3&_N.T;ާ륺IKu42;SucʘAOO9JW鐌oZ{}Ui2u>Acc=^lO|GY6mq` 1'ja7$VKi0oPAMu:؞ ilOSf4-@K%h L Ԩrg쩙 <;t 83][ciff yN Cyp`Ӌޡ鬙E}@HXzs/EI*{ݸ^ɽ.⺂վX߸K׵XEv]^uwա tIFկ~u%iz獩')w+@l rul~UعcͶ]f̻D>+9iWǪ4̍s<@s}h Z-^K lߑ S,23LMl7.>sZV߻@Iy{;kƦpDjȏc87 nkqCe$>O4Ck l X0.wp0d\*p[9=S|iEw8iQl 6D@I_8P9 (0?ҔI_T\+x䵨xD۵a"&oIowv|tk/d?cPY.I{nuK Pe\S&s]rvN}mĜܓ DWٜ57mU&yt8'=I7`ʚN?iٔg8@iJqGV9)ʪG ГD0zO{ٗ\Tǒ9)\V(ܴl ڦ6]P09 M1 'UW2֜\ؤw͍Z :'BX'KKfx6k̹ZnMcs4=noƗڼ 8|:<li扵7Ƹ4AI (i>Wnqjrm"j_=}||-@K%h J9-WۅV[="MzgؠRҰcO`ip  f-}z_?@9:9M~Z-K%aTECYpp[<:9*,4mG, pV X4P28n/eJh?qQRn"SY@&Z2FK7N#y4~zl6\i>1*nNCqrlHoEK_[VsĶw h.ґ|YFa,)WGfog FnsCqC js :$㏬e; PӴݦvδ;'?yD{d])c!w mU::_K%h Z'Bl!ulj# nsξꪫF/~#tbC;s~_ߥl={;rq}s< X:Њ!8A@$ X">hh , $L$7Pz'r M?X.%Ed2w<qu'I\6$j-yC`I4Yve=0$o4;dF#p4ރosN@\@ +W]wݠPoB:Xs[sl0o(5c̠2w/xrjŦyTWN/&9O^c2x.AV|@p\f\l{+rrveet T9 Dm_X)Dk#_$d c|,E'RTN٫lE_[ptЯnʯx7lvp\uDZ {W93̱|Ibi,kRq}ч!oWT0GfyT{%?5l޵]\ +บ;ym Z-@K%p<ic6l`حs@MlNvQ ю*M4>PNmۡd{};4@ ǠcXrZ9U BNQa:^v嗏hۍ3p<Z+sI(:08}jabHi*-/Q(GJG'PĔ_#וL\Y ]X)m'J^.`pc}t6nH'*@N~d`Ε}o$>Ȼ1f_xC|S:bC9MDgl92Q6pӳ\ffKdt EvV=(7}U/} [ m#͞[G?Cg$mr85cCWE *&Z\6ٜh9v&`tt'8.p'R;'r ߥ'dlωF.x2Ʈv+K"gO<(i '6m$*ˋ^+4e6/,=$PU9߹`1|ȇv#h{vhr$}W>wDUH-hN!k o󃞒'ÀsD'?;ODm$t8As}Y'Es H冞+ ۫t'^ ‡_ W<X(75R$? ԧled<;QHǶA6֥Х V]"奄o?iR' 'mT*tyr+w񖓮K<Җsilp+9REɸc;rW{CDg7~56}cB'ǙCWcr)zlP7 :`ͫnIf c%h [pM7 / 4 l.bKU:KIΟ(O; "V B|ɉ\pOt* 1EW4iIh ; Z/g@R4(.:M*S{g .r:*W݀>#;K"ߎY8ƹdme&~t6٨KĬKDʣz)T8/"İӻbСٴP']>?nq޵Az9^zpW]J @ f>܀`l&6h\:@pgӎFHK>i6me&X: ̀H֩^\f\PaȾ⋇n`6\ZW&聎PO& JE-ĔWZ͛|T$]EC8WdM~fؿZR$܎ Nc8ۭG= ̡!ٛܰ AuSm7rih9|6tNu3L^2ÿـYok5o6b7eΚtRKRLsyɷwV}׬qVϿۮ;߲[h NW ԻȀ} y}#9y6g{&_x"S6/'U/߭d1? [51]'otnqiQ)@fb6Nn Js(>P2p7^.@fФU䛹E;qCϑrx Bg]~ڪ`y,a}x_=4 e߁~`}'C '\@;^|C  iw|3mV6@a&>g?0.5+7u._+17\@Zyn 39M9R!K|P6ǤbS:!>xF!dS_QؙJtAu"^BbSoMT7:p6-8XDZ*FxuմlBF+5 nS*S;E+X ?|hd|7l<2wFqTڞU뫾!@0n'V9ݍู;`xWּansq^y6~mS=^sɽ)66a,񶛧U} B ~H NRwɶϸ螴Z-SEQYmly}bg]4Ҿ/ 5wU=v'{!ӭDgrpr;BZ#LWMGOaMT3pHDDϑ_DMg9@ӫmep `>:;?D?O \!*bvЋ$␇NYG@XlЂ>M<촜RHcZsltu&M o҉Fk(ۋn]<;O:*R/cyrę hʃ6=-' |*eǁHw$W6@\$1MD*4ub|QԢ)Y'&t,L;`*I 8=o8ƙVGĹw)JrpbL3OvY<ȕ>VN"Dd,U]ɑ@=Fon2z%I*": Q >2$Q0a2r1p9@|@7N/;3tҿR䮈.DkGS1:^Jc@tYT-/~񋣢gNs4Nf:7_PK޾OGW^P(/x:V9?kycM/+O{3&loqRn?'r#:e%n~l8Iߢ>o~ǼNЇnߗR7fa{ظG&EhK6QU^ǟ?^7shvyw~0%P2(o/o|Nl:s~؜`'&TiT%h N $Xk<+L]z3:3| 6P I}Ctym;㤜= |]9:@cOK%pzHAO5@1 "0"ɥ4 R>Q\P/PH~x#->:gn ~Ntӏ?<,\m02,Duo 9*?"Dqʞ'8"r HYlrTdg8uNIG4cos0xb'}zib~;~u>h\Ո1ysgwS}]Kk"s@eqf9$w]c}ηc牌rs9?8D=3pNgA7;pMD'3ay,"" '63\}h .IK~yZ.p3@:.f9&ƿ+ < nBs^@)H.D,{l nm{ÍqjFbx: S姳PvٔP??ua6s춙&*-ڬ>@2]:9͗'BmPs}lB!(5L1]#!t~5DG=|ng 6/FT/r`y T.x9}q&Fw}Y63dž2_sLq=i9k\ڰ @'?6m?J>k<'1EuGSZ|k6Bv%M"ͥP)kҸ)%-3a,M^l3_ت6vP˘2+"rK[h ZI֜9a8n3G2`5N<~QSKy]2`KNB5j¾HF{`qľo:!GY9"*EqBX< )}i {万"TQ:Q(NQl[C%h`/='_t$O A$L@i^#XCeR\4GG޻˹Mj9 )o&z77־Y_'m)]ڱȨ+n@6_lTr˺fZ.]Z74JFw(咭T˴ZEc_[ lڀƪ5;Mυ knS<5-Eڒ-l QAYtg;D6)y̱G}s=wcOx6֌y럝*-w#;3~˳ٸv-h ZIz7)_tl: P`/<ֱW|p=}LiCT9-vҚ9}p㜹X'21dl0MKK%@q(% ? F/D; Jrr<85tu<D1T&0Pg=k[96k&aE]4ʤ=V ~]Ciڤ UqpVQ('^dqC`QV{Z,jT*(P`ËqՋ{菙H .L 0\RC14oi{X \@j :PݥV?w^UI\=6M(]v|`yEFhwЋpSՇ:-dU];OAeYEn< g)znN&QX]m_זb_jcX ofʔvW4C@ur0W#cd 0Nlr(jʲ/qj6 R (cEYC&s&xNe~ .??; ɜ&O_4]l7㝺amfךgu :݆ZCsnI3,|7m 9]ŦnظIKclt+Z-.qַtw *.-%XۺXsϽ4j_W1hkK.9xf29@+Aƈ 9էQ%pr1V y@*DbV'3zi#@#qDSrB &VZL}ҾVܿp}E㹉Vup蜕 %]&]zIWAiy r"Qڙ͖25:|]i5֌ljNnuf#ƘW۳ T-եi5`sc/ ?Kϙ͏y#@' jC{dՈps>b䳉XAU9# DKW'zm|eߺ2y"̝3m4@RZN: =R ۚj`7Z-*9/ӫwb{B|,c'& isQʈYjQ#i0cL"/­`:߇UqҕK8\#ѳ_kDj@nB7 ݁DGXrrtD"zx"浟CDo#L`(H[r+juPq@u , " l>HS4yU8l>Z֙YƾH*9-U朹h2'r_͉pM^| ,怈urgiXA&Mj}p@TF[q5ЇnsFX;6Oi}>`s(-.4}{o]wu"h٢x8JvHӑrr-[gqƈ8esBBq,)r:8QEPNr!GQ 4S"w*HPgs G3TR~=6iޫ4lzl31@z@<6[^}= SaMf^jΆ{6i ],Ey$etPZKgwiȪ H$<'rږ7$#i]pK z˥5}Qt ϠA BsPk)h=;4uһ %~Yu[|%I9xtO95ڷ䫛'qakxqi6^ƺڛyahW6l8qPXoo3xssHSmtu{[-{ֆ\'ajðH#Zz}Nc[}I~k C84? ]'#~} <8[K $jg/yK_2X8vJrKU(U=+?e|JAp.lTc'`~5Ϳ0^qӝL7%jFL"ث `rgƓn`3ˈ~Z-#v?쓜TiiG5Nil"kw؃Z{{_>Z g P?O] >G@KpI+3 'GxT)R\'N/nʚA@+Xrd)ت|Cg㒷M}++Q|[:Ul~+7XmTnw:OQ|3G?9e)lB#}{[ysW_)rFcڔ?>h *Ƹi٤JA1oX&BZ|r~ T@+`[ņOץ%0E2=WI}endt r˷*-Z"x< KOYяUM* -?xZz ݋4ʝZnZ9;][OrLD6^ꜶV90m7Қ*ޣj @d'0sxBiSB'u>A"}'][K%8Lwr_lI:iָx\K(l8wnԺW׸}5NEQ|< 暭ni, Msܭ:kA~ gS8LSr:J 0Ɉd>!P)Ms,si |WӼCџ j(Dz'vRr G MqB9~sW#P̀< Ò?Is,]TE}@@[hpQψh/4/<#T`~N_WNl2ԇ^ܛ[f޺6fP5Rqv Mpn9J1uK]s}]FՋfΤBL@a} -E ЃGiNN}vTFҍtr6A<Wǯqi]nL-ϬK۩=wz7@VEW綬<٩ͫ z}|g,Q@i/ q`D O&Q@|OȌe\Zmތ.%h .nUc?_U I=퓟f2z Z!5'>quQȟo{{ZBQ'ЉcѢ P#m.4\/ܧT~F $’Yp &s 8(Ό\F.4&SD|pˮ>i O2C#^E;b"q{=>K{/`gPf,N4΋`6B_:B?ƪ`uE x 8@:FikZ %.O@9 G˾k:ɮ[^z"_fgoj5m)bH;wQU3vnXi@\nU5Vqΐ9:_6SkMVX)>lEcmn&"_Eӝ6GQ>?Ⴣtl ܦcU=¶ۘ=KlNy..{ƣ36qlSlHS@㐞kR1SX.i@Js bɾBp _^u (9<9jH`Ѝ"9  -=@}}]DUˀr" `4qdS}gC;xz'6pjQ?n}8- e/EFAUS8̀6.&_݇ $=GR^%9`cߜY0DCO:Q 7^} >{.gIT0,ϗ -404eJcI5Z5*;,ri5r|I$>?3:^JK:^>,-|[Z`@pT1J[}ց>s^UR}3U @: C=#hiVEyKo7yq88$R= (kym|3sp7H QofՏQG^_]D*g׼k|q=3@Luca粛MFt!{HdLD/fi@'C,`tjglK˕rQ;8G~ {mVb 0sK~9j Z2-G?bʑ45n)z8Yaֺ+rQעeX$`xf7@Edr4~Nn+ o9yp\ҚFH8y)6S|m(@@|!(P!9IjQjK)H4KCS2;i36$q{ @I"8ڠE4t6ҭoQ$rkY'@p;/<[c٘ fPc, sZsTci+}Ķ0B_3Ouc;5 ȦGTy\ nGն%$햶Gp7M.f~7.QpIŖWeE{dc1y/@Q}&Ȓ1/طs ~q-,^m hKrq`Ne,$ONm:(Ƈlߤ]sI[㺺V1eC}Px׷W]9+mocc|19act2o,l$<ɓ%qyl,ϵH=/Wm $7Ü0gٴ}7Eѷ6|Ѫ{?65(aDטuZ}j ;VnJcu]Zn;'~Dt -@KJ>oXЋ3޳/jT̺4%'z^it>ݧ~ނ؄@%93ʡ08=-L+Ogn6zꞵHYr@roŹp` Su]7Gi׽c(wRȉ%@ e|ʔM;$EpQ̉*}31vJʧjz}rv'Q) J&/yKԸز>A[mszJ Ncp[6kqK(s2m#ڒbTc̗7mtiJ>zm{`o.FouiFN92}G #&̿'1#ҟ^cUPS}pDsůt<@ m}WQ;ȍ4y!͐͑%p<:=`<;Ϛ?41iω~w1n-ru|Dٴm|MRZD/#]??GZ#Ə<\W7Ef2FNMT'딇D<3ŖUpHe"M?Au}#Ľ^5ޜ&]3r֧FRĹq +8sBūZΎV$'>AdXq[Jr%&*M}l"w%ZW1H0XˬqDDb~8>Mc@9gy7MY#؂DZ7מ[w"GUYr'5{jK +[SXtc"c  zt|x#a(;c@hg䋰/8é'W6s@#5nULYW/`Tn:+_NvTBr^@umWSf#g`XDN&@zj8$'LcDLa\7S6A J1hhN yH|Ds xx3m.<яK%J+O]CQtRD8/ɡtViBg@녠Ւ-MDmCc\v^3@n O62DJcz7;];}.۬y+p^73nbF9T}f@ H3oj^jؒos28Pw2UmXeuʷ\94ל 6 4&(4-I/Z#.E9ɫ`Ϙw5:W}ƕΕ\xig:}򡭡sSKszZ͙ciBG!='XkLY2.~>M;w.Z/O.5E%ƥtPc qώ6 g|mo~iO{s/igVqUW5ƻ2h }ik2<@K%[ ;tNCʱk̴/V P|~NysƚIZ*hZ^yD֠}-n:1$e~_>Zi@&@Kԑ`m1Vg> W'-ʒP^ee!gdH BK‡sj"ִP Vϔ5@-NC sIՍ| |٩EQF*2V';+E.^!XH:rI QpÌcmGkdrp9SݏQ¸gpI?P'=icp!\ p  ;0v RF/YԶs`'9%zC;"zzDTBf6$ÇNV3]VseП<̝3Hnr{nѿ_$-K<8M|K}KVRT2Fjdwsyꪱb<}+5 @4sݺ^2c! vkK3<(f5-~F(f-|9d4cy5M.-h>B{đȘ F΀.lpz#,rB Bdz1 wCMNӏMfηV{!ݷ4vSDGEw-sDƞf-c P3O:|7pà*2|yW&v6Vovl{ֳ56j7~P)ڪ' k>0,͕u6":WK%8$@lYͩJS^;z~ۮ\n=L֒/gEp'b7θq;"4-pPHuaexzM)+3XwcAH`tF5f~rTotJlX}b9& A#t, FuZ%ȀCs(z| K҆gzB0'юvN͹Vs9Ɖߌ)ΤS$NF1P9PA k1V9fk6'unwpE Moz0/?aDʼ棺 Bu cH0K%e+/#R7ޤs) csudC {Hm@&uFw #e%uwmr4-QTmpkgxɧRDL@q#2ڳ):嬊Gqb.㇎ Ѧ:@Ym_aqiWPlF^Ʒ5ޚOPPta8k>븱6ZɊ}kyNK:g׶ngjNeBD7%JY>Õ tYY-G_W@nce[r>zIƾq!1D{ֿnoR m}.O9dS8Nd8=Ζr[o"Ϟ{Q[neOsMz墳NY_l$`h|6 =5MYI[{7@K%Jwuf `]W߱A [v)<%2fgzF})YlF 'ݑ2 ZZ;"d0P>Cл:>K(k'B%N##˼6$VhiPt?ef f@P~WB ,$A-vP~PccPhn \q/1t돶&M=a>O=(/>?p]Ҵ;G9Dtg訏r"C{XZ' IT@.5=9 8a@l"Ez7:{]5Q] a1_vN v#~w$*Z"_zY3Pٸ.g7[cK1dǘ1f[?Qɺi\;xYk_c[liv`?S<{ۚe+SW}}唫;)"E2bO¿\ޏo%{7:@K%p%`v>;F_~-)&D.dtzЃFzFJg+gHm}(}gȆ;6 |gg1"rmH? -'D2bqg1XXUPv1آM{u89|"x?_O$7?B=<`8 h:kqF=y`|Ui[(H#Y]ժ `8ZiK8 rUFEyEG+y:; AD&-Dg*'ҫ. pYt.]K8p0W 1q o7g vj7C ((FN@2"[aN :q1xjk6؜P17LHX~tQtrɽw Fo.Q2ȷ{VYz#k5c{NcNpkrPA1B!㻆c=PMƕ6 ԝ)Τ[k5c @PضDkT#g9d,Wm,y9Ru5f=n>b@7ڨ, ;y#;1yYt8RSAu&[(1̝NZ|DyC86ȃ*%X7pgBn4^ɥ=!S'/ٱϝ[WcXmEecD|r2WdE#"zP7#c+ <7*}8^7pJ'YG}ݷiQإZ-/vTj/?=ԇ޹|KiaG6W=󳯀9&`Fi@ȷZl0 Yچ [1I!Yk\{̀dc3E_W q)=O8`C4: è^,v8*oCxfGMKt_slᤈJӍ78v< gX)9z;9$kg۳)vz{ߛ̈EZhZs pظ 7ql 娻.iulƜ(h[{=~-7tӘ#^qH I7]p`2dǀ Zד'ocԍ>u ȓHa]C׍,^j9SkN׺2;ס%0[yMGE@cm뿖=#2]9ߪFAx|皶?}$眾brB?o^T&K)|R|c]<$ʓO?[| <^G?S)dfp]Zhdeqn-Wglڏ[0{(t$P>4?ƞs;0| u9\KGs%&#d~(3:1Weӝ_6Cmnstb_y"FYu}dwll;kT0tzp k>[sq 4(kq.Ev̀d^9b*{dXɗqih|Y*-pw#8= _a0_kG?}kdd2|ga6"RĶo*2hu蘿u-]ډ]zK%88i}C68}1\~ DAuK\94ؤtxg͡^㧰gwwI4G.ya Q90yՈӽvꖴNm T= 2\E2e8ʫz(6rZeH3Bwdo]E~yj%.Q4rr"Q{!Gc @0既99EM4e18"NDKe^-a1Q=hD|h#WRcQ]o\dcnLT݌J[S૾wj5t6tYVPGaD6OPt'k%4 nV^DToڶy^ja|ߦ*' !=iC"Yţ>Gs,*fOly7'mjyI7jru<ms>}.bKytLAKþ/~-@|TA奓)OĮvݠ7bi ]e)듍[5tn6?/s5?m}ۦs2C3xl Ms1m p6Ul$ F,]ysp*#Gh嬭GosoZ++j,Qu]>>{^Ci39s#]" %L{,3mT6լ-򒣍`n0e?3iyh N7 XQt|`t1}Ogb ;ݜxD7McakR ">C?wz&t%8!cfmpu[l3a&QKiv.˅澝J+CY*(&b\YAH"g1K̂*- 'ˢxUQ2w D8tGa!~pBcIևD7DYpW2]ip?=qڎPmnm@QNʗ=[6ŏmp9u%` p=5ǎ3]8'^:%x19ƛHY/FRO(edd"8L0Clnf^lq;d^8]j^Ļ&ڌ3:AB´#3 Q9Y`ȝ0~7{rF*y  LO)\rGFfM6,D(x'#r['Kߡp|<=nҪR2B XW`iS`)Z[;nM)m\fF:qЇ>tشxqt"EZ@nc-BN}s5FSRWQm[iL'6gU/8C7lХ5qF9`uW[r Zħ1MC2U&w]vWlyzz[mȧu I͎\m?]''C!j3_K%8U%_M5۲p5G_38cuV}|Gkiw,EBkQHt l˶2ح`0@:UL%pX%@1@ި(a@AWLtntE\gxxl)n8~7X< (p#?+CΙOD.==uzG})~GSa86c"F舢 H-]DxXaWacfAI o,"8zj<6od7DIV1jD ߏlLI'͜`?p9&X#"'iRF ]R3d{$@.4'9 ;s0*0}kgʬ')fl@ЫZAd2_&c8Jd8o<sv)9ꚼVEn"DgX7Ctu@}ư1>wYW`[ 3êvk'84笓N35}`%g%mi!idoޡCgY̛}Mh#*B;l$m ]Goӭh<6^7 四ңEC}!wOvBP44Wf1}ޫ؏|3־= 'C8 i/Diݷ/=z,߷38^]`TFmH*zK/QCͭ̓]Or)/gmS!y3񌱹mV>3k[.wG9Bɦ\)hbI?lE5_bw'Wb-a_>OJϹæ?-n$.dφbx.Ϛ֙vﱏ>ܥ|tMb6s0X[0'mW= FzjP,IӻQ|iswݖ@K`$P+p<標bŬx*EG͔ ¡N+.@)'r ",L!O"yhU8G].htpp(,Ƴˡ/Uf,(f8#/P'áD~, #<7է~5V rgWoMnA]^H 0-xU6Ԙd@g(]sq #00`3Ōzs6QuCg&p^@ drC$|D6uyMW&G^t (>ST# ]R}1vSs=Ph&Qv6ld*OY&+ck>KuL/s <ƔU׺i&ucz-:h clpfoV D|S~7F|*T@|ezˍl'YYƯԶ)C$";Ƙ1̥\?~*e\SN7otل)fEE/;ekNs $0/E[ͱYWIxe/9nl!WϚ/1O''mUMԚ%8]%@?`&lѹ4adNmYc*-#bױDKryUƾ$Sۮ#pyF}{2=]^ IQ|a8&z<Ge23!Ү"q8.8Tg.v˗2hs.DKS&g%(Q^sH([muČn*({(c rjk0jS@{ <}kaGm$!NYR%+rJEdA-oLl'R*7D[]ecZyj<I8%\t9>^c 1>\Gd5mB&2j$i.*aCΛs7o;`?:?}{5ƀ!2^1_}.BAgn@I"i旻~$j?3Ciq_V >Ϛ249NjO3s - Tz~9ȆFh1T9x6>cf -@KJ dU8M-wXl}c&f||jI7jֽJs]Ns}Ćҡ~F&I:{xaӵ(ƙʨ%Ssiw9? LJGy'B۴q- ]ˬZRi(\t@c7_m}nqD+xF8cCqR<]JB.D6 z gc$7ek9EDs Bۃ=o3 %¹wchP(I7v9:9,06͡{K.1Gw#3֍G:ܩ_O08DG?)P_}ck813dN]8-~d}Lio>CӸ "Oj3h j7|Z_NOcM@6]˦c#.Qu'FpO,6wsq-X`1E/cbYps]FK`$ p$z*'p>jgjsxO^(G8 QӢ?涤> =@!,GDNCU@bSVu5-ӑh63LE|p9n~Q5ɂʵ@w,лr@.ٸf@u͕.)l+81`nzD2.#拱`8vcsbpw2.NTz?\E`6H,608NttNb9e9@ݼreqEr<$sD'?V.+W]hpo:J |9 I>gvm;D/E9uRw"ʅ&m-dfq Tv{3NW*XZN?D^'EֵM}^*_9z|s9/7_iݯT*=Aڐl fC &XTsR7ث<[m 05Ƴ9sMln)2kb-J=t8~y^W]4`jqE[u,hc;k%Q4Ø`Q5i- Ǻ=(5 hx#C?h=@Ӛ $4(6y?ɯБr?˲a jtrz|dc֕G_s ( -rwcW/`<ֵ5sd7_yFgNo~36(c[nZ3koplDrL NQ7s5?8@3&x3\I8{0/yX}m#w hJo L d*u Mzh,v>ֱ [c68$YLǽN%DPnlޢfYe'lU[6QV7 6#c&'3ɑ;s-M底fd m\Tp\\. ~.WY楹BoUL~(_'l["srlNr7͹P(%=[l̛+'` s\`6I||1'=4Ȓ}S᳧[ uL6!e; h $vA!{%kN=UuR)2Q@u6SJg1%ɨz9+ :e?s)# (N[-.S N8r !g兢V(p(-H ($$rcsh88sPs.es,)_;Nw|Z|M>:bη|6{ܩkv0wi#46c<'^m6:tϖ@KpH zh%jwk%C ¤?8it0= IpO#-D4bzP[hFע(йr8T%pbH-թ=Qigqߔy) }4RNL8)+i@ @[DR4霓DNq84@1VÖN/ʼnu>( Orr8""Jo6(9HCcSwl} dѫC>iQTW铥o>%A_ 61!Iϥ3w3ꑯR ! 'Hy"]w(?N:>Q(C 606&Gc[d \. I!:~oi1pe~N0{g~_gfHnK`:ԓFrϹ>q[S5> cU~Q LNY_ j5d.|ƜxrH;nRg@noϴ%3y*vgg>eUʔ/s~c}=W3X Vk+ |?QV0[;;9xJҏʘAI lkLmƝt.3t6Fđgc:?_ޘ"4@=N-qbG93bqx=Ld TH@PXɜhЎKmXt ;}hW*+cט6~I.z:@ i72~Ǧ"EZ,{^]3f^Ci3k>f0GZJ?-S6ysm^a{dѕ9I^l8SL5@!3l-l>|m6u(ݢq^4BaqBpboGh`XHo|2%1ωp TK,b fȇ69SKr Dpr1|hDR5ʚza"Vԧ%5SP^ ELzI]$+}Hڢs8GD 'b.S>9l Wd o|2-2pv''&[]7AFgv*?ưq|78|kŁgQEfkOE1g8Չ58VƼA`m5^c nAxP<'VS 23nOqGj6cr2CPmMezcO`7"+R޽;ڰy. 8y}'Ohbm(z( e.E9)ހsP̥ʚs!̼)SluH[XGkϰyO@+q!zhX#xrcNo=/T2"): _oi2ƾaǍ?@!޶ϭ1V|RX-o~DkU}[Gbe])5g|o H!!ػﭥ(rd<o} |y>MN'/R~1Q^Ko:(уxctTWeco$w>lG`N1kCO}<yOo=>Q`x(ti4'7OHXGW)}? Vl+t*M7^Z7M0{[-h|{BhDqSu&1H(UB8"S~生an4n9s^8ER 5{(Ѝ+BQIסnc ʨ c!yY3,/FڳbF0#0ȸ|Mrc?w(jЍeXG+`ud39 yskm8$ Y3ɼ!8aŎX)E)hg;gޜŏ~P78?O|waFצ;Pru/ؔf#)qߟE$uT}R9עt7(z$ GsQ5,&q<?*Q丿9-="ha^} ޷׽ox|x3}rV}nUs ko/PѸJ1aOaA76E r hnsܼ3a=.ZYrG?voi!_c~ PYJ!˶ 1{.Z=<'bQxoEGk?hsl7Ozo@'^@X8ȜɄ `y'4O*gЭ"׏w7Czk|whGX ]ZVO[|e-}aK,R4V{ɞ&o$|2.r ݢ]}}pC`֞=c̀=.q0gJM7=ɟE6 1CdEP< .vS&u/cٹ×YՋD+D[f?vik쥭gmSЭÉl}>6&v⃢ͷ49h62'7|>0AyMoB?Me0#z_Yk yA+| os}u|0(oGM {m[QX~ ;aۂ@ȵ__[cflZʀ$#kiM Q7̀]`DQSصw>RK8 mK%78=lel_c~"tmWTNaq#Eyӱɑ5OFZKu=@>^P娺ـJ%wl;TIYe|[QGsdX8k)BippumߓcO7zpFlGkկ٧o]@k dzWoˊ GkE7e/͇7oMbw}[m]]ʞmS>l׿zhl^~iS:_^GKQ+wi6V/z+IKsYv'>}#5Ïtv79 ]$_n@2om6nzE_` Ϙ?,d8) e񧺥)EcA-~PϬ[tz>> Wwx':=J?؀$[]Xvh~5(ʻ2~EG//@~=!j @aiW,PMZ{D*J<@1̻T8WGkxOp?ȁ޴Q>qH1Zʵn ohm7}}VrO;>o5O +gEu8Qc)NOA^(!Cf@^kGz+\%galGO +&B"tHL%#az(^d_. (:Ff,16Pfa?S`08p F|8.M1T 79T `PƠ? .ᢤz̉g2=Zy^<9wp0E3k(f{롌d!0w >T7D8D䄙';}E ^ '!%~_PcVOZk x-}DݕRcs|qPmEw`փAx9 sHE ^e$:ң/"<j~/۵X_r|dyyHxo 2E~whd[.ºʕN<꫷7xp #h8}Н}Yhwˀʖ~xeC~Ǧ%кVڡES=}tʞlЎ>GfZ,ּ7fAm*ޖ]PźwW/c1Lt؃(Cz>Z~O׵O{V8;)L_:nt؍:8 rL8קߋeWL{hxzqA2hEh^Mg֦y(Кk>ZFE=w Gg߽0*Fem3M0V FP娿@u],Pݼ,"ܴҼiXW|fNpyG/fXLu~vav7,H٤=v} OOc@>޳| T__}Y{7\>5J"wX Cd{Ft3 2yc׵$S)P`/7;&#sL.uκ]bɗm:й >k;Due|t R0\(FJp K^_28ۢ+Es}vo( 6)0!"CE*@ɾbX`ǀi_B]N!T$w`Cea\19Ye2g?c 8gP2~!)7~Mt`,1 |hH%l}ǶiEᯃP46܂~è&h"~O)|d2h^jKO@N6GC euw~0? #xᗱ~|Exξw3#7HzȚrc#ÅCuй!'vN,ܴEڰWx;?~~!m˔B\d .%:0|'"m 9|:0.kN&A@s!w6{琒Wc:ʃ]={xȯ3wΕhL(o^yѦ[0;N[oKvnuu_y'yV^se.ad-C2;'{n'. э׷ PF6'V:S=7ޢ"\`O_X TOFnxMTTǖ~Iהƾw}yL~u9=0N*uXՁҸ1ZǖbD'`9ʇ;vX^09dy/؛rוb2MV~߭]zoͺ9{2-[[_xчS&+_z9 l)8,JpxCdci &G>{D³l#c5ޔww_S=f MEw{<놈q_%Ymc@2BƐ+͖I~ &AѰo4+̵JcT3A([ f$Kan(}ܕA9 h| `57&>{p("wlh*Zm(v3wYd)r8HxGhCGOFjߞ183yn֠T8<ڬ csQO?ۜ=L}]=P)+-,?u;{}.`z֓Lg7ﶽEٽaz4Rr-MF7 ?u&vﳍEMR31Zk9+Q-8ptulGcgrp#?sl 2ǞhXCt@'`'اHv;M֐lՇ$ZOV:7>4H,&~П 1<_K5tXwAʲۈR"/OeD˧ 7=kϪZz.q"uMc!qV^i=VWvu`nnjDCA n8@'vS֟=p>Vf^@,=6նuv7$gal0pSnd9nĪ2`{A$m^yϊq)`;^ĿoFSl-z;a1O$JI.ǔJWy;o SxŖOuM5g@%EjGG/YN3Y@BI 'b('zi(Z@Pahu\*Ōjm2xkIo2X6L},E*Q* {Qg~N1 ,c7Cx^1nBo8"(,am8hP8f^(Dןu_(u%ȍһ0l}D@遼Hhe4!d3`R);М|1z7shE]1+9m)fkE!  W*p^'1+hجYig1` p@0-ï}W=tSΖ1gfS|c@}g~Dso7UM5Q @>~+ְۖ_˦Yte OuxbEN5{ȼ{@95 tOpC] 3R|(*x97؟iA{j١ĽuS{ =u#4keC)69Aീrs^`%!#dV_8ӃE=@ơ9<&@;<[^s-P@V&'d&PЎkieOb"ѽۏhv;:8ںca7W;k/#͕-2#͎%?-idAa9|a~gu<}k{]c ֗Q=\m'`}Á_t(O7]`7jOOmWxQ=6=oeh>4ۭ '^K>#O:;-{PChH~qX7I;,PLl͍(Mc]Tq*O1Z^lZ{s!NJ6g6)LE{G=|m8 $'+HPV1"}^]z%yv0X;IJ1a=V/CYYulo|{; ^'P;#cܱ?*NW hdlY{Wst N{pEwG IQ'`wr !=u/yCŨ˙" U>YtUAwH @bğ3`HV4^ #^*8CR"7-YBPGŽǘra] b8Un7@ZGXH`(3R|d zѢ9Iem]6*~m>EJDsj89jn1]ַ>\s(kW2V|`P1јߪp'חeFZ#-B4JSE Х5x 8Yh=~߃/R0龑f{]w r9r}/2 1;!zuHxh?9]*oi 1v։WOہa'^7-3GQaO*^t`9d.z/gY73.Sѱ0UxoXU tuFYe6:-Phx(A@or[}h"kU'}Y:$mt35p|~wغX9Tc߁>N2͞(]n{зxTGs&߷]OZdi3i^!*rE XQ5i| )SGұo7}ll;A9W|Ȣz/t{no)fZs>v&^kl2Ck#r?p,rV r{10M-1!ˡN-{w |f4h>ЙRmp8p O<Zǘp\ˈ+K9W~QP|=鷌\fs-Mx5Ӯ;0qFmV13~aOt-ay#RR2 qRqgӝ \5o,!n]ћ'Leh ٮ3*ܚtd:tcxp8{\ /`(4ߗ ࠡCouUNV>QZ7KwxrsG cD<͡ǡM|e xٺ3~@ {ϑG$|EV"o긚,mqN9oD}^_A=c$C ˯|{ﺵbFYt0EkpĞr`۟qK6gtq6RO7 t}k^F{7 pA ln7(gq42{P^i@=*e=SQD#7=En#iŃOT4`EGK1;s{L}G=@ru)k|f /ň:֜_;H^BO2;Dbm=H~y|;s#؟򼣟Fv,h|ґ}Grkߘ͕E+ r prx(oz(n[ފ@n{@q1Эe;2- 77H@=b](ߔWPݯljTF75[rӓ=|o 6^PEC4+S~sp@wZvg7{ߦ{@ym9Ǧck+:Qxhz4vs@`('䟼[`|iR0: )=ե2nBKc6SJp-o?[akfk{`D{>_ܾw5g p&ĜBsPr)=H.#E Dɩm63?&c1,'=${Ѫ @*q%`t E)fx(QmN}0́ ĩsB 0Kss^ ck;H®t 3%c̩U>c9EW{(p#*{s6/l`r$gF? 7PQDhzE{2YX΀vHTׇ &~Ir8t(G>4QH# H!zJ7ݾ/9mL}>clh@>r%7eY]]CXin2ncAosھY _[Eh)d 9uՕzf~nk-+eX٦.ePn 14oE>7'fOWS$9?RtSnOPH/-Z~s#y0ڳodEruHR{xt{~:tߕbImqc /UfzmQY._9@αu/-IY@XJSc{N!zcԎ/]Eof_wn}}0~oi4F&pنL(\dبxI&Үؚh3Rxz'z|`k⦗=׾".Ǯ]0/]V@l#Wum֍b|)(d\f]U{`]lu}%6Ng;Q6-#=n|xAY42""91p<}c~*bZץ{]T5'[B_[ =}SX6E  <Ѐ2?}(7tƓ=lͻIw S'C|z좋u%?/{8B݆^bKiڑt5w\#wn'-.ډ#pF+YV)P aANCzvƼ3$CzhA "gAHZ@+pmBD: -B k#]P1x67XRϜ8ޟzP`uek;<9Q2Fsx`N !Cp v^F&Zb= 8 Ӿk9??15h}JYࡵ#z1/⍌ŢC?`?Su~̟21^Co XZq4CN:wB1d=duLnЕ)hIq8w52OΩ(1czM9!79'jn@a}D̅!ϸr,VUBF?я^w ]/[kIΡYJh{*֖A{,3 hlM9mMKR.W̍$_xGo kn&s6<_uUk^~o E4Tw+'ފ . )^K!!@ _K?FG t?WZSZ_\*{x 6~ ~+{|ԯnd6>HXe=Ψ-ѽ݃7Adž3mX#zﶮU9~7 Y(f@:orhG݃՟r'{@g޹ȹt$1`Ъ,,Pm$mMD0)>[xȖ|˿%7nKjͅaI/Zw &Ra"j:: zKqvm% sirPo FXd{VP[*a]}B}^ڠֽ{0S}6} CtagSzʖ>D.5͎>.ۯ_|tXC/Q/0IX ~S{>1`?/9.0r_q6׻'1]n"'1HBܩABQE}oQ_j9PRaQ63aSPv8/8{QE",oƢreơqF:3B+cӿ9xjss[e@8s`,#?j9(5ncfP' BsG[1m84.4蝉jg ja7ER<=\Zng`U4s5^bTn,u@88UVCk9L $Ҟqu6>hkPaP? K4pp:XRǞ/0_;xG o4؋J?^^5=+lhpfGQ͏ ]p0,~~+d^62fR[9֋OsEUvл6WǮЏ`˽8ʞY[O)x;$Q>⧃"$?bsLmhn2y@ۿ'`Ô[qO&9~4wۈhMЫ9pK}ػ.)7YL֔c[io!/ ߣ*5W+/;/6=i/. ãhC> >zgB7[p/ϦD_Od1V)]a_o2LMe݁Z=6xoxWm1e??1[}2t7}Yhf@|M>>w׾7| }?!;XW;Fr`2u!*Y,aSgܻKrC,/aHB9~STvvSD\9^?l>oJ##6SFvmR0Tߞ(߶MPD.#k.EU ͉8F[Q컮< Y摶_+k[mkOz]`y?s`\b4NEYkhh3Nz#>5GG/9YcS.A'] XFۧz΁R>sX̉J9:T1c3x-g ?*P|/9MgWsJ6` |"9Wך 0Fk€P]@$G2O}A3dMΈ2r^e; }hKuZ-8'<-NV97ҽaR.{Q\T2VDNRYkc|X}6tf84'psyX.]ql`cS+8W0J<}_Y`wIk6k^"Z;뙣mAQW>'A;û{C')=fڻݞ9j[}Ww}uWV kO^OIEo\_߲wSt}jM5~,v/x-SDBn@ 0Z>t/F[m6dst)b#OBod“N@]Sd7~ET,z\Ʒ o~Cf]~#t#BVz?T%G_:2IlMolC ^m8dQٚ̚_:nRa7537zoR ?C -ޞ]<_å1ƗoKbo>^x-vom:C3`ooЙ 5-e KW} ݕ[OY#'wȹ=!ٰٗ{eA Gp2~:WeY3~zt`J_ݽb:D!ZkON]|<46$fn3AoJjñVv|}.ʧk'P|ھt+qSte _aJݠ(AM2!O!c ,B)2~6)i\[ׁ1JJ>c(.gϬo\|a҇)e.ǁL$ߋf0nʀVnaR=e3zіb<dpН*R8a 8?1:>"ѹt ENJN4k<%搡k"7JR$zJ \9rѯ?kp)>[z؊Т~KH%:+2Mb~xt;xk:h^Z&$fr zheRNSFmg ~^~#_ցE,k`;@DYyǙ@&Zgxo-r<{ưiG!24u'"h`q{t} BC{sv0/bFuEl T $;ѥW hy5ߕK13,F2Ip[o ֙#".dm_ewЭEÓ@t[o=^`VX0no9<Ƀ@%v[v ЯzB.^߃}@6c nCix:`/ jw1/]@h!b4~=./ٷn'X?&|?r>Qvsk ^پTfGӷ'ݚYIس7j߸نmzDB&okd(=Mǥs^E?׃{I_;\ DH ^ϡR E<_V~}ldg]Y: <.|oԾzl@{O;nd1}gfՃn|#t]=ز1h{tTKo)`v==v hL'r?tEz;j9jkA9"tiαzS} 9t+Ƙu0v [ 9:޷0]^я)ޘDZ; o3x,厹Ǜ;${z߀# h9hL[{/c07 )q ۛb&+;f![/zm!>wѯ<^7D߭i6?*7?zSFSp/8Q7YG5PeM(C){2__@b79*: HQZsԦhSAk&K^`S$@{!' 9$apn䧿Z"cv́|Hm-;M'36N*9XJ/6㰡OYLIo"kۋ'WEo.}`7u>4e_|@Aإ{ȇ{;ƾ4sw_yP:hD }S:*:r/'xf|_jfCx &هľPCz$bftEl6ikJqkm,}?eR淇(5JQkK݈ʤ ogmX:6î[e:Ȍİػkm`7 ~ kءF b́+g~yϦrG%?P|f뵈~gsAm :`ٔ6f<}oJ{"-Yd/X!ko>?K|U^=7S*M+\NE0?+ќr9/"b,]tj贂|\ʶ&(M0JjձIE qFcՌae!DN&i <,%h"Yy8!/]CeU^%al10P`0qp zh sD. rrK#У7O1^Kc~Z ܱA5?& gk X$#qmy{k#gE:z^?6i?c性_/!0?ǧ q<Ou{Rv5)k޺uHo@p1ȍC9fē?GáƉgz$Bo򔖉$ W~W^Kp 9+z&fx0JhLڛhh" :`QqƢ?z;h$Mc/tYO9X'9``+g7M!2GaSm7ڲ m ge@*Ɩ2#k3 Jp =#V_Ƶ\ }/2A~o^smR "kwnp0Pa\*[idȂ0dY9Jum" `,ndyƫ9[HBٜkɀ&zlY _z:$yYE8'Y4+w|еcP@ng|!CצL!$eS}Y6ڹEA7NÕ;Y|F Y)mЮ=ss/]n=mOu$(-c"oZwPcu{ z</x?SR[99 |h 2Jٓwx}[un},Э-Dnj4TFo>w~mt5#&PFYH]̮+khjc4< (g{2䲵!g4t(u7=9 {`[l"Sd(Ky돞KVQ,/RuP~ieԜw6[o#.` & Z+0ٚˇEkl9f="Q)9t ݿ{+WWNg؁+#Zz\Y roʡ#z?isOl9m~^J >,S{P N@w{kf2֡mGǛ\ G &h]ʣR$peKOt*>g ²^t+n xMND{o52Mxj3'.Gs?Ӂ}bBbdڼ7ѧ+Rh܍{SGo } 8)An.Ck>ZX2ۍ* lImv[V;tHKRr,nC\{ ;\x&c)By-)Q-e-3akWF "㲏z6<#Ʀ):V;6?c`z`Y\+cfz%aR^v|u^SՉ6N 4N,g1- E^ќۿ2gcQǜ8R0ž,Pm ON-$99?N(| (HV2GzTY7Z$c!k wHY4]s7넣OF*Z0XXɚ}ٶ;cox<0'HJQr GSo}Q"~(=>pP#bF]N ){WZ{̫G[奶O1Pў6Z qs\ tL*@џӺm-Ih]ե { yN~d27v`mky@2ʌCPiwK)#Cw^<¬?d9G"T)vQ=@R4m_O)+֕ },p9(aCܼր>PN-տ oVX;_-@vpQw^2m6o/+f>=T|.d5A;87兂(92,ʻ15l}W}J?gOgI4쳻7!OgPd['^/˿»HND?-c%@cM lǛ_OѴ(74~|2 ~{w|Qw7zr( `큖yeϺt6[C~7x@'`Y[O75Z3:uAVvجMߧ<#mn7G=!Sd0E`C7Oi,d1; fe{Ғ hO݈k{/8mgK? ;noʒ?"o$[dîc+S\UC$SݚwlRb +]+9Vc&nVl5N{\xL+hi8|q`ܵA~?|緕w|&`H7U'] t_ p w[t&zSwȹ5)Lt:0{ȗ<،LS/}#g2Ȁk]r)A(ؽQt:`0?+ $0zLz=EϨa0( iEsƜ1( "Dȗ<ꚣ2?ɪc2niT)LCQ*#4< TqiwT-~A0GkZz4')keSFF{.3͍Sۣ=@~^ I|i )?P OO_wö EeVuc$30xJt㼇 U7̙ȵ)PP(77E{Ø"@ 7VQAcei>R7*찅/J 8IqEߓiʍzdw ?O. ?_Y#|ٲ7hc> )ʡU*>aHS{ܲy$i|x2W#ddvk#Zqn좝qVqs78r6{}mdXwA+=`׼&>x-[z?8Z,_`Yl_}$O ]]ebCu "G[6>њqOZ?{<jC؟1JB;$4ۦG |)妘)Ս2-ȡ7(,@b [#=Ilmvke7ٯ1d1geڳM4__|;6#-vI]r'^SF7SaPk66Xk5ޔ#W樧rNQ`mMD3f'.p̖ʦ1ܢ 47A-FؚzوAwkߖ3~\5__ɱn/G1K[ӡLC {Ξ.R{SDMMsez{Ч=-Gs`kw#[,恟u)~󝣉qCkZ=Khinɟ }Yfddy{8 {].u MUDCuLޱی3Tu^gz 深qT׎JeRXZ!Dn9t}CT}Ǟ6:^=K{ј΀sLA]i3q#2D&(ה' ,1\b(Pd-ƣ#9ہ +A4gN3bب$D0!Me/S`d+d2v(|e&(D}8ꛗ];a Z0GͿz;G> y>9jj~<-75V&"&nnMsgs7Gc>vMs?s/@^%݈~oiXMxNn{dǜ δru!H`^Q`9ۍS] Xc p/g{C0V7ݑ1N܂)v6x'Eok?_7 9Zceps CϚ?r PL5mϗRD$""=`<.QJ/Hn FK=k7g??t^`e Sr:EiW:uոٮ-M7h|o?iiAiU2cv q@Vot<ɲ:/[۟zFo%CoŸs_ypk~s0_, )r5ߟRﵱh~4^Y(Xyo|=PAΟr+\$Ծu+U ]RzkM-k,2N| PCѵY`'Ip%Rz*{̵op7Xe|,Tne//s !ߋHVg\-t[u^;$i ml* g@Zփ,`;G[kZyyvs h$_ZiS{ Q"K9ѣ'c7T4 ;Gj ʙu[2~@r}+:=ˮ -X4vrkK[эIe]b˘wbƲTM++Ef6R%Lrore')~i<" z9cIP%J/]|r{||`{VzEZ;@q#>y+7~9nO[thHqe6xW_yὍ'cd{dmwsH>mi:,j7qtF[)WY;a__ KZ@?+ (2D['@P(N@# rXI D}ۘ} \t\bg` Z[Wի ԱWr )q3Hx ,p-o6U2&`i0L_Rsll+t`x/ XXy3&&@)mgN1c2PY9ѷ/~Ncir̝"uc" "3zl]e5gS٠1<ӽa.O>Ёys݁P|=f,d>sw@-YkF|taݲH bKt>=& ĶGEs ^Q,}2k;Ά=s@M |5x FNy:\hiOKrNkxᱽGW7H ptaz5D&Y=hWνlN! Y֍o3eO`g#δmW|gyFӌ6@Yy^kC{<>&y۹uRhLVbhEƏmpsk4;ͩ3pJfݟKghu{bOgqv|'I8P;@R.=;m93d̟P'xxwђt=Ƕ?ٱi':쎎?Q+'7o{即z/mMj^O7`ˁu=M2썽7v~3rDOHO}#>@J/UKɘM\0۬hOM z7:R@6u0/IYv}Т@ᾣ+!nhT:IGV";_=FW/B .7 S+ [Enjjm^C.>7oL7=1NsGS!qv` /W Ѯ膊y;[km~9Ǻ A)f>K][09Tu6 v2t)7- w#_+[?_s4+6׋%JiWoH?T”!XO"jK< ,Xt06.j( p9% P FhǦ-J+7<.ʸE2.(u'~k1DL5Oss0]=WK]$l6tW+A?@ԇ,g;#=_6a/؛CbWD},!<up \)Fʁu;a^à/>#]wTn>XON@)(8}ccz&G\XDgDz^Ǥ1) ^4^W}m7n|X]!8+W ^Q֮^|֥pHɣx;D&[ꡩ55ojyvƪ>\+8цEN~ߕ9mzќzE;9y dZ'J:M6_mpbW1XA*YV=Jf/_.pF>Eqʑ޴/{-n/Ux捽g}P ul<=奘y1땡1y2tW7ulɸoR,?k_ n$[c-YedZ ;{|zi=ȜO^SܯյNvJ.S )B$lZ s} D0>:F.OK@ŀ4Ӄ~6 jIfNAޜʀoC2|k8}tWs'٠ۅB鏳{ʞ%ZvP`- ܲmBʟMG~>mÎlg#dSdSt) n{!{.vON{[cώe:_!}-Z)4 rwc _4?;E8B">agx8hgngϒW=8m=n@K)({mc^GxNʅi-6=9Q=P&P%+woϚA<+.)=tAu7 Y ZY1;wO)q[kgmzi啃e=w31Fxo/d2w_W7x_`A3~_;|}os3'(قZik=ˆ䃒2b“)i1~{ʥ~/m*{N!S I.co)_~O @ ؃e-a*?Pid9-؎ uU$7gh $Ͽ(jg/slDV@aHPhFo rbz:eQa< +*J/'`Ar]cqپ`-v{ZpóhaDX1x 絼J.xlh_s9֭ފރ/^Y"SnzJdva쭜EƗ̻  1c}7hEʀ*=%ndMr"#m.Ou%qY2clU|gfB^ WѱɺLNo ҕ??*5X783Rn,8&C& cgsvqS(#9K[_rzFa/zٯlD[YPPP x uʹ&dy7D_lkC9bǑc؎xt솣dKNjd{,s䝶vu`Vgsm7ҦCn]X{xn W=l|A{H|V\V>?}DC!+uY-OȂR&ZJrl-;Jj֗ /w+{d%VZ9SO/vX`y=g>)N)pe%D_@mﲵ.}KA51RN9AH2EXNeFYF|G"i9  0"`N@ a8rĕ孬B7𳑥X*5]OҋgT# 67c` b}JFP{ 5 [۵յR?K`C|J. pe8C>ڿm6;^EVˁh@e@rum# =< z uef&IRruw7")/-Z䵾9Q>a\~;E}.1s,z}h[x;3ǣ_@RpdUlB7ԮyMF=_Y"@-o>wc,IazuТ4l=H=A?y(IKSHK^Wyps-(wـśZ!7cn:r_nm|:lHgtX@ax(p4{qٌ}Bm(ьcgWwr-PS8=|O?x$ڷ, տW ؃0CI{kތN \mT9]5(/3(PBt}~(FH c1KJD(}6#3 9_k+˃.""'uf=Rew3zS=xO6G3ǃcl,$E_if1~O8/ΩGgZEkTڵdHt[!&}y7 3)`7 8 C4#96u`2;gœoop`A$9@at6hF{S8B4'&T2I%yiK޽Tx.Z/QjOr,SE3޵ep"9vn}dZ7۞E\?EcWO__^v]hۼe0oUЀ|ﯱ=ENXK}#yk2(o[id^g{u[]{*bL96u[s ʹO<.VǀDlC pk7Y `L'Ӄ֜Ck|.=>1ҁ;^_87?(ZFe֕vDM;CzDҎij^ 0=Ȉ+#0c2S/yE7~5D)bFT{~ï{?5~5|!4H_cC hE𼹪G)#X+ì3G//N1vnPEgv>[~_;^>tx7440yf(ѫuqaw;oJw!eƋ">뀱v=>q$)r0z[WZX|JƐƋ6hwƌDǫhgɹ\(Nid̯ш_`u.e5&uruE{e,esJ?8  ,;ZwS#^̛ڲ"@o+x aven]7eݦ읧}oڸ{}A=xp?=ɺt,j[x  9{)k<boDa+OvǮ1?Em~,og/qn{x?(}OC yz:̓`op3ލʥ"oc[OAg@s|9͏,\ڴRT?>KuWOݜ\aӒp9*旽)N{K_J b-?:x@ol 1s>_%_. dQ"LD@'ީNK}F)0R(> x{ 'ÄRӐQ™(ʛs03 C(5!ʭMiwu{(g^5VPDZ߸j }8Qp2A: %Xߣ ^lc>`11p9ȘS V1tvzS9R{#5x K=S1D8<-ovW~W~D1zH6'Kpx; >Nvxc?kʰgrX=ʃEwST+ Q>=o}zӸ}`_^*>#/c`kK#@c??̑f={oW9p9arZp8p+@}*w:g,"(I"ڕfG';8Ю84Fd ED<7-EF?`W`FUf+?FhUyѡ=fl ˜)B h)BKq8n*}dڑ?{8uش50Yg]F2Oe~u5;FO㮂/Lnk{ wݼ6=*)z9,PV[npoiR՞uy+-"}o`l}|OݺAr1Qc.Lz|O;dW:(6#{"xC:=><Bdaj))vۺFnb,]CG; c7zt ޸zu`_ou<8|,_E.[|fo*"X廀lv':>;CG~u;ְإF5 eًþ=^$7>v>j?M{(`{u(:ڡNl ^⯈p6νictb1:~O_Ԙ^Ot=.@#:߇ H/pރjL6[Q[6@=.Yk*pxʝ1 Faw\pt Kx6:{U/Ub˗{n<=D/yO 2ثCΦT(odqn%$5ҁuJ^ҹ#~*B؟lOo٢<`IنdY)SeEF⦧B֣!@R\D[m{ ,Ў&P*7Yrn/oK p`5)*Py޵_z 716z(ԾtЁlAc@vUۿB^l s)@ɾ0"%+6Ds.2dPkJoؿHD&sm' Qov cok~} Gn"umvzɸkg'ccя7 dyqɧh <5gWVnP{4642~iإKю[(@~"y%oRNyY"f2 Y:䝽!,k[.OV5\@B=@Jva3oWH،E$xh_@py|-~~%TDdshW>Gp ʆdRҕP{d7Nez,~[cmg@dQj5wZ@ C9+bج;aS4/ϜHz^YlOK<txM7-Xwmquރ>|Zk}c8h{W{f,=z$tRG82wְ4oͧNj6:`?Ͼ"Pu-/"~t~z7N 1626wtGtl>/ kȣ濇P&~!+~F'ъ-^(ҕ{/9ou:~uir1W:\yk>.84M}mښ-#4a{t~q--sb+~&om[ Gxܚ}R 0|gj=_7yl{_&=CnM OٵQƛFfs߲'{ѵW(>~ Ċ0 oe 1H|O(72O(n$: )' ~^";WlĔ+8a 8FFf}x.+~z}U. Hkl.<3 ]i"' 9$Ј#mrDd~ 8sX'o~9Z׎LacYWa<c]? AQI<(xler&PT p*x(?~q=MϸFM;q 2΁rƲHt":. o[x(،2zh7o/ īfƓ2U! [Uz )[r.C+ѥOyp6oyM5ѡw؁YQZc:x:&aN2^ Dd>w./ey<#oNֳͱvKlF]W\ya?}b:!MO>@;"%xYڣ{P ߵA5RY0ln{ un^,zcDtsJK@#eϘ IDATwt{odq7Lw؈MEoSN>ĖA;7 ΒhA.t %[Y'5?cFk+C֊T"?7b|֘GQxӜΟ慛x}`Λ"Id.|}Gٷ俶X dGz|{I!!G۫ }=и+.EMpxu)ɒml92:il z49W9(3yB6V7:(ޥ[=-yϢז=(A6SeR(rȺʬrecu`$ 瀢d8EJٛ qCJ=2ۍin|?:~. {/p޻i )JΓ>a]<~>+PY %S>\tyWMaT=X9'2w}k}s ((j)W81+Yo !drE~'(rI 6#ww_0Ͼʛ\ BE'AĘah_:f>  :3@cFbUoˁ[c.0ʀ*w+0:_+\T Ϳo} n vu~%q80b`l2\<'!cH"J) TYq}iY6+wd:8. ][Hcka}cib1+눠 ?=PM]^)`uQz%F6pq?E(c %B~wc>3?r4/~'ű1Qƹ8Z߭笢yRr>uR>ź/?r9Em16B@)3}L^RtۋnP^]{|xɚ C&+ Ç1R%ϜgָCc@3aCT2օ^Nq~ ً''x"5+ 2|R_2@  ЬН}G& 6PG}(P菾:2uc)7;V[S~踏D+C;z(ceO7 ng:㹂ayn:e<0}Ee|bMQEzkw3Xݔ =Ng͍ƿ?+Sƿoٟ+4ZYk^7J#c 8_5kg`66K̔ۻۿ~'P 墨'@\o1^\z_"_x{|`ơ?2,+袬(yG/mYwǚy9+k4&7}qE-xWDsAVC7]s>w[*`SY:q)z7!~+{[[_֡q)a3oSK@1w/ɥbۿyI]tv) CoQrЭ}z/,:ZnXtS \(!(jKg}YG w Mn"{ay 8oJRlWW]fћ"nŘӇE1J\q9]-'Ł'=Zha?X6S~48Row @䨈ek`EUzքA t.3@s 2dz]e!(B\֚c gfwxңE+Lu_w}y8L`R 3bZ՟uF3`~hR88`\quP^3Еa耉bk'3'4#=C]*uaG&2J֚pxM(Y㷯zd:(R6W_$@7(62;ihY%>(̰_k(Lr=qqZ<@h?{~+2_wL{tЧx|Ø.z>oHvZ=ka3/VV>[d?K? }+MƨGZN:ʲrk+9-xܼ[Q ߽M=s"${mAFCc#'vf7TFzɞ<1F(ҕ"z`qsgy |:}--^ڑYoD# 7zw47Dꡣ,nm}\+ ?6xxkE7ۆ:DN&)9{XlA_/2ךVd=G)bYxP8Wd:ÂbeE[w:_[p%'nb샱3uK0zKN@&iӄ@Loneٽ=mmp`u. W"mEkl-[`wQR~u>)}g6%:ݼ0kAS42+G=r[eVm7mv`AģSM&gnгqm&7GD93B^:pnclg|=s(;jعViDc6>`ܺ|~~m|Fߕ&Z{2$aD4e S妉ᄽK6fF魟R4rY>_>{סR_1v/?/8{bۓ_;dKUƖ+-:nݓp7H a.E6&Dx|E5 :^gH3)"SM8V3ljJF׆p9z0v)e c4)x7g5A,'47=`͐a86PS=B#Unj4ag~Rv3ž vxrFP3.̘O\h>ku˿?#c]<6ꦱy݆FJxL>&z%ƞqg="xgQA~S}:Xzh<ۼ7r-0s;qkErzd &)Z=4ȭg-"̼y;;\ _(7x@W|Qﮋ^>ʿVݞaO/Y |eE8>Yڭ9xo=[z ?knooϢo  w/۟ѧT//>hN]98xBbϰ% S6ى"nKǠaڣN){ben Kߒ'"PݖqV;V(I[ /ջAxDyֳ|_;_8Cʺq.{c|6:@[mڳlSEVRnEw*@xnJ-3צZ}Tlqr ei kO^Dk'Kqrݘ7;G{nIPʌ?~l7[).O8PM%;=A ѢK=Ynl }EYhV̐Q@?UPvH O(@{hmxT8 M_#$ͣtҷ%{~Z?]}Ɩ޸2I[o`mꦟ!` /-K>;..YwA{Ў!Joq͸)OK'Me҆d$r(;Jf8mQVZVib|Ј8g4cTxM=`|jmrֵЌ"Xf0'NƙaA +׭1q6Iu3XEi3"|m')ĸ97GiIyA}rF"d0! !T~̏pd?-Sl9"m9Qkp=`oW~|mwhf\1kc MO>SGkpAmmx+78UQ wx]e\?y힄 q5e>.wO@E{Kb/O'w,@NSt$c9Qxlڲ?(N֭9R?:857gkêbE2(]c(:̜N2hXCP{sOx|萆-mM_u)z\Sa=Ujc-bܾEOhך^&:\ T9>_+{K__pYl7=Zq8AwM.{dYˇx?r>EHw:~k@؃x}< Dgڴh!'bu`X?@.6zMrj,r89H77&-{f5c閭N{|(7.c7U$ϳwl Mɣ?)OD>!u^g{FNzWvRYm߻rК<"wgyГIl/dhn& F'҇cmf)ȳRӤ,VjCUO7}^` A<ݣ!>~w@SYV$s)Ǘ?leS}(IxחTAUK2B)cGJHQtI&eك~>+`hkV4i)4ʓACiܿ}>AdsfܸT9L]OɋBc@eNe0 *0T2STcB= " 3^)"s8cnT#C!Vί Je(Gz!@G ?0z&~Jȉ P΀cO2֍1݌"ֱ.+*uCoOqPU=c*7{{xCq93Wl[.:c&/p\=kc/}C֖ [@kU=uTٻ -vF6h PtRr`9*8 tѤ4FuS^uZ;*H{՚ġfsh}GuOo pH &_13RzKrnY2s6 TȺއm?Eo?^Ï,*C H6!wJk:YyO\YR65mwlW~SJ!&?=빀߭ 'xAEkߍd@1@eEb}M2hTnW|F@:2Ns8bvOtG'Vl{v &j̾q`i}!PI';|+hnr,zX*  G?}vo(3~2%S43FfЎ :`u{/3[Mr ! [Xȿn_lU}d+S]eW73~Q+7n4՗F?+2 'w)}o5-MˮNif٧fE8 SA{WًLXGUFI{0]^A]Zګ6ėuC~:̾rJ笍Lj^vKxԖ?E)3G~3߃% {͆|ˢoͿ*Ȃ\&Owsm2!O?eK 0])v' ^]tF/p0n Mfzx2b"\=Iڻ [mَE=41i;?9G'z;׮vsV=}\ pg[x}u8-d 逛]"$rg=2YJ'|}Gd2zUn,o䲹mt5:*I^W[9-IR_u#vli`)J@}T{z/7"˳\99NVzt-CeJ_{/w1nZ҇5c.UH잵Ђܿ` z|?[hfx6eڴ7iMWC=KRxx4ۨjd?CͯЦAW7ESpX=:7GlwA72jhDT 12jp/~f m#^ Ì@u\uX]Eϐ\C>H=*ÚH(HF46I*Bk*ڃB-Jƨ!¯ʯ\eFyiO͵WM37!]{EUh=6Dh!aOۍź2,Ì <ۧ<o-il>X} \cf%fи(N-t$Pݿw/sS/hD&kG?:3*ӯ1h( hS6ouhokһhi!ko-}Ԟ@cm&?GقmǏΏtduE[=m489xr/<[̏?fy-߭&0hA[?Fo9v/m+6>-l1Ne]Qզwq˱c=n=KmVO蛥*:olPMQpVOc679ڕKZ d%?$Z_ ޲-oU:kd:m? K6JGqyYRAԏ:P#9E{j5@K)|{zZ3E7uy']z$9馏)o֡̊mK8yy#{t0![9_E'̡iܭ$WгOqUmͩ7A7noOe E߯,N|h~0gm6\pK6^(oA\zuhH{\Z†PpC74]}rU+.c(|z,hxgkc]IKvSw?gLN(cte݈j3zs`͏X%t^6dmdrU oC87gss e?XY{8 "s,AxgSF6eѮwcM7LC[QN)_ {_.nOoHA&vѵK]2-]} bpϸ$<+9R6$ <蔳t_Z×ˢ?#K3")R`@!?ERt9(Wt_/8`Jd,8T!TR/]6mXuoâ9bM_2ֺ3ʧ=o-qءMxpR=w/Xd0l +q'thU4^>͡{7A k7wedc. ey\O#J,s ?|dQy}u]xעUE$匮}X5mnZsYI]/PG c>6G#CwJ?=x6 XD!E/=kh3h~{xٴ׭6xԱwEq>{/mI#`hNw 2E1Lp{dO"9d;f|"^jWypU?6Kuk RȔ˛&6^8@2ZccD-_dgڴf6[7կu t0q#p釴uZ i~X~#2>9ݺo]{ 1_9[V,~om^ђLk*GU"j,Z3.@DOE{ipU 2N~YRsǐ/=|80fJƃ&蕝?Wtw{UF_ZTo<Q-^wE+';LdJu͛R^EvMVYo^lnS[5)*~HqDî iڴȲ}OEϵf6_]^7GG2{ 8Tڅ]3Qc[}!Z}z 9}tMF}7\.COG:\{b྾"+SNQduF{sX9;+v,79]n|C{G=ye Vovb/u59mZoT(k6SwM-h_ ]?CcK76!]!+n؇o7G@0_"g9*o{m">_nr3ߒxO F~';vg Ҁ$N}`A;WFu|Y}. +Lɕ"OH3JID2d[ 0@-.P9QEs\Dp!,m*gqRTT^yi_o9,ҥ$7ZL xšуf'n‰@o#|8+he#wLDSPS(4hzN83VFՕ%Ѽ[eCp_Y;a`0>|o: # _3$>5~F37fEE_/)>:ꭈ}gJc V^=gCno}&2kh|xܘ\:ƃȀ.%r#،*2ZQƯkTFN(7zŚ(EVF[":,Q9" aБnEW; o]\̀,-4跽o?_z%2\̍k_~yBC-((=qA1Mw9mQ{N?Wz||ɶdރ}ҀjOIlG` 8SɁ]bfAHξ`mHPrf x_\sn7m:Ԧz+sfc> Fxw#E {Hs!kii|`qkԓ@ ~⾇+i3}T*ˍWTU(𥴔=o#`ƁGyҟC*{]cFlMSWu3֥kNt0J!$"3;)= 48DwYl$s1l:Iwh~(Mmғn=rA9>rS[AgU3yQ7u7 '|se|7.5-Cv{Ml?yK VWV|D;F/ 7̕V4=˦qhCv)(m•PK5Nbӈ}e"(OPf $Q~6e@uBdVsuxu"z9`6MAS}(rMݱP> ' Ds!V  ʏ^CK+5'ͥ%(ou`M8?;꾖c#h:0ٕ1=~֋!Ȑ۴ >?W qm8f •0|8=h>=`I3B)هfW`nje |@9E vR$>{'Y?D㠜 *[" 3eі3c[`𸱢zva@͗-eo99z,[ kmokJҍ:txX aSQd5zGŞahWFF(@/t Rtj(o?=c}m+zh-1/g{7́#VqZ:2`xxzoYfDQT'ZkS~Fʻ9(xBcTFOѕq67^-5'd=Qڄ|ywx.Gͪ`uK=Ê7[=zohA6{Ԕ, 7dُ߭}9g9>=R*Qk{*>yCnԦP{}d.l!`DVæO<طx*v9orq7b/#&Xk8^Ywn=~\顖=޲'[ڳn/鍨6|I|go\޳++zyз o?{Rj8kxS~ykmV9*{pN~bniY?ߺ ?ϗډ_C-2utzO49,՚vW)2?ntC {'3:󭢀}G6omuNy D!#s{ @p 7A!6g:Xp J؄bqOU{,^lDS8]95ÿ$9B]cRQ-pAs((rr3 fPʞ0dC8cl/"hρΈF7@+>6aEo>tf.x- wB^+ -C3ha፪͸c$OQi\`bBXppIE~/݂CiwgM9@Zk! #kaYOcۨ|e،e #e ]9Ev񾀈-3gh#^Go^ s//|iW1W`lWӗf(yhsWs1g:dv(G~Ev*7 "ZMpxCTq!Z לxiC=Ky@ 8; `coEZ[?_K"2ZroJ,Q>Cg|UNGa͹t=`#@:!eƄD 䁱38w,IUd azlciBtn=QzOQ=nܲ=@ϻ 6ꆚ6Jip9Ɓ?JR#;-|P48 &^|+~Zq j>hËKwsld}kl,edj9]f//Ilف' }]`@#vT=RP0};x ]6Ǻ<їʵc-m6o[48; .K[KTao+on~u|#[ nd>z.~R8 !P/^t=vjU(-\|7B::ӧ7z}p%@Ȁi4+U{GW{4GkLR$ǖ:5!5MVndY{9'mn=tpeM걉ʗ$iҘ&zE*Ju:yK˳1f୛vO6ּǙ<涩 ?lU4yh p+d맴G1N-"`dhxFu+o Q\*C}2|[ښoymQ4iRZK>>wܲ6{]z|lI:{{=֭tFm݂&|$?=]v +Ofx~c;zv _? i^|F$_lٵ'S85yexL #5dKX3?X Pj6:'hda, .g2|9tˍ8(:G2f.:<`Ė}^1( 8$ENPqd9 {$^őr>WiḂQ Tזm۔2^t<`:a0+st0+;_ԵqM=N`;76c̀6x\acH(痑h'#) <š`hcou*f@~/БVl##sn^EPw{,ЁiڻBݾK\D^`9x'ZEs=yb|VK:ߥ1@F.>ܲ0~5d cx YFu9i^-z|Nz:G8zK u8:3jih">ج)@q#=n@1H0D9'#0k'kG~722܊VJ| 6>4z:j7nlquGH~8n"0m)yA{z{H^Ʒ=HOȍ1[]ͳmZշь2v/Kx=J{+seC ̽.;SW Șv?%ro(:rUnYK2 ^P'M)^hQxMuS֛C . Ü Y Ɠ|롻@E%>-Ѧcn^J{dM&K8d0` eS8^/4=(~zr _px14w֞..p Z {tBgKE`3l!){Eovc㛢b9t@n/AH؟ Ы|~Lҵ݆wO@ءl~@Fx{Ahvꉦ[3@ ж`sa@.dAiCڠ>Mh+?[u;Vq?l- ,!˟4&t+^A_u (DG 洯7MdHfFr 'FE8Xd8ި'WK[Cet~_\d?o"N؇Mۂ {7n.FC?۲+;'}B)g'dz~ڵ>C>TdsQk`Ln[8+""V*sxsdV^À3`X>eA|{o^_!sl$ [t ,:XYN/ M$*5<bӎ0@hg772ELVG J]6C FAM \r &0(P֝īc>*]UZƤ|_bڳ\.+ cC Z)5XtlJ[Y"pGH:A֌ ǘa_zRyP'87|8diyRt+,бIūEó7芯Cy/ZJ{PXp"Cčqg@zoG7%׭Xn=[ ~">pK/t7a ]jS?5ʹ~@ލFzh!(q&tʩxn*,Z;!P` KP(usMcM*} 4uik#~iS*d j߾]֑o-p^DnK_{7=Bߥ±dyN9O,:^>himEz}ҋ}.m fR=m{ʡt(ڒcKj+Sԟ OiiLJ]a] HF^Q @!9~'VLJ7R;m~w\QF¶9*7[< 纭 wϭ-N=$xK6]wCO֮}ACu^@BtvYP㒩ړ·GnA7y%n4weO)Q7ڥc2#=Ѹ7nu{-5b< 4.M>գ樃fSO+l9 2ZOl:m`:x~GWc+dÃB~AG`;~+ivQc3vy}c؟C[2gM?hz.-_H7>zF{V^ -T}7qcal}`h–s*h vfa@o{,#=L#x_9Y ;dnn6>_~߾:iֵ BbziUˍ _pI0[ => ,/JX FzXxNa\slH2܀攽lݺՍ=dhwB_|k8Ml<߲ve{WE֐ARuG9ķkW)`B^'/P~:XJ%GxeJ3L/4h_r~0?JWI\,Dw5|ߍ{>7P6(U3sA=J+cwW5u.?}Vccb *2:(\~af| LHs|2>K9(0%PӔf^'ee7# Or}Q}SL+C"n."gb) 06#x O4| T aLiR]s`ĈN]=G`!(HOckMs`H9,~z@XoTĪ3d+?!y#RH콩Oe2D}dQ+p_%X0Kn1hYd%薅>3/3.krj2#ZK) z`wˊ'8EcRh"аG(mΖ2. L-WF`Z|.r> ˛d&o7Ldq뭎`3ώ&ub?J߲bc':`pwVFOirJSzsca d+z>͡dCsmD}ҕh 2?Xo̖5>Sg[a<~ѮX[Z/Zl0ao}Vez{F7# mPްޙcn‘`!dM+è]ˉ27f//&e/)F ?*Eɰ+/I2#gd()~nz' x/z Z28R ]ҟh(Ycc3Es)t'-QKQ^'yy( 2gBym.NLs V=6=0wN/ɸe W^ )+rK'ʺy`({f{#I䟃 2 sڊ8;X4Zr"=ŠGeEZ74/_>{x)#PP$A|f=4X:kqIL)6wƗ=O|UeQ݊AOlZrjn~C=\3x42Z"! %s8{sBa2 1keMcN_1gҕJ3}d 8n+7xt!zWe e1'>anqO7kѾ[0]].q ttcq{xOuJ*+W|Tjj5ht~n*O>hgx ^ C:ި#nNuƇo\ &}b&:lm]clcr { w=ZKC8.Y>[uMz6_o #]Mg+œw@ KXuѥiס|WRܘoxsNz낣RzeZE^F-Uj&~%gFNj6̾rF6gZ3v{J>̦/ *L =P@g.bh̉Dٵe-M[5@y#lneͱzC+gR96= E!A{>nR얓d88~ґ<-hϽ[Kf<\Z?@hФzhȋyVVv< >A9(?l,/2-+;oFjצ߽л(w6i3]c ZO`1t\-A/7CMi_!9z>]9xJ?kϺzƏ7/VivJrkO+e{X~/ӁG@`(tr\A z=2Zs+oT7 |!)foI4B[ߓ{֦[Yw: rc>7zN0wD_1o~8J#dO A[ǭǦ W=S{ɺES #Ipx.@!)ӦQ9)ٟrm@NcivN˹fmر>@[VTyQ6#cV~̍`z*22g2 }$x0 [@9 jS[̈́N>te\ ƍϦxËFyFPvr&2 `¼+G@i8o߽COeOѥhoXA4ZCbHz`P[k|RxGh0OkӜZ[/mN5,mզPWQ؁Ww6Xj1o #S9x٫ s7_Q n_Y#ƒ įhl ЖWȈ+{iyE^2+*}}Xt(gd 6&vǂP?> ^i/vڴwL;;wi7rsoE rw>vP-v#=í ]bF~D}dD<~ȵc&.z=tĭ0ܔ6ǻAbW}rn릈tr2$vdd :FBusz%xevpdp̋b+# n|޳{?s4l.b i|@NN.dr# $ E,h_#7g>~h|AVgCr^-Q6:+щjeE޳SV8J]xKvh4rvcl: @]ޢKZ,/Rn?6_ǿeZK6H ~of3"Cuye =(2!Ͽcox|S*zismQ-7 E"d Q@n4lk+C[s-plJ)t/T off%+Q-|* "[3&d6fo|xݜ[dhq=M`;5ZWr-WcdJ7ZنȨ]{N&5˖WgmWt8;6 : >ZJx/K]{m{3oSA[ikȾ(k(#"CB r.>v0cѥt|dhn,?1UtU\yr^Gk hbo  rEWk7mMe_ ΀pieЁ2/Ϧe0nn̮uQ~)~͚O^W.YdGʺ@FJ,H=[n^ѐ{HW+x ^erv^WтcӼEy`\1ڣ ܷa-ySӠ ~\G bu<Қ):0n=tqR|oJ[fƢ k/F DGF%ψOƴ|ӳ }8mW^ue`O hC qE{ 91ok,: ollm/8h, 6X{h~f YO֧ k,r+֪doʌY)m;~||-^cXM{9ح'[1B zX8@m@qT;?tFHeO3;3y=Ep16.tn)*9ex̺ޯnxpw|eO9 n^Kk +*K"Er ߼olW'{5r[:Ƀ}@w> 'p.E"ޛ2=^`c5}Xh]_T&aWZnvm[>JӺ[v~qF"|;/loٜ;'k/xmn\ JcpH:wsq{ɘ] ^{U}6k͑}?oěxԟ' M)4 wocBm3 o@nN P 7EЏU|7[=T;;PŚwv/芷6ULdަbw~em>{C 砫q,_/c]0Lenūͺn0}l:@v_ADkvQz\Ú~X4Mv[9 PYDoQ9́$&[6 E@VwxP' 0gۻ}ՁvQx]]R3]{ŷ&L| So 'k_x7MmK#ITFv9ATE[gg7X4S 8+k'roRO6نn;B_ml㰟ͻ7"; Y1ďian$~R{ޚ֓i:6|6㟒_ހ(VIJ>Ԇ5ٮwf#٦ٺJ}|4:GS sJMTP^= EA)" uB)cE ౱cJG~e'K4e,?e - q_2 ހ@=m2E4 q67ڇ[Xk-{"$ŏNAN'P9g 18D-"́>pK:D^uNG?FY?^&Oч ;8`Vڦ/8Xs3{oYK~49t הșp:w;I_:?1n'n}suzd6Mp/To7{:2YJبO=)~7~Cmt5OX.ҹVsl7 2cA'aCƢ?9$C?t%K[$G00{l k RHSK@g53<^SFSk]}KOk^2whM{[n=;(OWZKDzJY̧ օi@C7 `l7;̗.ejP {C^ PWkol2/ǟnc^s-͎:\`s2C`#-!fb0ݿT+,:[Je^{bb>2 mCOdC"7n?Du ytd's7%Z}x8~t M#Kpm!y`xK,\^@d,žk-ȪhU]xX2`G`}^>SnJtF#C0)3>٥ѼE a҇ƒj'+JV7㗰Z9'{@/;xɃ5o DՂw@-[6mtDtHZ}{ma` n+=K?;;~sہc{[%f{Q_:褻  /G, CޤHVkh7OCA2҇wK;|G_䠤0\goIH'g{Tx޹2]};Ř䅸⳴gS8 g0s|\0p^$+w'oR2eM, Cs֘#XZap0~/fjc4"89B O@IGm (8!]J"aKd iE^a-neO V-c~gF쮗\Ѧu9ʶp:dAQ`oL7-8.Îbh141)0km+1uXoC=h} b\ V\ )cdȀAbEg( 1JᱫY{JXfOOa `Zk6A%eu9c[0Ac α}@ op2Ѝ&;c3Tɉ`wlM gn[эhPf=> kFnNkpCFkL2HFYc[&A?#\k;lj1NvKz:.|鶊uܬtƈ%O?A:Bi?`͐-a 9 m?=NZmtCGcdz%;!{g7H?0>unk]h2:UQ.^}:knLñZGّm68$:NGNst:ڒȡtGt B@Ɣ]kMUvns8##w9 ඄uUvIvrRP=utGuKS1|+ f]ecTM.t2ؠcδ C[ec2=6M VF:t :$TyѣCd8(3{lE2=W S|'Xo PA\00 _"Mm?pp[~N${V+:ތ? e]ұ +qЍ>!&g_8agݞE2l(>a}Of lz&ܬC{t1ۊHQܭ**HeswCT=N6ށVB@E )?,NOt@}6SH0&Z `0ҽAzR\P9hЕ~AslY2J?U.&r٣Ѫvmձ/lXt"2ԭpm|'<Ɏ. jolT*sbhK`fS苮Q]jtKUŁ̋u'L7_Op0`_=/u>C^N_DKxR{~1vCKwld m!m) ~n9Kn?2^|݋~Mzl}͈xk=0W|"BÞD.Ulr\vSKn/{ߢ_W/F'S"+Ev- E'蔌N33_nrpFK_{f-cvF!jK2T@-.Ʃõ8OvzS zHuD1)zو?%El矿c})2U|meQQ-}bQdz%j˘g8⤝AW<26 ZQ 0(":!c.3)鲨~c ^cّD*YRV65<vPaS`!$Ah(Y9}`LC[G`m &#-Wve5U&cm/xZ٧ok(_ }f~c5`pSFCěo<  ?uR%A2xRY/0݌\|.+V md`uSmuH:Njw;h I9M/|-78d:/h Q6w7:9=]7pd_{Ԙd?p(# g_N@ [C AZ=97x;mg򰀤y4^ĖB2.MV :YP&A.~ 6YrO1:ō}? wz@.5_:>_tV1;ޗ[q}wh_Ae{ Bh+=Wv5vwxxVhє 7_:1V8\K1j݊~%[O72n;D9C*NІvׁC"|f_[G.бCa{+TFP^ʱ17c퉜wv'hcV?Gl흈έF7y`jH[,{lRvL9:D ֒hn UCgkKa&>1F pc|c X59F2P ηNk1(O$chʰRķdxܮ2_hqdrV!%UFSZLjdZ97#ǹc~pt0g=X׮26l=ga/7ͼ7kmυZob>ePMlAM@WBj  :MBWhL81V*g%%y}['4&Sw(/"75 ?j _ُ2@5jQeVѩued1)ӣ}k+C)}͙O'VպVڃK@S눦ȃڳ1*g/F:8Y$ÿ4"sQ ^ó5Xd3:J=B/`';s"R0:L s pEpbLt^k>rn.Z 1]H@<ɦ,$A"Ƈt6O:c_pAd` w@=fh۬p3þ\>rh-nڍ诂HN@A Q(Kl3&Kl6ހ~Al,~P;hď;uJfhōJڄuu's;T~[ڹ~,M1mIEf_b*VׁNlw:UĸchU] Gqn"A.dDkbl)[ ~n6_|t$@qȐn!2)Fi㈻ l$ *6⇜f^0i 1J#%q F#Cah * .ׅjsCajqcd#EZUGLկCm:Ю9;I+swʚ3[QQ<,9$. 1`u0Z2d1z~WeARox\ú1)Z.ܬh, pk 7_ج{HqT`7cA }s4o|[SW&9fR:=Ct8 ?7`ë3{CcZF52z t&0*aۧ ^.XOs~W7vxCsb(8pAoTc+1tk+2^8D{V'6 0J} % ï7b7}%?-otΞz::K{!5{kֆfbAf~@k92RWg0l "^Z==Ձ7OAŧLpx Q`6 ~8쐠eGo#׆>8〟qo`.'ilqD!mFϿn5͒cc4,jGb>1t *;]ۏnuik'#79WS a{q=A 8U|7տRNM{{`e_2\BgZ"86wr タ5Of u{=Ge362OQWq,dd:@FDn{qd6nдta6 o6Qc,oy͢Џ~C|=p{<^n;F|/܇ܠbYlOr8A^[x?֡Wū >4N>k9qUMr }zIo6dvd>K*!Zr ,ehbA+ŶQm`<ـjsШ8.9^.=[os4BUOvO8p<"V~tKܝ;2`Д"h" =s@U퇣/ʠ4uʇP6Fbɘɩ98 (A:eXP~V (rЛm-:&W:FAz@CIx1F7!P-CǎLp*ONuQ8Se}( $ +%81{C+(+Ƿ7T aL?EZ[3lLF19 ~?ewX-XW)ΡQS@{CwsOƛq W5˜課I0WfOs'ۧ%SA}'g3dTued+ݚaM+݆X//e&@DFP=`;+9={4U@u d x7d_a`O.Yƾ6tn\FZhֆF@x)|A8#=:αz*\~W(}s}A-ukhߛj,z|a^k &^.{SJM}kx3W64Ⱦ1#&ep&$m)6=pX=t+BJfewLE`%_1tjes@KxKXw',cߎi>}rozW9*M5/buio{nߺe b4UffAcrN2MDY0tA6/i-=$_#${LBs H0b sX?=$8DvM{Nz ' 3vaS[бIlTF:|Zv'ZZFhc,81Vhًٟlؠr3] 6)|J){sޚ ##fw5;hڀut8oq]cUG-{d#:5ZCsih-9rowlr60 d+}jV& D3鹥Aժ Q:ﶡg;fwrDb;%-zέFAV]yO l$W:Ѐ-TQ\ĵV6 %hh$_{,㓠'6}tT ECkK{m|nkF_n=}do䦓ֆyIÃ~g?_d|Cv,= ke磉[4Kq,FOV_y|1Gw01+Xn?oOn ]7!\;הG1cv* NI`@t&ɨew/zqzm[% J.){ MSOeg.-W` >\@zX[GtŎb<%;% 8vُMx@CUӯ lWZ .MUv\oѣ`ScZڪ}UlZPVW*` zPhCݞ]˔YP"8#DaGTЩ5W})gv I0RheHP' j1nו@Cm3ʸ gh 5frlmN 0P@4[3F퇃 GJ[CՒ/.#x]7OA4S3AؕWߛe,H L-q%c~8Rd5c)RF3~\ ah]eW^q*b|oW3HY]`Y]V,& -otϾ/Pv,C?WN?gns%x9N/ =mL8_Whl Vt&rݾJ@j_DJn`- 6~e,7//]{so@@3j52$2|G?d C#֕Љg3NO.WztE? }P)Oɵa ־Hy9jփC# O;hCx,p3=V3|5=o695^ӃE8 ?\\6NHObL-Q6SnCC`yY&SɆyp t![nm <Y2<8o =$^J֏~EE:^(pfxAϕIVjW?Ś$uфJ24$h {.Ze8<kDWhfM]m)(Y].,@M?0 puxo2 x*z7njDeyi>q-EBgA%1Եoi7a콷|fz<z?1&xm6t"c~je?Z >Aޭ~Wx'K"N&3-@w6xM-0|,cU ]9Z ; kte+70m @̀A#~CymXSZɊhJR^g5!A Ϛ}'6 1Nȭc“%!`+\?eH?%Aat6 X!Ñ')c#j}-Nn VF]6F18w^ _#Sg (}}.NQ5crT}3P@̿$Q$hGo0 lܢ29YxypQrNCg7Ǹ&k7qLKa<M6hKYL]~W dgp){l'\][-`K>h>p,#>D.J8,+#19j\2 XY7V ꫏9ѸGu%) N1{LJvhQ˨C@ՁNT4fA9 ިHA2 ؽMTfovtS__2 ހ vF6Clgr)7ཛu$ -c O82utVTts 1:"vkr6tAu79g1^_0&z jORA'f֎nܘrjˇt{F{Aѕo6:V[bZ{,:<Шl7bڬs{o m2pS>9؂T{M-mc` ρn\N?-;(6y.;t1t:FCg۽rv-Ffk΂=ɋ3t-^TV[\m>]pV0X+۸ߌ}cɱ0 _MV ģȠH2ːƋ w͇.ޙ?4gnX:pKo6s‰k`\|ncaَ=Nᤖrײ+DނY^z<pZm@wG~!vz\R0K^-dYe>Y= QQwxP3 տ_Þ~_ɩv;]KOV?޶ی`J[%*KC>wixN=΂ʎtHa![{m dY [}G/1.?4/_v4]mlv@#&Aۂ+}&aee en nl-[||į'ͻVO[k=NoWքk{ZnXuK LYU*G?ùQ7"%XA3 &3߂E7L__ [Ѕ٠;O¡ %<̶GX|ԫv[雒:(y 7۬ۘ{(Ӳԣ=+e׆"Pk}fCO  +ZWn:Ap/-Wvs9NoՔԈA ])[t-}d.)Gdc4yvl^]%SC"u<)ZwI/nIf F0"*&D<_ާ_-tQr'OqnYu`ًCGmСɟvfebjr1 aQYJ+RGs>뻉Z$&CIq#fN,C)$EyL4c&Z)0DyzbgH0962QiYn{Gʍ ̔9zz X>o/)k/k`?egp<DzDr`@)Xw3/ݴ0~`(Ja8 DUE^F}(8STX@e 6o'e)dgArkdYQA;@N`N EbojkCuۣn]mUNk+; wYD ~{ރɾ+x,AqƳ ]9+7 !o g!oӘ躒5`Nn蠲(EX3z`TFZe 4!it;j=x9Gce|wet,`u[y&PbYqw-Z/=w{zXcn;cp Aa8ﭭߵ3NPfyۯ@:xgu@/GW`rT`o>'85|<~cd96[*"C;}^5t\PF;P^d C}>Xcd~zRgq9~gd'zԙ>,n"#lF]8LnpG fՂp}\{hqm0' nPDW 8B.A1]?3snah+؃Yv%Beszd8<]~@X-V=tT./npw-ށoٖ2vi){AZ~G-_SZVu=2,˾wRl WдvxbmbuTN?rOT^|ܗxW^/jqh$?|*BxՆ~z=(|KTVġoI`ʞ򑞔ؿ&kY[|Ӳ&|ook7:"b?dC%g[!; ';K؀Oh6J9iY79<&:jcd}p#-5oeMh<ڶ.ЭJDwo^0f lMYt/Mt(|:9nј=a}֓, d/}CxK|Oy`l>ʽgVmyC2О~[ ,Dɰz4ܷ wgoa`[!bkhM[eiO6Ϳ뿾mrm!͌lloL}vx a`p b!$BO4qA#[YS{0$()jNɁѠ ]+<;s)37#]nSQx1':/OP`0! 'xe#NSp FBY2]$c,?e~_08vp ; 2$O g=sL:)>npc EY=j>25=%ܮ,Je(*;<ˉ$ACdQs ?~V-+ѸA^Αyd]x@q=ܰ.{4E#|\g I Ȯ_W//G:83/6#k4:e?| {2Cs`tk zovIcZ <1\{p!Ȓ%Q gG#ضhS0 e5zL0Atu2V0䀵nDq& gh?~%<{d+/bcmSnK,Ȟ=S|Hv?nBLr@~Ѐ`qa9<*Z.p 6p^]35Uӽ $9)h{kO>, }Ksۆ&g[ked.dܚМ2XX@o_2RPҜGO92^g У9S 7';gNEE?v~cj+S ,n_҃Z+=z p7A2wٙ r[@StWٺͽk'In6q+_6 ^\ܳg}7/846:3#y5;;RdyzYp I{3[7.|OeYH*O :d{µ HwثhE J`.hцLlSpeA}bͺqRL5t~pEGk[u`Ж| 悞|S q]_ʥEk7}ذlB2 cф@/saII۠:^H&Kj[g: =&W_:VtmR@}·Mn=awiӶ8ZQnjgYI&0ll262(ivAJ2|{{ S8hh<TJ $d՗ 5 :û؀-~o˵Fhwfcfjfqא jwsuu޾쑡c\ppAG~_3:06ǂKȟ!ctepCTh[&vi7XkC8k"8G)'EZ +{OB;[}tea8[?^F8H82^YY| A9sW־sj~MIӶ%Df.tXG?h =~^1ǂ 6'#g(er'Cne!uik5'Tr5_̾ۇE{4qSvcXw4OYCk!3G÷:z͢3:@¯U_*RF8p RG>ki~Ƅ+ ]WeWh˃Xؑejok_tnʘ_-d1M:"pQ wxB~Z uluuo?̠3nm-YA@0WNOAGzR`'n@U_Mљ`Nd=wHv8/{8XyۭIǯ=l&{Czl( du`(ZV9k#ϜS 6Yv-Tm2ۡz/2Z٫CȦdhz߼ ؃0[E{;SA[Ӛ&c+ղ"dĻE[zNsc, |nO:~-eRv%?؅^{,s ց_K6G#=GOm Qmv A8NSfE'ǖP }TބJ$==$ ֯ 'xכ:[ʍ29ك!=ipQ)}x5_F\#;%-|WvV^vs Q)rՆ~K0c s2پj/&%Rج=nuz}݃m|׿E!~^ ;d#"x r͍|'Vms V[+z_Yc,s>iv>~U7 |ٿ>ON\.%{L?d?\xFnnmKӇW -w asHݘGͷg#hZl{wba>a33{Xo p?hm㻧b Lx;r~W'3/x?o&ΠP"pz`|tRzqRg>iݻ:L14'?ɋaAb6}0>-6IPk#Psۣ 'mkk p,X@i>}GC?LJq36(G l(y1V\uJπKePD ./3Z}ǣ(c3Ƌ:p$;؞e,Ӝp]8rLX?'pr6:3S6wWRɉy䶁mα>=Iqzz7M8n8s-d*a4TvZV`2> 9EAh\= 6~ wpF6Bl?=k|D>JDzCKhOC ؂~ħxXfkoq4ֳA2ʤ Wb~=`D>!VW%-}|xN=q{z+gၞѡRrrqںA!606fq~UsЇGwа6pA.$Cs` hfd2G?9;e*y#porqpp䎶^^ٴד5}񪹖vѸ='WL,ItPs˜YmԓlkM quGtZv~hgk[#O3=8zMWWP+)ހxJJy$\a$eW0`GYd n+AU3g>c% gu t=@ +c .)+Yc Em<6Mm' :x  l\R<|ƴ@хn&-a [ Am|K%AO7Anƹ6}6@ fh>r+4dxK.:~ro ֈN=Z^hu8eMxositVPv=÷>x[~QϘ k>0Fw[%P)YieZ%[Cn=T6w8"w.?-;dBoCc o mOe 6T^m>jg= N_8\FYAݞsz6h]cJkXo\tM7z`Ϸm-@Fɷɯ[Zlo٘#9b݁Oۃv-hzKbٓ,{[u,BH/[gpU@4نɍ 7~FkKo?Nۄ+]kc;__kO>JFQ:,Pc ك(Hb .<] Ϝ[cfG?ї+CDkDѦ? *~X \2@cKQpAI-`mN;G1%ua|]W* ZYp:{kt]Ժ+٠<~{Hߠc42}/)2+#-o9!s{&v(# x`d,-d[-#d^N{HG)2Jȁ/6wuBU7Q{7S8iܨNEWth ZW9*mh՘h2_%foxA/9ef$lgrN!b=`o.<ͮèh~Ȗ. 7@vdޓuex N!]ýٻr`B<tx VJ"CʦlZɥGe'x @ ]{j|)mdqY=.&).|с=QYfg8,9ѵn !r\Ϙ r@C?r^9蒞8Gi7t ]m*ͳMNX?9l`KeB-) +T?ߐmW<9am=K7> 1E=ڭkKaۂD | zLKtfyȈ:_p;Vyck ;Զ_-T+38| 7G{î!O+t ;yDkvICovnɑ\wk԰J Z7G+r| 2]}3&H?A-[ç|#B_z.͈c=™|i2F3n[toCG [Zl!AbO.pZwF觀s/O粣X2\[+c'uHym22};3W<>W&5vC)Zmvkn\%Ud׆&6xy>p e/žoF6w7)ƕWJ*dt\2Jm4Ymw%cD엝cnYq'j춖_cx&h?`Dz11`8 @dfQ)k_[٪ zsQHTn ^z0AYcS-X6}j&!F ̈9vIcߒ:d XZfEҮ3A5J`Gs`_gd߅3O$R`ҖǑWusb=j3*\c22+Tm'D#5.L.D`فN@5EzV g}5ϫk2&uІ놁o6w|% 4@T=U8ph]`U2J.CeJ6Wh^ wq>G-qw2q`} %V̷y#cCp :1zƦ{*?ùC}ƫNࠟ1}H7f])ݷ[R#smeif:|6Y>o9$m7xt=szviܾ#/Cْ$h ^Fqp}!Ӹe'0yE %Kr4GV\_|9p ,wU4ɽgucZ'ZMkǤG?yX z%ߴu؃`*NZK #u}}h淍-|Kj~K(K 7J@МN! %` ʀ`,tfby(R) ʀrTb4NP3eH01Y˜%˶2H1Qc@iK0^AS[~LjCAR'pN eW(^os9QI0m&`4TP햦4G- B9fpdFtePbF)l}ps;}6f5!C?eCJkqNl@ux*#g\qVp338 xs[}x^Vhp2Fnupk}'~uۭ8W Fh1/.-+8EYhUスСQP6f]ͬ_1ge#|6oi 6Up¼j{ȕ{Av)2"Lv&*$n-W7V3'iJ87е~ ~1zPCo8=ke[''jۺ!Xm=oqGS;24'^Ao8zy鑲QW^ꪢ=@0cvF8ق7@7 د?e9?{cr.S=lhrЁk0h O m.sּ.1ʼiZ\ .KsiAy6#N:d{,Od%aCImp llx.,Z~ [~F\k{kYz*P[1̺55&Fpag1>% m>5t3229+h|Qaѯ~pIvjl`tأhl^ɸj2GZc8I||XQ}~u Cr)wll\@ag}{&^-<,?xlpחV uk -Gk<~L-ukkp78C %w8v?96'f\P"VlD1L5&f ,ml P5X760)8Xv)@_3x V ?\V桌Ue9!8ޜkf_p!x HJmn2Re'jc-S$Ш&҂us o0?uZv}t1~WWւ&×5Vc: E?kD9/G( \uטx l+-bLz!eh *1O#Ac[u[al $ѫf*h>4BY:HFBK>Qoimϕj_u1}h^ r{A\1`758NX:zAw<ՆAPXCx˼2L70gx_p`]e{_=w_Yt U:oAP8c`"ݘmܠߧ+܀~@ho]6A2XuPv5b ϵ 量mCwpf-Dsbmm|H 'Z־}<&k&=cpNr-oPx@Dn!c Y,O >1Yy\\OZS57];~2"ls W" c V )pmk|1wT2 jW^W\S!)rBڔ$(kh; gR㗗JC~kx&Gz:FA9K5z^#@ZdSCxIu{KUٱG/ߖy-0l6n YvLnLf5[C?:lc4Av۬nP 0`åz̳~dl~@Uddۯ3ל՜5'A5C֣ ^]{BedGx% *ŧ* oC` :t 9*9&>ŸH䛀?@Z3#`}_HZ8-m=~KK_;p-$4d>kt|7Ecd+ؓ3V7tБ6f1ik>k,Xdk BɍkGn'9oY-/#A+e.z;6zݵ٠3*e%k>u:_tF?Yxq80GAh}%z_|}=;_5J{6GKJޤ/m#;-I]!$ߑً䖤tؒUh菽!'_0}{C L ܗ@!|tbXo }D<έ$@/և@%8 v3P`1^x߀ob L.i-qе2Q)D Y׿Z3㘱CJS2Oc )P3CTlig|!W(qs<[}U탳LP[A{Ɠϡ[F QeP@sF^߇b6< b9:W9u}3`Ue06ȳ4g IA-9cLKNW}5Sx^iFfpbO2Ez){AlY4.Vfa\V[7: _起֌~%$#!`(-(aInhN:Ev`|efnˌ[j WJBoL}ab,'#h:bppӷGFe|ݣh@-:Z[#:8Dg``ǾVlGګ~w:4m+̉V>Mzү` G37DLb4.s"@N{ NȊﰡ2>(EUhs8^z-Xm-yFz HCazo4iCh}M4<݄ _ߣ-$uH 7޾{F}9HpHk[ylJh+{^ikeЁ "묙2kh:k ̳^6r+Aę3XtS=9\T/+= W9:C2n7'G6=rh߂p(<s1p{?is\ħt^it^!ob?t:畬1WēU(G8r~R42 4!Ӳ\ɟdiAGA~2Ks39C.xw a 4c/%Ҡ`1t4Z(4_*Vnm`O}W`I`qTqt>٭77]not{~`%D${8wA_e@`|[>D8MNWWfd\VW֥W zyYتt8Dd2=շll@f P`YI7nR5> j nùeENe& <|[BѪ2 ;h7gVneeZKˮ/m ]~4t׸t5Ft]7 TɸVfg#З[.V_S̡ٽZY.:# k!tLmxg_5 ^ \eUJ@GnݢqcnCvl{":Iۥ_“1U@dF?AL~4^$# H6߃ &+ud lhREДg2 72z~%6;\̌!w+m >x`e||s|O &kWjqo6 h`<nLB`](ԂG ld0P=)Mfvx/D ܯn8ADX8YP0w cM286&-ء-L+Yיs9 0P$9.k!t6cqXU]?픩(S^}8ek{{b&PmeU 6 . N#eOc ǔCW'< \#3+v(F\a/7NE9nEa\@ V*5 ̄{Ɗkcס W_t( k2Re Lw E-:1f$f1WAgn7X`i X7Q|8PCs{L( 9?\ ثSsZSшs@$6Wҕq=6 XfJX#cFo$Jz e!fzvM\LZX5я8F[n&+cL]_=B(t:tcn!i#C~Ӛ :|kw3E1C6L`pTJ"% pVl!Ygp ]X \%S?]e-/MrJ7g%R䶭Hhܲ+Vx1%SGtو@57:fiBvtAu҉ܸk/]sbƸ~!8[Nu5`1; ^gLv2\l6/۠2'/yFfXӾM|gW99/WwP{8*/Ҿ$4>x }7[=AkxpڬDJ{>kkJ}`[-Mc<٦usnI+eZ?9V3|gt7 6h@jHP9<~hN%#꽓ex-&5&kcibѳ{BΣ\{pU=B%6VXݚj~L| aLrtqV7GE";9aNf/%#1hp  ^7 FAFÀ"욐]S؂/HSŪ QJn4&&1_H ,rÜa+)*e;11P$ÇI9SpobMʇyFk |(x# S0}\և`ʹ#t=cqV 66L';fY8(C"4.C |e(J1g_iLb磀 }F c0Z+zig,6 b>`|]]2ܸ ) YpHcpCph`Y$oʧ+GPvLy?r4=n-~Ϙ͸^~hR9. uxRFUYcjGm1Ɇ2/G F>h~΂q9(~۵gcԇC J}|=x?l\AֹzНÒZ2d2dzpVr߬Ot0Yy0ko#/+L+Vоc li'2 9tk,6 X={ܖ.n9XT{-@Gv@ҡdIE{Ov[rWIhXGl9r&{V^]ك\w`ʾLLZf}&ց>L{r Z͈{YVecSs=(M;xc;=mF70Lk@|Wt(k=jï֩/ #0ӍFi+Ks˞.Kw%^`loe g2_Z}uY`(ȏam CP_-{"5|<4βCpۿA,۰ۿ͇_+O}ZYho16;x}?cl[mnږo&:v?@Q;6 ]0vG'o`S֟-%Hh]~Ls^X 0W0,%URv*Hv2RnE?xj^-Z#v(e.l2P`=9`,Gx<7bwQn;]jLv|:(XY}+w^n ³RSl6G3-+yEb|ٻe pKv}ij :Io[|ү@ۏ%sdeތC n^?/ʃ.^tAC\ X3z1}g-5k'+Cd mI2Gk6&\ƽ FV\^BsCtž'P.hd )^2_-ue΢ JC&tۣяh\]ˮ3hXp῵:@w ДX6@ @{g nId,Qֹ2loJU3dEyhA@sWe3OO[ߘ^kױE9^vzYQO$NN9Rs`}-:rֿW_vW)t9K_(4/9A?v@g ܁'O5ۻaj pQ" [ !adj#h3_k`| gDTX'Lۥ`vAi0[R8sn{!Cu+ ?LNt,fv;ғ1Mr d ~ Ne\ :օgؚ~x^V`B?QѡyC[1Ɂ25m{86ellk0ueviTDd~l3A>07K2fG;P}m[go}&ZoIBD|ʞf߲A|g[bGMo2I(r }@o!@@/8{fӆЦ aӭL. Y|n懳 %)oLQ4v[ެ ~P.h@mi>v(C=2[igso`1YiUVmvHgؐ懂KSNg_D:>xeV K_pgxi8DёCo옽 P,`$ϧ~֟h`{=P魝l߳1N%N+ @[Kh M77tQ:^ ݒ5t^چ7pˆsH!`AZRGH8$P"4gc7rjɉ$r/) 2-㑰QN{5bL1u`llL(EJDhbNN(m֍Y9~2 `(6e {x dXkϸg0)3lvCr9Q*}A$[ A?A* 7&8odT3 `>ra?2F{_U?8 Xn6Q6􃣮%ٴ}N1~9>`!º!gB;5eGG ?NϖgGiXK2S6YY]/:gBh hsSvu$ RAf/Cz3g;2bp?nj:: 3@xeRMO|vp)h#ͭ<Á~b.M%.L)4^2 _p~-SȐugZZ뜄3+hg^>1upBֳW=_)s 7>nKvxTvc§}Sntvٙ.} >S@8*.]`:]T 2H;5U{##`7 p͠l ݑkOw-x&ٿAn-ЃЛ0,q_TxҘɱ7fY_e]p7Ъf3 )؁zӀ,؂֏ǡ|h2u9։w/ _2nBs84MGdFnJ7{ՂқW4Y6-#C&p![k_ٵ7oA:BJ2o 1dSH+h\"+ѹ@TW߽Q)cIKtl0}B֡tn[:E9{[?Ӂ\eJ:χoiͮҪyȥ}ٷu;.?S0C_> 2T&MnuȪYg׷3x9 J m|e>#[^lᗳwWNA(>OAѫ›8>um4$(jԽ. m֘x{!:k59V>+9wuC,h֦C<>oi k@KKGp@'}v<}(ȏN.d@F_?c]btN.Gb:>>Nm#o r jx NDzo^k}w|kmF6kKƾ{F;Xeb[J̐L?ز%*>t~[-q5zv{3,!2J,0|2g ɟn3 @2lvr 9RR  P`=ڹmhB7Fy[|95`bh Fmpe^P L Ns} S <3le=Q}vc YA^ en#C'8Givm,cj3&1)=N38ߛrJƔ1"PgG#ZMA*g<ށ쑌;09 J80==_ AIJ~$˾ /r6EM!X? ,I)+< 3=^l=߃$i] YY֌Ȁm+7saՂ H<8r##8;d~1`cqlu%nA/V9Dq\"PCfBspf᜼j<=guuJNG|ys%9`ӵZ;Y q%ډ8h^/,0@t)8$I} JLS{1a\ͦL1 #{c%ЈuLnD3M.cA7qP 1 ,$7Șj[C6;0̅}_`!cidd; ,1e"T˿ɥ\E6GtYSxGFKhՆA^꠸7EV2AN['f/t{NO;Nhmt7=~,X *ҧ'ca6o'HH/rC^O~['9"H찧hVh-HeW`Ouѣ?ਟ>\ j5d}^Yݣ90ƘnLqn2lFDC`]@|kO`\)쩷*s ܢUOk[*ΡYCIJ]65X֜8hel!H*R j6n<%D̷.<5oVcl]=8`dmpo7oN*?=ÕGu;SJT:͐5Z|A [Ud^> C&n [f?#x +!sqi_gM=0ξc|vذe[&'z4&y5pWy{{t mmm mIz*o ÎLm9 t3#|/L9'e /8 @G݄ o;\{]e_p耯t!هvٟ>t>z˘J耩~|ǚod6.^ߗ̓PC]L?bΕav'Cd!{P02B1/ݰF E&ZX1zIM6ht#!VM?Mx$#{C[oIrٛݘ31w>mH_m`۱ҍJVbCi?M~#6RE ph tht:V,+2u"m@JR tj1+#o|;6xʩkϧ,o |yS)'sLF;A!`S_N֖Ƞ}8F(9 0}De٠6\#<7#ۺ3r wk3Ѫ As X ʃ`/NCI!0xoD <( 'tdszBěC(׺e֕uhD40N =ipTren8 m^m|a0MKtHX+ZNgB{QHF:-F#mF/CRSp?hFhw3K>Znقy>2i03$ڬSmk+F\hޫ(g3`+FklY!h}492NC1+Q+oB.0 VÍ @Tnːe譀X-ZE7ȃ/4İfʄJDQ?3s42]{ߓw{(dLnࠁ{F&t ~/v]!bF)d\;pATLr^tTGPIpxW̳pbo\:~CMbn8;y9.:.y*5(%r˚.+BZCwֱ h_Pݺт=Jء= v:>${Ck<=vD}%{{]Y {~*0z> ^⻽>Vzu9#azxKWy 'p[[}+s= doe[c,r?V h#VpD` &.4id& 3/'e-p$u:G86fz`.tU&X^C-m_dԮ,tƄS]C`Ԛ7Mu{qɴJjl`RXl$Aed 7ލ 04S.9,+La9tD+H|kxgKrmnS=fݶ`uYf . hS=@n)nT&:/dwek`Gzv<2ϖAAȾAu|$Mw {)!H?[3;(KUFf\!2G鳲t:te݊'W]9-Q:e{9PD{JX K⓲%iJauo#a38 }Sl;Nrw(6{r`w菟 .ȋ.-s˔A+\3?'ɢm:Mo 8!t.kp3N4.y/?W^ ^*~hG\%LQdZ{4֯_vX]׵tBk!v1|nWf } kd[vZ#oȶ>~o.e-IsZ{%p1YZrPolsd@z*,l Fc MH2ؘۆ}4:Ĝ V\(4_c-vEWd.&FÖD 6"G:fsmx|ˀmCx^M-G`SD Q5TB0?xq!-MR +9c ľgxglspn? {6F\_ۗ"j h =+P@XC~~o9~s5;3~ z⏄phR`I a-7W&0|1H N@'(e1X:`h2ׯA<0&%, HTZzMekȍ5b01&CH&m~Ta#zZy`fCp>#֕kF1$8~<* O97u 83cE3ۜƨ]8 uAD[JJ>(.RfȺo02g+M+Zer)ks-ǨkN bʸ..ceJ=|5pHf$C|>7[e zpo9qYgv{4|ekk/{hj2d 2Y4K&Ok``Q  dmYЉqE;G޾e:s T'2!yVMwKp tI K:s> ^ $+!w{)Kv^ӻM?O=, YmB .h?x(+cBxēP7zE@ZIU*-9V,ܧV%?z"K J'|=H22ۜCM GCp$ٕ2KNi?Mn"ֶ2ogᒌ;AndF8d̕smpX%Ȧ8-PJacrX5A|~PiK낼I )ƒik  #^%,UnV> TA/fƆ|!{],TWxk`09Gw0 &kY58 yvޱ6q{~48TeEtpDgշG r2ְ5wЦ/v?l}|JCn :.ܲ=KFe$xntm[Ypo+pN7n >[уun+#&]i8ZKȜ=C_2{/h7 /vz嫦#fŧhFo>9Edy=ޜLlC%gT%e>{8l0GSV*DZC oZM|x&I{}*%7`VB -k~ؐcmpKncl0b:{ /m z~wIF>|o&nA20{%b "¸E+ߘ/+!x [VDqY2t36NJ@oZ)rΟ]'$|l2é'Z%`}or{d9jl>Fwl#I'a}!tCi`$(JK֙4pZ*klN8&ZKUz pZ*P,&ifgh3al#鴛D29۲}:yDiQn]_±`a}ʏy}P3Vs LUX()\;GBkb`%bm2 OVH0boP]خPQٚk)Nᅒd`${9}ЏkS>V57gKv}q+\p/{'/ iL#GR/H3.{']% xYyW-oc7\ PvٔI.(_[$FKp:=M1VaR`g}9h ~o1O~򓗽3\9_a TKC a`|?cx-ξ\h'Y#L28+-bL?1H8m.0UΘ"atRβ pQ}j?[E`_N}Ow-:`G_U&q#'+4fSi|xM0 qA 63h@pZcC}{`Y-putIhuҁ6X[gӘxֶ֯6}uR "泇l ǻ/;{Cm~wnlPmAG f-jj 8D_mѵع=uH6_\Ӫwa43764Xɇ'я4~@Su0'sV (Ɠ; ӏq8w(G.˄ j \uXesel2rz Y |kY'(` /M5{BVaZ 9:8Ȯ0=G ~#6M~?hw6mSk;xunเ?m:ȶU2$(̖W A8ƺd c 2C>;x+|_ ~9Dgz-> U9`sq–{ S .m^-2ТCrIx>4 '`L=n [ٍZ. 6<JI!`!*<@nKC 8i[)L1|CӯՖ~ʰEPCn x#}Wf3;D[2K"ﮍ7dyF?XO8~ᕵ}+`Mb >K6 s}֦N:(Jofxs5aOo݇Ckf -n~Z1]>hLY*ѠgN:DCւ&=Z&=Ӝ} 2c=:X0[Vq).~S\=D0kAD<BK>;kK$绱j }q/ 7`KCEmib ۆmMɘŒȴ{fNq rCDk#D` eo&>-+@1A3q19*F7>2t1" h$Y8ڢkÜex\@JuX(1O=!3}>bˁ'Wgt=ɞ{h6z"h@C Ax 7gҟJM8}<BMmJM N]%q.8?#Alj-8H!;{ @kd +RbD[ pı p/(OآmVqb v qsVOlpz`p~@}pzc)WC Ca?=ڨepv Tn1c~ 櫭:hU)*{p‰@]]3|p1M+d!p+S'gܺBN> וt (짒fZr9":Cw%G5d)S]&}@ZvqFǞCAfDFᓓ7}_ú͏~\6*!0!ݘ†O90-K:[ FwXim6{*}r݇D3V Iga` wu3LGc`U&YDry%’YiW<}:n>GC[2un S zњ`a!h`֯gkC:tPUZx8Z{'(sY`"KdݲNoYS WO {o94 xK;GPo 6=dfI~ؠyAK#fK{.~J_A5w? F}롻;dՅ2`drN+J^ _Y~ t[\}hGC_{602~d6: >2m3I74@طdӢ}U:.wC]NPX'{J~6cjC3v>tFo ,[:/ Л tvWТ:Op%`>7+ F~41mЋL3.|N/)ދge>0cҩ҆Mޒ`:5yk>#6G,O?ZnC{,: 䡛oT]?ק6=Zz^2lO7L͆g$Om  <^fЯŎ͚]qHȾz'+/.btWG+Z-7/40S֘jNcڷ`2xHw5MUVvds=T_ /ۋ=w Qr7f׆.7]1oЙWcu^-۫+YodSy0[n'}>ݴvElf|CwO+O)8Od7 ڷ&Lܲ54~l6?)6΋ mCoLhzJ3w3:]mL{r{ ؈۸2;E!3fEnKLBF2z26 `bZf1ܲ65pߥWf`ˎ+%`l*)kO O rnd4|J _%kAȻ"j,)h Ne1%/Hq}-U dĀ~ EF\)nJW#o 1[Ck|3x9.X(6z0oN"窬`G,3CC;+]g/ *wMUR湷g H3V;{Q'c\(u3g;QqfGc j[Jh LVx1o=()d Nyn8ko9MY'CeBP&3Nu`OY@u"]?1RЬ@) oޘ~\&\:3|7D#\qı7}2\܄7ڣO8OL7/'N[<؋@%Ov.膯8I'oNp뮗-SY2N%ti*r~ON<=$jdDhO \ޫ١ HF,]Y%yVJ:=X ~:Ђ7f+ʈmY7U}HѸK=Gqv-퐧 pMqX;39yhol6Uu^~ɳXcOv״\v }.ZfA=c,~~hCJ^np>@CШߠ6e TMeSgn6`p 6,F1ŮDddklk#Clƹ`22HД)J_=6ߢErWƺ`eP6^:p7*%qk7f5WO]F\A6됰pDoW 8kK=>J6n7W߃ Y />R-iS'JhQYwhE[7_&Ԏ^gj#t_?p%3%܁<şM\;rO/| owX$?̬y(|Ͷ/= gGꇆ.݂v"CWN@ˣM'f欔I[X*# Oh 8S0"!'&aGX $u cR&=샑 ,R~N29 !k^JЭLiW*sOXCA/S]>X1gWI9ԛHx'`_q( #j, djMh`q#7*Ʊ4[6fes,c*8V6 ֌Pq ]egѭxx?U-܋h{֘3 [{}y fxć#lkޘ hʞDWPV-0F;u1m=.V}uukk4uA7HUC:P,67g5X_3 d#@FZ>8's,Z@=:ydp.+]&9.Ceaߘh/x{*Uɚ@Avcm wK"hAh@vcW7iF& S[})`NN8#|o}fD9ݨC~a*3s`gpÇ+{3'[`Z[TZg*uS|) {uU-K 읉 *C7迲w<8L֒TV;9[9YW/vf | J׆^ `g>2^bG4OٮcJ$TG=0M.>Cv۶-uYZ@" fkt(M@S|L~9d;a/!ѭxz 1psnr݌v 7`'C߭k .[Gޕ9[>X:KXͼ2;8w I^9djC[]9}2 jK7[e%9>x1_5GVs;l.2}.O phL߃` Ei!X|Vnf6)\[~q}f_Q;N pVpu[ '}>msmx!@Bm[5Ɩ,\%mʸ|`u8 $mo-.ih2_n.F5|vz.;0 c Q51MAr:+ =KbR# )g=N9b1AFʌ,HVv5JA\C9LU3ØP0fg0 waj58Y9z,TfPYMHFR%ʩe T|O$;fu\2\venue6SV afI[疭ƈQdO {G3Uv$kϕȲqM[{D3hu*JU7M d 3 )9hZype1#7,hWxOT Y]2grIQ^͂2_]?*[ƴvV5ɭ5kcF&r8`Z4lٝnk=}=L7ʢ[ P}l6IɼJ{Agka`k-dYGAY4K\}[m2`osv^{rgmN>Xxtm]'r@y 5x6[6-`-wq[<Z`epu ,Dlkml5Ywr7w<)SFW)?l9T E4"g}7ݣ9KY_0/ h/ǖHݬZZz閬!J-٫t6ؠ!Xh=珠!9 pĞI nXR[zmeٯiЎ}'DJ Glo"g+/kI7?ySZB՟h=QX[٬x^S de:E軌Xm:`IV-јׁccVʕh=Y֎i-l-EbaK^$-o=Y P4&ApFs{3Y`獠ںK@x&GwL)Y6N*+iֹsDl=Ƶ釖: ޯWѰ64;AOYOۭWY_&_bqqЭ6QO?khȡ=q63]cUF:|ud;пxLڌTnοGZ>֖}F+/gݷ䋀.u| |-~DYdtKZSjHW{yjScCH.ـ҈d8kG '^xNifo*~CV#@ pMd|eB6ӨN8zbYה:X>Q`ۏ1}K2=!181u0==:A*4Jq(>O n 9Fgh2$15S@ Ne0`WB!d~Q:Na9$(9gզx2S99(jcهF-hm=TqdLߣ}o]  :3Uc~{\%r`~& H4R&|Gֱ{)^o;jY$>zp3kK&3rكRvc޺zùFvHoEFcvL+ CIkVk)zs`8z[׿[fOOZ gG#A^hizDnpk4YOۖ{ЁʭnMo,X]|SyB-CK{X sR{*z oj գ`Zֹpπ_?8dW48>d Yd9*:__tR6~ۧ|m2epLnmծZvo7:2.;߄{0m4A7;(GUzZ[ kf vK>\8_%ǔg>sT"6tɏfG5,StD7IWǒ=O/o61}}?ݘ+ɏf l4=[~dኃ{<^틽?_ַg[lc鿧qTUG #P1ó+| @c9a> Sͦ ^k3CSkBY)Re/L\nqkEEY'N{0{`lRhVVUg p[\F1pT8Ndcp8Icx >=@SbܚU=z*DpB{4Zh58d6J^U· |* MQ "]Gp]ldL8dp%S:("e f[eģ,6'#`i(\f=0Nni_ ]An )5WS7',6})WL{`!K"S3Eg(n q-`2r0ѯhŸhS#+tvCom}*uV0q%IDjcj+: dՌ 5 Y^@RP>r#r@ءiGxw7wpȡ2<@1`A7EB>5ơ3ʫ7tm3ipBNTB"zN=:0ܧ?ւ8$lD{ÅJTXI 9Cm-؁eh9#: ?v0"hGtY?-{qޡM$ Qoa 3_Y=7 8N]%j:ӅK#іuެTߑe2E55J,'22oxgryerSyX0y:0/_rὠEVdA 'HāgØ!r~`]ֻ֠PxٍD1z c_?A8vR C#RYބW[37CW-{ _0z`rC`?o+[ZMe,,6|3<=` JdcoSF[~|t|^n@W#BPn޴[i7l ?sj_|'a'(eF|CG!wmZ'?o,K?: +}*y7j-s1ɦ]|cm T+Q6d?K/[=UĿk[5u O[4?;A të$ 'D FAfAnw3zOCW#֐/JV}_ܚލփV;4W'^±tNһh̡x>`i{4a|2lj[?Kԏ-)t]P2 w4d&`6k仗n^٪ơ[*՚E"| eA%x0;yP[_!2CrRy2 z V VC $dBwj @qSZ<o0]OuR41\Y OQ.2r&O) cYeY {}_pVxC |8YB)0@\oHqWt@ ̀ !ӶFjmӘ7\*k#2A5H۾UBA{exˡ E>(bJ^1lot\vuRɃŗmc.8pB;lVk68S}h}1Ya`uq0epuϭLU9^Zdw-\jח1+YׄN- n+ ͆xm>e;XGhтeڟ~'e2Ɇ-қF6~Ig%mmL?M=ʊ.|؞xOYZW> qu@n==L7|/ʏ7^ـz% 泗j>qQz3ywoO> Qx#+/%ρ[f[ OL|\Z=0J! GwV71ow/vTo]hW8?Zwz3j5Y']яNS~;6=ClyWcۚ )wpK~}W~-Kl" |{p!!$}UAȞ!y*kIKMc=UAht pJ|*m>$wA귽OBln?$#c\!%w„qƨC()7Oӗ I"ާ*„#NcJ >XFjB$ )•cLiu'ϗ^EfE㔬='7^AgnyV8gwX L4m_5 .S+3qz1Y}43p]8e6'Еض죎e0z넦 H8SepA|Av07| uБ?)k|8$Ц1 =2DѸÞ#:Y: q !+ V9a~XBW{dEI | PоEV_4 M1:4t799z03Durp#n~/n@VZ D po57=1 s?%_ s\}-Cܠ(X}Ksh2˨|j+{שcm%0'h'B pc:} 83˰+8< d >+]hԆvz`@q^2]OCu<ϲ*aೇXGh'ܠmejd)cc~l>Sϳ:ɳ $ޔf}O ]o/8}7lQv r &dg3Kl.{G6GrQ\/|%Y}blEXOyWG[7 *riN8^ekY4WO[2eG>u떴&YmC/gdvKڰK%Zܲ5xXJl<}@ߛ)_9,nX{z5/)Owl>\!8gãnsxb h Mk#K=j;kmhkIk=4p4c_'I[?iۏ ~M[fGa:g7eo;;a3׿~1K!Gw؎,sÓ?nZKVa\2<'~ȓ[cc*U$p{>Ãڲߢc7= ͷ1Cmk-DR E8.+0}u=`oB#F7Kੀ{;$13'1C+Dz/l=t1`Ǯ9GaaM@ {؄{u²gN*{̟c)/l>2:G[ AB2r8aOeShLsn9֩G^MtPlgBpĹwC J :š\47 a,N&_I2%Ep#Z$.*0@7Ut$ ְ׏.ezy+%J | VG:R&][$cta8\1;̠eOۗeƃ{0;tcsN?ofumh]k=4وƻYPP~vuϜ`Vn1j/]7k`m@`-xX .6WMx'4j`c g%A k%׎Vҋ6 ^t hٞ <}q{eodِNµɉhۈh/|*(7P{pSx\lzWWd٪`Lq=$6дSY-zh qUM1.666kwݠn9nl2ىG9Jnkk=f_, twIǁ'ڕ Inw~W'wywL@¼~=X;vX)U٘h =o16#p_֣8S4S-Z?+[L pzuAm<*w- 8C[?}  uU Z W}Zܷԣ)1;D;tY=b-Z_}ioY~>[Q<(9 uV-dW-¾^xutht1Yľ}U˵k s,x>QTR2sٳŘvdc~-|/m+uL1?w>|3gk)+[z,Yo}u[?q?  ~&"6@__rց3Y]&m@"& '6Bv1"pϧok';m$  #}dQLglejە^z.dxekg<ޠsYj㖎 e28eV@PjA#F!(5g<T #9 ZP`e=&D229tuS{Z⻮(UwLfCd=\a@':g+Sn+[pWf,kj>c>\!|0?Z!蠺)9y|W9^lJkqW7Skd;&ȵs؀n3GnpZ$ n4vb.*[[ #ցЈ| I0E?73v([5ҁX,FѡtfI h…}!WkHoUYth'^ xC0=Ӷv'Y*Py$-h Dd8^} _z_:X0>X=V̀| X?%*IHze#WB`ϖi F!Y]mN2є1~66ɢ n3\ޞ~oXjIJd8\x7?;- 0E-%!Ă[ћlg3Oệ5 2^9&?ՏOsenNNPm~c6&cRYdBm|{(n +=4;'";D;|&i^o9 nh2;{/ mNN[Cxtzd5[Kcv@6_k\h: :e_co ,Awj=p!'p=ޛmV^Ƿ˭ك/oiA뀅 `B& 6/w Ogl Yt[4JS6A͖+RrﳷACt/1bsIpnceCx$9PVI:x(p/$;wK y!CSaoj+WJ5ЀJC^l5gG`mBTYobt ,&<)FXw~fp {NN&Tho)/!n}׮>1z,j0o-76 ZT۾٪8շZ<iG[a8p`eM\m F0|rpQZt?ok̈G[`/y}QX6/#r?C HF`D(SÈ3dVYЕam 8[1VK+s?\جzNßx8EFYfho}*Np]2U3VSG}/T 6\ p'%&ЅFPkt #u ?pB /T`./VuӡNGZGJ6X \Xf'|o_1fA=ḱ7`eakWi͵a`D*[8?ۂQ!A^mldNj~KoP@(nq|pgYc=VFNC;^een-s *9@ޡgr}6}~`?u (DzeU^(m}+j4$tR0ze1٥h [|Q;74No,G;S_t,W}]ޥ!m VϞyp(l)2:79G&YSl=̀[hnHNsg|6\c-B}}lJoJjaQY8hcӣavg8܆+: vJ;2omdl64xOC2SڡC;8;T?7V6F7dmCo`u=<nA/,0aOrzx}\Lm.S{i0Bh8 MCԏ~#v,G '9ٻ8I۔cXB߈pG A$X 91`ADk7eq:‡FNqOuY kCsmbBXlӧJKJQlAW0?^#!`1}c:=|BAom0F y}9s>ޏ 'MxEPwsõ2fg*<4ЕqDrOF5ކO뻙e'xWXk٫OmH>x6jL[8PƔ'ۛ/ Hcv gCeρb|}O G3JD7sqh̜dvE9Տ> 9FG~WMtO͉3B;9ۡ^ zN[J˞&[{=v+CM< fm־qyϓ[38 þw?r 7C|HkG_|:'XŻSu:o {7C x̘` dqRU aeӺZ7{cľca\in-MoL:ࣽs/< Pr%Cs 7;ǜ`_ kx,XmhnӶ8mNEz| `Y%q7k_' [[.jQXdj<C:W vV0,Ў~vD<5YDtN\s7n.nЉ6x##WR~l)2Quw^ ՋcKo[`n&t ,jKm{V;.CDBA% 0B4CH@E?^\܎_FL6 0b!r pψ>h=11C!D>IpYmKGS?4sվv&z7XaD0Rs3RǗ&Rt3#!Þ1@t8:#$)sW</mG*㳷W[zԗs e:om=?4 ,y?]7֟3#k{P;2X\`&lO} t!9qY?|X8r w:9B!W8]dPۋOjet[V g5<+4@ Nc@mX6GHxd|hW/b_ӶsZ8>Ƀ[8,=X@y3A[Cو >ЕRd`>~&E`zkҭhm=q JS-p/ڷT13Ƭ6{mp)oƚ6{': k[kAG{Kvή9X/ٙ\;rXHY8C)=̛%sa:O:%g>CgU_]k)%U^;1%l%t}y"%M:Á}vz3Gv4ӑr|h"{Џt2d \K[`K7l9LnAs}+Ut֎FFx޳9tIf} CNi#d7a!HW3A6!LF)_s_E!=q2t`_^vʻ,NP-["f\1h ̃0 9Ή#N ;PSNd%f3i/#|0Mb;eg:H[1kLqpPjh^ ؄8pN:8Yu;n Vc~{(ќշ ʾmB1uWxv[ژRk#sdeAH}o=S5^oڂO=WRY5Pm.DW~Y*Cr.Vܪ"ƠHk.|rR^b4`o%f.m8ž/Ju˒W  WZgkmhUO[芡e,z1wkABx84_{:+sF~NgtCEfEI?%[A KF#>ݜPM3[} ''GdkG̶@f':kæHgOv j-;ɫr"c&.)khmm9z,mVv(YFK~A T`A[J왩z 3fn::+uS_0câmƁx9P?d-(xO7s|xј1փh 1JG%&\srj`xlmx˿ٹRrч[ ϒq`NJ^8Q|Nuꏆ{g'ۦqр$vm!8jk/k]%4^ۇIᙬmщ~%~كu#-gэUkLs;G426rV;!JNuM,6kn;]^EWFx^~ S {=&-j|+}П ~ڪX_:B p[=نɥC9뽸itʡ0,2GD?ul@~Es0&7Z:(輷cW2)kJ 6rJ77t+o#6?,.1.Y 2 GΕ=M';/Fx!uE(yWy x ѽq>Mwb?pG#  fXnw2=Ă!0s5.[Q2*Zo7E*S.M8m#FnN>k!qu,k#TnT6& rc49۟|J=Ԇ)#Gf3 ?:"%`3SŘPpRVG9s,;~ 䣔)҂$a3\wU5ɑ'ָ7L6%ba%ڢ`N8B͚7 eYFEfI +}uPa[vpe +G~TY]i!쪄 xx=XBsA#m3:p7֘^-8{eomku Lc{!k|0%_bAE{aڷ>ueݗy9dÏÃuSA +['1WKsƴ?.!o}ݬ0s@S^Hxsc|WK퀳?[◮yeˈ!#3\r3b^[c_VoqclmO),^^A>E[kT2f2&k6c6w@{m֮  ]U{1y@FilLX͵bedfdܯ#@g'օǖ߁aFo4fT_N{] lL{-CɃձr7v=,f{ 6sp9Lͯ=q6Uk l;\;~#@`;;`r)`2w7:0/{oV8Xg2>} WC nV琝cM%zo2  v};G zexwrS5P>; \ַ/["c\0J8{,4~^߄J23}5'G㳜[]Wp/P ~~gd1\sjNlkD~czpmNdG'NWѹx?h#ю-D`7k*|?ឰf ꨦ m1 ;*Ԝre02X1fd$`!a`ψ\7aj;t1S?ӈ^FQBc: {\`km7~5#($#x0-C|Gu} z3`182bTt[:[L9ތCDIyp3C'|6E;Ѡxl?k 0'8gaژ\caWՖ(!KXVs^+gCR+zd1"twF^+ | *^J)h.G]O-PZ ;3Wh ̭_9%9t]ZVcrRo=}^NW o9!c=U[ ݠqnDd p2_% en,Y#ۜ28@jWW1As=}F9h@~z.ז30:fpI/@\p KhK85M!{GxLrfprLm蕓00ծ޲5el_}>xgwNr!\y9z\wV=m.0gۀӏts3*5zӯ;κg99=ni"B;h]]-K=Vkv3lZ=0,HLO| oNX!gHk1nhM `PtY7ʞ6~7Ggh1Y9Ӝl|X:9#ل>jSA=^?~~Y~2.4B/}kLSٜ|k¡oxpv^u&i|-36%`Ļ{`97n lk{eѱk-l S{8]7:EG`a)WIW1/zv}V鮽g΀`3zta } :xGr+ >(vT9nрr6D6ZNj`/]7G\'$zgpg i W4G>W%f3Y-KmJ 2:_m+Xdf:@}WWNlm;&|:fg 2fq!{)ܯq {N#6s:O f{t['~=vJ> 5ߎyo`猆oM6rI/o&dcܜ[D[ʄ0)ČV5Fmvпm{}*M2͞0 gH/nIG8AC#89 n"|:+뇆vLk6ko BsXٚ֫(r}YpR㤴5 n'yKs>;^ʽuT+d-ZJ}0hL2qe8ve]G?fjY֥D7ԡ̵\4`:'sneGxX6,Hdc}K5ц69z0j98EtNN+;ÿ%'UJi}t69c`Z\m OnpÙAe FsH! Cp̙Uc$|sH)xb-~ `a\}!g}A4f:VKЈZ6T%DiSA t7Va㳁Ge#vL!~f r^*Ⱥih+yeJXt={uwJ(зRp x*iGNne?< ps\m-K\ث`B' cQ m`XF9^+` vuЁ&W~dg:Kl8RY #ݔ ׂMv=|?;3+ DfOk/'417ǑG6dUC[oO}k[p>O[dzh_jA7yI&̦@xEfZ7.:t]dnqRԅ}nrX񭕍×[*%37Z묷x>:-z7نV`וD{pwնed;-qbeFeZ6)AzS /dsؚt gKLNރjֈeC?rqr`+}:;𵑃A|Agn[l9T٥+(mVNhmprѹ8,8$^"Tګ`}ۜב{F(k:ൻ[^@4,+vS:$upus]Si 3ۢ>yew;ae[fO[mP$5c| %S9CT XIn X@3b;,w|dЄK!Muu!Vmv0Fp 'u%rCQAc>kfO-e7VG:,!ib¡~֢yzA#2mYlLDv1Wf\q`*Ava%Dޕ(?ŒSFc/`A82:pP_" WsH˞ijcdHsՑjWB1`|gR1~3]-g:z /ǹjg}ey3̱_ͷѤ6hvlɀCLIuvT:fçCs.oѳ9uDY'YdpA<\,p0\p4ItU 񉹫!m^{Ε-1fזukk6&k\c6"_Y~[PZGK> ΀h'g>vLz?,C66ئ [akX |<'{[Ie~[7">AA|9 ?ʮ.FEASгKA'Э'` 9Sl6ugk9e r/;H[*Y.t󀳭K|32߷d,og ζJ3h}rցu$䌃| W|͂{6g%zbg!N u*3u@n99ǘ6gdz$[z;8qK/LQ7Uk\~ K%tyxpmh pu{X]6ܔ^Э`Y+ԣ֨9̹I'MCIToMdbuo^#_n;tNY }wJ\zP_]wxent^:_plk9>/0Nz. B^*zjmɘtIg^0Yukđ11L|B9Qo=|;:kYERXoŭjrN.)kq,h{] vzAr##/nyX<}AIm; fRzm"ر6g^gngϧr_%n=1"Y2gfR e",)K<]Iw%xt]YF(aZ֛CZR*\~G(Ww0@ oN6?Sr?X{D_kjU B5P"ی7~欟18e7!C>|FљC˸-xWhS`/xNY]41UeIN`F%\WD2Ofm1sVw〰fɄFKYC6k$eS g5ahc3ޖIƤ9oS_ﰭ-CM3ҪFE5βsL.-5xC[% rB[5Zp_m<<&d TÁāI1Dw`QZFY㍜& H+c]h\Д~u#o]gf X0 c2Y/#!'։IWh\ad9h78/.@d O9i~nrUZ7XC>VC`)cpͿ2\9iocpP>]]W1u 9X,kpc[INE``pZi{KGW՜,c:r-`k73fw(ޒ /F6x C6, >KW9ܥ+ q(Fd d@|^c8 xef  |s[j>nJP炉c筭2x9|GPH{p{4G-ygxO.W 4+<"BgS+:DYՖC:]O8j8TG%fpvM'l/#\Օ~$ӖgԷ6:H([gBg.mʸ;Ղ B͠,=m.N켰/rHAz-8verr|>c{Vq|%fv697fJgÙ|A|9172c{Swx: !ļaw|`z6¡]jiYll{/rONOA:_/&1)L/ _hA[ѝ9^qEFpV*;\M&?h}-tQ_tϩJX[}Ǖ?d__zT Qp?\93~k.*L?d3z'/D_E 󋬂' cL_0&)5}Y}-( n*hn/ 4L~̓okntrS2 *mPη3Ի@h{U f[ ⯥փ>d"Xd@-Ҹpq7r}~NV}2ĘZXpo j-s$rV ]xEҹo^RZ ~9%/J̬\5 8.ʖތ ๷rk#9I.цa ɏٟ=D =m:K:q pzt9ٍW8'{`7Eޯm[=;3~ c;+~$SnvxCg;fq?J13 cOrré:ZO[r5`&MZt).+8_ooS67<-kpn³m҂I+٘U> '| CwӧrA̲YXӏ0X}RF0apɘXÅܸo fbR~ 묎ƩuV[s ?=PR5!m,a۵Ҳ ­J1^( Tp6EMJmCM瀫,!ЫC4I@#VIǙl#Z]"q~! rz1uUּ~oiā!3[+m9`EN p5ecZGkWH^MksS4M)2"iZ?G6XAYhZxЖSC6zZ* sa}P3ҸiЋO%If߮k|199;Z;XA8Փ'_Vjoە9yˮf0 c Y'^swYZ/E ృAf`gRut`P5I[~[e泿d}[7v/_MYuV&OFjpilzq4涟ۗCNNٕumiN͂~d2:4Ǚ$Jޖ5hB?[KΜd"oto泇o#{e O蒃QV']]ٛ{UcD ޕ &f(Agc88#8y{fnǜ"s?"{$[-n%uStaR9|]n9?џ68 sJ+r:#g:$W t[m.U\;h猄E^/g)$s&֯lY{ENqNӺ)\FFөƌ{@lP GΚ_8'74-cK="z]7s29gl |ɍ_OGu3' J R1C{R2Џ5hmEw!*-:&}וiΗcOؕ-ohn2 ^?{[:?ҫ_7Pu=Nc@#qr: + ȉMsi kG/_g7MTu[{dTڢ/7>Z9Dא߶jí1&¾ :TcΞlk|xι|[!'do(laKX~te7Ţ9"g*d{Fmelл~snagn0d;:-ݣt-ؒQrt^"xۑ  [NCfэ #Q"DTws(jYW;4c3!*FbbP 7J`PPc\w8tF$g@X16~nʀXO[cY  @Va] J*;"%*ӕ0vN @fdk#Lcڟ4>j0jL+KIi9on_(zul62Z1uyxX19_)bhy\-Xf/ uVqx)M>ւбJ>*Tr$ }߁s6 8s4GɄYhڍ ƕRsk6c 铓Uz6/ `iLY}o|nu|+hv7 =rnV9 :rs 8tT<8vG`qsavK*|Qh\DeWJd),ӗSO6!:dc4O>AE ??"&_\Qv8v ܁'1YVW4A/7t7k`7>r[ru mOz7Hr_ߗ '·Nc}nMm2Ƒ&X3W4:Z|@l\c%{ -TNI ؐN:s6p3L6V;gsn&P)m9'^L÷sto>;֢ܵљuYC_] =3:!+^B9шJ$8OCn" wv -vk?I)=X)8|Q)5u$|8A+%dg8L5r.a TV|x-nmH>뇟o>3 _-%x@2x&1}Kcpo.Ksơ/~W ]ClkLG#N z Az띓F 읒9!}@$'U'ݼEs÷3?n-c*g5~NM%_Dցo8o PA,p̷Y+:Ùn|h&E lW[NOi%Ra70ᬯ3^ .m =4Ig췜jƯF+8hӯthI7;[dw}GW%VoƐXDNOsMθpG8, ooG/l쵇ꨯN429}*Y~ٻKF}T&ͽ'A+t*w[zll|uCxpAKʯ-_{d!>$cS0@[|56^}*;C5:gbH2#čtS}3& 4L rbR)2~蚈Oц8Dva3Vّ`zȾNW?K2'\*{]g:kTۯ6mQܯ2\PFk?i=RoˠL\Z7K'G\Q<=A@$ʡC) F:9j>e3`!L2'Ac̃k9փwoKTz| TuVW//(X:)SV Z`uj6Kf[Bmy1d*]t|3RxO74N)3(S F8 D/cGKyဂ< "n/kA3,GMmhx0 WB“uȜ.or Z6w{C>=W@ EסO&zaym`mϕDq({i#}d=!hE;--d^9G*F# '~-B>l FgM e >bӏ ==(CꏞѬs0^fgƪ1949? "WCe=F8W6L6_ҍk6>LcvFT&go@A&qT6ywtnXdo$͗}i>fCwު@KlDNrz(aLf56Θ^ڲ>xGhe|To^>R{kNdj ȲYm8GXBu"|d-xZ/Glz^]ي7+KlM?>glȗJx ́퇟߲׻C֘cY2R7^h7Cxr\jnUmӳh ~&to||_ޝ#ɋk'q f>6_pʀ}9ݔq P0}󂳙}Aۃ5mC oN|}ďO|񂇓n潽9'g+o`ՉsއhzVv[߇㯗lWNbcoᶲ)Kƴv ۾J+=ug,Z&HC˟c?ɮt }-W:|q{lc} 49&`ħr[@e QU xsc`rRRR&22=ߗmpe!-g]h ;Y‹@uk/uubȨm2HV@icp94&kspij~k1hoօ)A5p3,W>cgLÏ A]jLh},--ae&,/dzړhW_% f7h_4櫤 w5q>1~n6en)3  du8H7:XƜƮ%൏TrPmc83RCуE#38V|1Y8T2 PTh-oa_Ę`2oikAR^G G,zoP谎G9dQ غȽnJW6e>`{0׀G9+Ѐ? [Sy zchT0rG{u/m6vt@0]e}s0e9KB2 ]7o8 cjU ]|oblp,(fL`*R/z5ons\yzo#8.{u_+Um\YF:m Ou4B.x%;+?>dqox? VVW@vp.o= G74҅d U;z1m3=Z{ƲMLa(NB Cl+Pb- ܲt6v'᪷MD6-tw3dnr6cq.kpV?Wn%֜ޭΗ(Oʎ@t:[;K 9]D/l/[QKp5&+{PҤU+2ӡK XvWbg(/vSRu)~40AKl&Җ 3a741*-َnE G1#,6tJN&s,m bxWdWra!a 2(Yk,~u'́: "F_\oF-6SF>lKeƅj0ȱL"e\z70 *S='^2ge2GsSY_>4a28 7 6u 9Cz&D9t)sDp}N6tԯa{Iirgb٥lB Ֆ׹{_g62lu 9־m$fv]Bg{LJp#ֱzh p,UN"c ӿL JX\m=4k)xߒGkEkn'\+4~h`+;WFƁG"2ÒчrV/\ufp@?egE{kjڋ>`@i밋ep;hhցv{a,2*? n`pA)=qtVn]7Ne_vgG|osH e]̱ؒn ǂ8sG[qia΢yoe-ׂGY.Əhz!p͡/GǦחo`Mr3 Mb|`B_? r9d,f&]q4ƪ-و|oe؀-d5܌#ЪH0=i4]"#y,[U[9)c8#+{Ry53 q=nyuHÍyЎmd?߱8r5Thad@ YG6E6shRA*iAT :-Fs8OG sI)ebANnWW0ʡңuZk#[JjsOE5l9)Z\ >~I~2'=فKʒ W=Ý]U`w=KFpq:w{+o*Ya%8'q2ҕ7m͕WZDupѭ 57[M!*P~l$Rѡ:pɸ]Iw^%[U}n^LqWt N`mM,ᷡ /2[jA&O<}#of=ڭ[S?6YtV or_M $FA7EmB9A4~n| _BCI`p{r=km-xF֒ߗʰ({+ \]%f4MH,|-poN_?{c9K$(g͘gkF#h>4'*/YL&/B* NS8;X,nzcb*#@̸6@6IQQ>*A;3c:ˎeV!:~9\:V!8`Si:`q6q=O-!Հ5Ne (g2k)~ u?aZHlnn?kC_ݖl(3Ǹu^ubܛy3v`t-Q~uY'WAdr7mbhg3J1 9Pӧl=k*^@^lp1NFm t`錎9GBNt@U ﲼE|M*lmp@e x5B^7%F08<?چkf@+cj<86fN' 'Wmh!MDxɴ_ꨗxf0ªep;3'c|Ch(sË 7ސJn6?Xh;'_hnIIϐok3h(̓]2W|ur1_X 0h|(i-֌>99a2~hLR K{7ɍYJ^nNr6˴2?Lcd-S7xUN2/ک$Fren7&?{ُߌt=э'm 4O9:R]>ŷ%FxFG~O7'?xcKp9-ϕ4&Ui׍&{O6Ȟ= Q 6h`EXOox N>8+3 N[[5֭Y~--[6Uov-ti*>7ޭ{iqأxzꭅco%?f'ԏcZګ/j/uE{U^=#xj38헜F:)yH>u#ˑQp~s|H`O`Od2f/ڬ9ɪ22-8cEe6:Yf)Hjf998xǻh u..`O~uk-Q%p5ݛ~hŞYŽ5X`쿛{^1a4c0kiE3:3@-7+8Z5'}'a m8#ٚnƸMJMkL|^gK'Gn?C)6^'Hj#71fc/mGgv:K:fg܄f͉V;*_gdsi_{c7þ~[ \ika/Cv666i>ڶM`r,%;sWg|:>ǎ:f`-Me?v*A sӳ^|ވ6~h% #NގYymFb2yҙy˫5ft`u_U*W?z" +:hó!ȱWuX/Q?UƼNٰ)o|;[6Fx:og 9m/N4 4|mSzmI7s_<To~vrepp փlCe4PA2(`ε vJˤsxK fY /BF`0"pA$Ӂaס@~g=9ĕәsg3R ",{ l'Xw=֙W<1A?{+-!C;o6 !`7|E!"qk[Qje8DiY/R{7־w9v)kihF5dX^Ab e(D7nS8#>aJҎf,t/< :T桟nm N^G RUz6cnˋ=:#Gνп=0^; K3qF)>]։p2S{-ԁ]0j(VK;֍!ؐacCӡ|ȹ%eB 2}ʪ%C6Wdi.mo`¡Z6}pfyUmD +^_A/:Kop##XJJ8XN6/Y^4Gp_]3:.G<dc`O6p4v@#9*+tG67H ʦM4 { ~!nU!y5|^4.+" j?Ù1_/8>AQmVo>.%ؖfIp'1n \ #mp lògͩdhq8У ܭ#)I Zf%,*uI2-Ll~4 `KUNFAvlu[sV$G5*_v~C[z&{7f'}&z5GD˲]6:su97o|' )9*z G7q> 4'Wpז̃mGr<з%}Jzh_'m+ȇF[sWtK 7ql}JPBg~o.LEMs_k>k`K&NwO欶}C7=J^ *-B{g T$Q]۞3k¾1闭]mtGYCIJ-D]Z]AKhZt{Sũ~/hގ0q_*1GZrkhVC}d`$}@qɮue6'yHW0o|)䪳齝7|܁GLW` 9íLp0hs 3~ܿвNǽ.]I]{XzA96VOuYƆcxyX/k{x!+wMvtU^FwLƣd[>p{Ν2$Ak@7ž-S_S!`zֆl(7z_ Z8#p7`ʔG]]hcT~SxC aL7f+<N{AAgHDBh쌹e)s?x .`B.4}Ҙ7SڬEz2 Cjj_[+TpRY8dӐd>9ɡck0`-duq0qO9ô kd#z=p-b gA-"5䂀͵{? ! ?Ks%{*K=v=ߖ1_>\q=r:}4~e;.ݑ1lHtg~Pl1ktm])ErcFv*znikgcc04Ds`a59FG}+ 9M_N#U\3&!wx9mmPE[J|HY#ksGSց8J XXcY`I} :+r^'69GGKέǹ) C#o(p.тq91XxO{#:9!Ɂ$ڲ] ~B?0k2k\4f:&SB7NޞpeL's;-Sqd{?pƁA=7c Ji[Y?@qTE~ tأek,岌wɸp(xm$|qX'XO9{$ C8!ߊ.cEs`k>BB=׬\do3 9inrUW+9mH;29W:]YrZ'}K[Sc`y{s(5>(p€!ku(d/+ṃV['KW͚*<`]/VU)r^CGY<[x _&8W@~a]!@Y#$sˮn`#۾smG41L'6xV2Yh"vWJ07&,9iinr=_ XNpv$pd'O7Btg}KBo-tY?QL2P#s8qؿp:].-nH8nI}G!]/E]cfsn5W8hL#S,|J̔X 4{xM^{ Û[S{N*&(E3{B_g70)@RLuvS-Xiß9i|`7Run*(n&=/~_bI4=ef5ڤ:/|# &&w{Խ[y'>96l:@+!c %w#p ^x pH@-[G' .T&;Me'בMT t>_ {l"c*DB^Uf5 ʀ~$ݹ6ca{bkxlJE%';{' ֳ7ADx˒](ݛW4ړG'˙H~Ѕu}|e N и1K`Io3ӾfO@IeCG?̘K1Nx%8F??ꛣY+WR`22iA ڟ7Kq68c7S{W>xVQZl{ץuΌI~ؙxX|Íyiio JЋ|wڪ~mxKrANaGTٖWd3Yλ9f[ݼ oV>4OVzKwixkGkoT(5Nuts D~eʋ1 cJ͉C~rW҈Ð1yFָC#)Qwc 2ױR][@Gt1o7n) F2y tm8i{}F2؃-a xco^C+㬒F V9[5p@JqG/ /9Ti?g$L^9$l7cq2<{jk`=a)Xp&s;C+008撵wѤuHmusifdm].s+=!k)s Rhҡ~z 혗C;R2uZK~s:;|?Aڏ@ǻ1^nv]4,ٌg|߯#G?c9Y(Ëh~p;-@pӣ;B`%'$ZTЗlxcgߠ?x5&FCP`B 3g ^ny2 `IGÞ{ : s3*[SF #O7|t/;k|)ȕ-g_Dn2d*T5<%Q9#W':kWvX mUuxe"n?4~r4Y-W`8[dYed`sлbosGw`.Ӳ3ƻNsh^g::k3yAߖb9M *lJuh6@p5:o8G x ^G`k^ w룛naomJtw7 ޳>8s{9Grfksz8: 9־geCr `k/ *mV9KV+Ad^)L;1~@/o't >ɝ%9_kÇ lDk:3%Ev29m,g6㾱M#5γ_=Lz6yH?8>K(;NsTwSzoju[/E#,K9:Ycc59Dܒ%n`c Z#e]!m*+Z-$+-2SΗvi"q@EoٺUƾ(C᫮=!y A:#6kތUпz xI?ف`5R|%k!ztE=4ן _ƻh§ .s3b>KxY›Lz"|9(`3nS;̑ ͻZ wRY9,sK%(o H s3yuk +ed?3=E)C-j7$ܬ}C~~ *dՆ/88ddW4[w7Ȣ JEK~tAs5캱@S9ҏX9W7 dNրn.|4"^~vmmpVpAEs~8+W_ h?s2&k֫F2>z^abK/#;*'A/6uG?$o'-9RWv8bqq$s8o"5[@zig ~D:[vC2q+e 7qpaP ך0.afw0rhqƔWf52ʴ;hT+,k0BPwuL\sTV ,,.'6wˀthou*(Zq;b6l-s0cFE%m(|x>ck͗cŃSps7#{9Zu[N}7Θ簻p,\2!Wp)Yc7mhYg0HI@ZU%d]XЪe ,gG/}8|0gtq4Cx`tNjd8+z+m>~6c:f7`n`%-8l͕Kի?1n8El⌬^2B_UJTQuh3fx*Ui;18^5tC@{lp0NeяQovYvLjr+xA _ѡ\E-YaV.ƕ5Rư[ƬѽS͹b~=uh=W8쭕J9\Cl|g҅w׶o~@^ˋ[eȨEx:Zm=k_hr[I:M wxdGɅn&qSkh 7_\ޠHd3ڏJ׃x [ߜeޘJkbf[}r-XZo{@kdEY<7[[6C=&rd+QrinlIv}aAPHı7l x.(g_eoY`/Z/y]amzѹz/"{ј ڝ}5ׁáV~k=xTNޣh=Bd&mQ2WJ'F<]~n G2^8=&9U|3rh[gpgIe'[8 ̿f25^4yYUd&;IJ? 7;oଏOly20\֮tr4*=66 hUu^Y/kO Bw daV>r{c,{>znM%S&:5jNMr|778Sp!W=gl 8[э1ɝ2 t^:;|llENTfPp.Ї֓(M շd 'deGCyIGެeS/^И}{5 _dunA34FV=y B{\@D_kgmL| ofu^؛2 DSz^C-ހf:!QA01\9[F{%J7P^>dK\÷.0`2Xy ucI}ٍ;A:ur@]bCw,%kn#D#e/+c[oJ[F}W Gw~מ}o;to]mp_ 䐕ؖi+݈_֟hlSml*t|ho>fʿwР$b9+~@椁0HMWK@wp$cL-? g]"VEИ m T%L <6AqF\.ª=0 K1F(n.W~e33/(N+׉27.ٲ#9@.e^YE>lk c/1u E_ mkE:?'q޸p^reZuY  gsi~eDZ>(egLYm PqZS9qBqėۘ`A=qP`A%IŧPoZX]G[(}Z;@>r*Y!Zk7&;ƀQ@hKM-%T}W g g*gtg X 'N cvE޸metf2X=XV?kcXv>u#!I 8l34ʦ/hAXK~7>8fVueA!9#o2:;=q.2L%x#ra"/2Лz6{kdOeZ6*# C_1_%f@2K7x1>#y z̓n$ˬGg9& j(Q@>!͉pf=n,Яn0dz\݊Ks`d9=e[+wLѭKǛkWՖNY.;OcqAk8#wd~d!<_[ :>A8v>c'5gl_x߂ۏ>m|7^f_滙e*Vair66ߠ:=:TR*cΫlx77wl72^=&6[=ZnHQuР9߃:h4EnPEb#[}xt3єq';t#ix&9)9$~r~[oo0}Om\͡YKq*:tjrU%#ZF?4bl8}76<4niP޳}-@  \'E_؍v>Dk1Tv_a2|+/c><ڵ6tOC-S-\o5Ilgb48&|{oڻ9{7F'cO JW B&\dE/! &tXOB*>s%YL J L(SRd9l=%17D$&$,}}gc(hcS0$Telf~9~:t7%8)n@8k^%IR +eue%\1a\^8㏓@ /,fF#Nof>Ít@ɑALw(}(p8NJe0w3=PT}e98{':/` sQأmkmc76W=Jpڗ\,RFhs4nٹc3%TR;nʞ#8 yڣdmV&9rŗMAI)8uޮS~[Iң Dі<[?Wy!{ gLy::rَOt['E~VF1[r1B$2_|GWr^zska3 y/0ڭ -O:I9Md_.@+q4]RW4rJE%7Wbil7/K/k)0a˘{C O9+OhO`!HREsSv5.)Eysܶ'z&gN:T?$ҿ7ĜB5We[f z6 $0OlL4 tZ@W,ɿ;_ghs9["}^庍G:1oT~OpP\SLԘ@r|})? SdUVEfE_MVkc@v uc*HZeRfq-' h,^1^uX['7r3Cʈ$KXm?}8#j* :@ʸHiÑ[_QJAž@Dw9H&BǸ=49 d2Tb6^NEF=8a (uhf'313,gxE̛ Aݚ]gNH9kcNX,9s-Y~U`[siYPhcyU%0'9) I"B?ɸp`)Qt2 (Jc) ߼e:\MJpnq0?,cQ?rZ/VR8 C+}&Qo2d97\' >q>c O;õ+szxjmntYɅ^o`F-Ibn`DxoU2z mghc(E?HJ}ߜΕC6HB<h~2/z:acl{iзuSyi>A~uJ['c4U|BY+7{Q{PK`KٺBƒ>&d<4*OD&Q4l6W'e3V0ckgõP)wd{c$KkDd2C&b?t`Fca-ec17%5D2H_!}XE4x&>Sѫ˚pO[?sw1l6!zCe¥=\]Z>mـѧ<(v NtPl}GY;_ }i#tru##gW[ ߤpQ՝+ Kph<@UJ@neqܒO9ك}i_ʋ'X[KV[,n0C{N["|˄8y`ңuCvF;h~wl%kOx__`Nrq#ןl'Ɓ+s¹`C7Q4FnDx+ӻ@a"Q",TG9_*KC_4ذo ?&tZ2:{v3/nD{_Qc6utcWx񏛭-0\9BOKcg6 3aWX:[SI+;ܙ=} έ1Ekp]K>u6fuٵZJdWiSgS'Ϭ*پq,FVlf/FpmJf[~"|׽W`Aħ\N;L36$:'|Rnq3+'&Cƴ ܠM.߀+XᓭIs],yΣǜ[o̓}S4>`kS?zC}9{06g cYrFqVݧ>lKCmeR{CϗBzr+3nmC1wn9G']M?D*ņ1V _ 'Nq B= fko={ |_<_>Ý:e!uMP:ˁpBf, c>Fcq:3|W: djc[On9ԭ9tk[X}ahe`J/YCGx P-ܸ2tE(5ێ>!M2 |c`a X`59'öZ BPENJAnw$h (2ۏm5cWZ`Y5npPuCfMANق!p$;$ d?vRuKjhW jjg2u#ܬk {Dz"X־^ [%ZguԵڿC=]W'kLs8٧nsX/;q.dx]ExrOP;kJ^u_ρQ dFV.VЕ13鉎}r<%Zɑш!i/:hNߢ/ ھ*`xƍY7Ɩ$ے,E?ǁa2l*g96ᑬ"rvn2[9tC"Qver:3pgnNgX?:+~kDk%?z<#h:X=0 vW3ǯ:7nu-S}2id;Zlx͘Q ʄ0æ~LsA#J(tBPzp\Omյh.\({1ٜ`'o}ue3eh=%Z6ϽyEk' 4׃;e8|㴒7ZSR@;N#L;3@F6ׄ xIRƻXJZ(ֆ T},ﵿZ9 8- c]krJo7EW`0c=9rqK!gY+K#s I>?4jxW`:jނdL|eh ?ƺiܛaH^ wÜ5 ZE_eZތ M'=06н޺%WZ|聵Q_緱~98h6`m銜Tr "- nm[ޫ԰?ʐ͎[XkGwlmM|A'Q3_X{BhQ"n)/CZs/czJ&!`GTg}ֶ /d涅g?sX ͠jOz}o=|flllc}?v]= DpAYқ9cB%ek^X-e|^;tO~/{*Eo mY[W`h5MٗNM ^фu=ZS;ZG3%``~=qpߪi^32n%GҮ78 ׷uz.f{ѭș겯xp fKgh0 \voeNmSoΑ NIv žGˁoX/)Bn-t!:[:xL!8>KdZ$kJ6}i׏}Ivߊ ~yr:W&7oɸl&0|=/oGHF}p^ uɁov[it+8?d+7//۞Ї6sG=w B9tA+w#^=+l~`D!fsC;]7-vʪ*OMֳYtwBFv+]eIhفLx92@~K?@o=aE0WJ50Mh!:P Y2c1):w,8Cֶ_Ƙ"rcQA~ܫqh]/LkU5HT|Ѧ8БÚ:7|Ō9c1L3x&d|(&X8(LL}W;cle9aABbNp:!7k93C GqDrxzAeF` &9/cmN9>F/eBM8ezP l_gg= v<>Fr: 25C%%UyE~ekh\/g$^oL>d];0 6\7(8$_̏ɫ誺%Ў1GÌ9л KѯLxk^SͷVwxׯ jA9L4ٱ6k5&VZ z(29S2X=#'5ұè=n[xEfoIDATsQ6h01Xy3s,9 $ FV8< x"*ԡph-z;JHupz䚵ҕ$s4^ 9 {I4z}sI+h |*P,<;LHh π1k|ey:en^h Z?SBs` ۷qbd`h澏5.{͉nLt03n@#s cV`{o]MЁ݈_:FsjmsH@HԕdSi XhX MV(g圂9w>7`oLsm7&Z eo'yڃ |Nv#'udPefm7h9 = 9@Mxˬg_ ;0rfз@Mt8u"ZYnqp4x'`f {u "gW$ۛ% 2lL{G <1 qFAK =Y l>fxoe͢_EhQmC7 8~~ݴNj H[~6=Nf_zc'AZ.Ù*a.?d=ps-,kF_[)_gg8S|Q`= C>^!K9=~yi n>D &NkLm2}f|m|)[\m3p> ce:#Sx&VߎGV:7?9OMj16t ;9?ýk & tH=#C#%/؜ YCAc6LP.+Рpסh,y;!nׯ+!_" 0{|e%#ޣnPq+ ()#WYgk=QV<{0Ͼn]]{{0QI{9O0坓\8)tS=kʒL Vʗ"M!w/|0173LXkں^>rHS]KT{^=$ 8_$:Q&7[[19|3>H4i-%%Տe>O5`; PhZcKU o+1hSݜnV`` M=W,@W Geo^a@YYg?榐W^5J֚ۺ>ul>d=r E ^-Rdj =n(XZ"H~Vч sxߠp0З mΠCÕ(Cھnej{k -p]CN\n. K]@ ǵ'[yum0|ldiǿ+yCpdM`[t x;9Я,w6$[ "bq謬B?|.r/챫_Yg]"]="I2|9]Vwl`tp(8ꨗ}Hρ D֏KǡRϼh':Ulpr8!-kd`!qz\=z@~ W0:*&[{r Vr0鏾9lIǛ nyF҅և}e omXfKW'Bpq-0/9я 9$жhuoH =Lٺ7{^$c 4hC~anD 8pSbOIR5Vi 8H9l<`}s FfI5ˮfwrrHyG Nl @o Qm[:ˌL2j Y32 dayR:Yp:(kmGzG5`t: ɣJݬC\Fc)l?{TT(uu?X޲5:.3stn!JJ/3+@7Jx ,6(_ԀO v*S9+C -FpjD-i#FtsGl')M?Oi*wULV҈ggJ'nم9/M}tUd{N }6y lmc'T~6{O.t,o>s!h%l(X H 0: -ȻqMX:?E`o6eP*1+![Emuc|.洇 mÅ(4A9k> e!\ymxjtmun?LPtM?{e[sV_*?flEJX_pscO*V]6 b Xx,k$Z0fYn/3K%|Κ!+U_Z(FIx,s|Xw7>rV &27<,wA821Sr}0Dәuടx QhMFj##:!G6{ s@gv[X#pmXa`<7KeG\V><U><`\?<2 X4=`?V/Ԇ{ObZ? 4ghuSF-GG1~nV뀋u?s v??"Na* <"axJgk]R[9->68*YCy{~{ ާk|;nj葦0H̩\e+e2fOG8׶9!Gf~վcꏦ9,hf3~mfmvcfS2 uYoM;bn-uy%݄ EoQϡO^Eic.xlM7QVs,;D냗U ħ)lokc|/:ns}%fAe_yFȦd,r0s8<&4ծoi&}+/fLdzǂhϮlBe+倪d yFx=+C&F ֈEd /h 9Xn tI&O[# 7r@#8%qyUcj6enF0AɐN<9dg 鼙>#x ŁJ680^h>cn: şn ҏ/ACH?eƹ<-iYladKɓWG:ɗgx9xW?uCY ڰ nd閴=vcmޛy~W0L-WӸȹO_mǰ.;;-[сdב9K,GЗF&ՙLW56v6҇Nw/[xR޶jk6\oO83):Ȅ W(߇=Zo OƁo H3#pKZs+ `3evE<2"PYjۦ__}aC R#p(F<[2kOW?[!8:98{:01W01s.#?^ueSv;nў=l[ak_8!@©*M]g0ZuHCZgsx?5QM,(o@|F*ah ZfaY6NZZ l}eC:u*9*?s쭆zm{OAʷeLI  n_@Y*f|:'=NZ'/?\rO~C,h>ݠ:u_tmhȹ %60gnFn u<:Plx3Jΰ|-m .;%&1 Wd^m(|i,J?֛`\99}n%=ݥ Y7 hOMu56 ZG|d:oyrm0ߎ-`U :QOz=yoDcZڋt3]!@U2ɚc>ބZKWlLzR66afB_{6`$Ͽ_g4Z6cSE=ʘVqo{-Se" Baa6E.b;j+CQ9(ZۏuX[Nt&l*r:Ba\у/[p9Au,e<``m2KH%z7!e66ˎj:kxY_ e !QY& |Zi}AVA98D X~i=T~( k}2`&[~E޺e88r+=BZnhuOyd=|=: Vqe_O8N(6k~sE%< F J(0d_XG :W7BwhI?tt)KN4ndOaN6L F:xy)ދSM4%V.}f/1欟AQgAp̀7- \M[z!l댡?,JvrVÖN{ֿ_gJ;資ͬ貵^Do?1>{@?ˡt΁A?} v𻅙}a>057u4ASJүr0l(Np{1zafm ]uYKU ?0E"ҭY֛ޒ/뉧:tOGY1\Xw½5~`%kmƄ#t~dA|'9o[[ V 5LCl2򶲙x ,5;c^B|zblCt|99nYm2Qdq6Ivq"?ϾvAF٦9Kj%b/}>Os 8{#88kz=c?/, _D4U~rX14 H_[ ܑCKbmev>{:qkW}p}iռeW2sB{Qߐ]t8ZX''r[N\aNq6٨Ƶ)bKCWOCOғ(eޚna_n?7x ל)ANýq.kePߕʫ KlcgY7{g)9_Ruz5-J+Dzy˒91 VZJZ6k)is!j?ڌ¸`:-t$LWiqژr Tg'ew;>)m3RM{4K$㻹ߐ~ $̇.?+r9z\EYeoa}:{Y-$f4]]> ay yG)QqaR[868>VDmIPqGy0 ",Heɋ_w^HCXb,%k,Nmֿu1fޚ9q6~.,А0WLAkLf\97HY^?!L'#Tv4E3$"IP}4nvhځe1}9r6rL-4CR{!`Ja58hu9|9!,oFZח( X`S Govp]9XJz=?sT.):Gs`LOõWLHYox=aYZyzckfl_&C^+64TXjծjcpV.<Ӛ6;Z6cZ}K: ?! dNQ3NcwK}Ao;{4g9Ѫ %Fh!ji.(-D>Ygca2g|tB֏|N9ŁL#GI@ 6q 7оbQك1n65x ٽg1| f{`Ξn -(egp~̦l g9vtKl Y<"=JN*- J]@65:spȣ;s}0˂ JWc֣FSNu19=|F ZOrNk4,ƔQ "l(g7phŜ։n%טsK^w NА=Z=U^+H艍QcNuh ouTEX\?8x}R=r|o%>qW|dngWlE|eR984fEtECp7 (ET6y?n$WnZٕDACP?:p|Bo뎹j]npkW4ڪWVvo>=vkdɎd߶}j3&?J{mwQ9k ~/C;ߒ7} N[*>ֆvf<<":} Pu36nog ~LLa@F̸.p YoۃʢOb4 _5X(e0׵ qEړuwer9l^PTulu1͖f!gD6k֣h| chn }sLѭGHf V\cT?8eXڙu< g+] CV :SU]-',P /`RA@/"A1 z|Z~N0S+]A=_+gS:J)^Yx w-sjorѾ=9m\0I4(O''u#~|.Z^ϡ1BμepƯ @"d~rDZCՖ&tU90p5_C)VJ,GeHrd:8hqͧ/чs`цɖ{܀n9,]Y@19z'݆ȶJqg8}^V{21 0vpǜSy*&D7uK"M8z[`HV|6՜MA\o@V rcutً'A:r`7Bud\&,`h oFR,Mlnیƍ6-IF =tV% Y_v.< 3XfPA2_9 )Sr2>ܭ.p\~p^f.͙{LЛm7;Ko}_!NeA%Oցy$=4g <}Xf:ï>97:{6!Ъ1>[G}u٭q([;G\9&Kzԛ4j^VX=w8iʙl·w=Yuaz(9epAslttN66MOYm N:r-v5`,ba{k7!aGOsЖ${*X0x؜G*YU};fd쓂v!r6yomav0$tJfon *YC\9>x2H}+)6ٌ2Pth,%t~JЫ+z{L>趯9wݾ`G/юv{ MxϾ(>89bSkVvgb2i,{?}6Gmhܜ?>^' ߮[c\VD˯Zt,?AgQ*Gv.#-\߽a=(;r+;M!rZh>=(WzAG6"%ρU} GxZK%mx!Tqo9_@eCۃ%܎'1YYYL۟C|Z?;g}ƹUzFGed.r4tw8( mX KFϷ-A K}TY1օ9V!0 !"J8]]K ֪!<ÄcGaXϖNYW̽ 800,k'ǚP3C9um[2x7adqdk!{*x?/d^AXlʋAPaFE8~(ko`o C@i7tЇ!j?0}]K;·3hZ=ܴ/R eWϐS1ZPh׾oaA^~JhLPoxwh]35?3 9 nX-;O0C5Whwt}! ghV}zыG#qCC;aH[?khо>nf*64@FH}Z=Ew>sޒ?dOy#kڻ߀}^r 7(̅8}|9fC _!|Z38r=~mcG> ;3231C ]^ hѸLXo}_~a!}ZzOf,G~>a8:LƽD1e?]^[v n 5|VS#V` $h=_d@>=͜mjK*W uVV uF :7DWӽ=hL+xnEe͖)Zzeт˜]F7>kL6{be$'k7{ИՒ=PDXhN=|rF{~֗Jут}Yl=-\lV'gȰGd>n~KUޘZZ֗-+[Ϟ,E!}[3}3Oڢ0o?r|h{_;](ZA g;7fp1+xz%܀-8tP7:Z;fmΪuHΆ aπimm'Y #Os1;to;n2ټs,mud?leKIB֠|:;RL\D`m9`YOJ)}u" :e4WISV;EEȶO%LvbpYKY0U2 y$J JC^Mnf\v޿ BV]mk!4;oB 2dp\9tbĔ1I͘ .퇶d|V͜]mrhf@'+h9eEiYwm nƬ/g%)Or ! Lc{@- \:(޿st7YK;~chFB֙BG&}X9{NAk?)ԏaGc?`.J˕Kk,[*"3֜ 3<\9(!N[=[Cv!kM٫7/dњr'n{V[wL' ` <}- 3"|2?ƺxʾȻKsh sң'd)Rb藿b@q=\w _˘K.3.qKO~Z6Y&˵;=d=Ne2AS0o3#ǶL6sGsokYg1rkW=nZ0Ov[c;ؓU~Wl  Okrvb)'{ǡ~+opGG`m2(D{S?4btpٹ9M.@(i tB@! x24#Y|R}`loVQrkUjo涾W=خטJ1d}VbL`S;0dVVvcx}ǖ#g9 *SF-[S[ꆎklgkԲJس w#ri:<;kﶄ~hKWhSv:d:WJ:_n]mB#6R!w3ٺ~웜kw5>x:F:%#A2#b[0t K7NCo9GxX 7r8nL E#h4{sJMC!?jQO%d[f}COҿ`{C_d}l =g5Zʶcn ଄]nK̡ӫ+&k}@vԽ՛TEN-;3ߖm/$:Lk+C^Dv3Y =|~NWt} ' D&?~mY#,7T4lmޞO{h& :+Yh![:g6~K:cn-S2]hc/Rv[9lN6KQ% mQɽ'0f~cd/kA {bSowgTNŇ/p%ꃿ7(مdۗh|!cW;*I=`_ m>bdh"QBno i)jkDv$S6*0ۈHtw__B3MME:bڌAv|{:1)hK fXu(*c㚛lSI]'A2=PHa2A\C&@~}g3(CHtbQC iԏ e@mq\Rpu'nHk;9s:>l!<0))ľhpV¤D"'on-e4ﷄHm5C@1).ah#oW}S}2 z0ו F38ל9c(W)P_Uv#VDW9`6ZN``c]_ j;\=1sW^oCRc{vE;B7)d2$vfZ ' Q)Jїa&q=ڬ9zg8aטaDo`Zlp8.<+ ؂w9Ћ?+iÐOցuF0jNmGw ;Ə J4ϙʰt $G xscZY,x_ʌ`9; -zЇuut9.NEשlm^-O#,ܯj~?ۆFro13NJ3$`Z c}s ~Kt]mlQ{ 率r@4{Hn~bk[޶@ܷRٖp3g|*c{x25tNڌk 2p]ƈVe d4Y˦gdgɾVk7Z{AYvVc|f[ٽ_bd.:.x%Nѧ#m֞ Cr^{ -<ι5oAgy3Asp(=o%e[QV` $dDGHsaQX w hom_seV)2s9N11bt ,K#ȚF{}01`;^fk@vչ]gh>z,'{%Wm>}V8 d`7L\+3kb޽3^ȎQݙp _Ǡr5yiOle[G6FA|79jˠ 8۬:X?}i==QB]ƼLX hX(^PV>Yyk;Iؚ2v:O?N]td;}r#*Uj6ZT  :~_8Q6n8\=38'%m{ԧo*tƄwxY_m ubM?U9-el>";pK,tț~ 8K{ʖ4¡ |a{koBsloZ`L3/4X9z.>GCk[ =|T|[W2Nm{VnT|}>=@5l[@|W[!g7NwA|Xeq" Nʎ HGisИjF-kinE0+\~Mbp#rrc}NJm M @خ}@:s~*T'aUʿjsʇ/_!SV!Ft ˕; |5 ʀluu ,, +&`d>g:sVkct ZϮHT"*CUYCQZb0nmW=6g} zCn©#[|?$dהN `ƔyU~LU(hp-uqC }r?|޻=8ke>O ͠q{ Wg+#(MPQ8A[(ah4ڟ!lثp GN+~9Çs 1M7Lˎ/\¹I 6eR~cr*7&CYnV9<ց7&ZċRϫ <(oQroD_Yj_6hm?zs&5Xأ3/.cp6H_ cj\lg`Q|oh H9WW׿Ln_e%rhiƕ}v5:2d1*+/@T⬁0m]&Ż"g %8O6|shní[& L>w>d{"isΞ3Gtc!s;؂U*wz0|eÖ^_qex^eG X 22֔sGעΚ:)Cwx.x]|Tz؋[BZH=y_umzE7Flqf [&FS={8o# :~i3~~^ Aw;EF Yn pQjTƾs]c#gUVkuA?݊n`~taαrp7 -kNp]H+6~tncqbroށ==h'/U:|m'|p9 ;^t "T 6rT5;眣Gn dy|JB4sz՟]7X?˗zʇЯSb"9u)xYR8B`_Tks]-͈%onƬn3c}z3'Z'dg?]n jC[pܾ)&ܺIQ ML(hnp?x1 tETG}[ƥ)^P#?399o0ĸꝳ!ve Jx+7u5'| <і̝5]`_m ^AsݲMhĹuaG[e{9+'Z0y?:wuAW'jmᆦܒ5u|n =p4_ }x~R*ﴧG7ꜵ9q%hee[K6[Ip'4O`ZZ ͺ~hx.JElQ?K.:S1,Lo]`><$68G>]˜ȔF{o{P~ǘh->BA`9ηg׊E~1$mAAx!9FW+õ`c P7o>6v:<%ߛg~'6 !c ~6U~(ճ.rXTՆ7{È:d̬I wF?xJАڱ11R jOd՞c Gyޏ6cCbEKd`L(n-6)s sn8 YyUm :xm7Q0Zo8K@`3x+mo!t9R7(a棸м5e!P\ fQNҲ9jci=j8߄ KaK(J~>([HR@(b0~mi3.C*>zpo k5zp*Y{,:6xh> V.K9mp멤Sgڜ5E.CSX*+|G^vG "Hlx7~XNI<1N9# A߻nίe楨l7E}{%I# C#[K G9`>r{@k%3[-0v. & qmݼۻI /9^|8ק~) i:q&=WmvۻSַ-7/,{:K"ݴws3-gٯb< Z}#ϮN ~}<|4}Cp YcivoU1:~vr#g7+4~r|`@mn27V˛P@&A̮a:`-鍜}pfqz0<K;<>>/8xsXQ}olm?TB;rz85/ٷip spw rr1`,>dD_&!"n;To,Z Ω~9sQ!|CQmdSҵYc93T-/'wȚcRZ{1HbLsq))z֏v=!e[kh&(9G&s2dH옕FiI3!m,f#ɀ"8I(2_:~ȵn{m9r.nksʐ a<Lp: vȚ:xMY2LȮoû𶭺+e[vNs^ U0]Mр2`91ZK{/[ScŰe#:'~ p}5߾2x\ܠv`}pټе{BQkLwAl4Ey.e~Kvt6kxY3h2%9hkѷfH|F?% Zpd𤳯wXK%Sp!:_^6ekcVPI֙~hւߕYba}Αfwk.J[ןۏp4 e)1S=t$YxyуfLg@wfO Ngd Wx0j 8kY#Lb{ :$:~X͗?j4;$|ՁP~ɉB~PӹˑZ=> ۖ7C"ߺ}Rי\Ùh9J}ldY#sr<.m8ckٲL]z [KA.SsTW@A׍̭1kLYP/^N'G}{ #|Ǻ es%eܮ])^9{hL&Gɯ) Z (!d} 5R>[[R7٧.gyxi-xu7#ﭩ}|wְjsQ9\8:!~gJ t82o&kxN.ZY_g }oǟAzp'<;`' GqJO}OqJ0[΃^Q!VGgv$:[yð]__< $V[Zgng 'qBr&Sz|]VV XcACX:Ɋh}z&?qJ?9*f}O2x2|75fhNE᩹w.8t{_`yx.S~6 ֿ4hþfr8WW ^!{`Gs Vt} g 2<9غs{t]:+ F*KMO([f} %.Jc:E)_d& na=CsfdZa|sTZgŸS]荃hzǸ*/=8ݭ<^,{*W? ;YP;ߨjQG@SOrř:P9 '%?Mi=xFrtׁ>ЀJdLm21L~\񌫇lF?#J  ?ǻ+sUn.~a>&[:reu ̪UUV;g.)~WupזzE`EI.BO8L?ǒC6"F³s!2b)2gȰDgrVYPXꚻ5F?'(BJ1'bm9X29nf3AȆw8mDk jOT aDcA=}3xGwer5|pp kYAZA7LQy(o2s UV9cڳ5 2{3 >YّڌYp<Ձݚ*)LesR*7|ԍhvU0sڝ GP* 2a>:@f=wC;Ga9:-ͤ3ApmDZ-+uF ~(P ?wW; Oё5~9iȃj3N(Rz|PgX.i/AC T]Y|3p$|{eʬi+k]x1"X-̃c0X~sng\9rhejﯳΞ ߚSP^,,(W52-9iLs?4<|+4c6;,ЊviL | J L6PJѱʴ1mz P)|ͧ usbh>Qi$䠵l'{_ס#~oL畳)HP`/!cwkt@d5:n! w}t5_ɫ<);yw|֘1y9շ#ut2e6=^Iz~T7T =pNt6䴾wOt3u$7rr֙=׭Yto>nt-ߪ xue]>3 R'exn>%.m&K;t39ZީOr-TsX5c^ɜC~[lUz:%2qE2s0LחSF7QLX.)6kF(s|r^GYVzZ#Y#5&qb;k/ID^x?e;_[ネ}UߣKc{"@|/pN?PV%@Ϋ[ז_XzbuѥqG}n*U#9FLTw^DQ[j`dGfUhiYՂ2_3\rKnEѢ6~\v)_hH JB}כl l]x}q8 9S /S{Is~0Ju6p $ùTz1юElkųUMhgTv~7ΓG=n 9kY'uK|CaA t̫C=zMj#IμnzNj?9󵓚twy|)=huu vS _HzGEy' OYY b)ώpMGY|Nx1ϷΘ c)߾?wqwFXy2?];Sn6tEs{pg*} BE`2[<#G)1V!H92oA Wl+;AGcڬueDۖ4My"1j'PD,eqŠb&Lc#WjA* !cAدPx^@qJ842й8xj/[ 2M0Ba cn?ȼk{(+#h𘀽= 㸂[nu㷮E+8OSjohYɋ4G 2kdp\V>Xs'3\= <.[ΡAcy]<8"yG0ʩwk L2g XgY5{eVkU9ɢʔhyO{$XmYl~738ڜQ$˰'rΝ8T76gl-6V4Zci81>lA=bUΟ [It6 !q'dլbW9845,CCx g7 Tn[M;θROEFu!j f?}oɘ6582^)oAM@{^)}&\M~kw:է+W{dtyΒ!ȝnUFN1^.meF-dm͘JH\2Nzm2-S>Xչ-~ԏ>aS=s:s|$O6n3fNg5Ox 9o7"g~ߡˋWOm[i1ypxEU99Uѩ/#`| .[)Lo8^O3g>[$ X-1WKs2荓غKg.87Y[밶xu>rj:.+Β1k7CȱaOK3fI(4EmKƗ&[G ox}fʻ9 opfգߛ_[۽VB0rh[@c:kp٬t_g1q c| 6hZpКr c9Se߫kt6 kkn |Wc@1P"rI'9,lE6.RC{Ę~KĢwu<`*l) oIfd/"__J"l`w~S#~HAAE6 Z(R7 s"_ߚtC}fP |lMݾpP!1D1DJ:J `F19aL0MBbV&Xsp@qOosc[?8zkBνeB`0wk(@PF;8b[,_cvl\j2/1,@X~1y`VWKtrfp&< %5'`ՆϔCt23@ A D9ʎu?8g=u7|M:k3?z4fA\%aUI J!gU>kXtO+nnly}Xۖ)V7H%:xh_p9cRdnkP+'|(lJ1pǃ/O1fy dMQugPbViBo$nfH6Yκ DmI<[I,lD7H|AgW,oZ"CmK%C%&fB+xpy ;An%%:-1Ieo릜=(f3|f94<  sH5_Ό|;^zG$s᜵pOJhTOl?e. cc?QZMsK7s5_'Jc鏌h3,M 3ʿR&k% j}:y T&*G)er~c:{snicSoiȟc!W]W,0Y[ٵ~7Gl \̅YudH l Ai5'"q$ , !\ć"2\GKq[ʂ,[_DzO,`Ys>ǮTg7r mκujogu#O:EZ/ Fh2p L0u+{*r6X[4`B[&s3{ة B{t;r:{ՙbhbXmNqgbi fufh7+pq}hwJ{L솳Biotp#:.ʈe D7F epr-43t|SVm8e7 Z-1 ýh6ޞ\ۜWք]={sR2%ЌYeQ68%\CgV Q'lဵq"*aqs-"wwx9ua;Z,e[/ײ!Sp| 3k-9(7 MʾC0aL<7Ge᧛'<$*hw3*|A_@ơ RՖf;"׊Wo {-i>g͎է5׀׶Gۆ}8PKu tCeY_go Jz11$J-ܚ \J7Adqͭah'zikWYr9uHÝ/Sִfm*sy=K&-Us1KD!,::U y0Vr<\[7:͇֦b8:2-h*z; _2 mCcoAk2Nzu|NFS|>&y˺_z NgWɸ 2\;`MPrMd& 2R~0he=[{/wd} ߣi$\!NNTSCs覇o<Gv⏾/~K7jÿf&W?۹q+9>esP O_~<쌞Jn9lN㎹#' 9zp`Voo%HcnV( |}]FB+iOGڌGߨ;mp+j=7-  M01ײhmb'tʁ#N{ »mCOn8o6ւ(yÙoF(Vt=މ޶g,hqZ8HZwgGn$Gh:dnGs3{K]]o6ݓ`JBc3^Y]Ku:JgOO%$|A|xiuͷ dB?7v*E}q떭<Ӷڶvߓ;xD.e{W!H̓e7<,./hw :P>k69Cٚe!u/I|88D{`ZmL(`p@aT0ΫtRFEZ]=w-r!MV?uJ,Ncl'H˄_. i@j |(x'Te~jehL=@>Dw[ܸ*faW5m=Ouۛy^_0֩]!z r~a$p2JwڍVp\SSt}L#all R>Iqt:}# kޜrx[t ܒ5[_potQ&Ё Pk)؅;gt)lOhtoܻa/zj3jg(`~/^Y+-1S8e sBFʱ0p+ocyΡ 2ƍCyY*9'{B+Dz1C #i_2@1Z=/ryۃqq p|px-{]DV !^4(f Tx1/'`pc40Zg] 2ח/ X6N֌ū{s̏Ȗγ~s:W&U%f(֊>Nl[;y--8%-ؕl5\kJV+FeW[؛ Kf>ulyrx2u7ǜ+pSGl1%b9:OڥG~*1S\\Z3f@Zq]Gcr/=M;_0IX>;Eǔ'c~^1Y\w5CN{{S ##ßpp]ã\5b?mH`g #ht(vRKpV&)Z2p\ 0WeE:s^ݱ۸+1]?ܵ:'Zwp %$W8u9ˢ~#X[:+%8>7=|<"=rb>6Bo #MpH` .&'Vy q;&ܗS)YczKf_{㣷L6{ƦO=9nf>,{]0ItF{τ_G̯L[ix1=l}Y_gK sn역c XZ  Y  :3os\Y>Ɠ94{ȉ^Aph4g vw;3gQ݊϶]xcZ?slH:m%fj/w'=ZZ:;VKmpN{o4deegXmL]*&F}.N!WyUF}~빳ź7xQ:6=~[s?BJ+2,4q7%RdY"08?r{8#|8shEPR'C((KΘA8/[RViYր&Cq0u_E*Ecl0TueeY6s E AU@ D5O$;N;tA/g0L x}bTGp"Ȣ%L}ogåzM̆+c6 CpYVCnTf[ r8շh/#fZ7o(цtΐ2,{ڷkoKHNkvƃBhd!=Bj~ OQ>6^vL?{A "\I)S%SpG*)&-u@9J]jz`gxdPcY2u^,0boF3ڵ vKOVߙ}O7xX&_ʒFOZ?7[Xkr*k gp*j|SۖT>p7 :Fp/rWf;fAŃWhtsD[zik/teߓgq6`wy;2^ͶUo~ Y6c=k66ֶ9dd ˠFւdF~ @kD9ڜgm* ]|3_ 7 7b qE{3 u} ZQPnZ'h<0)g$ pkSCK>΁O`,]$#v[: x3,#1(ѡnovE2n7f(`9 korM%-wD_0[`ɑR';Gn,wZ෤j_SpoS0&Ѻ yxmep;|كAdǽa@ڬow-G桕ʟ %įn]?^TzlTHC{&tj/d?`$U4a"ƀiR #DH.s9)} gHg zo֬Q9)S:0!72]Xe_d?<`<SH$}ErDGN 0M{ c]p麺Uv\6 'J۔ ^f_8Md0ΡDNngiK@7JExuSR;ݔ^7_ڵS:q 0FZT :0e7u<D{Vldk8P# h4 x#3 Y#\D37Zt#u\r7ǐo?Lw6[C52^}V~N> !!׭ ܛ9[ɪGkƋl_@bNJ6`ݵWNn_@s'8&|)7W4;%yVwˁSo6x>N`]InCQ4FW,^-}~8G ۻw89O.^84M9mp,G{Q8!moN\`6kpßn/G -wKz8x1I~{ 'gdQBy5zʖ/S'&.pw D) 'ͽugmΦ[RT&+v-8'c?m m.ހ{歎qi6S=KBo.aIJ aUW}36ȳc =6>^Y -wx-Ξ2>8fOX7{,'&DNeKzPܖ) o^X%G뫯zM8>9uwպ}EX+'[||ƄsTЅ)9kǃ6t'wɅh˞vt<U;gG.7|v]VvxBq9Y3ȗH'[^ 9gס-:<9{Tfn4'$LTOG-øKs9roi}66,z d -{%A\:E%v-?NN2T":mxe4Q sA vS6Ž1[=(kܘr7egUz} W<0=jx\ 8;-Hab`iJYO|;k)?n03ɦ:ݽz>jxelƛkֆ7[=udꖗF1}o葝ce ~=Ϸa,!b Ć d wWs0;$FZ[r^ ϲ )h )Dbb2`sm)B؍KF6)"aU=L显r>ds(l\[4r?c\?N(kC ["C"ėp #꼳ehXy "0gPslA'q5!< X` rIap1 ",|T2d99}?l_0'g eZЛ=<p˭{n;0K4~8[VvҫYoF<$ށwv+"G=+mĈOb70W>?rf՗[ŭؾI.\Ž=wC^nO7 69ދiYornNB.@>PC<zG=FM ٽ%:SMij%/ǘȜJm Y/;kz <>@ɛ[c%Ĕ[DRyJ0٫'?ʽ|(͞_AU[y,чG bݕ^Jv.M'O ІIB@3J3VßV?Fk.@{c?900a FX8p !&ARC ?完ZD cJlFYސ`!!>3ɿP}pie 2xx)ΑA>r^Ŝ ;oyoŷޮ(;^DgO8WÂ{so{S9u] *k!e^;:V*gC1ـ/uf_[rP$%PLe"`W{Xwk2جx |D`s s;~h_p,gaY m;x`X|Cc)pg%(&y8Y wx1`7sT+;mx,nMwcZGFН>^W`Ó[)㵃7S]vS∱61Y^6x@G[`Yq.[7\;S]vƦ o=,9c8*B-zUdG2O@w: 7zoxeOda-sOA*E;-kd5ܜ %8-ޓʙߘdܢ]o[ތV/}7{I.l"\L]#9-^Unӿ# ⢱ʞ^'߀uкܰD0_"V:=S}K%fZ ^mxysBg; [ j77\|* ;+g 5?;vs  9BpN9}vl[SW=gt[Хzۻ1gm+O^u#ڌp ˏ`X>7(7!8sO A2s8kG*ew3 |^Ƹ3կ~ә77ye־A6yM@PFޱ x_ػ9V~9 ^H[d'A szv>xZw6a^M5䫉|_rz3$J  ;g6+Ѭ6Ƅ򩕕mui?OWR>޷ԍ9UṗwC\ 7*ͷhL{O:3s{8Iǩ-&sT6ׁ(M?ǫD؛}:/C:XLnI'Rl"upֆP|n.3YcβdC3L~FS9&Sa@J p`0fݷys! ,ku)B{V{{l$_ xkmxQkW莙MWօ0N0xQx|K-tJ4MJt:| jht{c{2agIHxIPm]ԦDe-Oӎw O7[ܾz3#e Mn7肖_}m G]2#<n\™INt`FӾopw F3uRݭ$gWLkp[*MCH;<"/-/,$)`ikOf맍Lp Sme./Lȕ`f-hAk+۬kEČsf?1pFO:3Uk\'_mf;o&VA-ݾ>0gE&o~pՙMWƔgtB'+#,[G7 /gL`Q*(V9|skgPF^T] :X1Oٔ^2LAR0Hɞ>YvSnp ݭk}T_z|mf n1{.{}n:^z6A%>mF۾k爪n{,3<ȸr;o, 2$'mcNlCwox?Y|h.1#8z9[Xwf뷒84 m%Dnq[<\#*;r=F9=H]qfv|䎬^} |`0g)(#/ G_^=ʛ \'^~pI'v9yf 9 K^7OZld9(1Y<pYdOU) ݧ h滉>uO| stRm}c' ^xU:@ur>@9}vƾ ;%Y>}˶YSv(%Շ&"!JueQ$c|E(9a#,}U|˕Q/CrDy)uM׏pV)V"0AJ3Ze2RfE< e5Imu6+YךG K~MϚ໹7cY 5c9sm͢_{Nƺ5pr|\1yq)9[:aF9Kxm{Mpͅps]Cuwp:Y e~Izuo=-??cqnXGxjL2 T&Xi+Ñv6NIe'}vouأ^|Ҹ k!fsҹ9`+/rB18 Rruq lƤf'̷}o/-,`OН݄0^͆[t÷ :ze `N~+ oO ;&FGnM/s67\%~['Gx8ʊ8WsάRfN*i,(g1G- Q.tAw`_ Z)9AbKH?¡ICk$Afף' dD-_g|Ym6<\)Bt-GB(χs/ ]wDw1[w=M?XNw^?P:LTLDPw6d@$E>hP8 @&W9~*A@i+Ye)p)N]=AS̨`W Ǝ)p?g8*NadLup"&~v91Dn[F3+E|(*~G8a]}Rf[ Dg5?cPM2\gt`o. p`LO]c N`܌115J ܭϑm=2l PP#AnIx^@Df4S4;fQ|sȽSWCF^ޣys?3^ ^я0p^txbP.p:ont0O|}º/.pJڔ%z/- 2)9έRx+!xqm8˲syX]'wrb>T_ԙ-/* yO 6\-t<:Wp2*'`w~#B3+Swpxʆ;Z7n{|cZRtdڗ9qZ?\oθU5@SkMRNr6~kւov,|9#SjC=f/ˣsWRBֿ%B`.8/r!95smOwq,.-n ]߽IG.n[6egǑiw9kn՜. wFѝ?^A(Tv[NELuoy3xS)d$?Ixdf 3{?`u|]}ke;Uo'x:+F$C/[\sխh t|8;! 'dxXv`(O?uXyAj@ ⸢<:Ltc#L oEBK++RPeE굻^OQ)6݌2gX PRL>{ǬV2KN@HJYg"`@дVmێMN$k!cplqԉrU_,n}6*<3/dVTm}# KCeiR]P 0H?R$|W4qmqW*Oٯ_}7osD p^dme|*ip_6?2DPVᗽP{$o䐮NS[A&g^1 /gQ͹o+fվׯe^-p2>wMF5ntX/ݸxRUWV)~[ŧrѯ'w o:Ubˀuhsߋ0wעoi|B)aL=mQme/{X;Aܲ;l( dgVdZœ YEn Agp5#<Ka35^ nߘơ8ݏvB`aDZunƹg%/K@WD[Co6*]@I'O~[o)@6#[[Ȗ1&ETc="co[_Z#5fy,qq3Z+ML;'9!=:97mx֍wŻOX8KGSm|r&x"Nssy9[K` +h櫌У`\cx_gG dWoāhB_$6RR tb:nAWH`vn;_eapj"_S쥙p~ qNtn,Om<}rVok4f_7r W홝Kv|eK̀{4A&{+W8j;no7@Xc䣤٧@^tNsfc݊}*{9ڮùGhPE?`j8@]ӯ e풗xXYٖ70c΁lWҿuc\X{)M YoW`B^ N`MtEJ⳷Ԡ{p}dW8b{o8o30_п x`oYT`-yD+YײַIh>=؁9|ƇQ!z pflmghɕl%׿~/,LsXGp#/)@~~Joׂ}9=ѫ@9} _H`]m ZQtoaw$Ă] >`LGqfhG}] ^W"xm{h g3lwHCap@W~o՘֙f`waX}@¡LbWÐsuTY`̈́Lq *Buerz3<Ū`p"FIj\ FQ9WmkoOӖD5Q$B[F;5h䔾j3UvDb^C1e#E@p@rPڬkw Y(0ZNg9@}n !p*Q0 D0nM0Nzc6Wu{e! y}oc:g}pAJ2%'<9= 4Z'CA2䘅)P5Hs1૕6rx8ΖxG-rvU?8.C}o4tB^G_ .mh~@Iewʪ)jt]_b:s;xt}O4~hzޫ,иpN⟌s7fo-\'qϯ܋33 ձ9]5x2~۫k>`Iz{#PnJCxEโyFk nN (97g F։7_f7g<ϑmSV~\CMedk ykHJ_2/s߮0tv˃}o|ppK KnkrHZvz!;Km9+`Q@v{`T~9X@*1\kXm3z3|k:+|m.X~aTݙ{ ,o.>$z MpO\~{hF Og?4Ԧpܝ%JgJg[>M-o \'M:G;# J~6;/B[{]OG~6s{ ?`[:eɶ5:^  =96idWrEb Ǚ|.k_=hé]19K n8C @_}R^M_| ; om T/x v7XMt&9K?s-ns2G+u.nhg7ei,r*'Lw\h[SِdpȰnAM|op4|#:'a^|, wltYvLmxw;oꗣm|f-2Bݎ/;m9{9Jh/2?>mduϸ/ CYu۞]mѨ5zu^Z !{vx>)@¿C* ޡ@R 'r!^0HEBn$|W;L76øA:B`)STq>J6ӟ@X?♫;&  ΁A"019'%3SY@`m+S5udc\f?EDeƛ Qmp;6T8|홠\Z@o{o?#ϿaJ rG=DBR 3oNR2OC0$ CM'}֊^:_g ڀ'gIQq!o't)r(O|B*c#u B!Rjo;<7]zܯ PJfPO%pgqЉ+x½AR Ñ}ѫ!(@~ #!͗יR x8˜ˌxT4>Xe؂K 4O9CnofkN[r&d=ldֻ:~[]Ǖ~'%==4x6Ce߀@}\Ҏ`%xϡit~ku שd7-gm2b^k }ޒ+Yc6lД9a N?HΘK}-\kL?=k4#*D-ɐ-`yh.Y4@X.pOlutZͮ56c%G{ͩߒdpv2yqoV$->97<1#Xllr:,]~v) V+W.u &Do`^|T7S4cXF}_|2O Xh? xf$e:f3[|.B_`;ҡ+bd [^gh֙r(TNScIG'x}~SDN -)dlaጞoV; wv7{GW`Hֻ7 u?X@wt  DGw-6,[&9R]>23ڛ n؏`^ϸ[zU2( 6xz^GOGI@t<(L/o??% 30/1XxWrş69#v3E#YHI~WVvm~ nfS)lNt@&s<~YG͜/03|FwhݱJJJi/Q%}:X?!aegbA}V(_,yA{+./˽e{p%e0\LGf^H8\EFezb\)`e#)h@2|<!O0䂔(kV?Ģ/JgoE^9%BS!.UƨA}*wVZ>sLn0mgd ;Ld8d<,EZO.Y8))dIsZtV,SٯÓ7(q8ONS'=Oka"G1Hlnta>&CbXP&]+z(3ߏu=B~6#>0^'NNYG .\cAm :$)JK1s^ 1'46}]'*EdSG";^BxN*B[ɅpLFYOg?{3񨓳v2~_in_(P=^oT ܶA[0x9͠S4E;=.oH42g}s#cx>x)ã˼ֆGo8>,Yzm~_: xɖ2Z90|g3Ղ}<"-952g1t)}pQ_ʢhC759 `9pw&k@ .xco#\>A|ֲ1ͰO ģ1Ưэ93)Hn͟>=8ؠT2Vۚ8jw3i\|MYcNj>vݛ _9*6Cqs}T֢zKu8H?D3H;j^yd9J:;|Fh>}/}tB-e쭀xd-cYyR- WImv.7ۉMLC|CIFBH7;IJ?ps6 ]:eY>+HA*8W>|. <\&װ_р+A8:?p- 4N[yzhV@ 8K7A׸%r>,~~7/FV;8;fA7b09l|#9^TDȐ8i|G {z߀ fGh`q dCv}!~~9!߼~@8qqׂs>!F[^vo[uSYd46=7atㄎ6e;H5[1A9)%)C☶!c.Wz4ܡc𲇮+NF==x! LAGJQѡ j~u%\^S*c~ ^bǺ`Vmz&=n7μs#+1*1sy5ާ2p90=I\[*}K6qpdi )?O Y@h'7 Lh41DCtDs?Sݚexk?i%8oPe;$coYP ^PDr썧x^'NmK}LY@ W}cdHC8)V,8Ez3eˁ+|N*ۤQX_ndmk{Y1C󭳯ʼ9{e Zض-Sz/%߬ 3-g?G# rs| Op4^MRMθ,|x*~a\};[&gc%ۗu Uv({YTCù 췷 =̭3=;]_9m9[9=>="JVW:÷4 xo0[ƀܓcϋOh( 6\ G ?|3?IBpһGN`|);3Y.| 9eIp9ׂ{FperEC_t{_~ϻ/gBnK%AY1C9|z<WW|օs=lp"|:ُeOU0m6&lAs)ލo;\]_C ;<Vf]7 Oޚxdם+!gur1oDG| Np*q6<_(O|&Kj~dad(͆[o=!0㯒8Oz_[m,gG&n=#Fbu1dM7$ôp̢ @ٯJ &]ߧMc9 Bښ~SVoü7ߗ i(ؐsve"90XN< Fh FIH^y#ZHK)t=N:Ym1mkɑLV6k7җ/2!C=˷lGN#l5ڇb&iu]ǃ7["$L,vcci<]9_Sx xA!g<[,giUv;>u.pNPSK Bٯ p^[ 8֣4G =ڻJ!WG oet`xrnR\D9~U>ĹY;v.h$x1C{Y9߶'16Ux/?3i>߯cy'"h9)gok5-KbmqTUW^o Gͧ߫r7AnK?ӹ8-l (pD/Hy^߲;1ؗI`9s<)8Xمޭ> t̞Ŷ#ʸʀ%k~3%Ί}6ovFuh+|9`` g& UfW ױ._ow1G8zg:@F⏵b ~T md`h>% #}[??ԶFCgq>%G\ .7޹NV{N.cY8mdւ7nƗvp՘9i U6EAtVڻݗ]ge2PB\貛+#b+Ii3f/F_Xd5>Fsfsae >}=#ӝySlnN5Yխ A5_h.n$ cf䰅u+ 8g9/Kvw&'T8RK~E_C3>՜epuVkOb OF_> m䌴<  a*-^W_l 29@Q?eo?|f!ֹ%ŹPD& i+f`g$Đ[&G;; uk߶+{O|ξ%ikpƟvj;[=`$@ᾕ{8ٮ];AW(X <68Qaؚ_O@SIh퇦| '6x?,7хşmK7EW p +u0M\}z*`s¿|n->=R|wd{NwO* &^"9[{]d&Z/AmỂ.3[2?19ܟ"3fAׁ&P_RE9mEY?~։vk|BP2Ar {蠫qRD<={ևCf+R"4e0μ"a d#XԷ3~cql"X2Vocve lM!ơP@@Yw8Bؾ`A dW(վ˂hCĭێYY˖gC!a8̳+Xc|pR 6aG*# ƾᓳ'<Č(nZ, hNie>Gp޽d h[eLF0֜3wApZ2@-YS/GHt>hwx)p^[k,/oB\ `Oj4ByǼ5^m(4埲'醀8"` YħАJe0WokZ"3cs'3 w!1:6_pǘΈն%fQ\)p#F|H%*O)p Ds_v8+~9-hx3Spdô\^]@8Y5!w۴~sP-\.oȮ.x OsuYk+ YW1oR8l2VѲ~hco95/i<EkΖ򋞺f-0Lq>92W&[ |Oz~g]ȰO8VM5wѸVŏ-01ݑ2aG]?p:+\nwe<޵hˑ6c`f2tU汮ֶqBVvm`hN8c>|q$Bڝ=ؖ5,(<3?Q 3 ˍU_ *Q9H$TR/0' EIM H/ëed;dE?v+L߬aSeT8MQp(}0gCu,gA"")F\X6l!RB0 ؙ!?J ed9GjV&$`8ot:Qm6tsTUwX''oDW,)cB@p'ԁ}c\^lA:,)|3/9#g#JQei| G1dWKv7ÌZ̀v1\@$91PcH[ ۶x7֐z0Ղ \23ڹDp8_jC昶ąGmp1|,!hp+,Ϻ2peP]mx› &=W{,G9moXq8ͻmօq,Wv(7o'2.Ƙu8?GRFz8Wmd #8:*^A猷gxsDS#Em#?~TI 4j@p~ _02_~*`ܒZ ʁ0,`5==$s5 *꧍*cWufp`6_YmvF+h@{puiNë_O;8tľXM5sO~=#?IƉLЄ>pXw_ƒ%b{gKݘo/\r8Gxj=fCIk$wi:T r MlNdsp7: ~カr~@pQw.oN2߇st2oyȆڲÝ5VVIG wۨ,M~ukf~a֑zuzgwpobAE7sVu{/_ =L[\ߺK#Zр? U}ro(I<\T#rۑU|HhyJ;X}.WΘ"=8C Xm|c ,= ڬ(sbLn붗m>,sX=VTD##j;}BֲCU3nz j-gtV?JYP# 7T$bm=[~9N=hˉXI]ӆ/e48Gkɩnqp/gM!47,3uՋʈ7_p l(|ζ;leC7da٦|=qWD?iCYƄ}5RU(FkDaVȱOZei6r5BxJԖx-yxR6'2J/ N m[7엲ܺM9*efsTw:>Ѓ>A?O֏h+}˯/d}J-~8K2:s^?|;kq? 5'Fqjû߁C{po~s&Я5nf5<̠ 'c[p>:g͘aC𤭡M-YJ7efXvf3*<'ι3~9[7~W;Ny av60(>WmO:He0 eq;k' {3h" '::s">cornZM|4ٙsƊ9 ۬:dᏯj돧*7`QRScO>^ܲkzt~J8mEzZ'9ʐZi9m~e8޲+zH2k:1OYN. A 7r&S e^ M&-y̬~Jt1&mC}7X cv%6cIEOxSt|#xw8LMZvq]⣵pV)m2L*["$eރŖActNNe@^HVc?0m$YJP}Õ2 F gɭ9CsVox.vOstu^ְ/Nx 3'5޶|r 5p^uZdMIaΙO9Μm $'jz >VdeAů8#8IokG=h #{zdA|9t |qم`$9QLǍ,۸w^S@^ '\G\.D|Jભm%dTosW'pJhq-Qa\ vtE^d `Y;ٳOe_~A {;:=5u#YwL1| Uj}~zRVJ+IFzK:?"ɐ|4l*&wKkTY%K* GC@0_0C Bāe |b1f46nfٺ~[y}8O|6s5VՑF)֐P.%Y37G7UBe #nR ʸΠ1 LF"Cڇ19 1Er(Ê053[_} 6Q`Obcڃu.x 1XqlIR}YcZ}<痣>0%bsLn U_Ǹec!aPP :?cvRG2aRК 9v}"ڣ27)p]G4L p>h_Wۋ cLVt67%Nuʿ7X6ߡ#A3%;}Nea|oq4rm]!( ΅{օ~0r Oil#YS$V%f(w(pں). |,H:G߾Ѷ8c>/vc]4ͦ/ϙ$]lN@tZF{x'R"9Է[sȂ'=`w7<(s8eDQ(L u61X֘hULv}H G췺}0G~ ?n]d>VBzY'ddam ,V*XfjDdf]-m˝m{ ahZ7#z <7HVYh w _Km3?Wӏa{\m͞m['Cu:@=m9kIN+o V`2;xzLJ h^dA7w8{oot^vM7*w2l4ʸ7v{x# 0nU,?'Ҙo`o\{n)Ͽ[7)(|z hN#C{UM(R%G$N{phz?ʫ| 8O7h!vsdDGdWy6$qt|fM]:*iawWݛ}x!7ւ+COz+_)ި%g_WH %nvjWAjF xYN{AdN~>%Kaxkm޹Ɇމ;&/m~9p Qhw ( E/z1"a| w;f5el@fJc)\ǹ fD;PJw!ZT D)%ʼGE#0&_ڈ`w#t6ʏ9Xek_z rWZ _[zc/@9͟Cv Zrtݘe~ֹY9=)7#\[T/A8 0 ;khp\Lݵ {3g}}P#ΜE *CSLG͍.>Z# \EZgm~-G}cx@!{g^} ^7{wtM~9W8|[8h-Y?n衒#v1G`Fu (NUt/,M7#Q!^lu1|}5W_!g2k$0;_7L쁡Z6#3Bod8e n؀_xr}u-:o;1Gcd,.~D4]nL2 ɭ ]YWOx| z0z1X]veZtmJl:зvF "{6=)XIY$ )?t t%K2m'ZtuZ34f댯kx,W鳎s:r;gtdyr,7>$oR_eW ѯ`ާP rZڵd|tp:Mڌ,~d`> L1*Y6bx_rF#)8 XނY[ ûH7nZ LF.s ,t:JzflH' bb1BfL3`~y\v b1L9!90њYn;qPL(tF9cJ &Bf}̘ 9GwΟj+:F@5xX`p ڜbWaC[6~=V]bkx20ǹl \(axcN٠\U`!R\*zq` kaVLP1XVOu:6Le93+K/^[~!ͼCJ_7t{h ӘCҸ9%Cxe{{?82ܰ;p[<6}';9[Om@Go NtO:$<} 0ך8kbzLd{'5wTSqKNF(pL'+`,KP"` p/?\_<C9N3&L4{r~fU&'68#s::_n1`/!NE4 ݂Ɠa<ͳǜ9['x䕜ֿE?ez Lᙣ:Чs@ӝ8R*d>},d7jy!𴥯½tM:pO{ӋѯFj=k{ݾxoLkCC';|2tUFxY4f/~`[bz:Iw|z28:nrKEc%^=%|Wvi\|̧t/{pF}dcG)]|ے_g nY@OOJ|Kvo?|ݘml~k2ߘp]_ ^e] : ~%E>J.GSQ>O,+g|'K$'l Zp6gN%L L;+h8OIs2HvSFM1^bqجe w "÷%w{rP7%h5B I8C25'kObS.S?N NbAN}}B,dꗑbL@W|8|l!@mA0d8bJ֓sfrChL>W1VL4 (t_vXT{o)<pL ,J΍aLĻ%D8?S/?#2D z7'߲[sTxSco14!F0Zi5,]cs%l+`~cX; "9!S_tPpejs6*?4֧~L0x-1_){Z_|Շ463 ²XW{ukn` '1^'fpnXwNC4 ~e'g/{Oc7זX2VH—3s5cSZ6{ ~KR0π+Yl /ъwr4V"vIu>8˲+[d_p4*@{,:9/ުs܌[kwۖÀQ}L?\Vf{a7-*xh4:@7sʄ[uVWcxr[W;w߶hw~/L-OV)\ ;>GǕ*3&?9B}2x<kO~{J8dhHU̖6YC.Aqe >4_5K@0:쥵8+KjO ]m/oa7z8ovlcrZ[G=}x+#lqyn98*|oFe_JĕWӫex<g>Ax49QmRF SpO<6~W(voVե9-$tvSx=73=FZGߘ my;Wز s/!_,:ōv|;V$/sR+>{4~7Ƥ+)m_N駶j'/)r݃'Y?~C "7Xl2"%?KF.:CCΕ%-dDv֛΄M>2jd)6)GsAF30!P~0>ܟCC c5b Ӳ)!3Ծb])Ch9GB 8pӆD9T&Ia~WkRja2ʸ̯!Aa9]EF[kJs5弍e <+=Y+C.pCJWRɈטn{iO>mn0x 9h>b782!lc^1|@61*ŷYU IΩlt8SYϸ0|5W`:C:st~egPWfZK VRFo֙k+o=AZ{ 3QXYא)cI.cG]^G)~o@Ey t3tqUE{+:{|6sOΟV~ e:~kx=PJ[dYmљp21kA1 } crY\Yz)A722Br:%]#N ,9^w:l1}sgĘ t]+ܻ/hsk Om Ώ_z*#_-Vz]:'FY.3͠'yGL`}e{gA2^Ki}M3z7s#-BO~ 9uFVzpK8$ٛ>N܍~ukM-uCF ^qp o;ˋ2$ᠳ^%|r)5~򓟼%9:q[wY9G|%g>}Aln &'K Ӟ%_lHf*qmlo8g7h't+:ՂgTHdKotd+QH~[zc~Rs(;&簽="'^? /&pô/PP`'[c:2j/AS<Ę|/菮_{ n mϭE~ I:6{$r3p,\:fłI7Sٗmn8^EÛ+G{%JÕ,Aݘ붝~x1%]^'_ l6fpl,md=3_֭%#k?-@K+U?9+ؾ[Jl% N+QaMpw@| 9N0fH39N0DBO*)1z)=U!E%mhF]ub"m=Y^p%0 $؆[,(Hh Yr3y9{\נ2T;8=%Z=f~uP}r~o:$h۹#[G[Wo=9?u~xPpZ |^gdj{n/j4n4]xu S֘cd8:/4Zz_Gz)Rx 7O.W]2oapͿwi7$̧FmQ8 f1A^ŭr&`t }9:L3}hyMqPqeLlnǃ۠Aq._-_`l-_a $ v+3sxmc78_^p+x3zaUmt2\upYIDAT> }O?8ZJ"MW G 8B[[d:笾oiϯ<t 3< eV,3N<:3l+: 0&K9#ۺ6w#{dށ1ƿ`F??ݠm-x0_G78/yU }HOmp8ƟJ%xA w=5>`8gzvD87; O7SfٻIB`Kr9N׫V:-9rwCBo}1N9WfD>K k`1tߗs$d$mV?96QSv[Pj,$R}Э`1&&U?vyי۟@[9%Xͫϑ_~?x,61ķw>4ŧl|!?ܺ:!U6~OƢe8ǀ7B|d[b<ۤl~{l !n upyv?e/U6}o6|^'?|/sgp4 1A:ZwK:P`5~Q1eR.!Nj70ֲ{*9LP[; vXr?>=9`ͬٷqsw{Ly 1 sasZ´lO˱L2Qkm:J9qzded(UerDbhD%)ÕeiBrnl/3|CNYjm=Y?閭qV4XE_e:w lpGWRh;mb*0 fڧ)9V[>]ՙ(Uī݌@C{W!4|lwԄ+~AؚpV1R) _Wkps=jM C~{,t!KʘX^!Oid%@1s7Sqfh͜jh963GYp׹ᤶ5(uu,r T޺ P n2,>h5y +mU>nf\ Oi|3`9#s\7)Byі k?~[?88y*IbաË׸qXgLNV7'ܢᇇd@we3g8G7_@|7r` Z#>*dָ{FlkfؗYq,G;hoK$S]s){W-u*w#lۇ1^wKh+XU:az{iünX_|_PzW:mf6ն%we|i<P(-!pq16l-x*c-X7ҹ8n097c()}^nZC쁑##`~d|GDռ-fJ⏮3;;K%h-vKt'G ߺr쎏/Njك8# l==g?>_G=Y<  ?棻Cp W:uxǖȢA*Fx8\}n=DgpBiAsM9ev_?gLO9( o Y''з{(wRr\ бr{3[ MSy{9\Y2wԦX3](&e}Ŗٌ85z`w;pf :"Gp{S Ƽ7?6|y YVu{L}`m:5W?2[s`;5vص|D1ݒR o꯾uلJwz 6a{#9nKIk˛຾߻Vv8۾,kwC\l駺W~>:RiA7zxKWDnàh}wX {˶gto8|૵Uo ihdo`7_Kd%} #CfJȷI^LFt%p,dimWz~̼)>"&EVF6tR}wBX@ >{WnPe/PE8J}|y(و-ۡd,7`TJX_ٜL-8 LD b"@+#1)/NNg:dCd x/jے52d8ʷN0Aed"tef;8ZFH•ܒ Wjo3Rd~\s۵aN, 0j;%ƒ2f꤃;fN(A ^6~l!8ligKy{:Fs0p.pa?E;C>@al-P)F[gA0a0: &,`o&4|'ʈG0 esF7yb d|q H7&#̱޳H>0uq~ipn_NECAjw 9'|#Ǜ'#"nڜ%yUu0^\ҏ1o}'}Zȸ9i8`JvT^&8p{ BYg]T9lɟ]GNBΟ~A?(%1NgsܲKYӓ0nf+DOm`:)36k?eJg?{'_-N9-!?*Mo4=l6voT&iᩜʦͱc p [RۖTpU} ITɍv;S)k&Y=%;[7%`4_c./NnF_y#r7g..ݚtKxAw<\{$'t;ܘndt3y q( TZ\x]gS /X;o(Dp(z\#_MBnV] [6<3t3cek*ГmG~]6JAnCN;͡<;>!|jv7O,ةx6kK* x+圬ۜ~$ն VypH&(+v1+c$}]<I!.vDP`Έ)eA-`Drr;ne#(c9"א'JcE5{N$3|-;0~z֜ ׽IǓ3^+^5'dFFeτ۽=-uuw栄pe4i`H 0^VLNb(81;'9y@Qs&Lr.H!H$e#=BO=n6qdߕjox7-NZRN9m}ր'0iKh^ 'g<|3 fk JQxhӾ%L||D*;>q)B J%u{G.ogx= ˸tl J}wdsWڂsJuHg8`|P` q81j>p(С6np~p*X#֍Fc)cL4AI=fFnY< I2  9}`ѣBe^}p3 @`'F膱 A{Ζl֙^0<|ݔB# o-JHd؇oJp,ErwymljkSvu|5< س\>F% p yk:yj!wd෷xU73x੭mh^ *irܬ}v+J60DNZ ^[+} ;&ϑfnod}ο2"Ƅ{e_:wC"N‡Lp!dNdcK|"$(|ۯ]+1MNPƋe⮓š#tJ3ڹOr?qsG0}do['#)27?AI2<3Ar&p#i-/!=HiVIKT攄C1 ˿6wg42Ƣ#ހt{`l?kzj+A`8 0qA)#=t& 's>̜P<VǹGM 0`wuxC??' ?,R)6x\[[ r Xd36F,)'܆7IU!C>1W&X[| #h%x PlZ`F` g?ߜ[hnl6}uL-scڦa>/3oa`@ΩӘ;c. ܰwt2{k񷹮S~Ư1/S})ke 0hnNp(($c1,+ɳ7,oͧaĨfg\/?&G{9;kt'^=t .g5Lw-쳷"X)-Md~7e;*u / 筿=J'vGا/!}ߩL^4Ho1-ၳrFkH/i l"x52̛}v.wO5 $of뽪nΜu2e1ֆXFmÿl@)sqz~NvL8/ݺ~l֒cLhxbdbzL4߁6GF)8W$\]|tRcڷR{Z?}&/m.LuΜ +Cn+q-b 2\ ^zs ں"-}_' ;Op^|cOnDŽsu+ʸCOkٕ6#r0{x@ۀO;O~[% \Z?O;8u8egᳳfC'm[I_:|ح^N0`~[ꡯ|%G5[mL|SoY9*5.-w>8@W!q}\? Kfb7JFjpxJŇt47V4[ەoh~gZ>i|'{kN"%qt[xtF1cx}K\c'|0eKݕI6&zkJa!bS`NCL(-Ø"y #ad$ƙ6 M-11ƂȔ {!!3z k݈%}$J=V5wYw]Ă %r; 4eC<$ߜ5c-F@q5D'7˵Q&zHcS{do2Efd]Aن7[#k m/3pnR 0ٿ=Z>J8}9sw^cr_6Q{E9ɬy'k?mu*J\p[ ]:z6Xk#x_h:/F*<|Ԅ)Bow\rǙg(Ѓ :-^5k5Ʋ=jC7 !֘IpkT*3R^xʇhW^4 = {kED8CJ~7VJenHDZ\CC<)F o}Wlmtc>mg u6W(yW B9n^me^w{ƀWqr; X_'/0k)h7|Tc3fKse_7u>7W 4斟Ɉ2>^my7|lx+JVen2n_YW!Fek u~ _ GgNx:suϝfPENx<'| ~q\Y^ǻdgͳNn޵^ԋepw^7`fp9;+C3;^9É+Oclu_Knoz—Xجzݲ]NчNGFڻI[992 pg8=+fn\hegI;ے䨾dfnEd2c8Gff3FQvZ3xέMPV4fpxL>tIᤤtd ^,g?iJY;hd$KCTJP6΃OW_|ڪkv}8CoG+N'] B(UJ[ zS~INS9nSфВNm[/ OP2V7ϡ[| G{RKT |7xE#N$гn}0 ڹfKMV\aqmr蒿p6IpK:ԃM✫s QmѯC啬,gOq#*CqfX)Ir#|#;kwf8ol+{;/rtZ:ao~,Dw0I>hWWq߹IϘ[ޥy% )x }[ fkYt7u$d2D/܄ +ȷ\±>= 6loɱ?ýH 'H7P;1o9151!2K0n 22w=^I0kfNnsS8!FLYP$6y` f3S9k\{5չE.H٘k-;0?9E)<=b{Xd(qCFJN_uއnv~{o27yP2 EQ̜^i.S2|ec{RxL֜= V>lUce Ĝ`T/@, !E+;cLƛLYрnXggRh޻(06^eppF)ڕWlrq(YӘl hSww }N3(9ܕ%WWo{2^2B.:~mkrÝn\X9]%rn ?{| ޸.? N 7(n&7c28A3X2Z#M䬶SܶgxG Cs3lpJZd -+yow̜ɴeA~6 Xl?W7̆'b x^9$c3Gv ꬌ5xDcqc< KV&[9N|Gbilx>l{<M%~92\f-6>~PgT^FbcoF~~臫gw|w-cwz*tq6?/gO$"?&yw:5B88nƳdq#cm+!ahLAߺ!uYyu ~̧zqyn ^t/qک|1IX ľFuU+'ўlEKї+GGm93$w v5|NEŷ|:rk`~w `*n'[O[':TӡMp<NY?ُ nvCGBxAٓrH Yis;iuJlk14_uXvE8#n Z3d/ۂz֠ m`Oj3 Be\Nu\ApIӳy @Dm/tތi/-w. R8 h>( $SιYs_g>͙7~ps%~lx\W8Nڒ&F2|ΡF q*iH[/mAٌ2I]̖Njnq+;7tb.&QcC|o6'G>n\6Ypogyu|F6Ø9)q4 Sl}!@aX09\^B8!uzɛgEWZrJ#2l("\à~N &0[w [b"31uV7FȦtܘ? 6+9|n?>pZcc!{P0kg};-Q">ַW2>Ղ=]6}Nir u>c_DS1 cnV Qj޲#-ڿ\P/<LQ6 QРP3ts<: {_)^ w4 ce32 \` W3 uUns [s{BβGvN͠">nFvk5! g1޷Z :ap[?E~ [%kӹR~^|Ir[w;7g< 8e /E Oȑn#txEك+G7:1mrr&J m{7(؃HЏeVp|Ќ=s oT;23vh{Sӡ~ ,F#h~ˁV^gd7*6=YrKytc)8 o8'-{t3[9J̬XDz~ߺ웞Sس3!'qcCǸﭽud<>@{:fkq>цQ ߁YU=Ǘ8yq'V2O8݅-Y|-bNI9c-p{cEt_4Pv#soϰk1e[wػK.ƛț8q")9 KDIB Vei=S7㫚N٫TGߵ}ǐk%#J6}hGjw^U\ =?s2*T^Z!%x }>mg`dc:oo\|nm􅛉{syjupg%=n6[+ᛕz@{ۛB8aoe bp+58G?h.'4x8G@cn|Z#yTTɩ/l p< !S [$ɋץ&=^&{𛞇h/ЍA&`x6sԠiVEHL`\$Sؤl/+[\~ `oZ?e,3 }˹gMvLk(׹VvCТGj^[_xҶ=?$m&=ހ~Mw ~(}YƑȦ~WrylMw>@%QEqgO7lea_Y[~F|_'uxIh& <Ůg m$<_u%߭re>|!R7lw>}n,'~fxe]^cv87l8v`s`׵ ا17]總 F 6ŧLn{3C>mkCKH? 28Upn=L(R%3^(_˵ 8/s"KYI<%m~h6=jVIe8 N!mWd~t8B.핳f^kU~:u~qD2:Zfцo { my(\#tXQzq~n(sB^OXGG87v.˰4݌)8Ry|=2*K* |s&7(wc1x9 xu[oxXvηΩp/ï[{hLm[@G=s['Y{Y\lk"Ȋ] Y) R1{g(De @{[imp^3_dk웁-k֧IzKbl94I"G+Ks.^poGmv}U/3nrp2S)ehzcpu*R9򩜑~=|Y渹]r>EƁ;-d$bO\ȡJ,3qyoǛ߼̮9#)0NJG tUxVD mnqngG70@WNz{u+ OV5ܪܵ&$Kqwpl$|oRbtt0m3ENgxhgT~ܺ/ 8n%LՕw=~ܘ n?on+5%,. {*)(ʀmnTL3 0>|,tGO>#ǟS=:vupRv7QA Nsp[__2H<ꍭ'繤U!]zˠoxyf@JrF_H x%%I66}dM{`Xhv|wpМ:0_@!eRwT`-9tsaaݾ22m_pPzSAYot.o°,nsU>zHW YW-'my(EʜM-`K*מjg(Z)1m0Jz0" LPǜF)(mƾNuk3A{V:!6cE9ۍ1{?`T6Sw9u'g5a21^=sٯ g4X$5f猗Ӂh-Q(#q( a7_?JX'F>X?+[W0ASnF\e r~ʤy6AW2p]c){4[o 2`  f4٭|\xt98'n-NNK$y,Ϙ։g5e^!ЇVm]޶[~j{/\_G= tfq#ټf1/e%ǛZ#xvќqp*D"'%X|ܠ^V'gzΎ3˘RIW5-6 G$7^s\n&[R68Xz|98qmِK[Ά^6G!8٫}ߥur mkLMYcЁ 卾+-/a8y]^[~! pK߷ok~항ր&5Z+m" .&' gl#2MMgp8h@wNA@ zo T~Uv6tNv(%N%'ЩG8؀d"sL6歛_iώ]-?9EM6Wc|qHE;W.Xܓi^ZM ^s#7NڪaoшiH[,}L2UX{z*1BfSd8xDJ>[qVԽNЁ^hW<Ϭpm?A3x 2 Z3;,-guh#1*y㣕|?}]2ZpxJ.{zXdo=Yz}eW'RBO᎑EߌZ@,IQs `9h Ⱦ'(Yp~3feF?cC7⨶ dpXoF, Em q>B:1C rqFl}c~](3Y>$D~wBGΘXG^F}xk?}Wеc@E:Q}sd?9$}dOYx?=`NsqbfMWK 3.OfRy90G`r3*0uV z29b@@9 |c_hP^mO1c~)F3c6p>(p-{3яr3~{1X16l0cBB7uhR, m |QSÿpp'\M㬰$V+;ƒif$|0ڮMf0Tңc9$:j1ဗަP65-λm>x|qP2ޭ[=xkctѧ .mlmv^- 3d( jJӭi,a )|gOG]PKc%"i =|כ|eD{V`[inNXgsqurv~t g|U>R[mp,[Gr\֯T}h2J0ohd9ug9k#;)\m_7~Cq@kFr#}μFC \h#o{5ͫKι={UGixdgxYśwJ: ,ْY}ٔݘW}ঢ়uXmW8p>Wut r{sk.zdc9%_S;CI;*Cn6uHȸ^Fu;`ϊTΆ|{qy ,{36qҘf<03AڃtaT9/ۋ864Tpe ᇽgx6nB~fg\Wi/ch -?7!l O7Tf]u-8_>3fѓANbe eTy9njsf8u;/SQ!}m=\y$*CW땯p4Z#!U~*IU|oh/-O(~#>Ax#5&:@b8K0+4|o=je8G%#A| k]kSvFO+d @˔aOs,Sb0iDYXQ*2WYNc2dS{<|x\_&&CHsU!Æ\Sdc<eX'yr`qK$ϫ ozuqa+r#&BcdZ+FtW6`WO|oEÀcWϹs~ew^,d`gY^%̨tf'_E˱ G&ʙ}A:%ѷHmh Ds?qR \)h9Ș2o|Ư8"|2nz938W۾>8~;ks'.s?\݊ص83|6N1)\=,  _| =?]yso ϺGuԫ۾Si[=|4_7 ' &p_[B0~zu/[ێ/oFױssqk]6HsM(p$ߍK{(#]>VvUmp3A_NFXH:ɑCxYokFkN_&4yn1Wx ܄K p/rBItVm; խ/D4kM(ퟤ=,y,^ð^X8cT P?l ]Hq'}*S+S_ƟϭW\ç(_HRx tn DPR>UzIΙmQ dR B1ahˆsXnyNFH5X5yGT_ :Po3,e0@Y"pRs a``"kC !cj ^2`UYkkq2*J<\7Lֱ|6pQ9amm6Ngs~/ ?4ݺI?XQp(d A8c9M+:<Ƴx_nL|HȨn@h o Pkxf%_u5=PoshZouSxT]1g70(~dӬ0#^-rD%4 &`ラY*`G %0)`Plw`U YVy?xut=zЛu0+uSĺ@xZ]7YY0غ5~d7͠{U}uシY_ (e-]<'{1R6Te'Oy~o.roLvK/Ę)G〫<ՂNk*=wݔ׹faVjȘ |ǎ*-O{g,8@X fsO<dw0>!\~hȾ9oMWs15?n< ]omJu߯o[7Ls0&x [<4} N:~|IÏlnUmdYhpcmDdqw@?쬍jduCB~|Qv 8Ჽxwe=|7{pn?ʢGn{c:gQ2S]|]w=TڧVey,Ʒ贷F6A.\|'H_/sweݭ9nB< ڂlFT%+1eaV_iEl뼸g3%h+ߍtƷ5_"go$:6l?ze'p_[;V[A爥pJ[BSg 9e @L܁d"ԧLDνlֆYp8a=e.Kx Q'[ m@m`NڜOf5ʌ01ͷcvR@2fT~(d ۴! 0]i#7Ccjs0uۏs%q6ƺ9a9OB3Ŝa˩`O%S)H9 ೵ё!Ն9U=/$vu1oeFx$dw`@%0c|pUao~3sW#|%Frxp^_ )ṅo,H}1yr̂1\[^`PÝ0/h7v=F F;89GC8{pdtU5=\bo\J+0VH<Z wic8io9#6،l'{[^&㞓^ZKT3R71#fɣ¤/z)]?% F5 >6&xbmkY|rkwYh>{fWڜ38NEmek9 #EP!tӄYlM=^ݵ_sw^諳7sH߯%{mPdÜ 6%gF54fY͜P2 ۯqvtcYZsK}df[4W:x8觇Á2ɽyۛކUgw։WV2gm5Ϲ^[\E;<^}a\rttrsT&,W mβպ˜~*[ei}Ku5$:Ceb~_?Hs1)9I 29ڔ9euqY/Ї(eKSpȦnDڮ\yo[½#x= vNc أepa6lz纙hD8}eLsh6utc?֖ fp>3^pnZ={>0=U hö(;hc?Jot?1^nVZ(=H_0&o _,$^;ȏm[>AoUro_UHβ[LBl ǜAژ}w P8rcޔ~" > ([ HmƤ0 :e}UIgLW_ƖhPr`dKykeliQ<?kk"j__0l>wֻmJa u@$CeJ,{1>3WIJ|Dޭ0c`K? {D2xmڛR(ͼvVi?gtxk+:@'S$єtLyF{}mL#zG{?I|dס N=M-׮8ݢy{ٽ#dF>z}lmKgfVzL:*YU@{s hvf./(<D{<אgC[C2Q?;r65`nwLك=ޒ@`{W$#d7)/2ȭΆY?XgGClyK#C_tta$x{.pl'e=-tNuolC` v"siveẺ<=\jLGc-VgCy18{`--^B''ZPY67H <\س4ó _Υ*+|pgsd׏|wk $|(*ZI:YJ#<ׯ7 HpV2ԥc:J-*{Gw[d%?Hzfѣkx3. x #`[#Ǭm& #fJ!ZYG/r3;_iq^h ^юW5fpNg$T}H>6o˝_<(mz~01GNw~LW>xVd:{ZدS\;{m.٪J=^71,]\nLHc4/?hnyZC_JgqϲRqwd79`O@&rW⫵uO'p'(JX9g `l'@Fe h4)ʦ4[}'^% Ӝ3)R`-{5~vhМƨ^cкq1xTqzPO}_iu^ 5 cñ`oAU~R+S֒uV"gW+I ܜ5agrDIʑ}#ZCkw&E˔ rʂy)@`}{oyG֓se*b=sXM_t@/ b3|4z0B0Qc2< T&ʪ4Ż$}Vn(C-Y进pln9KHrq JJCQOחw+ Ux'h`HXuxxrmC[췆fAٮߏySP?7'm5_FRRzlo6)49\]mln*s N+)p_MЋ߽._e^Tfsʁ~Ø)ulЋ@|(&lZ1MFR[[}՜Q L2_tاGK7poE8JW˼}h [zX9?o1fnIU k]_n9T_g6qN6g*NA~kLF͈d zV{ЯKaiٻϭV_DhW&QYO4~[pny߾jA5@&BݸWcqsu.~~|c¡McοpFr&Q4Vi~*>7!_Zk2[_jùʒdDk>_ޔ[]P"s\uI*+]dzYek5Yw!9ouT-OvYjՈ`GLH%Dn[H^;4qOY^98q\ V#e6Y}t+^6/Û+K.5x=,]8J^FeR%8enystrկ5(lYE~{N>9)n6kD`:# mu{핃^vSɄں9W2D[s@Z=: [gs/cHm ӟ?={Ly@#l27yLmP-3~H8k177_w͜-/i/LHɏ'DsC#Nb/.=<7/k>x/I@ [$d:~^ocCh9_9|d3|k/oZ !n=:Hǎ O=l%mpb _W#;R7,yތ?4y W+@C'ǯ%anD&{ y[u̱=@~r<(»s`:tODF0B͕^NdMYF)bAe,C2?TRLBǼOs=@!-$8F I(~(g@8!8ז1m!PYh9[jh ʒe{V(gd-vWV ['t ֽ!4fكC-2╶7~؍<d^7Sme_cN'`= 0'>õUc1sN@|A[N {ah!Lz:k]Czᇶ' 9W,rJ?e>ֻÞ!n{W[]3w諶l9 r$=LGgM̓%x{l Y-#ޕ0FGhs{ / wHG?<#|j j#Q/Ø50&|hqP?se>f7'~ur8Ks^~lNt4׭|uUc,l՘;ѨzWGQw6-sʚʰOn5 w>{u@ΦM(K?G?xhL#X`r8qv*ՁN.0l_瓳Go뒿OjqX{M;|ߩ܈&)\Kn9|dr*#wѮ~j7fMeR89⬥:z{B۶FUrN}Zuial^c "J&A3g pPSp_>e}YEM&8[>ݭ&+p5!D:x>uFV Zyv{7/?'+x_%ܵV"yKu~ *)uո=VcD6>cMd2.ȋ9grgH֧.˹i)m56nx~x= nƾ=I\2tAƴ~7͔3ΐݛO9*GB9ejMQ4@Zour̗a&(a+[Ny( dsFSƻ.cX&!@L2Bࢉk`7$ne#DB*Gy6 ku]yb.Am;Q0err:;׭/|ю<)a-}>`s-bwuk~err6ݽu\"^s9{L cbP  XDxD kNq;7s È6Wk _fA! Veީ0ζU^2͒*׏#[rLL(xoix/?7;xFIW/q|o"OjwtomM|$ʯk, B~@EWbƇD-]!&uSu  l\__El2+c@[}0&E8|eߺat%9'9~YEq k#ZQS"7evN5+!(j蜮<ޞx [X298:r^k?AQA4ei<c||Ĝ1g l2z6 7  >RMTxk5u(UuGIJ6x 042|]wOw _L:#$7HFX[ݜ0r #Ck))1kvk2e8p_ɑ4l־.Cq N9˜+E`[M=:R`. |p{.sպ|>Y%'k%k.o0<1oBZur|8C%m>]oe[۫[>``dMڭNvC@^(F?Qªwp 0guJT^:??|הnĩJs Xm̆|!Y{C12uy#aHt9߫xwrr>{|(H|ϩn{49l~{~px4 2}-1F~=Я6ƨ 1mցt^lZ8)*ߤm:I-W*0ZJ|HyA?z=yk.o[]x6p/|{W;mA#S~T?8\.p?GeZ#~e am1YcVrYc,jW"gxФ~K-xLSf6|.yq-=X[rg\[A0 Svog~y pF8.Nwįz99 |rjڜ#/INicϒ Qյn"SMTֲa0on',D]H1s#Du{̼1o![d-1Zd(DSrg+ -Q|d]m?+OM?{FGx [ o)x>+i}4 m /q<ܲ-c-q^n`T脫ˎEpuy|dfպmCh,1(W2-oᎹe3?cvpl۶p쁂[)$52\2!Z~ P7eQ?{{o uD6|* Fe^*=W=Gm9p Cv +9{mzj4QPy ȼWBC)[7]K:G[[qX天_xDIij~W.#^B7o.x flpnuPsV:h;Q2(-MCW!G=ol9JbD߭پxЕnti- g;tz6l0euj:kDpݛdKlvtw=XP|A;9> nIh'g6Xh7\xO0  z3s rHǂtgBϒqMvr&΀So8?GJ@Τ;o8u\@mr:Sޫ^swd `cgaÉރ_&`a :]`9r dz4G;?V`_y;Smx=䠔j>bM!wAg4|MtkGs>ӟМK=*`oͷ픲_WVHoޛ]a4vw2 t >$kI+ś}?~)sNpX_G0ih i{ ZT Z<0,v+p鎧-ޤ|x:W<%W: ~~.f^}Z j]?xA.O^Jι7.Kv>{wzk>C{7T{*͓^#.(U_JO9r ȤAY t|k:cp4N` U?IEV5&b]A aaY7{]`^Uu!/\X@G\Auc K cK0Uːre9!83eތ)BzHf@I) ۯl>m:!EP@0eن2 o*Qf1wNAa gZ=wI ? h+eR[S#;OgCn?eZP)D#LJ8'8i<ߚWbWy:g DL3~' O))昝WʡzIkw;pqpnQD)Tti7Guʪ&g$3 _ˠ6&WB$'׭|2;0$ XJ}8 < $M&(Dt0 9EXs6i>G>&D'6>J2nʞ6&:tޞS1ǡ6J^Z3oc@ɍ@6h9}U6R[ffGvn;hK3xH:MW`a炔ۯZ+|QypǓ¾NEȭWNEkwJ`^[p;FeZ3XPx B99E"cbu3 ḓ"C+dES-PYfO_Y,M 1KvV{5_wpuԪٻ9sN5:#*do$~=F9pA}p=T?%QjSJ]_4&|O7>q. |>Aݬfp3 J.:-~ufx9`sY0f7r{Vkf{o2-%9E:?Tn#<=П9[Q Yqcol܀gG1 ;SJG {[Z_7_e< <ЩyB^XfJ{|NP/䐏s}~+|.NcrGf:՝l{k__kkdf8:09ɻ{+ę|--S _q7 q dXڿ9<.y׫?Ԧlˬl>[cn!Dx`pҙ]MQxPzc:tEY4t-1nV4UqQg󕛋WG"{ ۟AjśLۚ-ykҝocem ?'/sսV@Z=FKf9>uÏ4h__<r#WƼt5ŭt'G&Lv F:l8VCمΔ\p+*' dE; C0&9#ﻏr,ƴ l2Xtuײk#[e;7j}ݬ<7eU6cGp22ioCO=G-ǻg2unp_' Lwd́-i{S,'-W5+-83nkuˣ16,?tֶA]!H$)*lz q> +^;L^|t|>-U^j/{)Q"dG`}Ws {6⏋w}F-c-~V_]^]]8Up,;}DWɸ-iշ[HL_Av iɝxQj>0Nl {ْMu^=S`>R+={rR&|W=0 wk|q(x0#;~.p%u^ߜ[<E<{W6\cBn[7[ 'Tko8T7FexUޡkzdq2|lxF*wpҙv`8hhӹ_8KUz͞zxx`7jS5of9>1^f\k['-]Szu׎[si#g},.|w!.Ԭ!= mT;F9b":]F͡~]{}]Vm [7H!5f;E % A.z*M^6e-FJX7E =ak/牱qa u waO[`Ƭ}gLVg?#Τ~pC>2^Jf:B"`Lʑ w7uc1-YgB J,i`%]mOcͷer7\3'^ XSo9W_gN-nE1 slܯ ߃6x|hVLv .x'{cWx S3Q]AP{YpoߒXP[WϢ`TB,OЋuԎU U 6@[g^l:8d;2o<:ʲVZ_<Zǔma3eDk3EKc5lp6r,_?Omx ^͠5SW{01/68 .^~py5@9omhmuL/97Hz@ .Xc֠MHXַl Z[?|ms?ڇ[9l0n8V B⮍YpbUe1=X F6{}Ց3b׬-ܾ{[x'Hηs8]Gx!Iu*0A)#fEYN9~zp}p59n Æwk xӵyN5۬/xW*,souw:>Og?#wpćJ䐕po JX {h:wd,o\w7|.xShi^JdXGZ"rWUmÝng ׭ǢXl}w<-V6bV}Ȉƕ;„ u22tm0,x e_ױfNe]PwC~wn{ܪn}"$5:0 )e ӂDW)DhIV?kZ C^WF[H X5,`IX Sz Zxr Kp5&MPO m~Ƭ^i_c:0Hl AKB1m %\[Qp (Wc=j/ԃ9 E2-{8 CNqW6gGLl|Oo3‚PVgY~c{gEI%_W9%d#ȄJUk8p Y>eA|o 7l< pR+g:_t!v(}nF#)|e2+/ЏFuCp 'Nn8GpSQ0)٠`X~KWc⑂r˔:R7_>W`AhɍvGzZjbdOʙl0LZ8 QJ#ݫaV~Yso5g{ȩ^Zwyr\1.NiƄp+d 3іNec4g,G0B]1EN'c +=&[zڜ75Yv ~tDŽϽxoc />FWҍ' 5krH,`_L?:[?I6l W~:~muqAfdu29__Eet  ܝg ~z0YޞN昤wr.9v8R)h!$D5,KFO֭pΙM/`{(?s4{Aupu_Y4W<ʽ3.YzUx12sk пޜnv}zs'h,'ëÛ1L"Z s= .2: ~g/J\xapn 9rU3YOR+m9eBoYgjGKmO)};,9 svta=17x)ϱlL{w~8cbбy9W< Y=7)ŽLQu_u%s8ʼnN]twmhlVBw9 >whw= p.33؀^ʮqW+F?m$?!`}` ιwւ'sWxt=CΠ=6- MΞ.htrZ; Jڲ k~cF6|w9|΀{BFq=ma OwvE>C< Y F"2$KpZ| ^_$@ o / B<CF]'gTT9( -_1/AҚonª׍:ZC`&jC ѿ+/3`؇1o~=8WPfPwB;0X;^rnY!Q|o8NJ12zxIƘ5JOb(p{p~5C)N,81"w oݛ.~Of{;R r*?b1s}$a8Н* L S`^餜HgP(+|+G6Y~fSAPkW#^SeeIFi 'yk#3|q|&h Y"gq533ZMnYAW=\r|LKIo{G",![r ʞ-]ۇV@DڻF}3ad^ ,uo"mg9r{P1qB n)8$3aa 2rY2]q|AQAed{&5e~б_s cOeP)ح򺽱5sb20/{iGVWת_`xSЋ)h"KٱYXJXcoߣ!@TK cL^-e25?ܺ!Ao| @ktWGC_n^y- .Wc}`o/MNnYr|:5UV|ox\{ q4a3O-+<8 <ʢ:æ GIsyWAdsU"w|V^ܾշ>X<)rW7a{61ʵmvnr1N=WgxS=w})ÁYU>n]}Χꋿ-ɠZ=.oo_cfLkW,:H*halm~ˑ{rMwc}6mИvIla|iL} CG99ANJfԏNgSl{8^M>?fmsf91R|7@r$~pmN mxu%gу7n6]{cIZu1~9t,jsS[ ߂tEXXdõ{~q(fyl43ݹ׃L~R_qKo䔆!;)'57x/٢ɁW7]GY7.W@ŖyyL&ٹȖ!\P&\S߲Kx06=N٫1U}_%|9uzt~_s "ϯcΐl{I9u7B`%赱|uƦ:K΍sgX*;v\gz^ov4'q f7hCneA Zp*M#)y/?8}~nҺ|ed++_ohyQc~:?s0~ ao1; xtv{ca-6>O|=:79Smw۸Kg~U=< 9o#OJ6cjKꨣK|J߸Ł}|!lM=x.GrX%ݨԀX$g Vcט%{# [ : $/oFmf_݀$c9k w:?gj7.oD? ؕ@ lE|̶'ʗɩH0)AK /Hف7G)V?HUr掸/P$ǫuUwL5B0f% >6@)RL(`ŒQ@<1JOk!(ZN1"o{ 'G(f߾G߂|Z,A\ Y{0:k)|!U\7VUP>[5y -g7¾2eXoB]|e`g<A2#Q|``}|3r8gJpv+d|s3{`w{gLY.Ьp7|H"+R/:\'7.P.שʀ b S|BHf]xϨEGY~ր&J467:0fe%,e[gZ/ϱ^hho<S?vk1Eϕ 0 97oR&'7Z^}/noޫjsu nV+ Rw*~z:*=c,k{|^S3(8"(sMx;}.DZxѸ`(~4ˉ֎pDYd/9x'u8KVԿѱ7#|6xYeV#Gy$X+XwNAA0w 3ֱQr~n`n+-ag{6U&)s NL'Omh:^o6v18%pz98mywF~묻9$'66yJ֠ x/w>8)y㖴)R5&x+t-NI8ۭnTGdT?wmڜq mֳٯ99>Xgϕ<6{/:D>pף=~-.7i iV=t*n=u T"M| _v5WzXI s7w+md9<;lktF}β;&~n;ss9z3|ɾzdiڬ '}a&aw3"PD8zz~м\IYrScN/3[c1M}m~nd# e;NzL lEBL}|ea"ϖMt@9sH/C.m-);G\ oC,H٢ NUs{r*1c=yܭ Ϻv|ꧭ, ~ꦋ1}ŜQV 5P(#O[ 0z͜ 8g3@=8kL*NPtHU_ư$cW -ueuد{s|p~΄X/YΙp$qJr*Z6$5ΛӍAJ: ʒ?2kЍQel_) O@5/I;g0~( meVyD48Ňo =9{Ij+_0;s,ßM^1nvys૭d6yw[:m[v݌ΐg /8Ŝ/\9| <܂.D s6|d~ecns{ˢl9{mm7 l#m?}n`&GvStݒn=K97s |r:O;j#ZrT=t{ˮ)?d-CgMPuc맶j?ѣ|k|jkz@ipJ6ߔ,~+#yڟ3 -":OE_+O%9v1 B{OX[\?7~'W~ ]t;xLhk햔Yz#/739g{ӿ'"c L# WHE#JP` l9zܗ@̕hNY'&Caѧ|6r`2{Oq{r@~|9m &;؛ٓGQ>a@['%q'N*J~5-Dhnk0k-}A/QsW0['-~4S،U05ZB疴g@℻ 9z@H-*ӺǸ=NZdn`e8! w>p0E.ҧX{ݔ)gfpiL{p2YL+`BѾgbo-y"CWs/>^ܕ[[70JY2rR5Ʈ|:7OY Z6 h٣K||uh6ޔB ե{9+Q^9)e+/ ݚFڿ`$ޘYOmdMJxmKW;Gͼ֯Kɶ)p4*Q:ˮ}79p3>m^}Z2Ƅ_eMZUٚ)ڞ.@uDז~*ue]7( h8ƀE;pct1&\teedkP͂-([Z0<(\Q@U;lwf 99eqJ AS W^f猢qdߜ|;[ڼ*}ٶA2N|;jקjW =v4n3XcU |{Ye?W^mp3s9M+` wȫٛ)K:`3_G5g s[Ce_33n>Tzl'g4X+[`ǖבȄxq{V< ˽cZĚ޻EpoW ˯*DL=zv.|~vsp6 k.^rFC7*P_{Π7i63֓{̱ 7-VWp7RjYO*1pG9gAS~19ƍ `u0ظѤ|oڛn-𚽍W4}y9X?r%A0,܇k$5AY$0-V܅K5-C|3iR~`nJמ|0&yحJ-y d;"ktW}"= ܚNMǬ7ydxUsn$`ԏxoep~c:qJ|`_olu ~7V5{׸*V;tL$a]ZCC& 94wR%e4aqcfcm,>Him "62V(î0POd/F1 "ʔou,??xn [tf i1uXs YEk_@j}xe /Y-1]zAn)D&k5![&fk[jQqz*E9նk j㴭<1ѩ-/S&MeiƲܬ߇K_a'^NǏo0Vyy)Omγ2!OJe;?I+puYvzl<ÃCfxuMwRnsJ3cU2ZvWc[^ὶ\ꇇ5m>d¹1r3|V4dL]>lߘ0xuT: Zlumu+s?5!ʘ6>\']Ɇۯ2~p@2|+/S J̀}qY7ʈES0fV:s f™M޼ۢ= &-B}JmYri-C֌6;]یZY?fm'"g);o@d{S8!}qqFp>dV:2M/]17#ngZiAMNu o!X֎vFYmقV} `ܒZxn[kW zغy}pqZ pND-XwW-\WY\}n֠G-ka>+ʴWJ͞{?_Xд$+tQ=Mk݇1k\un 仑 { F}_*#Aog>׿R`/. h˷cyxC=p ;y҈`@/NYޯ7bxRIƆ9!6u|w]<>f+nR]ћ}l~!8lf>ƼsH_9pZVJ7xD$ ٫jT_"+|` ܆;e0[''@Z7 $~pipL)o4eeyU@ Tec .MtHg3Io]^JK3mQkLw<9<(DLC$5oS12Z< i:!^ְדּh=D4BL|g^)3{Tc%aX?3Hsd6H[6yb[cYb_9)e9 k!0{,JtU?TF!u c9]8Dn[+*1'0m9oJOv7gɹLqGo90:c>=vJ0kМfk=ruu,ÿz37\f p}O(@d2]'МSβ+Py5࣬-\v9gtqS<З ia2!tҿߡgLfhQEYJ mf|ӃM'G R #׷1pm83Ӳn]5V^A4V0xKu|b%kkxamd5^l>gzaf2f8GֿׂJgqF r'ys4d~xRٞ([H#`'=K]DO7V.܍@3ɹw%:z e^6^S1T@Kh]qǧ=<9;[v:2|lݶ?"=~Y#GڛQ i\yF{gm.8㺼_֨;?g8DF v{$DN"tя~氾h<8Cr8%眤O?}&I>MsF'i99ހ-iSdZ/jxX+[_=GheEd?"ӹLm8)(ST_l͞l%Y 0XxVՂN9onF''o|>\΋>!3 cZ?z.K Ah//N Zo3ͫ^CzgyK/:zy]8XnW=dYqqK`V5{[z^цGpGTvE Ccǻncۀіj\|=J|f 'іu?nv;rn 'Q-2NѯscR8L P9ɈAkx ֽ߽^C27˯8\&3(L eQ|_61 \$֖Ӗ#ZPΤb$9I)zom2|k㙣IgC95ԫAjʵǽqPf&EX {EEW12s᣾֧N4ᅩNg )㷽@n>?>bN2r :T]?W1:0{`^~՜e > # H eȊڛ1 8޾n^y DUP~$Іw!;NzJ/<vʀ#xlPS=e9qt:Ls W})[/VykD< R>~:]ՏPv>m݊жJl7 m^zQgH"_ Vvc=Gv aL8O =]<~f%{xUv5Ҍ~t_Z<<*[-ȑwbr6*ul'%xٟ3͞~߷/%ZCDoR9>8ie3R7dez>e'g͓tp=%ڠ荁BZP:3׳mf7kK b-t,ugsg,.r\c`p|_;fi2Kx0NizܵL{ZbƺLBpڒ Ckj|W>x1طl_N[,׽Y/欃ΉNONjg핻C8l֕sio s;8]ysSހ$Af()78y%l9kˉy +96vA[w|u砬: e?ylu$- ?g5+=s33l)Nh4 WDi藌-C:Ǭ B;ɧ LT#[>H뼓Տ/pVkp^|;A;yX,ރW&X/^3KޚݚFZm=f,T+/$武^_A(3=2W8rgbl?> <']|xv]uҝgto:֙W{ٗ@ xo=p/nN=t-8uDo'ɤgH> , r0 Dph9 mzLJ)OJK,@CD`=7D 3:c)~WLJlUCx|F#D"1$"4cBEcpќuZ(4V?qќ:sf Ț( FfU(g`;O!xӲD1J|}ϲc|_#+q E \ȁ /zȱꊵCc(*{9ԃ饍e&Q}Ni׀͛3 b`fstzz# |Z8A}906d;1n>>CcF Xℍ7swm~07WћO}t](qf%f-XϠdnUl=iMu֣+<"X [Y1VW"2`loZ䕻 !ȼɢ6xyV,_t]N\o3kiFI9CxS 1֑2=K ^9_̨쏹ʞLggbgҞ*㴋|_&㗴S>j3Vás< מ 9QUp sc3xpLsT`S>ezWu-:k2w}hojw{;XpȰ*M^pVst/cg_n;gL[6ݔ38232\+%G@v+\k>p`7"ΟSnh[\t~Y 'j+9/% ᚳ{JdġCqxxc?BP߻6960 nH<(v&4`U@N* rFLUS:9xiF`fgx[:*pQs^]']:6;q~9lOAJm[#;ޫM7a>`SW끓le8TwgTض\l7ܠ8ikԶYh,;sn( ݴ`-xSgMΙf4On7\קTdd4YJl-x~^t6l)c~rW2VzX|&A44qQ_xumpLue; G+H= k,kV61{ؖ<$LߗO8pC"/J|TW*;5*uS{Vmym[xm-j%<}F]]~Yum#r-YC%smͺyikm\9L&;}xyJN8!8bXc@qCzrh˩bo):ˀϘ] X9c#EԗAesqlҒ#Y,<s~S() )Ā6wA[ஏ5VI8X1Nb{81p$ RU?\ [~S8zis v5z^NFYP) uc~@N5Ox0 R.3>e18ʈd EGGւO(𧻓Vb:jtsH3pl=L+ usO58Y!n1s͈ޓCz31,QIn3*G.ue-?)˱HV1g dYH u}S[|3/;h.< ȠiI-92*YyP~7HD[+#Cj3 "3'f,ޚew8g82~uY5k'Ώ\xik̳~ߑq1ƫ='ˆJi{cW8oOwG[*-# C[ڶdf}=\kJ%P[B[{@=Φfoo?۲%·Js70qn1Lt/o-mph~^mv8r1d_^zo3o0p8d~ Fpom1;?346ӛooAcugk[ meԴjZ#xq8!;NYǟze~~g^gEqzO5Եz` l3Xϧ6`Fs-V>(W[:9uP'zCuW) ďe|/~ܒ*ƄW/d-ǣ 3}s6JY~u# .oVyY_g^f5/mtF7zrrplǠw L&p_wz fHL3c}x?/+x*'S>Q;^7MmMz1W/)'/Ŀ!|@Y)X:jʘ#ׇMVW3_Qs6釠n)l]`i7: I3_j~봠# 3D٬EW oPfFe٘~Q@G87F.Z2~3s2B|9 R2[ P@cV(c|BG1Y ɔaC" 76u%xV9re x:,x'2[V2w!,Oe -'+տḫ](ZV&y*`4Ƕ%;ms,ud[u'cuj?: __4%^9lk$jVsM̑smW5L^5#˴d=ǵ_7U}7A6z3s/ۓ~doMs8VlscOF/:e9*c烱ZЄ~bZfe~6c$Ik+ g=x&ˁHS?2[{mpsCr<޳,IYOuWm2r0lO`c˒X/\kOW7:;d=_ez&M0z9ȉKe?9b+jp/M/6Bf9Gs0)Sp_15_csR/)s q{o;FqKl|d,y MwOWp[<3o ]<ħ>_mo.fChp}#8w^YwxC}:=xu*[8pȔZ>n%?3*ʡ†Er$͹d9z k!O﭅=G1}ΘOŘO;sJm-kc Ќy1E pgF1a6g-Xb/dW?g }#!Pqi ~xǐN5MpO  :8)USnh!Bo.1t$?W݌qƬ'eg1 lbNΚ Vae!0*1AÏ)*Wƾ1+g:fm6cWZc[©ߒ9+Yȶ-6<@q8 J rweM~c7I :*MP;&i rVk_wLt{dFpdI.z9l-Pk%mqF޲5Qg ^!ܡ#-w|7GVl:]|8HTR i̧g\g>k0߶g,oj-w>mM\g8=sis2gFՉ2/kƐbjPƺ1![SYڬ$;H-LЌ5#W<'~9P{==3L/F'7hܾ(3E˘sȱM[gp* f,l|sk'zcFcZa*:{{(3z Ƶ.coW~jk/\λse>|5͎ϲ\ofE^wS 1AgkAbV>\GdOze>>"C%)F1ς{}gˬӼڱΪ@'p) :{{(zd ,"@«^G=ֶ-As[>v@H_XE7*y/u52`K iւON^eeB.ݶ5c| < Gm[Csٛew9^ eso j:[m'`[Vvn&-ܾqm&?pgݬlcr}tYc%X\JVQKӃo`Qu2U{%nJ) \+|6+Z=xSOS[s8[_r6qr \epre/x^*WuvE^dyxVd˷%xWuYN^+isoߡKkN8gڷv9ܖwS{wq$\`6Nk,.r O{u#mo3&}%`pYʸt"~%#WPAA}kPp{z Z8غvn*()Ͼ u[7?n/|^~/M_%Iֻ)˛n2`sԏ<'XLnts|.^+YEwE_tu'2׵}u= wP/Mr~Z}4'l?ࡵyɫǗ>lև% _>O~`~Mi')w bL8yj^mjX~$%Zev~9rV1!0IQ xcƤ9D*7,fY!fY2,2cgZo҃9D9Y) :<*7TNybU q Tc:~w/_x;/k^ƮS)G*ke3 'u愓40oYMc)Jp͍'ē8E\d59&?tD.rIrGaR:mG&qi?rØ͕jkot[c]n) `]vgbɖ^Ƭ ~$xGY ֮_pcx?Rm~{cm6Axp 'm`|}߶N=?}E@=jALCkc{Gw[ފL Z89zϙ6 =p}ht vïzVLkec_<؃m[ "g g9LWVy)^)݄7o9 [!tmOpLνB&pį>\&'~;Z髓4+ߒю%:Jt|pΦR\lnTFz‡𔫧TG~YpdK9G&Br|LN N42@Tׇ>r/R쿍ɐxJ}5FN b㘦@={%0a:D02Lr@Ү1iJvbc ӕ6㘫:0Y?Ǚ4͐ʎT%å[wLk"#JWzdp5 PmVu)ceKhCSӱf }W;zNك5yoajVLfmfxm%0ӃQƹ=ֱ3R"ݵLw<'2< >=Yf,5% eSl_,Ev,_[ʢ(g[/{T ]a O٪)d(zk!}3fQ8i(P|/,n@7h|,SFWƾcߏ,V|UZGH2q7Li+d1&1A6Ю}'9[b-x;%w6oY>eU;d[~|dͽa-e3: _--gs.kZ5^^W%kem]]Ƽx?c.1z:y'\|#(vxBaZtwt eΨ7.<|a7;]xS}|32ݞO g#W= M x>??tCūxwHnCA0UG|B%_V mxU0~n]MWYdst[qDrmY,:9kiGJb.WOw>9R 9~0\⡽T‹:Ɵcko~3[q99\m2-k9J9؃lݲ[?OΓCݘ`@h$fcڪi$FYxCmO*&9 ܠE<ʸlJᠻ.ESok`29眔5`c$Ɠ|!cx|5iY>lT}o: 8P;v/o~Ok+X)ۯ`GuWS;gGc $-bo8;bmin8-.ZE#`V搶%[&9C_2gV#^:Yuԟ~'^i-z7z4<\P|4-_xP<2ml;2OͿ  HrTxoE%ô;/,Lκ)auP2:>l cc¹RCQyn>\;C.T8ms3<@0{Co*A;s=}\0/9;x: B0Ŝh3!"KHW~h=V ^9sH Lu%\\5DʆZbapQƅT=XڍU[]2V7&$o`i~e=u0FIKu?eds"Ƅ3T76NdDʆ;Kq58dKeZxρurʛT/^c.:\ݢUo훢X(l6淌>G?OO߮7.M ycH|/ôekNxO W mRw`'lץ?Cc ^Wچ =LC&)h G72R#}rHc^4]Ym=-[X&2A]j &!7(|Oeܒ5O{L~ռ/0g_ڬ+miھ.zk3f}ZRJ^- ZMPyƄ[5>er$]KC"Lbȗor+T5:,Kxr:'0?+:^v'G u&_RdOW\\cf\G`e~|J7=blm%{J,rެ|xK/3³8jpo>Öw},}fErsqs_]P)W73̓Q |YZxnvpN vm G*t=S?D[4^Kw$nw|\oϒ!6Z#M];X;Sq7c,`\x9(1<.n;u ^>g.eSV9`ڶ;,y2@Np_'}eerR֮RʰXuq" IgBq8kqGhD]3ַ0xъ[q MgbJECj  \TBǹs P|]Wc%Wg9r qqn)b|~9'Z_cV}e=|Ƴ^ǎ2p%f4&?S$ ~&Y,Y){{n=6.f:+IB޷-r7[=ؼW YrFsoI0p&8>⭟!pf߶/XW2-jkx^o9is.`{;tf7<;eu+θ{Sѿl7Y;j^Z26sk>h=sUqCd9+v2~%ApRέj>kSkpϹm[p m;>t6;=g}a;#\$!*Ns!) :M`/_yynV!͘`9?)B΄V@VP`$Y7ʢ_e,eL| ːF!y!Fq:[OQ/F[}k({ 28Errkꇶ[ᰥG졌j?9gak?c2V9}7W18^8^Qf˭̬-rr?2ҩ6cZӘ[N` 8axw <1`gglۂW(Sx^hwh =0nƤ˔]D.S\J2pq{c:֜'9~$mLF8Þ[/[&/7 ʬœMmٶó#΢7[6͈r\>WКLm{e9o}^I)^{Ypڇ)sumd0pX"' n;ƕ>.,t[[|*?7~S3 J^lwn1k*JYשWÙ+w_Y+7Y^695=ͷC1skc-%V)u>qpmYnyۖCmpGrW-c-4K\1oCn;!<$6x-\tu/.sx,Q `s\4V>8NjT“v. fϜO7r.÷Ҟ&Nqlh'gƃxjoP Ej[g[eki3yi";g-_>3o-Ιm.gmm|Bpx\G.p/祶-wcm)xHsҗkJ_ͧZ1AR`N2JO򈠜[Zm-/qGʜ޳Am-CT Pл~l 8ɫ -Gos;J'{+/ox \W}9dֽ<[xq*cb. &]kg{tڜdO>L!+\hg_*|gy:_箑~zҁt_أ'gbgyo=FTk@G9ٚt"IƬ+>Lg!%[K>9k+p_l_~k<}u;> 6e.[:=y2b_!_5!2-!t#)I c{5^u͵e8讵b-A@bB@E&DYjNscW9"i'e kV^m\ z#0aG@>xgLr0]7fʠxn`! 9 e \0?Ʀ!U]'p`T+7pVWK1{6;(S^#Ļrg>5t$Gv}e̘;bo9aYXD;9xAO6z[tbk+[qHjcF|jh}}։.lspVʾ7]C[|rӏ+u3}Ym{%tz|S8/j/2>I=ĩONtjú|m9}| 9G_e7^=sUiyN9&K:}Q?x?\ W2Ӱ"7^iC^_·,p`]]ep?ef7'r98sܺ9rᖥ 39F8#DYV?Ng9jcU'~ g_.2xZ%2m[?gvu7DmޠJ rp"0e4-f539^*IwC^B7^. wvϧ[5pCFi}},6x~WZݘp΋e"A9kkl:s,CPg5OgCg ` lO"*;m_ϐ3noदU|vklNk^oٲ)2t))&IwkǤ7bØ eZeal*P"o"SnԿL~QakEO?٠|\!uAd =㉔rojKv&-)J@)x#Uvmd 2j3&'Hc0&.ki#|`^[lKѥƨU ^ S`#>:16ؓaKq7m>7q@y3cGp$w/8`KY<5o>AAq<:Y *1CzVW2I[3GmPX9Gqn|e~7ڂCkMn *i.ҷxJ!YYFu;Jpb|Lݶz#`1N傞cs[6-u6!My镯-Ksڰ`'{c`f>୽~=x:ONa{β;kщcƄGej[}ov$7rpTpЭZ-oqeCU~r|I`옂 ħ`57;#ޒ x&saO:8*d S߲ 8<9z\Lf-K>YqLu.Ynpy07Xӣ),mn6G3u ^GvptH1mP 997}pm?[rd Nu𯌔]'6uk ߝwRJѧɎۤ){0K|&'O;-N9,\yRi5o_n OIFrc=/\X?z ?M>߻b K,pYɠ>SA#e?*ڜöG$<3<]č*}Cwt>,7T6y8eoP([L:JRt{[~o|}x@ɿONXBż>%AT&O)qf"+ýnڡA>à*zYX0H d$#eTއQ@]]D d8urrrʦD\ӚƢ1.!`]#5 g8D`̩Sma%fY+B!yl2+r]g{]O8(dE$3$ul}2Wte hsPHj$c3Icmrx-QٌpsΌ5Eş <ҞLb|܀W> ˨¯ hኛݿ{GAitAG+)R Kc|ds[Zx? }8J&oCXƶ5[]_(>qWedoNǃ b,ç~C\ |Am]muܼj|ڇ6s&C+%N+zF8sWcݹ;qF?'_gF(`NrLFS[9@/yȾU[iho9o}z7 %Gtm[G[ }#z|J̬#!DW6)3^_rv޵u%4t 7öpdsjm]o6XI7/z6Ϲ׆>=hpx}>p_Ȃ d>9br=9[89+[m?9$m3fэx@7lp`|sc`<*[G?܃S\5Yxj[5r68`:cmo2Q;,&7ouԧrVx$5 ݠ9^x9+}c=a3^`<8'Om[]7?|3 hYsGڮ%[^c^g@IUz}Nv$\pRoi=!s\;uQ] e4'ïAnR$K[)9wyxnAO|?ڭ# yzmq3D:KDo[n:,^nmv<"oR?ˮeu~t&,ȓ`h+m~7[޷K#!Uhuckx/|s&|0WOC):vChϏ >u/+'vt61f*nxu{9K]A}tC|dlʙi#Zeۏ+^D,Cr3e+8*Uny%KeIZoO8 8 FxBc3{ @ Uܧsh&9`pW떰"( )HC@(9nma))(kșmaggoL2[#F|e!kLZBe=Zf~5 Z9)[w [By$dTW7nˎBX |^D 'e0Rp^ {|%n &ȶObXq \桼1<c+c,Xz/81A~yx9)mƴeSkw)e2HD~)rss_ރ!^-ۣ)haGFr_s\OKtNΠuF*Qи[_oƘ9ɖ49Cv9xgkcPv7֢ Է~6;~?U:oLRެZvmK,n}E*qqnɛ\X}+Y<8Ǔ=%&T=E NCQ5"G)23W%rkֱ1sdz+b j/YoBc?A+ ЖnI,K~{%f.d.~oƝ~[wyDŽ`U1+*pk]NUgjكO89:sm8beӥG_g_gTʒnl\1%pfrr'tE}Z_7hә-a2^qllƾmMT*a3pVƱ>xSod70 炇BOD޲il`Öl_E?f_nio7L|Mm ڏ~pjs^9'^3ч-\=,kDق[cݘ΋cg?t\ COp&>v7A|Ǧ&{vΘN|}^Wmإd+,ztCdޛճ#xOt[LgcvfEј ش=|%5q_m M6<Ò,Z'~H~~cD_xrŪy.txsegh~ mp\BΠݛ!㫶n٢dhO- |c+ z}|]C`^Z3G 8-Zk뼷;΂&-cLmpI)7v>3tc?C~ǿ+n6Rg<OR8% yTd>\~Dmn\mE!G#{Q6 &5:k8}?ZCk6`TOBc.OON1GpS  0lNY"rVA|wuPχi3?&'$Z+ǹC9u2*\w[ոUPz0_s@&0j?"WB|I TG V 7x?93j+^$sH^O|R+ SJ11>#J*]]>t=>{8v9*m=E& i& [zec*_=Hӏ#3lE%#EBAO( Ƅ a3L'g ;4(ƽ-G!с)kMVeA*P ϟ}+Vś)̛Jt2΂|=lG ve϶-9DdRekzeVC3mv#"h!2Ƨ%*>^ ZJme`4A oV56YFR8WSPQ&y ebe~e1!4t87<~ԜWlɷNmspL[Gι;>ds̍w|xKeEcһ#x9_??~q~Sn.>h ԭ~ ֱX_8U|7Ӄ,{ݚ9ُ"9Y`V^ï4~:LWKZ[n.P`9ނش8caPZqO.lNNc@ζP"D:|Fl09{ _YWGXq۲W&=fO`>6*g rҞ7 -xQ[~\cܼY7+WR(x`,0:h⟳pPVĹ`p $ K:DL6~*[g*3ӯ ɞf7~j&7X`̜h&(U2ze/΂ \j_VJwo Tsҁu򽲝U[ǹkoj_S[o<*V+ytߥg+8LA缸c ~R|+hkᓽ3ܴ%gf> &Js`;^>;ޒhu&/{6R ^OK+c2>y;b}xS*Mhbv7@ 48s*D$ՑuZ 9-Y#Cfl |Hsd8U\9S(,G 4I-d!ǘ`<1@J5zHOFpCZgz"VԠ'AC.jC|9 Qe*ctCyNw̉xUF}0PLy1ZDHq['wgf?l[71uCDT1x*ߕḫV޵hcX+5Ȃ%K3!Ac90<`}*<:~!{4N3|ˊ҆0߿8+a0 ّ1.Z:vWYNZϾ_z@5y՗wcmۆg#oLlf v>w%Cnƶ6n{,'c'>Ωi?pf7e 'mL}jW땒f47_Y.'+63ps÷~uj ͥKp3C ͕G wΧ~~a.Oεu_kU\ʿ#LuBiO[Kp +Ws2t fާ19=h@9QtRgsN(I\dmX4~jF̜u2Um}7dV$ɉ`?rHC;qրFs,pzx};T0cH}n6ks~t䕮D!Ns_C83I%3-1czu?ugKxpCQm/X =9/[<)sPk=//39fD0e9r8)yⷕݑ\qWCY#\5Z?ZF x-^X'7׶@KZ^P鳉Gз8vl"|(S:xr@OW.h)xy]p68w>kQۙ of- 5kLQ=f+ 7\& s~7}.Nkqm pO+|Z''=od`O%klfdAmS_Fn-w*e~4<~r 8fƼ17~|y^?g݆;&~'YE`CO`@s3+S[g-PDt}~m pV#W"b"3e|%X(8O EM7G~Ƅi^?Fzf"aKڗ\}y^H|[l0Y|V;ӟ6&s`wyA,`v6/lg_5- 9cT}C6{`Cual-$-~/vMb'$-s[4"7Ů6ߗe5 ,fBJ @6x%هa>j{Yj\9/D<ˑXfoqomCT >; x3^uhV#XTYy" 2ıa1k^V~dkfmI:eFG&q/yX39szm!ҳK@z"ȃG!{B&~֯مf$Qf%#A'O#ϳnXӔ4$&znN!ljuM$m|Q.9L?»*yg1Nǔ_?;8|+\C+Oc߿k}RUe%<9d'-F$I3Gs$ nK!LY$Oy*m&XAay;*Q|{;>ys*NnP>$H5)5\?oIخĊbQGaAxY kLƏ17*9߳%#јed~ְ5g;9?'AChOve^aWI UҲ6pd?>~Ղr #ISx0'_9/Zđv$_Iή&-5_l3z;uTDg_Fno~E[$iRgS~[񝉸y'KV}l\5TimٗvcB'zTďadKHHGlAOt Httٶ}oKEHu/ː!0hCݛEFihW{,PMV"WAS,_r<g=xO><գD1. npTvs洭jK?Qy- ԃ΢ދ4ad7A·}&&&4ٌ|p4P%s·DtC(dN cb7Zզd3x`nʄU>`ސ1ʓV.vkb~pN{w} V~~#$sTc)u0\^`s1oiKlr6|\9$)V"[ޕ$jB='/Dr'GEǂyRg>\ADGyYG]‖s/y~uYG&^~pP#&O0Bv#SVRQ{aVG4xd}RI2Xr_C[xϑ @4+$gݚȇw\5Jvyyq`=ع4v"OrHuK]el$i!ؖa`Bhq6s4<.v$C[˛WnY$b08"pDG_5iNBMz$@0"m_pGq ՜ql_;&vܵހw]HH-ZIG;/tCf1;PB8Ǝd+©4b{N`̆|+ m*˳kˎ+rVΑC~g޹sS9=#FC{wIy?̙>m!UܓE쬑aiN67qh+oP1Qyrؔc,3cmkj~djޭ>%*牤ݣ-UvL,@7Eڣ]vfr'8 iw8+ʛ 95"UգluX, %I~N{㪥^!8b!X1l* IgKvbmޞuRcֻ-xsd:0GYMDdTb1&a>=+kY}>7Y [uUO0m䐒f2u,ZǰL'r;g^xd5.]Z?-쀖7iQxᢷ-ei1@ދNڪCMV;d; LuӆhFIVp.:c~fsgfJ0 XG w31z/>G_l =3;K>u4%D򩷭M!qz'Ijo<={ TuӏAlSMtL@}e2Fvm1f7)v W,-G`:4!`>1c> zл*w/}>|2FWc3X: 8 V#3n"^7簩h^ӬgWB"ads+;Y+ؚM_8M>i>pWkIQ&[Ϯi;<x9F}ݔi|G z?Wyrԑ͙FEQf}-fs A8Fp7/c$Ѫ a~}B>|وrE9P7g!*3;x)N3n3RW;#wȖ!h4QOD|Fo^~4'Z"Kѻ:.l Y{z:HfGS}_GWcsEHן\Gut,YkDU\f-y9-9ż']dzԓg.o߬ƹ|a.QƦ[yuĶIIA\Ճc#l9y,jsXe'bl(iJfGrl$YrhWwu>KMsI\u5uR|gk7,rMR>x\*s2/:/'{mn>m6FuQ6&@Wg9g@>dwkZ0[GKcb7-?s|E1`m7)DW*>Ƨ50c:;\S<Gaezfgb-:#/J xC|l1i֊ 3fU{eUm6֤Y ,~ c>\t]+մ:ht|4TI  `ἵ`+*KRYVIM:0hDcyapjqHn2/Z2{&k #Nf&3af.zu,0Ab,ؼT@WS#S.mD0{Pǜ#1WȘxsؙ%*;ɀF~v 9*h,bB+?у^HHzCj% ['BȤ6 i>Drzs"VC B VuId6A:;eb2R?&M&!SQwoDmjB╍DZRc;0xj`΀읈1wsy YPq!O| wKZލbg{Πpl.5yG |ĿrW"ƣǴe..zG%Gnfm/Hgh诛okAvCAoNf CwEflջ\YiևJDNJ%k60DL&$ì/_"]|pCk(G(/,J/mLy!cSlX'O-N~ɚ{I~f_ǜW0;aR:U9$~!gekL؀{L}m7} +1fj1hlҦ83UVf%qff0L+yu٫6|H;3"x`0֬agCևPw)iDF\eoOu0DBb~ 8L*h~ag;#G[쨌>˞$cMYa4Nel aF$nld4߯  }Qǭz$d=,#ȄT22Qզgefg2٨OcY?ppZvD+GjăcBi}s6{W]ܑ4v DrDyȃDn:i<.E(SR]f8&22lȾNHKz18YI~QkDglGROfg~ [ؾ1ZPw{&7;7vPGɁJDz$.sjl]GRfFM49# n2Ef)WyO4|ͬݬM}/+'ivO}/$MqQ}NB8&;62zχܥ^VeƘ^ckiu4Ƴܤܟ546î3xCO?XN| -Z8Jk4vks;:co<]s K)想uq:r$ͷĜ6ö#cH>VML YIH^ګj)aʤ &DYJY"T%4}P-Fp`1 T]ayɆVeYȹěS^}q2HdR% v1,:chҨ]8APl@u&ݫ,Vv3̣zVDΖfob=Ϥ$HzY*Ӌ͠zDG ]8 . bKEbF%4L^62kZ1md~җt ns ="FT2b85G#D>FDBgW4%sV@͏lxGщh6?]K(; |D.gyǘó]iDnanJ?zʏ.'D8Yo" sy=mHD DŽŤkqY{4z"H]0;(]|cLΊaя*A'~TGQ>}Ui5gX$ [>yI4g[$zڻӽU&RYV:vLTuI?sT^vE 'aK9$2QZӼ]XSWDц| v2&;ʎBc:B=CF_|):HҶC 'b2mӞ7&rljùY?^;[n6xDc/sP[8g;c g|{Ju\f=6ۂELˍ\ድU]٫w5wLw|T"16x|hV7iY7<07m;=0@uK^X=𶘨L{˽% 7i&&!m^rsDdgcX~*MHIlUf1sF%̸MƤR FdBMD(Hx:W"!h,'a{^S-'ߤ[->M /+; ,W$!3hs|t'\,y9SYԎM9+Q)c'%&S4KcBxT26=sVԷ0 yܜ'ʂ=fnAhc+}w7ogo"=#XΜkƮ{6ZNyX7jgΉ̏'r/NCBf%ͼEϥy/k.(`X0.wqVHyT`y/5_"}q!By0tVsujĢgYGX,.>S.~7pcc}Nt`m癢42gg}}h>ǭ~|(omS:c+>$Bben<FLQ>ڔpυ$z}v*\"9O>cwA;@BŎI;}bPg9HٞF6yvHg VcTv qV7o jWq("C)_ cFk[EPi<|Df3<Z9kZ )95!4=k7iʒ#(c8fL*WCQi);1њӶw@W]\d2;:]V_ۺ[X[:>+NXs*辴{CquP+6o6i׏̮~`rSC]jVeE֣U=37iE 86 2  /1Z/7vyd+E@DBA|-rD~$hDJo!Pn?d{5"W5ǻN]|09?4W6̴'ʱQ?P[yGֈN#i&y7@#ޫ3-1P؄#!meڐT=n NDDVG8ѸaCY!~9 |ـqa̱d@FYZ#X*-ey֜(jA?J( G_^5x8Siƾc:iZű%휳QI4m9:LD.9A &?ĭ5LJ] 0c"1oF'NDǁ48q4_Wy͎ع2mjDHZl+ٽSq>vgá=rAl(xp=m1/yر1joQc-c9$J;-_.N9vYթW3pO|zg/>!-VَF6xGKƃwu^V.;}osG@W V9=ϳpY{FkhG] vJvgfLIeZ}hLze|1֪ğ>Iy!dw FZ<^"򢷘qm# >&S)ڷiCH,,d4mm!YHhg!h DeYu{bxoebB:/i F$UQ& vLy#w~7|[(yY[Mw/wF s ?!MB!wM?g`D1um@4sœɦꨛOбMxpWE|Uz4/r:&QE>AT) ؒ#7ڴh v|aw}@ӈcXa,~1ew䅹C4hc?{577LGǥ\=OZ>|l}KO9+ѹWn\s2683<zxt2E'6|y!Y<}Oz)ۇt@"l_U {u;2k{W!j|-9A A=;ExWh6`]H8,#Dױ9&׿ˬ/Ch++yy")Fqޤ>؞:]y0PK"kZ$ B:H$RiެlεKxQk_m!$k_ֈکZ+ZZ"cAֈ+e5l-5$U6b<$eirJ5BS?y)|9y׵q!t)EY8G7G !9%DICRGDHô}u׭ˍU7RfC_&R[)80O|cW$9g#SV㔉JtlJov<}hWL䐆2I5MTq]x'FFFv2{ҿ˿gxq =4x_+78R8\2&|;Ɋn76K!Ǎ|6hlOCk5dJ;|?"ٌ~czGgGDd#[X_X }у+ :k{hRi!gtU[YW/[߸جq6׈ilm8eު`o]8in`8DK04f}y±e^'khK-FeF=g$<6< j"C듬gLEd%Y8u>>iSw?AIO,=n֊́yoL^dΉ}>p4 $vH!ܽ;S9XaX00i^0A1 gtѽ"Dv0NI.`CG[%Y]΄FiYCms"/r^Jrw'"./C)֏cx2-=lĖ6+KD 84x O$/| U8g%. ҟQ[S|>劸іD>~x gGHKi pqQI\5{cs_-jŻ:<>H"oH{!ܚ>(W|@Ar"[~H ]>.'muMvXhF Cm yoaGP=DyDjK%M]寎gẏϪәyHJ9UݲP.;Bn׮̐?3^ͮe:K}+U_9ix/{v(4C{y_WroH2 Xi|gLڭ{_z8-;D(G6am!{jdž; !Ϙ%;=R(&ufz.Eb%bx&z U"gy dogEf)<~/5 6%W|, e"]Cki6ucU#I5y k80>;&|h;WĹ> VڍT|?$9!  69Ϝ.:9Dy'L0`]i}ki7!1۔yXCRkcNf4VDzh uD@ ]ro3?#8i9; IKymOĵo} }Yu>gOHe"Jsw4(ʤg4"{Z|!3f ȹPDGJ{Kc.nޟʫi7co\ f,'iqe'L e|lB}Ezc)D]c9f="[>L8-Ưg9kJ:׼.$I%8yl}@`Zg9yBߗi)739nN0YGg|K%s#b|o}07]{C2"2e0n#jƺ)jgL%|v'w4PWZ9ZG>gbT[>L`o~.M&m6ϝkoiHVqemq(C^568|[k1C"k7}[B<0M+W׼_ze;u~4drR7^\cБC@|V8ۍ"O9U-Ȓ&@p}V9NS*hZ蛣Nek s:ZLpϼnnRH~ H_,\29MdV7o+XA7_-k Irݏ$6QȚ<H@6Wg}-iqTx#"G]JduϚB>iʉ$Ĺo4apmxÐʕ֞0%YMDz"2m>' q&}fSS_FiE|8}'iHGnPŞBd/2fه*["Z=X>ʒm7}9kut4Mys>˷O 5W=[[NnHͪ3ᜳqb#ƅHPpTJƛ r쨎bN'*AD>qj̛k]l]L0|=$7 h[kZs\-avC:8"(ѡpL젲N}I%{1Tl\' ` "D+ꓺzF}F\̻$i'-sQ\sN侈y7;;qȫI=Gc{\Jd^co^\X"wqݖKD5ޒʛ}wJ|/oGQG.YR;7{*l큀 _~u7RI37_EϚ?syŚ:AϞ!'{g F>Kpy\gNtF=6o]ok m@vs@k4GiOIuJxc݈O wX[4fM:Œ4 K9Gn`. BQfBDny-iE"ǫ]zVHn_ZOEZՐW3YqY'6Fr^m:8"kSB{Vg3] :+aTgK[7_oe|dI;MHs$:0q+3iBb~Vhk:g!qZ?D4$82ճؙdii & {3i<&9@5q s䆣yP |wuYoK;86&,M{Sϥ|6)sgKp|?{n%e̙X2Fy[4qk }E$_D / lmf}`i,VvU<{&7"紺fU"+KDb-{nTuu:Avr#6?}cku9޿˾M~/yy$Ҝ`5=o7DZ2K>gK(;)mNARL4| @[ ^X]jʚ}6z_s*,w0Wlv6fk:@# din_v|^{$=lvŰNG@6la^ "GstC/ِ B;è7!m%_b( ihNlYur7y 9YL3rm~~l9R8\M` YwV=#wD`liGs?7Чdc^gB7,Xf\@Ȇ9ʮ|иD&ͤEZ>|ϒ &6="s9 _"9aBb O}]&o6Fa@>&}xhKy`3BǁAW_ִXJȆWȰeg@޹0sPR:e]ОD*3y7]wї^pa!]YpMpl jr9C@H)Ҭ3Ng9ej2\}z,ˡDz,ojߺv\mF꣺KXbs,_dkj߭ؕK۫\~}da5X2ɇ$F}mln+Ui(/kg6l21E1kz6`rE[}F J63~f=l'X/cGtvf$wM!k=DquwӲ؈s[%kK+JV#{Bd+n8L![kaK$|q(m/./hHyю CcS_6ODj=C`O)~7gek:BƜl% y`q+s 2G9wv]Incgx4ޟ<@4 ݥUbDAHݚD:x9Z \0#됀ˢabYZٵ@!IQhn`=ɚ{uuHtF,M$gѠ0՜ȁ6XxxTg:"CyY\:dhH|4.FbFj% r6e)AmKllD_AdWʻO]V/x! C0'=R>i-R/i LP/kC|siJlQ$: >/ DhG%^zXZ/V#%cmuh['_%~? tNO۲zJV?k:uI>">Z0Q.ƕmd8́EDZ7-4? G)9z<8`yWfdd$7 'MOf%ᔨxqřV|GhPoAsi$BFfI9֑H)S8y]#giմygFi5zSsJ$~1mqQZ}O"E0=Dܙ^9loJc9wgFen5-߻ ZhH UO9ZL$k6vLc}Cnw c{4!lLdi9}<ܽOuqx:"-E'W(WYD޵iu<N*n9ֈ$%.CkRkCZAWv`%[Y r2X7Zlk=QWX"Y0nIG|΃@GH50|TZF<|8Tz2ׇ1R,ty i^> 6'=&->efm"x̨3vD:Hny[0ꇸXj&s mUsAW-r|ěV=.խǯUnQO%2؃IWNj{`[ G(.=[G qUdp|k 83ITce,YwL4q`RߏH,uVSu~mG8TL=aYqmei~~ho#eY[+ 4I'⿶Fȶv)G2! Q~3P#D?2#%h;q#$I3H>?|oIqt1˜qɗ4koW"Gؔ)m.3~Ph<'B)ׇeGq~K${k0+oE.]sl/Itt6l5ՠ B08 ^d <ʋzIę4jAZgۃg[1߇5]B1C]-E:eK㡯Y1ZQ>mQY z :TJbƂ0Zvv|=iN}CƈL.&y`Riƙ#=GSa[0o>7bo!e`!n3'23ꞃfIhW|0}B9B&~qݬۮ NL!`bToD68sor׫YcosyyPҵ;4;p{w)Mg#b4e&5U&:S"{IQ"H2<(CZd|=ߺv L @ܘ8_g'FZUl&!]= sHjc wB)#١6JKD ɽ$Mz!syMcڔwO}LE?h{؛qjk} o8)ok fR3"&ȺÚֺ"!!-xF= hW+_9 l`)/2!(&=e,2=ZFD2y4ef= FDrKWfH]ƛY- "78|54ISo 6 :[ @|,ԯs#!3yH˳C׃Z hxBt棵f`"&uֹLL,Pmp&L$>kDVj܉IduEXTDðu8V}W M^z>G0lLPI\s z[g?٣p7>.#gc±ȍlMC!48|WNIHH?L[pu!feQ_uկN`4k&xP_.QZvb䨍=t@v"hIpcD!-%_4dys "ISE=(}=yiȅ28q3͜Yc5-E'JvQudoq ,j;;jZ.%=6߳UR+ŝ y^C|޹u5-)XJgtP$=Brɭm`'9dؕw矿cz$)I<7:'S9:Eg4dYHfx>*i5w1,Pg0 \>y pɺw /dOZ$qf$MY!=߁86HsxmWG(gꯧMr$d"iA?!CdDϛhB{XyTDo,8R 5$IؤvEF&;6m>DKˇ#L$Z2%%0}&-Lu2tL9lh^z}3oYg&ȔY'L&9:RvPr"6HP/בƇxv?z @#]`EZud![л͝-^D!Ȕ,DZDqvZ8C,"%_wFu͏vX;y2y^wY%}CprXG{{|lޏ.ŢyH{R IHyGk@ k{~ gyw|]}_'.sF]O.8 (WyWHm!]/CV״HL2@uAFUVc)!IKT|HU !.*cƕt6xMn؈qS%m҆貿/5D{ /)ht8B"6s1cA%ܳ9y[!H> Х~g甗C={&\L I&22Hzp -O"R7%lD'zLXAlQ/|ʭ=#n!l7| ThY]fG#pfd5g RYsZ"y#hHY"!%!xw^#ֻ kBښ@`HMSOiN>KolG՜}"S<޷s|r(G,:u#㝯_k 5OvRFf/ 5S[w|Hk{g\Rz\^Ed%;i͘Hޛ6{fmCCoe@#ȷuW\\%*֌ֽI=X/iK|'X )t|86ASˌ 94uT_X}U)3Amq*Nǧ%(QOg{ڈju]7dp깊Ew|:.BE$j˶$cP:HcyܣC4$v- |ܻ|hHub"HPFl]s5}lcSu. *M]|ҩ!R<;\$ƺt!O$mlT6Z'u4Ҕ%_=XHx\'VD=$MDK=:^Kzz& x?&+gy`<14焨aϞ@B8.="[@/ڱsla">Vdp>Q^=Xyl3R7ٛsWld$ܤ_"C(J[qf;;;xy9̔LιD2"B r% 3Z^fw% a7MoLRH*,ˁy@#}0?ڀjW#k66uR}=qYw@Uۿ+w,dg$6=nHT5b!8i3"{@/gS?yV:ooI[pyo/eogwMFhFh@v3ZEp"] ]o?wЂ&S+n~ΧT->U 7L>KTuF]`R*DzEmKk-ÓB3qՅnzT߭fzTO"t7#zWIzl/ΊU7}Ǟ&rzo6 .[;i@#4@#4[E r*ǵE %dLpe8.u]$M`)\#~m9'Dv-v 4+`GsV.ܐo$R0Ռ|xʫz}-U#z&M97^5XO 4ʬ8LC6gKz:cI#Q1$dlϷF%2yBZ"PIs U"ʱ֪6)Çw̘0Fʆ2[th㐽>AT# duITsM#pυDM>o%=Cٞ]#`$FPuۣm:ɣqR%Dsۦg+OM(!ShÕ/Ї!y23xi79yQG |uL0,e໲SĄ PXr$,Ͷ#L:9b!_{>0FVϿkތL[}}@#)8]"7(yUFVڹ?=ųoFhFh'B څ5;N-09./S\FG8i!BG]+$i'~E/z(ାo:#ε=^NA<9f ATCnj3*ᎀQl-.(bHw'xohIO}j!sc; "w?1ASdA=kiUFNHJD<䬭 imM7ݴ[27ļ@`D<\D 3%tJ]#M* i!%oVB"o G_ZʴCdz-!<`o} CLWm-ڕh:g[v-5&:#/fO9I-)c~-.!=;بwMD\umsa]5-m/fllpOz&Ԙyn4hW^'moޟsF47Zk2{mC5@#4@#4FOя~tpuv0Yri夐guU~(L  &jI NF#ym\?N@>_@W#ipЁg&MKCG65M;R:G4SGꉜMNm3sIr5(c EWd5<为f;@V+ٕyEF"#[}\Sᣎp$?4>Gw]c 3 굊X:N8~QD@#=h{{CעhFhFi YqM@qJ%ԴItxկ~uNsx:tϜo>AM:o+W4J|p8=| K"a/SO; OS=7n4Cf83pLW-#ےpQMg F3RA8O dڭt',F"/R# z8C bd|GzHXƌ+A?SC cma,UZ=t6qv ^!iF+p?=ϓpA4dmsQ$gZ4L ,Sz,`<6ij7$!=DvBe>nR5鑑W.rx !9 i!yA&5N8O8H̸Hݰ7K^دo$CX1Q29@L^>c^2FhFhFhFG (~/sg ?\ ɎqL 6;'w"S^jo}3=BNx<ljg !.?"u nʟz$믿~ő$э/;@{Q>{ްz l@2q 4ϣP̷% .JW4 \'mpmh2ƈI}~G`2dy{{BV"?EF+_<5qdGḿ|ԣ5GVWQ-T}A}^H|P''!ghK36l$4B!)1Mt40rzi>R?u <ב4 qߕH\wyk_Ay`8Ng"K= i+2NAMҢ.B\]xl}QEi#fWmo[-S&v@TSD{$ ĭzi\ڟqi^![/IJ\&gH:! D o^W(vuO]z8[ZF^#Ee HhwFM%gCy&oճDծ j;R>hoĶDzJ/ҁ+``DT&5uEŤɶU>D|ɽK?@#4@#4@#4@#l*/!g}u<^{¹T3`;‘^.+6)',CUlݦݸ,.OpXn_ER;uCZ'N=%|x˓O>yMq-Sd7۶{@E Ikлk=ICE̱TƟCMX@w@tzBHJ#_`eg=Ywdv>HPQ׶<~wڳN995σ8@C$!SFXG,}D=֘/'_bW[2ʫgW6"ʞa2#3S$X쑻Qf=9,pǎIPW+G?zHŐ83Dk?0y =/6 8@>3GZ0v\v%]as{# 60Y#MHHjIʀ gjWlN#D9FhFhFhFC 3.\`Px@qMcD1.&!B1xpYӨ0(S><$J>Y^/~i>Gr5*~E^}~I'4*#JY~LKcJjKr%s`Y>w3e Uz\-xe{<9]'7n ׁt o"CbCMu,b\7J H}H];B@H4?RQ;'?]TY~_JsdTԑ0Ju#JB>DRW92f[p޵322ܗ=g]vi&pML<9\!2@}tP VA^q:(˟] 7Џ7Qk+avMw"ȨB:d&g^He^sF7ΎW?Nk#I XPd{-OZufH3r44پ4@#4@#4@#46E$xo'V!^n/|  xE9s b9 j&\*4L8)(w-pPQfCumkqǃrG Vx2:Qp?c%D\ ѕdiBT{eX<)s  #DsOw9Yrg)R:*m)h#$amo`[Sp:~AG!W<i"ġo~sL(HO}$^o$2\aɭ~ӽWO}M(H{޻ YyΜOR/Rm6_ʽqȓ L^x;)]v }!FhFhFhF Uw"A\ XQ49NrW"w$kڌ4OBM:^Oījp/n)傐EV dq9J^z5Eゴ7;商wFK1!]N0ŰDxmMkL%S $`'xzUG-A!]3ٞm#T%3`D%E#Q mKNUa-ĉ&;wƩ}SAx9%.LА҈ZGKĹsZ=w/34gzeaS6ADE{D\MhzuwD=\_jF{9GuS_6 ~u!NԾtm&=ǐ/bk*WHzwؤߍ!yڙ|*px^<q<{7@#4@#4@#4@#!] <x'D{ڨzi-3u'e R᎐x\NtM2\#qn;+ zq~% 60mս<3)|ԳUzcքJNhŬ#rf 99< = O(wyzl9QϹ~6oV l·}{c k퉌|99>9쀍nj2cW0{v9֘F r8/'6ˣj~8&xׁY@#4@#4@#4@#)8g~(O@,CU{OU qC8F|jyC/K9(Dhx5^`^D7](x(ΰGND#=OgvUyI3ꥏz)QSit 1[Mơ=SNd7/|%FhFhFhF؎E#D#of7%^U7'Kim^yˍrHoxC i/.ӟT|Q.pE~HYM~SdW= gj4~q!!q!"#DGbF2}{ 'pP՟zD.FƦ=jS#Kų {AiEoJd']:"_ I0' `UOHgN 'jGFE2 #ds8&kiouLTNT{x7&38cD?u`׮qEZGs.=FhFhFhFh&!qpx#s6-zVQ)>YïU(͹11R0D0oo]q-`)Puy*7Ov|V93pw=/";ԶRQC`<[ :Yqe?K3 DFd|=Q: cXHSD򆬖D3"  N:j>Ĭr"pBؒqO=tU4r492Ed3Y]>헖vD?7uiC ]AπVz얤b.d |/}=WW5^{;ف|lq:pz$r]lꫯJ*3%恽:O#4@#4@#4@#4 Œf;nJ0#.gWG8;4u)M>ܩ`F|SV ňـy7?GK2F,8׵7~z]Imcϝ%t^ܯu qJ$ Vxᢶ=^o }!+I;PCՀ82$QĢXFf" . /1' F:+Gj/}KT=X<8"7~ga@Sz=stNڬq|I' 'Awq*";6 8@`wSm!D#G^΃\7 闥ɔ>zHwhۉxs~$@; x .JyDzv!]i2WVWUc-/S!PBr.F㻉5sFhFhFhF` ľ׹9| UXF#8{.=W v ĸ'\|/&_r 'q_IFY4G=d}D?j4N ¿ ֦3<.p]h>1j&۞pEN9A׈[#-X;R10+MKZTEǍA:#EYG;tZ:ocSV!R1Ha2 830d3zA'2+l\e*zk4QO1<_yAkےz׾k/G!qfQ9F /t/|N T8L], L+ 4M_p~  GY""QUwDdu]#&2wg+eF9V'tf:q&k0HD*F'?C6Yduq E$64Hzy>QDp=YsQp1xAJ͎G,#FGh9`?ĭrv ֔ N`4{l&b0;,.N^F]+9Ϯ,!ى 0|+}" PB&"õSͥ_#]US#Ws8viĿϩ]ʫ$2H+]yKU_H3C/b$VM{w'4@#4@#4@#4B`mGr  .d;si]7! 8k$X0=" W2ֵYlz2:D7BG:JC)#!ygl qɍ4G#wɸt'oB7{2@DUG& -ItM!OTl5AFC]9,TyCҢk}"@LՆԳ$QzԈW}!3NQz)JF&[x&|џHPX}Y}l@iv 8DW;GIU9,r,a7U#~.hFhFhFhpMxD܎`}]5q=ΨMp-+23U115s>r6ij|x≃ۗW0"!iӑ,߾~N:q,K _tOyz'h7Rr;pWqD;ƇDE Lɑn0x8DF7thn JWQ9n6 =R$ n9LWeH"Ȉ.{jXGκ# w JF' q V'N}v*˽VmT|W.U_JŶD#Q'Kb꣯=Z/nLɿ ꫯ^dzګ.̍ge5@#4@#4@#4@#p#b7q^F:0\`8P7k57J ~'d*s>DveO^N5Ie/%TTo l|pc erT/_)_=2i)o>RgƯd3x5|s?ozӛ־ c$-C{{ `UyHJ|K^2b#Hw}3g8IjsFhFhFhF8T22"FD6[6nw͸xܻm.;AKD56Kx 5<ڞ(Q` w- {M7 im|.L$^]qx0t?ޫy>8688ޕQSutgFOs.77GD7p?h=WnB"C~_z.|Px9ThD6gdQ`ɘP( v 2AdkDGJx29yFP<-7>ƉȺ@"˳v5j[GTӤ9_^\} ؀zJtAaé[}O#4@#4@#4@#47FpGr$MK)kA㒪Fi+Ux7?qXʭc\ (|;_uXe`fҶ=$/jLQDŽf4Uo{urQDoTVl-E];Lt9-,Fwμn1N.r1)u4y K|EOZ%OJ{9ķ&hO~H y zmP&(nlA C[4CZeyL|_C\=LH"IC{?.N8dַuPϡEGr9I s'աAK}L?}mBsR͇&r֎ $&~;hFhFhFhF`w8AR5bpQx%u q) 9,JW5sYJ j]:T+n{E(|&~s]H4Ui8,jd+8'YPtuZ%{x6 YNY =[Ĺ"o ɟ/v `:;ܥc"ҵ `q)#! x@ 2ɷj`Gph#]!Yyik%28j=?:Ɜ"[me`qDtȾ⋇<"9Ĺ{M\!`-{0N|TOvGрeL1"%I}/cu-E'([zNc0+Fo~>uE!MB&;o؅?~Ϋ~17@#4@#4@#4@#p( e Ai.h&ܣ4D{pa5M~2 eP=G&M$^uR&e\,7U'4[ ӟtJR}t8,D bWuY#_=T^;Z@ xu42 Wg>qF"g~@J^U㹀F󸤃CE/dAd|Qd93GQxN:餱`5~=gHKIH{[2So<K*@NkfɗI [N}5Iw9@#4@#4@#4@#lrDZog%;8 @]TXCӑpWV2ڳ|cyp_l'Qa؊m~diUZyJ]s"3UxNAœK2K_3~sK`kd41>Βߑ{<$A gGCtsaS$j¼\ַ5 B"Nɐ dte$g:ϛ#ڥi@}- $ڽ껤Yz>׫rըquFG'Αuℸꪫ;i8a"xiDH}acɹlFhFhFhF` PIj|ҶFHW]v<֜F_}شMi^"B#=A"4\R$t=ꨣFrߵ׿qb$9sR>j"DPX8F;yx5)Oz!-mONjO;+Kda?Ƕ$70CzĦLNM"eKʰ}!}uXCfp$"sqs sEiF2I "Ey$P $xӀE +/}K]t 578]]9;D#ՑvHC0>Ai՛k&]o$].z3R˪K.dw8V}iLҴAFhFhFhFh=Ŝ-H2iwV)zx7B:2xS< *p2|YU5&{﹑kKԳ-܂jq%#}ӟi#' H?W9TU۞pO[#p! Ex#ƏߨL+b2f% fGJD2rGV#zOY ֥d+yW\`Ad6:Fe0"mmAюU f#s8gJTD'R"a~H{{.!c3F6'.er}у4=;T_x]w0uF H(s#ɣ9-C}^5k'EeFhFhFhFh!c 9olC9/7*P\a`hx9 *'FA}j< 7AH|4F(U|^$krNB.#w`z6b>iU$$K_|۞pO$*I0M \*!GɄBf\Ƚ |ތA]u%hێ̮;-sN ʨQ,pfhHRf=@!Y;}4噼_䁱KE|26cҹۼ8gsi۴R:4@#4@#4@#4@#S+8/5_ύ78c_h_}ko{F`, vm%n{$SsBXwqiґ"HTD25׾Pυ%C习x98.IbQuS^|Yꂫd=vlwC 0οfNBP؃AW<MJ@ oTOm`tR5 ļHj[$8\K zM#H4FZuˀ /~, \z1Eǹ0oCkI9 7P4pgQ~mu .q9>ة4&X?d8en!Id{[ioӶ d<ҪqW&CS'<9?:I>wU$p5KG]MB:k-dgHE=kuW_q,iOϳ;HxRٗs9gC.7k)?""ucs-v=c3ۉߍ@#4@#4@#4@#4U223/h$1ċfR=g]4$bYhQ8Wu"dcܙ؃%AK[0 'vB#Env /EЪ/3yd"^~ٶ{"{Z=Y:k8 } Tuq8t=7g1 :\ 2[@v)lC ;Zʎyc4B"s$0@Er{A\7ϚJ~G Ht\!نe^,h#ɑo:dOpzdpHfR;[vĘg4@#4@#4@#4@#p 0Ȉǿ^B=x6tWҨ(Ѧ8D0\`' Aap+֮u2>x /pA =К=+>Q@/^~ 4׾*w 9,#cN:i~-* 0ĦVCr@1ݜ ~F F? O-04QxǍJ472`ʉ}^8_ zimo~󛇃^W'2.Ю#g"˳U%DyӌR޷/{ن#8bja#٫N9lx"գ99XVyeMz}=yVI#irmk]%0O?}y{.At^u n΁2͞?W4|oE#]y I$螧Α}ġe~gHp?o}nJ<~ AN㕊3a<Ʈ<27D '@VtٵpPF*Gg!J!굃sGܣ}>.@=OY-lU4M ~Y7@#4@#4@#4@#<BVw|e\1R/6ˑHx{Ȫ38<5s(0H!⣦{e]\Ux3&i!r_:>pv"p@ԴA </^ ޮiREzF_#8Oք pGtM Eb&ѻ;( t9`L;#6J,#r󐽈zzEE/ C43j3NI3y0P26ꈌ >q*x=tD8Uʮ4ə@É"̊wݵv%$M838ƨ# j/B=Ϥָy{^|뎣51oFhFhFhF` PvILNW\P:h21.eՈkx ğgף! /ɚ*"Vg'?Z_c:`.$rcX~6\3ur͑Izm3.cz VNz$mKG\5;%b&ݧΈzN&) PW:E^]3 T ;g3JF=%"3S6Qg[Oϓ._&|`D"-Hgl\b[qX(Iu^OV:҅OÑ@9\?hFhFhFhF`# t}_?o^}ՃD[]r%#XStK>21r,r0?ĩ |zEqWzꩃ]x\^&HNKzx80_*=S>4h% fDm`p 3R'>ƌMN&0S䬁ws Wc0DQ/AgH x-Ӡecvt0LA;Vҙ r3x"ZtshW}Cx 8` .FCnF}D<j/'DUij*<]SݐvzJz9VZ#4@#4@#4@#4Bj&Tl[(t*iYgj5YyYtLdRs"> z9(z0o .#pQe8D|/jw @χq!ͳ"s> ko[=&-^ 8(o"]!׼fǘt:d /"m&C"t׽uko=d:2261s-X-]f o|qA>{`)`q~;omP ]-ܲ-3:sƠ-:Q0#*žd[Z"ߗ5}<sg7@#4@#4@#4@#_BG&FxPv'~ w w81r8(A?Gi^A,A"m4s"q\okUoRx;9/QGmx@Ai'wF ԅ7½^դU˶%@FZ e m{p1\xwBk!Ǒ˼Vz׻O. i;]n2U#@L?IO)қvS\RܠM}e`փ=g$q"\d}Gs}Í.46L""g]%M.<]ʉ~ߐڂP6 LMXyiw>!fWT=Xp?hFhFhFh!H)C=Hn 8(R&"h:˛HOVio}p#kfq mG*fspx]3KO}SC%ciIzjPoVmKDT:-(Ep?Xm_=kb\2\h}ǯBϵ;;= [t>4f@d 1(|/|b"Ep @M:&JG .uQ{فkA%WQD.'#{FW}#}]N#4@#4@#4@#4E QeJ\;?੢5oPIz̉p[o|ˑjQ##ٮ}s{ Q[W/<}C1,!#BF㤫,2q8\ۖpODrnTDx!~g];DW,e]6c1RC/ZEݽB)EG;k%߄&=#*-)w nUU}S241n~xtݜw %ܧ|ɧ?ݚ/J[Wgb_zC-8#wD:/YgۖDyd^ ^= ݀Z?2u ណשoM!gŪ>Q8yx=y=G`tiϋLL١FhFhFhFhv>U%l :w 9K./},)(6* ?9cqHhZkeiRkJCW"> 1u8NQȘ赇˕<%JU!s,#wFtDBa}a,;UL1"CL/a\plHr2*ƤaLR 6ؚq{k"y ZH:ȵ$ RDݓA~dpqS򵿦%2=4kK #TKd-_'R?U#^y^=xC #ifYCQn; 8_|]$.GU>Ȃk~/i+$@QHTGΆ)}G5| z:Hao`j%"\/F W+8ǩ+rnZ?38zի4U. |˹P/\JF|GO_.nQ]Q{X%RG6k(PAlND:B3xl[$3/pEFLU?Ҕ|e믿~"R =A >Y4$m2o s ' GS҈nGKL`ɧ.9Do|㨟vDUFhFhFhF8kG} ]k;x3>~υ & - _wj ?OFl_տ5Wr?PBFsnwQۏ9fE էu#]d#VJxiEZp/%\;pINC(<7Hb @0̸4W]uh7i8V<2ZB"mX7 롥ʏ<(s~E)3Qq(~s<}ZkZ%Y*g*3:?P @#4@#4@#4@#4XG³!+|7J }+^vrx.Tkcʜ/`4ܗh 6{k|y^ o뛊qvrAҔ#`8:ԏU(Hw]D&r)ëP6_veCS ᾝg+u a rZ_cBHC#E#y=sd +"I73 +Fg~i81"o"|eP21ފ[6 gr)_u,u{FhFhFhFhv3_(f_ my{z뭋d/Ir$2Eӟ\߬.]w5ovL,&X i|O}#8;G%:B3 #Ҝ4>D;B+-5Aڰ#w t/~Fc~d"EW"e2o!9|uM NĴo1 Ads#YVqkK%N4e.Ť$=%;p*#M°?'XF:ALd0Gټ<\ͣ38!ި06 hg#yR1j' 1O #dExxߗme6@#4@#4@#4@#lOjd;YlY}cs;Ne/{و~'? (xzMي9fy;J'CQx2`Un, ٜ))<L9xD#ӳ#AtTy31Y$vpztAU;J _(ɋeOxvsx]]NZn+gm6D^Υ<|*_sO/Y]G޳# d  :4,jסnPY]@va>2}3>GݡTG:ÙaڔCO^63FhFhFhFh@Hu$+~*y0/|#egr\w1BK>!U[CO|P܌{}WO#\f$d;PE838I1Djk*Y3c>*];"Wr) FtA;$F/K/'Moz.F3d7|lG91`ci ?KNv[#4@#4@#4@#4%mc9fyb׾@*0O7/Do%-#4nٟYF&iHzHO[&;YJ/}K "D h~#qnlIhw%8 WqȀZ5xިO6m;M]FhFhFhFh@vG1xAHk dCh?8}s#Wpj)D9Uܫz_G)ڟ|3&UW]5Gz \zo߸^}:c U G FV|U'IMCy晻x4ßó r4Fp4HcLNEӠ!20`$/I7FhFhFhFhUfgvo .Hd^~#z=dwqCZj4`'B"5:z#qy.n5 &Ozғֵ|+y_?"]p͎ >ej~8Y=GgiSWVi";^uGxxwv~_ /TҐk4l;D?LL}.fR\|ûÖΙa nP}5uFhFhFhFyT{kzWQ@Vg@pf^/F.)ϬHG)n[{317"9p!k 'd{xg=Yg%~o]^&yk7:Yizi)G\kOŭY4 p K EhqCcrKs/ϝTy"/|alaptO%FhFhFhFh T_>iy"q\d]#]"⯻ZI[:wqPHduHuh#'Jy/X8A|=[T'"gpYef U23i+ur_v%z}+iM׿:\ eX]5Mw[BHbE]4 p&PGCRm[a D<׾vlpBpr4u[FhFhFhF؎"HsjoH |kd|xǃ=toM#1C%/yꁚ_僐wjaM}{tf=\bĖ8;8G8L\(o DJH5 ?ݿ'i/³Rɵ#x xN=ԡ-rF*_϶IGn!Z xn] |{8yiҽ-hFhFhFhF` wQ9眵o~#C-S +>R1$fr@jmύ7޸vw=uhS$.Jǽuv8`oN⌀'>F?q]vّ|> G@8]r馛v œe)_Fqvk N8E3N0 `0Xvkjqa&$g3"MØx^mjFhFhFhF"R}&+َBA+Hދ|r"#(h<>,L_`?ϯG?A>OO-/nߚ}9Qwȉ -l6/SHǜy̎y=s ?0v\ :rf|_bۍ˄b?~WЁȔphFhFhFhFWHuFQG5D;\tȂpqo?PJ%ⷨh#9}׏4iv8Ok] Yr ~v;5&ڷf%o}J.Xq?8x4N3WՃtgH;oSwylhFhFhFhF~AF>DP5N㤓NZO_]lG;;lSQ4ۗp|Yg5WCE>O~Q?AXD-$v gNJ!'$ 0F״9_JU#ptITxi+Ҫdq䰥a2w0-o>cocݘs:=vtmdf&=ixF4@#4@#4@#4@#;3_Hxd{b^ Q;Ȑ뮻˂w#+2G-ɟmݶg6K<F) ]ۚp7+o7R2~76 \e&=K,pd{%ڷéKkFhFhFhF8\.})@SO=uHG#;)T' 7.W]u f"yN|'uxFF"sqz]U]95.uډDap{cBE%ͯ};~=9D'ݳ=:j85ϐ-a0-M/xl౳„dZ9@#4@#4@#4@#!~e 뮻n.0+?a8.: rP'AF94"7|ǁ\Gk]g ~ӟ>6> %}n]]tXHc]|␡ێ;Aϖ.!:]ݫl+0[Axh.=k\"#1C`t/E-^ l?t[4@#4@#4@#4@`)F##C"P\G 8/~v~[dRx|+~_&Yrok= 7=Pb=ch4k]r-5@#4@#4@#4@#+BW}&>5z!8̤/|am;sY%1|U[{ݐt#C ު `OPuٓo{"Kfs_zlk= .=!+G=vw.hFhFhFh :%HE;^5Hd~/}K>a诋h~]U=~!笽*zHVx8ŏ]&ɻ 48%6m =Q2ч4֑Ub~PRi5կv_ֳ5!ɷ*-&j|MCWs[G+P\Cly<~ެu FhFhFhFh@%+ߑqtb܃(0HwU]GF,q 7q?ȿx6y~5EA|vF--S4ǭv> ǗʈPkoۋɟfkɻQzou˵c:xoV5l-w^ 2i݊FhFhFhFhv:{{V>yFڒƞs9k_W1NٍDD'TVo9L9 .X{׻5SےfFJJuUwr.s;fB D4/|-E瞚IuPO\;p% >g>sxǪDOλ}1t@#4@#4@#4@#4#7VHɥ}MjݩKH=Ŭ{wOmv&MgR)D C (O>yZ־/ \$B?#k't:|gۿk"C/Eק?4mVa jKcNj-R;vzk_;ꫯ^' P?n:G ۹馛vq䨗WV:@/}H˥mh1cwԀ8o\{=/F5K'7@#4@#4@#4@#p(!d|!Ԗ7#7#%2-@Kk|מ򔧬hx7u@ }#=msiUW\1M19yzշ%Vo5M]=S]g}-2yk^ve&#UfcNӁ_++gg8_bR]-E׳DcwQ< /~q @`Ĩ`]:S_@#4@#4@#4@#B-c3"{UVInV析㞳̣:jD%NDg89<27% r!y8@̚y$뜆X\Jɍ8Ӵ2SD79dR!kҐ\sGNFrJT[}&]i8c"T/(Mp9"#SF)ׇE"~V B׽5Bѝ#梤!W_o|8y饗3or;?xؔƽoJZ7y;H|ICdKSGerPI?rY]x9?O9qs~7~c˦y6‹tPͽ"P|OVQo9ρ+#.FwaSg}qԧ>ucw:'(Gcp|\{f"C#4@#4@#4@#pp،VRzJrM]6"7"FNZŭU#-:xq< `tHeZFQ)1|1AVU";i{֣KIǤi[Lu}x:y4dhu :ɇ.ei)S2aU]ve/gA0rj`皣^CDv$=f[ǿv@)RtǝwE<IDAT9IAh_HfWHu,PI~84U>ybM=CkF# Ƚꪫ;zC:r|jd;.yL$QH[ou==A=K5ZvXy!x#a%W;r\ zIT)=I5zվ2ؐIHBk2a9M;w>?Ogjzm cCKic)oUczlsj-O[_|1"MlxNcLA3<1u2a! gIOmFhFhF#Q/K8{#n!=Y뵷i!-g2rwӺ Jډ'[T4A!RҐQ쪃gJY:9r}{ $CLH((iWzT̥<KDѭL$A!8? % A!ڋp)- ӟtO_O~2H:o}[Gcx&K>,/{8S~i#\{[2HwRMS%B=.뮻v)3ԧ>vwT}CQdDoᆡ}HD*$/1G~Oe4/{^W \񺎶{LxV]wG?AnWY\\4ko|c.}֞Y^}wO}\l FzZٺCr|tF"9*e}0rXW##n)FiT_R]l|39^!kG9D4<8"I|3Y4sj%gz=yM*+c74vc|ڦ?l 1Yd}&#y9vJhFhF8 QR;Qن6kF6wwNֽn<ξޓbKvph]˪)!MZ8A .;zr Fi6H9 %2W=j=M$+Dy#kt!{!XUZE]sAHSLC!s'MCQٸ¢/A'HR?H-DF#Aq85D?˜Ss }]ҐD#9CXj a}xN,z׻v!h_CCJpp~!s%4w!l`Nt0 9B_Kl*V#*w>23x^=я~IFr`׸ϳXc#[W, unBlg?`Ios{^hJK#ۡf[$@O3k=A!<`Sfr}7I{i#aYTy'TF"95XJl\3F)3QT$2ե{'>1K!=s=/ܵܚrSfj=y% ۓ5w L=46TYI,8_by晻ؼksv0H &[9j'6@#4@#42pڽ7fxm}UYa9of BNΩxMTv|{SfQ=W=oU/Vt#;L#e"BH%ZnC^ grY W1FRVdGxF"![l8iHy-]IJrEzG$Q~G,# +Yyȯ4$4D-Y==2:7%<\$6" '\90Q:="ICnBrN@Qoz!B"HDV"[>dbA\ _;ѵJsPEIӟB0'KsOM[J#%/2* JK]$-Ϻ}3؇' v׈a!I}_+/NNGZG!E =r6!l,< ڸl,m&nG9jƃTǂyN=3YAp{"Ϛ#9N$Y5 .uD|k&r73wު{2?-ɺHU/Km'vKsfkIq#!Ηw):]wn1L 6!!Q (L90XŋpfQ [鼾hFhFh] ޛmoŐo"E 9DI7&>q{ juLھ!Y QIt'Q>,M#ZTI$[ Et%#?YE^'tP^`LA(%|gbմپl'-&I_KC]9[,mAÜm sCfǽTA4mV*/ᩎ5-";l:v%R/Cp"B/A8"j!$(DֲeC"ohّ aI F+8id )ac\9ƐΑ0/LdfH*n2pbg'L4~~g!O5*l}&v}{M|,AWh90őy"7@#4@#8y*bgoD:}Vxrt&!;G2V'z=ǣ<>BH+OD?9@) AV|DYI=ytDv>mw9b Y #s_'mC #4DSJ77'uR'AcN13 i(N ˞WlFXu1W">K(>Ӵ+9S/}b>i/ˇCa)aNC냥46LND/eGҐlV*M4}}7aVm@1wɣeW{ӗ9m.s>v} %I6%Y'DiV`OS:Cۙʥ!YE9ܡ<'.cXDgX^"=W\ sG{f{UgϓV΁}hKL6돺s@|ݼ>i[LKi!ǽf'Edv]ꊕ4 -_MS]\WB}Kz4L}P'RX}+e/.E>i\IUni[Dk~#)ϫZ#4h[}ȋC R:>n*Q-]Ey5>nюH"\| (H:jon`&Ą_yAύ̅!3!-W\Έ\!A]Ç x;F> />c%_"4pCvYg N؇ F؏)Dz ֵL\G 84! ]=sZ8GzSz90xng}T&ՈDks!C :cBb'#yRĨ!җC1ؙ9,Sy\jg,}K!gaAH 5l 2U=FKg< B:1u5!WOmzn_[#H0Dq.R EJl"H&ƀr NJȉx)R88@^g|׮Ux|<ԜsԨ_WWU'0[5,H8|5JgRTD,o7r^8>/|:e]QtÙ:ԧ>uk|؊h_E?Oѷ~Ew#`F<%a x^9zrу1DGo#p /e `1{ T,;V&0R[>Egi,>:yx2#K6 Z'K7mFϵ9&\n~vT|@iVf=9)hV_?2i/>c:aYzf=Zx:PW9C<f④[oh3n^)s'. >l6C 7]&MOcL=v3huwxr7rGMӭ:'ʹ cfqh0rB( 7w 5pk[ h}0{Z/_ EsL4kh66jù{FrKW/k~^(e٨Z܋YOڴʿ7ƇhֱF^I0eڌz)Kywbȭ<)V*HesD>ذ9 ag-  >M_e>J_ڤo} ͷ4M|> LSO#*]!Uٱۡ`;`1y!*}ґG-v~~ I&@sDסSLQY *.EP}w7m C'?c%`J*9ok}kíK-ØgC~dz7>}6@d.Y"Ѵæۀp6$FUJh37u)Bv6u/m3@7d'%$2+gtۇIA"7X 8Gm]Q@ Fe46S> }_}jڨ.d4w5_ _2Yk<'{oׇW]&Y>q3xl\L/e/ScM0Sz(0Ѥ$7ABD7@ f;D(w3Q2l=:LEd;V;Y>!7嘩n: KiNKïnjV?;2 OƬÚS2 }_zNp`u},7nƦOE3C|s@-v0C?5/-lu0uWiKwWջ=2Z~GON_?}e7Uf:89i3|,3:pMw(ӧhtkM f; ^`z_{;iœc3x ֮a 7)ӟcly[n 5 <~85  Xmy&ֆ|-_e6>yV8^BOQ~+rP\1V0^Zugټ@)SĭϤm>e[EZ[ -W3"ͧ>4e>'d%&N6=hgo| LbjӢh6 @ T$O r:6D+j΋"XuT}[tƌf<`'/}qRlw4@y f?mDC HÀGtsgMw}w=Q_ TS{,/>@r*okJW1rʝQOO0^}>E˴St>p]v `8>`[$Жo4;TlSͶ[t׮@imql\g`2WN_}Plm T@[~(9cX2;|Jç .}M_ ٧# tܠ3ݧ,鞍l鬨{S EoSzF#OalgFAWzgsوvRӔ^b>j TbhlQ3pUc 07em?O4h" Hm,P}% q}} 7uNfpeGz20#ͧ\vk=2s\fZꙢgayheA-:Ac4@<^SwS[RϜ/FibN~wh%'?Ͷ׾ʴ;3MR L _茶uvI;7{3̃לa-۞rh?}U|&qǺL;߼7|pcaAsz~tqk[5Z]=[YxmE-P-D lnm8'fP|gDܑh9,Kl8D[ ¼[4xeڀ 4O'ʌ6lF-ӗhW?zN4/]xgxQĕ4peO`$ъ@шʟ{SD,/P' &6~ӳMBllvSqJP}'ϤFuTE(x禔 icmܖ~Cjyv~qpmYiiIWBx|$z4/-8m9~ a>x/M]ҥ ٠>_7xa 0hЃc+x{cf;C|igZs:ؑIWdi3f37%tfaԡEA4qSnlLsui|oϵk$>ن~noqeZ)UEh=@e.-nk"동 }v9plD >LY&^6eڠ7}U&9D 1)s>8kiqĿQx3Чde۠,;h"Vf|cVtxehd1f' >[~ޱ!ڢmOPw_3Hr溸0ش)ЊX]{>Ik?ŧNk=bn=cw(4L4<蓯27M}dQ_4pW}~;hRf|!B^|-%= v[+u 97MN>EV6|GD\M\OTQ;@4} ,9Ȫ]&2*>Oէ yvr3Yl2r2ՇWLl6V͸v`ڬfcFc O SyKe޵&U=:m͸ 6}7ۤD$}Lѡ|ڎI$u_J&>;|FkgS@G mW3[S3S)a&@\>tc9یF߀˗>Vدc,}sK;ϸLV>w9_}_q/d_4L9ǜOɚօ@'Mh/}ʒz+ѴyX@+̱7!>Xq /ML(sҹH}g\\w7rlX 3 x|^!8S|:Q:W6 C@"ꢋ(ieByV6Z ~ES Ů,Y7#Ft+2hqmҾ@ܢ[} tx "-f:} Ž(yurj!YtT@H1T:,h2}N| Xa3_zd.Ϳ7F /zu#DѤ|,3 «ҞxADrR2,=7Ƞ4 ج}؎rlV8cGcF\3{+@t:|m`[7p@SzUJO_8#ǎ/S˾[@,64 5󀢳9f>nmc5#r]m~Ubtp#}t2wڬʜrSU@ 'rBysMgC@̕N+@EѮʫK'ا.09sύ<ۨ09oxbSl.fߍh\~ m͈}i0#\#>^DOQA닙*yf-  t>Ї;Sd3>|`l`SԭH2َ=zoc- Vfkf`r؜w%:ߦ=;\p`Rǝr8NiF`Ov܁.mΧOVߤYd~ܾL?{fhk8 N6CʜdIO'A{wH`^c5]m~ 6 Y.v7?&< _e1'm8!46pܮ_'jW'2택IC{tb\Y˩_cfg}kMVIosd%ܗ7{yul~(ӕhScߟ, 73+ -k@Iol lUf4'ܦٔ, 'MTID6=-2@ z^&v %N֗zF͛ʲ˼{WCLY8L[ VԒW|ʦI{h6d|fp9+ 0&@ "flZ` [=צ\L|7RtsۏK/ A:4c\hy>F+|.^=2~g<| -٣0tY8&Pdڌ/{' nhnAj*YJwsw8{f{ CP_SѸ ƐÚL"u HYI~?=L2HF(2gМOєC_͡{T9p|NұZ[ ñksf7{q*2c>SZ?z@_+q/hόJp}>G>wo;:ˍ X(Ȣ1#Sl/ bD|O&XCGMuCjOHof(/q8A:Ns4v_#0ڎ筭f1ẊaXO'x}l,5ntr#KK3i6Ҏtkc^v"7c͵[|dTԤh?ǐ[ѓ c{k :cMNwʽ7^^O?7X]2˱N7߲4سޜ.GlxO&p8SG'هyyFe㳮7>6죛8dO}a;ZmIeeʢ &NVKYwmd?g6p5RnlkX-lq0|lMeA@ *gml'@r&~N; A"mQrɯLu^9t7ɯگ}C9G̱/y_́q35M'HgmmKͣyC6xl c](}ܤ5]9on3O}3f7|F}ҺX@r/?_&'ﴶ6wiC ȤWD}og)NN:}%|Qȧ>?'9ߔo9j/,st49P-,9y ,ufqăgԧưIԄ)2bҊ~18D@mvI?ξm?^7Ӿͳ%_Ccc9{' Й6 x >Hl@66clT,VmNEfmΔBD_ hRzXTZ۬D3 mO}ʜ4@O]@>hd4YʯM۵N+P]=Rh7x`5 {W|G:рW>&P傶*MH =h__sTw+3062?X`gN6ȁʌ _~7##چT|l@1>d]Ff0yf@Es]̆oY6+&[;B)82SਓHeЇp7ϱ}uL>9߼zLYҭ~/Nأ:Xi=Txs@ReEr׮I0\; MvPVs 0y[L]XlWD1o|YScZw47%ͧt]hs-yvO9"`9#xHFS'^ks?Zy6x;C'A:dWƏh۫u_t`A-7{ mQNa57Ƒ=Oݕ]f9*Zz69=SoSWѸt8VduKL&>9OTdm0@E'X=&񕋲2뷜lۂs/4ǭ~_Y@_?&}sX[|;"X)Q @(tٌ:ӂ&%r鵼\6@hŦz,2Τ\eo8'c|?;>}M~GjK]jO}:E+=@ke?u{ 툏=6\pLi 1_̠ Gcy !3S欏 5dC"|dsթfz.eߴlnFy,P6Hvjps/ {ъlW}ڷiW7 46˕NN?kl}Qf6|.2ٔM=^[yYt,Pe_=)/A4`LѬOa|k}Moih9?-o3}HvZHo֬g1Sod }Dž񬿔E}k#qO56ڻ5f3o3l}hGl_b|ټ?Ξ l扠fm e8\[M00O^єέSӡ[?tm%`3|>-̉,K|sbyi~ܾ`n~2-@TcorX?Je;ۺmN)>@vſiE-ds=+iUk,5 iLDcctwF3><r̷k?~1Ό_֌ȅm1 yejM(:@}ħ`A}T7>F=Aoqa|;tJ1nomcܲ#m6akEt[29?C}~'J{Fh4cFyN?~\h` Ȃ(yz :bA`& ߛ_{tv`7z'М gWkgG) hsMQ|h~zLqP>;Bէ:էL4NGV-v= 1 9#1>iqVnS"{~|DZA`kq-/2Dʣ Y8)ӂXTnFٍ2XӋ()W7)*ٖrC3&`N-O6&yCX >BeLJLaFgst†lIY̜dLDMٺCf7͂y =>[cnӌW`5Z`u(>Tdm8- ]}ӿo&'_ZȞ%]mIc5@)/:?da0i`#N-p鯜3EHOQy|Fhlshi ݢlG%bV&>v#JU]f_8_;wצY>߳2ъٴ|NW,6UEL=a}zШM?- 0򧹆 XG}GlѦY3b}+3[M0W2@Mb{T;i^,k hcɊ__i {Ϩ>iSy]s#,vոEmTEgKY37O X`)WhQA"ZwumQl1'/O|cWX#S[裵*~a6jKV:(*`H)߈f ?.u,N(+ڴMc]EOJ(! }/Gx1{=yfMg.[ :c3 vVQW[mX;!1۞>VtFPɚԁ.[b6,={s+t?h*Ō2+Φڴe> 6SN_ 2hVehAHYз̘zX̫:4`Ír"hh+=M>h=GF=l-E9F@F3nkf|5.m @Ԏv;ߎnt+e FzdvOXh]gq/f_͛)o?a/;chFKYӍ`Og@6W>)fSy]cj5[LNk#屧6 t4ѣ|0'>ʎoT2wSךOs>:nɗx< l@|p-klIW4^I/5’ciݿ ^K!eX~#ƘTJ?j=p74d*kl;mqiN?um|ow 6Xcp 8Қ\}΋QxRU1Q cD3$OwiYl,.gnmq>$i68lr9ZZԩ.}8x iL[z)ⳑL'@NCс&GlF,K.mD]D~;^SN`hihwؼ6[AuvmWzX́pX6}qD'>+DNpGSϤ4>],d1VDMYE3ΣO EuGY(/'1v܃[#p"|s!=v%>rOYfѺLYsJn@aw|2+1sa|Q' -x;t`M?]3MȔs_ a@Uid6>(ow;O=M͏l/>{>PfiL͑eF'c9GW"1#2CgƬzNy|j2̥|>@3Vs;L :/UެjM|OSmȣ$4*1e^ i/oCq:`mO>7]ѓӿKMX΋/xg:֧RkAMN7_;StHLyzqh@uP:C {y\4$)wmOS`$PeCM댷)S}^7~M ̱R__kG;рl4njW4~>f.l6lm.armٷIg;LlN46 c3:}zm>&JJz|kjwm=2KcG%P*BχE)v{_jg/ͩB}˜^B'iS~ΤsI`2{C^2K/BoVf{ٟ=N2eFZ,3oo+4qu(+̎||=@~~N=׿u^k"0Aik2 jN3#ʎ)XǶ՗<Ѯ1yNEϴ]P' 3/u_fI֎3ڜú9_Y|LWyd~cV>[}Q6IԺ nRI- QG#C҆5Q2i[94 30=IO,~ϜNO'9Xy|hElK}i?lG}"Y ?fKq{VedEm/-]ɦ2肯C>|燧ғ28j}sR(bb^4`L:ڢ[.˸Lf&nq11Mi&l+Aж,@uGNk6F=R֢XL-u>pH0 uh>9@n;Mv{ GldhlʣMR V}ᙾeɆK=PqFyGǧL37եݙ9ۧ)g8{P~FO[G C?fpeQғ*cAH16zowmbl2ߓi|ݔ)kWcK?c>6j=/M|Ѳq~@_EgjGeВEؒq~ziDiu uqņ,hלJ3g}J1f&~Pש>|+p{(,Ovy~l9Syk)L|"gTm6^M+Z;ml2I 7Xtc.7(/N=OFORhlGݎ [kC{VAI,#ScG)w$xūmڄDڷcT6sӃWS;kriB&\~ ByqCOk~)`|09EJ3#Ѭm1M -oc-%?/塓MA=nd9=^;;l޲]4nj.U9o{뮢}F]K7k@9$C{6m\B) 5C|1@NF{O@%nZƯЦ& (Z`Cx`d' 6'S[KE3@^CNpe-] k˿Ωʣ {;`{OkNM`D7syYG6bdv8R,Sy7W:d,ffվI|[M/UYj&M}'Mx}rfDv[T1ķ8|oo=ګ$ 3Z(P3N)@L&N8ZS@(٢_Q@ǿ M}6[Σ0vpr -Z@G{F# hʙLE P&m;l?)rlJMyEPf}5Ef f1^)*ҵ nvc1ʛO&z &qtN.<\ -&My΀n' `A6A> $ֆ^ P22&y?Yȍ*""B}R HcXߏuonME@6y->NCԅ<~l<F ƆNŝHn:ARphn1t}[ۊhQ+d1y@mvq愴'D]}d1&0h.WތDガ=?]E綷^xѯ Tpy،k>W>tʂߡOĤkS'ۤыgqb6ElVIm^1 t pT&gUmRehό`/J?uu:@׆} އVx=f\iG^ōmW>T .X`Ld&=:l`ަ@ 6A8~rE{cfs|D||N~ǘY7uC`tm0t;EAWf|ʵ7f | '87i9mEaYcc]o-Ru "u\5gt=l5;((L+3>:9N6:0'M?vg4ej>8E; 6$,/2Zz`*tsjh ΜpU|6ـîQk*P_GJS"~&!e|R9hm[O?tuNM_=Z04u߳LƚP߷~&,Cn6oǭ;_G9`ĺQ?gs?bvN<3>: 1Yل}=Wc?6.)X}@g"(St`5~4V* ,r\e\àⳎaʬ>:- WN6L>:͡'@/NҠP۫~^Vg Hqi'yиL!3jO\ڤgx,b;1&R//H{,M^MlQgQa l_rLt{FNR6l]K[]jbDSNem'ӆہ^r[p8P+{c4{ũ2zة4!5]f 6SП&T*;̑VƬ՛&PV,mU**jy^hRekfmiʖ3.OM oroFE_tODqХӟ f\V.Yl٩9]* 440o T6xg1W)].;-ﵛ|ӟccmm3߳+)m洁=Zstؔl~sO%ʖɢf۩|Ά,~o ^?g;v4˼qMn:1P^|ϴ FS "e\SEjMg=+ܛmYk Xm>6ccd9bQ]d'X\n5k{E} €l6Y7m l:9hnlXzm#ӡxt_mzwQ`|6} [*43~WCJcmdS}Ow7`ܾBM K|f%K2 m>~bR8ةL[2N_=A 'c Y ;|[[w%+:{ff?ٓ2kYhEkhVД]r\lG݆. geݎ...xL~p>T<`yad\x7嗢UY;O`9@N_Zgt>[}L4t\}L2e+zcaMΟa"{dtk<>C>ey->i4SNk {$2^gmx-e'ke}):pcLԎFO@wQ?Բ!ПQ)ؤ#V)Ѧ& W|BXq46u8 -g]4Kѳh-4-T}s8E^Ҿ 6-=gP }b 6ܾO6Nn+JEN:>Xxڎ C:L&Y6"`SUQ<˴8@$)u.+F@_Q&6^r?]oQ^lOFvfr" [}|cQm4f WO}Sc`Rkz("j_?ib/ M&ü *B#[,= D@6ѡC doWPVl攷e!ÆF]oaI qyp-rEAJ-6{V׌5,herևmfmlmIsצgC~2_f.>%R?O? :Ƈ _mI @aG?WDo,gW,rZJ$5v{ pQȠ{:i7(u>t6*L! 9ZSxf*RIln_fwj0U)#[n|?}6-GP~7MSo~gh4L=qAh\YmOnE(oo9̬hyhQv}E2g[1 Iʬ]q75M0>e^7az 8ґwt m+5M yoF4vw\xR R+>\4yNʏ .$ 'PJy]I]!H<;-q6G-/|a#;7{_F;D{fߓ6t8&; ҽW4׀= [WόOReXe|f7mlJ;s+W)Ь+걖^)m?PzѶ F9qlǮi̩B=r7 $.>,y`3זvN`u:ζNm?uŷs5yNrNYy*5c:_~2ߔs ^7Nz * %|`m9VZnA?7@YU͈|Qft0tzʲȾL`ԂhV͹(\mѐ KN66m9dX ͈D4tmOGE-['ީCȯmss\_ԟc#xxԅfpu3,K,l 1j7UE+f:鳉hNp'/@S+w=Ʈp#ox }`[|=fl-?>nLN _JF)666嘏T7-?w"zLd t [ 6M|(B dϨ|4wPD|4'akq-nLpp=:Mi:7s\Й?aܱ`Eth)~_>2)]m z/ XVnv&_?Rg4zk΁Oy}0TssgQh6<ۙx7frF#48ә9ehC+Ӈ?/z@uN!M{} d֗d&ht[jU6:knag]S'{:c◿`-Ϋ̫ĞxR5|PGٷfMְ3ڕ=Ζq><ۀt7Lէؔ das.L6(FNv0ii{x倉y(Q{M|xevVnmhlk+Zbsٷl\R$_g<aLǸ>eNqm˯ae4XG{dךZCZ1^~4==I1R\Lqu}Gw@ib"?5KW~۶sh`F~VC|'geoڷ5tYc=m|WeN]yJΫf^˖yIg+9ލ|+xe}gkcw*ḧ́ a4Mi N~|"+,XOyV-6fN_9 -\S6+\:t@"R-MEfs|6`EL๨=l*Gvm-Op }@,tWE\`&K'E`iI&F ;+RTJ6E8Z7WWiDZB4h}tb,<JVߢyҲR.x6Riy͕*&;EX?G>4dЀ V%ьߓcum~a#]b'?hBrH`l00Vm"@=)Ihc={j#DNtAGtRvF #c->c欨}@",twgL48.@6l(RȮ lǜ 8Cv4(uЬzcڹwJqQj yH{7fk/ӻfs>ָ䰟޹I^LJ*o ͙[%g׻[~{5fqG̍ܰbW:yfQ49786]nCx*@d@0ˮcQ<6t66,R6IFե@d ό4鵰TOoeUІTtrMY 8Z}4A6e+} Q ̓`E=oc|N=k pmsO3! b4 6{;zi A>+ [BX z6@\Jyxns&l[4 ZѢCg|IIHg<..g@Q tI(`h_u:)q3zM71NuHO'̏E/b&/P&GCr瓌IPn7 &ͽm}oMVa?3;URє); ó F7fS?S7 $ >=Wd;8{>>No߾}6l*hJ<-4&vlؿ~:0bw@ nڬ|MP0zQo|k5T3f;.sx4~͞h O pٍ˦/}L<+Yl'銏֨gC9.{Ӭ]rgdW扯GRE7{NZ뛷آC^6Wu r#9Mֆʕ>~!:y n2)eMh|Km7kQxs_ǩMgm0h0mx6%<p pz0J eh=#h7pB:Rҏ+| |/u_~ŭo%wn 5pk㪁=$C-n(4 T_ eGEebOh"ɇ67gh=߬C676%EBi!cѣݕbca:-Lm#x0شYZ,ϨUۜXvDrյ#Vӿl%Gm lxWnQmi.ⳙipЊ yWД?>\}vVD;ɂWΫLf͞j;iX 1Nt/]fᬟwzmF 2m.6ߎOnR;7uphq?7 ,MJqq:不)C)w|o6!{l ׍=i +wznE#v6&V} @>G{ )Jw}=0cF42W&?ɟI+AcwcX0_i  Bit"r0 8Bn:Y9ewfvPƌT>lۃ}T4}B#9پLE7gv2[)dhmU:sN>ed lFE{f|2ZE=>hmef ea8ee/~})M~ɘ}, ft8m!'շ=-(-p|>$?yK1`5 q F; Qw(; wzǨ͡)%OȨ4o >z~L|CtA2>&m|9q{ss=pٺcӴCi2(w];#5u1/Ɓa DWڕF n_ vϛ )z$ s}ً1,AKF|VGdX@3%27*|:w̱ޜtZw5pkU{=Ś-z,6.3$԰ 4 DWc>7WK-Kŷ#Ѐ37{|~YgEC;9O@9:\@mX/ {ӈ+޿˯">-Ki0Z|Y@u{@;|YTO/ʜh;̌Wu(@h t!K@Gr8@-VNy-fO-z݁ZtC~nڌ'w@> ar 3L`/O'YѤ9ȡCm\Ѭa>:Х9tVڎrm<$#{46_UT&6KE@Tm`v+&l]T!h6S"7f}mԱUy>8N\~hVښS^Yߌ-[T>\SjNoZO=~6':SwD##[nh)1/)kٰ͒/Du: 3?iS؁>,̱=Mt4A :EԜO5߳t8K5fch9릩2%?Ùo:2pϤ@'z{t$Ԯ@9͜ȿ>S8Oٰ1'&[F|ґ=yG C;قa꛲/proڔ:;hϾKؑkV&{tst)!CnjiGc'ͼ2~j61UVjУKmV?|ؠ^9h)w#dZ}zPkUyL<>2.@ikŹ=JTW|_ ħoSf <|9߷n 5pk}{j$obr`v3ż[䛴 ,}oAg8aW6sE_~r ׂ}\Wm~?#V-}9ϕiy@% IN6ofMnQڏL*ߥT)f{F'E.nu}4;/-Y&_G]| F&0WD>Ee#ʳ9i[ğl q&ph:42&{@d۔N6K ,쀧eEM]il@閇~?X,u g p.R19d$5fe qcO"w4_9V$~:g_%!Ȍg{'Y þ͓ eݬ&*֎ccW~~ԗ:$73;X3i{Ju3S4.oգ|s ׾O8#l߃VM t.u>g}(>9]ȹkk>紝|w Wg:Iz$nw)viu*](ivPD&@oc ~X<0||od~k.Wc7Z7f<e[>h&#({錽ԃ鐍1EIjfsw>Y_4C1!큙EФ  n ԭ-M~k?%0|tF)2җu Zd.{n _{ hz:a_@/"r|K!_@M]%ɥ~v[4:PHtmP'=-A~sARh՚:[-`,+G6ABRDS1o}|gߖ@:?6s}9}]['؄| Mp5N^lޤ1%'vف?n;0h @~ӪS `E9(6wXu~{Xqvys9֯~}H p? Vf;>v_[n xwLgQ&{¶ʹk?N+; ǂ"3KnS]}"Y@g< p)p6-կ~$ Ϣh^d!UTV $a'OzD)ob.q_c16YԮ ,|'O}&RU#:|VdKm(ECZk7 ʇ2ï6`齨|0-=Dewd["M|h7-j3.ʍ 2otlPߴcH}W(D;=N⛾6LON]ܞ*}ApwX}5w+[Mq(Wnl Mw%cv~F+3*CUm6ba>8J6-p.վ9S]FONZi7v@5```.9Vw㳢k#ݼjT2-:iD1VE|qBh Y=Ӏ (r/h B6eneqzhd''/[.s4Ӏp~Gy( J'nѸ!R~h+I} 6\فkkv n#2o`Nf4ik.͑k3">h{):M^7psZcmS{@|>|̤S趠@n6ϟF3r)OloNiD_O`UjP}j)uFm*9mIZ,J=O/ೡzWnڴ6lÝhx~!Ȁh@lpaZ?ϙG} n3tf&wK{TMI|hF(48̏?AU_8J(mDP6~黙^>,(Yۍ2I%ZX{C:%>[K>Aesd+]6U)d@مh}fC|ϣ^<=6:O{c>tK_ QҾ,KsSѻwpAƞh#;nxXIco,Z3~[s ]ln@ac8:,~rucmㅜ3ڹrO>`Gˎh/>mMєZ mP&{<-`=fcF21&g\MN2)S̓I f>NHGsܪ+9'm൝}Ɯ3i~M+ڇ y窾+ttU3g}{ 7ϭ[n 5vxسkaOD - ^_+}.0OQE@r^NPy3rJ? Hm^|E [~5hE*b]YB]nomS4PT&%7F(f}Q ""kEst6HK줃433.cVS?]euVv|{7#'Z@~`dQ6iUgF\#`)hÚmPzS:nXmxvD[ҧl,w4.;ʻ:Pr}`dxa`+=M}"z=Dۏi??o}?CnV7PC*#Ѕ]Cn^sY^`0#m3g4rB6no<˿R֣rO6Vh)?|!Ԝ4>Dh(B<6 = -uzo9X֢aVl SW^z)l hԶ ҙq1}5]@i$:sSrKMAnqEn5K; 'Xl˜, [l׋PVƫLT $W6 F_?lf1nH`T5R7KwHt4r9@}}Ptn&7tD-W:VJ;ЍFfz?9cu,}U>;;]s+G|ʰV6M68oׯ]V6OiL;FhY3]Mtϖs_O|xN|;ՕnN:y6muO}N<;-uu]L5?E`sS |fPD؉Dd)o&"O?A^h`tmHJVr3tT>e lZ)SaLO|Ym48<XMg)"9g:!:*'ɹL]}z9O@ϱt†x3Ǥ<\&@_]^O[y xt~~!K_ >c.F8446.O~c\؀ +ʠEqGѤlePnrwkc2XMVL ͔ͦ6>Dž~B铝_,|C@nPZ |CtRĹ1~J!ҥ `[T@l}fKݟhfQ?1+P?T=.2R#`ٿ8Qʀщ3Tw͝lo~z7;Ǝ>2O-j7r҅ 4):U%Y -}j4Z쓝L_V9wsLݴI%+4ݚ#`rkc}غ'ϸ1(o!ʜ ⾟`\6!A9E)"UN|' 4 Tt Di1'H5'疣z@mM<Y{J X|)3 ;H"@ѝmUO=? |ok^CՇ6pQG: ^/ӭR${ g+5cG|g| =t<昫/7iGb & v`LjCis@#x@1 CW`O?-3";}:m_i6 >m:,="޲tF:~k\7hi9/L[ P[)p TFcrO)TcclӘ pf%@ءI5ab~'8IKkm?N4c{Df쌦uFU#e\ϔt^.h5vml9 0^4s.?Tk2*S?o; yQEџhlY?Zn"*sw-lkk.4m[ _ƫ?!Ř%`y ZfyџDhgO V?] W|hW|꿊Ng@7L:Tkxw-% ].[n 5pk{|vN) ;690WO್ l -/zϲw@Ȳw,\'hWAEO7*N3ڼhg 6o/ q+~ OۖڴrR~qnO/yʥ~E+_7N;R-K҈N b}h6^`ؔ1eldPEz'c-K$RVƅ P$H- mKۥlxE9ȇI Q&h w"Gf}>0'Z`q^x9b /~ DB{9CSohݎQ +ks^{c@|Ζ#_2g H>epiFoy%K}2[}i|Hᦑ%i[I3{rL`yUN|s6EB+~S9]^_Fn 5pk[n |k[$EksY4"mpl7XyduF <HbԟPl9'~D͏7p 8F9d~:x8rͬ5xϡT+.z*.@el=P|xf? @ͺ}:|W"}C2G O2{=QΥKx[ݗT_ 뉦6x 7.n$7!v+3G:g]l)YDEd5`͘4B[wYw]OME2wI~'('^ F2oU,j~.} C\qi>V+!AhDÿozO~{|Em-X .pHo>:. X{Z k | _9y:$5&̃3=[*uY@ /_c#|7~J#tf?]3Y? pm珗~Lg6zy_dy/n[n 5pk[g ЋQӆ$磔S%g!I{ߕJ0WB c67w&o"/= s'^C+g80r/OwofLOY_Q'(g2#t׃#%+@#Eg*%`R)ľ{C3}K|R`6}& =+W}O}SЭ )fy.ì4{ rh*P_#e̦C:S,A_=n-MVNOmPYlx%]tgɼwn 5pk[n 5pg l.)'R\~)w(S}Whg λ(knљ@Msh 4k&J7#ףeCQA[j|;R 䝀ZiB[fX2R]Kw gO [g|VQ}Isg>&L,SlGNwߕ PL-pd~z^uN'q)>nT'/؏}$GQSrs 'A'3|ȥ)\$H9t>" \# z܎>]nv0 e>{-Z7lCf+I)7#ϛ,b^ I|{ H}|tupk[n 5pk[opBpQڔ "@9s[W<~mDSg`n^[N-&*>6 _Y7g=YLV.e@2q&,S)_Uz\1p@^VK`zO%W"')QL}Nt&)=ȎWgv; :ӋȉgjArA~H1[w# | ||o7M~knm%} u 92n 5pk[n 5pkM ~p0X}O*|0 8'*{? SX~)n5!M'?wuF7.0@YC]`hc#tʲi@ir$OFAU> I~z>V&PNe+_tUD4k[`vt V8ce8?r^T!Ο {!PL+Y  D+5_|AS:)g{eSA =z61ͨ]ljv}LOQoWn 5pk[n 5pk㭁p$Exrќz" $]D|`v `Ѵ,zX<3=dFw`JY#{ʈ& c@=pp TWyt/>yD'+{xAE,2"oڹipXoJ+jveo.miz==π7}}ao˛:7jm޿5pk[n 5pk[n k Wl|!=Z4``T)梫0魼"I+_%*`Qʢgz42n9v\u<⃼ҁ@30^>g؃Y 5׀ճON:ߵ˻5pk[n 5pk[n 5[=@*2D 4-Ut "gg v@h?J/3LϺv.7{^WGE:_3_[k^_ܠk5w5pk[n 5pk[n { ouyy}&mk#_DQ]뭁[n 5pk[n 5pk[4m6 ~myݢ[A˿5pk[n 5pk[n |'jDE:Nͷ}5huލ?n 5pk[n 5pk[~/u8 ve IENDB`nU>}6Pg{ {dPNG  IHDRBgAMAPLTEٟ pHYs.%.$J IDATxofzǥE`" +a;j, 4=u@}ZX)cu&\lDz@ၹ ~99c1bD6٢&e}/SKǸDj/Mi123g1g'J[bGJcNο=7w0#ќ$d?)\)9)OlR(.LKC;Wʔ-y8ΤotKx?kXm]9ڟ[yJ0ڟjoݿjOJ$޴]3'֍w'o^z 7WӸ읷DjNzî?^2yQ-"iX ֽ{'Q~$Mvɴ};uOK) 'tE\I(JMyW*S(غI0͛#&}.ܜDWqNDJ:<1to-|U6+}"y@^퉓086պ[4mNu!ݟ~ NWu1^kI/wU_|94Hb)vĝ\IzD/e_8gr#CN'> R?p:#9hb-HĆܸIV/?#'I?#&L:n wюA)vdʤX$Yƭ;ij nJ;eRsP"Mco5ltێ.۞i0j96M6U$qP"bit>46<\>6[. 8KpUGF"~?)^r^h?ij,>V̏rܸSKp /rҷsbQM('KL*bY[My \wb+ҫMq+o-5=>3ʆ,~llLwrfHѼs^鉴1>M\ֻcmr?{X 1\;^l:-hw8$|"ξd;}%En$w{GuI$I470(H*a=h GpGilII(8$VyFR|^Dm먳kkAS&= NvS%&@~\&?l!|i[Eu; Iɋ6< Z^H$vznUO<Y7۳3{#tA0;bKlu*ꉵhԋF[B[#IEW@..RgU_#V/l9|p)њseRxٸ>}ght> Ґ+wd{^vM`1gI{O[]+"t&4ڮy5S#UcYV.!q<1O$.̨TYNf{Y_L[])E4Y@It-h՜4;J2*1=2k ֮x՛ {\9{G$q.~()~w$rwiĶb/7_֧wۃJ#ĻMCUqLv~8Y7/!{dޙ~P?<]M*E}<9 .#à>kڛyw#qgh_鐛Z:#2VHH'O#"}u? :0.d^$ʓQ*Tx L5/G4LNb;X̃K}2Ipd[[i(04NRrI6)92C쁘 AP5sIQ('I>7'4RfEձHJgR$',(g$'JOeŽGB&{@P J#('ԍ^;(t_fr deR'DɊ9rv;9Y\"ClNZ54/thCMp4ltF9 6 %TeܑTHG\!;L C=1T{ĬNY0M(TH~=T^Z#ʝ+$AI9)AehY'?}j!3w}IQJU`sFꭓ\PP$<\&\!rgzv)uS`eB`!Jb5|L1Ĩ.;7SܝdA-$' ^n,SrI$'|G T(' AaV_2 7T.4RY8pSl2Rkf@*wʏJJJچ'4/XT.eOj.])Gz4!wm["Tt'IVHp]E*9}äPPy z@IH{A>e6Tʚff,W3 HP,?Fm3YJYb;[. Hj^`,@9Ř p4~\g@ kDޫe3G|O'h;biC%Wz*W gWJ$ 49U/XH#3r zt66xb$y6?'n Ȋ{H̝+U`$PoT݈4, ])*/|4>Z2@^BWfG g"wB2-%)wR*#KꇶN4O)+4 *$SR8SyA(2+INj.Oe,CwJ8-hCv)_<èm>ʤS_*è_}d'HZϣeKKm_9t6:_G C/ϟhWqAz (/#bƂE2}\F !6ˍ2*px3y(UL2@P=-o2S|"Uq\wdC m4ᖍ&.8IH}@"+algfD$K#a &n\<9?i-8+CRT2#?ŵX4|/M8 j:LRK7NrέdՈ`:)M)͘5%.H tz/T{CA7q^r%8 u (ʉZ>A'qd$*}g|~:t47DDJAޏ+?`*n?BoIקZrE {s 强Pn LH5ER抢uw<5KU lENC9va60,AX%yr RNW1%˛-Ibܼ rڪ;\^RBRi/EWɷAN9Jլc*Wt'aP9g-V#5QN SZRi*b2Siv/`q1zuVHr) 3q(bZkTNչ V@;Ϲޯ@NtӞQFɫM 㺐dSMJE'"p'grJ,aMl{qG;GN̟.ogɚ{-zVǏI픴%X t/|=y Y1&1YOt\^$⏞lo^5^?zts6Hi|~:LL6x&/h\tqR\dʙHg"6$:~aҦyHEDyH)<-+_$rG^N3C:YYT˜$##9H"';iR, 6T2z:T&bfq|#3sRY1Kad $ȩz9%9DL= r* X3 gq ĝ,B9%3 *S5(ڟHS>|[.<_@N2Qx$\%0 B .N}N^N3U8I4x9qUԝ( ",$I/m.XUta/cV/L 텕)>%M/LW/J>HW+tEBl;$uk͟sٵvǞ)_qoV x@ҡ;oK_L{poQ>)MbfEф_wnj,/Z~"O؞uB)ɀ#XN _?|cDe>j$,rݾэoG&{IUv1sʻ瑊)땬r> &A a1 ==d=:fF,c^-V/7% AZAN)jJܠ3p)%dObmL$^=:oFuH?Un'm\ŝzPA UYptn*TWS{ʔ:;I鱬FiԳRWTNS/KWf1РL $ Z1[]EM!y9eydd4i. %G GY|xg[]$/;D%V7š$_6weZ`ğ* ϝ8.2IoCRK)a !IVq>6{cvvUv BNZדoНu˔p>5ܚIVY@ʒ>;XJhj\$鹿vWpf/;XH6"!vp|6)cT`H}; aa{E P HS6ߋ%ɤ#`A-<9{8L]'lLU܋}\؁/ twIY-ޕD9 [etTvR<|D:փ0.2~{$" m:I~}p:^{tBXu/%fFcX*r &I4 hZL;cBj M#eUKC%O)`h9 60GoLg04dKQT Uagn )$5^XZ/K۝*'߾ IDAT B=a^R951OϟdǮKd%1­mtdw$;N3j;UHlYƇA2A;e*4nַBө[bdw Qd*HnRp&%-+S*0aĘQN 3(=[E]&eAO6Өi 9BNATR^μcgY͛ V]"Gw3rZUTNΆPNԠ\8J.I[IJ0grT Nk#򾗠ƥ%M/Hh2jX3Ue9 C r%jf$M3=ݫ*5B"*۳%!)Wr'r'0)jFKԓe_Nh21rt)Io%<?4 $/'4cˎcȠ H帏$95сpa2ýxWPXVHt;LX >N4 ;0HO(K&A(e=dwcĘ[0HdoF$#u'O\uq܂i$өWIso^ fBݙ{,~x<;whL{˟ΙA-xU\󗾎;>>Jo߁/p;%؜R9:R2Ҥt$fu\HDP RGEKBWSRɿoݕ-< *u4dS]f>-҂NWɂ!o:&e{n[kXX LNՕ3Ő3"mV7̞ݕh^fP { ;:ZII9}YX!v Ig{}0' s\`3W/q1&U?S7 ;Mu{JWє,*#RdCV}Yè>]%y3H%w&w@?"R!mͧķo%;H6> hyїk-ț|H 2Xh!ԛ}i:NC\0 Uyxr%5̛{\l&*)UR{#cac<[dT݄tRFDm0rGeYklȀ$_bF_5*HPNS3fSNUt$NLǜ Ҡw c#O&q {K8UD~$̉۔b4.;KD[T-rj _U'MGI!inTNS5l!719+ZAHR*p`Jљ^HwEU*iҞ*1QRQW%R9wITM'!y-T?Jx<_J'\Y Y@N@ 2{t,wINO -юI~I"qo;a,|%䔜I' O %Ar0)=oȼi"%*o! v;$N%~$m--ѝʐ\j0})2tBzS@V/Bq0\W[i YQY- ̣Ѽ Vn*5jsUP͐WFetˏv]eӼ#:dU(b@Z;ޔmus[ve{H/'5k;;3~ANu H]_72Q]2k*(hݓJV #gaRo{ExpߕNcfOp ɰvɠL ܀:U3n40 'bN2LcZ4NcWQҩF&[N2kDw!9 \EQ9A753T2iOR2%U-'O80I*р;OzBz.vHS6p8ʪH^ r/(l#,wnicpK28:Sf*LHblv>y;a;ΎQOAN:b Hu$[Hyv'9Ux}UH~v3IIYAB9r e*`THM)|BRq4M+]J`FGj_iv,xASgGGIF^:cZ&SfHB>7S[ 4HJ]I l{I8rZN>*e W?xMhj@nI rBn{':qRrSG@%Wק$]P,SVCҫ:0mYG2\ɵ(9 6^4Rtԝ b4I$BY琶Wͨ*1c_iZmƤ};"uH&kUhaGWKFm9.ѸL(g09DO{8.S!In]gn1QO|yB="}o?8;/?~t3c3oj?ZyϏP]5>[|!)B||wq"[C7~TX':v.qX3=xL\Ht+njW/x})|-x2H2U"}9z<-2/w "]HW/eSrE竧+=S旡ˣ8? viHYHtE"]HW/" _?H  ^héw^ [|gJ!dL?~#,nƤG$gcR|˄tG{#Rۯu蘐{=tDj~=L/DFsHEXb݌KdYO*ƧR\94&;ʔK$-k%}~IbTu,dXR,ŸLE;qyӐهꘑn\]EAe..OG3&C(<OHq%ߘ{HUcbB R9n G=e{Hc%;q;,l&j[dԯ־I,x@#, 熤Cd׷n$Ywf=],zI\8k$U8:w{l9~oUɸ]ջGA ݽAe#a|}gowKE[;eZ_&|xtMmkW=3+ aXʷҭqGLVUʶʝ2]ٮ\OIm )rj3$1AT8ݬ2"I A .IEIXچ=i5 la.$RaX{&Ruډ4eCY_I^G>*jP&l-'I1MqT]sp6)4_$eP Q Hȏ2.o1\Idɚ jBچF=I:m[ai# d^d ή-$߼ҎNHtLJeKjtHz8u/PA$na+i$& 2,2u3EIlb-fKZ#7ʘV-]bt&!"{7Kȝ ^{IR!%Y*0Fܘ")@;uI=٭c2ب' 9ɭ]s~o!lI2ENT(C}UV"; y,] 6S{9{{HɎ$ ]"4$9/. Slo; iPLF|rK:&^I ]JF%-/jۓNJ. [{Ztw4aH8W\Th-ɻ6E$)=[=$bq'cf]dztp|$gPaGBbH>xtܫjl0z ~ƾ2FH4撴Is(GI+ d+5Ugt1ĸiPa@\k_! ^yݡl=!APJBgl2Ez"+i {;|v'gNzDwuHmN*r˒^]Ν4YC1m$yO$ -6c^jKRmbF䂠-ǒzHdbbROAd,SNl4L&(SZVNV2֊j q0.݉ (%i,#z!9Q$hA mlJSYߝULFtI#@P$\]&+ŁʠYI$"($&dbȰ_ԱH/%ij1IPP Uo`:Z?Ѵw:y]DGńɩAY*4ɵ˥^#4hc IZxچB45P-AZG~ǮtS{-H~|mZ`~<ᔯRPvkŴe@'O$JdO EQo>b%V9IdO9qRDH"(JHTuI\,jԳ=%iѤIu G*EJȘ$H`cs$ɩV"}zc73eL2I-dk1%W/ӗk[S(f_%2BS|i>}8_jѸ w2$`,n,I!Y+U:WpZY9(ZC^*巢o$ڀtײ݉IZИQTWfF7tG?#{Ç->ju"EkX1k7;4eR QX4Lpb~%BА3&dk7$Da̟( 8b$цGLYwjdJ#Raa!$#Lc*hnl,H1bLf}c:Fޜ ҭkn#V $ȵ)psx!_̽al N8f~,%ϩȔtBsfcN8{!*xהgn%rTh{I L3H5;*>'e\Ht3ֳԸMɥ'l@2r`$R)G&ms)vӄ7%Ql%QcTPh~08%qTLr&DNR&d.ֳOz3 *S6FaKs@N\5ҀOe+g\ 6QO&AVN8e8fK#uxږDSD="')Sg=bbmz jhFD?dHp}vF4j\|\4Wr:Lw@@)d/ՎCu)wqK{GG6Z&$ EN 9J=eYUϒѸQݦ̡-@zԉſy ŷRNMt!UhI-H?0~N=}&H9IJl@N$A1L@d^ŭ EIw&kT0'!oȗ 8I*'N7Nhs@ 1ё3^N$Vb#[zpB#ʤ7I(ʉ#*W$]1/bI[9`$bs- >t0Lb 2ߤOi CR ;Ⱦ嬮SK gzDLp(C1WL)98rw;Vϡ,HBJq0*'g> !j|s-qOBfIhߡ<oRf!ou6S'f$9wbCga)sU Ð$Da.r LQV &}3r&$zRk-X[cΥp4qj{\ Io-R*p)w>I k (: sAVJ&$dY$ ҾjԳwUWQ%e{ȣ,xƴJ- ~4z%0x$/[0FGh5qHANH;ph7J,̴HiiZ tZV|⻩EOF }' H/U vf=$m KW@`dP7I>5}Z._,*̼ܬxG$mdBWcs\h R]pъ$v=wrZeZ.T ɄGJl F}8N_) g_7ؑ!]taB6bxm)hA€Ӳ5¸n^9L|Jv8FXX4~z;ywHk_Y ːt[EߎIu|Wg} UE="UA慅yDCT A=gPQQ'UZvIz|ֽM1cWv2L6*LI.$Id%zфiH[I*wIIU7/C-ӗA.Vc6ҟRUHh6Kxti5IENDB`n Y(,MPNG  IHDRD gAMAPLTEٟ pHYs.$.#e IDATx;$IVdzZS-h1XM4 6A88sOڋb -_yuAZ!BcsL2'ָyʌ剈xff\9G#xj |4Ϟ6o&Չ:|OiWIӅ;ϖ6A|Pيe{k6pu˜u4Sjg%4x\nur#7p[EwkNFmqj gQE\q*[6tbYnG<2+Y YaRea7":/"*5/C"N gQETY,S$ @ S5D](AACD},!S)CY>M ٨;S?"29vb[I_s)) QԿǾ8$ #RQJ"H;eP+!~}:KmD%\`#Mc!5J]ruܲvD}.CI#1WFw3 N}&:csX#(=]|hbɩL TS[rT;".5xotҠqG~ň&կ~Oc[ ޲6>%bW@ 8ph|Qfʼn@(4دqJ.'rtGIO<ȸNHZ|Vm=jt&K-XAޢ8eDPϤ*ꮹ}V=4VyDHI b'd5Q,$D=QYO6NATvYou\$-:&IMBqG@M5CNnV<(dy Dk?wGգvb}6Z8@\o6I6(-q""gRճe̲V Qqd֙QظW *tPndLB4ˇUf ..ߙCmLRN5O%׼K+D ވ$YL9/zb:1HVhƍ Y up}ϑeG{36yeZggٸqGr7E4 1qiz|a36YQ3O fMY@\u#>-\ս;O fxDl!-;k "($?KlmsPBCX+|vN>݉rm<.  ,'0A W h} 4ChsjFXPV_0{2V+..)DFlpߗeB\AF6=gڭٻJZe[p] G.AhƝάod| ms](Mt8!fc]R"0I)G՟վ$NsxyL&&:a]KDiEq7%JƽXY^ bψ!5|"ǽS[6."έZ)fQD9M{+Ga',qGDU gvrr 1)8Q;VA?9bd/2.'~w9"X?UN