9.11 Repeating a Command with a foreach Loop

When some people need to repeat a command on several files, the first thing they think of is C shell history ( 11.5 ) :

-v	% cat -t -v /usr/fran/report | pg ... % ^fran/report^rob/file3 cat -t -v /usr/rob/file3 | pg ... % ^3^21 cat -t -v /usr/rob/file21 | pg ... %

That kind of thing can be easier with the C shell's foreach loop. (In the Bourne and Korn shells, use a for ( 9.12 ) loop.) You give the loop a list of the words that will change each time the command line is run. In this example, it's a list of filenames. The loop will step through the words, one by one, storing a word into a shell variable ( 6.8 ) , then running the command(s). The loop goes on until it has read all the words. For example:

% 

foreach file (/usr/fran/report /usr/rob/file3 /usr/rob/file21)

 ? 

cat -t -v $file | pg

 ? 

end

    ...
Shell runs cat -t -v /usr/fran/report | pg
...    ...
Shell runs cat -t -v /usr/rob/file3 | pg
...    ...
Shell runs cat -t -v /usr/rob/file21 | pg
... %

The question marks ( ? ) are secondary prompts ( 9.13 ) ; the C shell will keep printing them until you type the command end . Then the loop runs.

The list between the parentheses doesn't have to be filenames. Among other things, you can use wildcards ( 1.16 ) , backquotes ( 9.16 ) (command substitution), variables ( 6.8 , 6.1 ) , and the C shell's handy curly brace ( {} ) operators ( 9.5 ) . For example, you could have typed the above loop this way:

% 

foreach file (/usr/fran/report /usr/rob/file{3,21})

 ? 

cat -t -v $file | pg

 ? 

end

If you want the loop to stop before or after running each command, add the C shell operator $< . It reads keyboard input and waits for a RETURN. In this case, you can probably ignore the input; you'll use $< to make the loop wait. For example, to make the loop above prompt before each command line:

set

% foreach file (/usr/fran/report /usr/rob/file{3,21}) ? echo -n "Press RETURN to see $file-" ? set x="$<" ? cat -t -v $file | pg ? end Press RETURN to see /usr/fran/report- [RETURN] Shell runs cat -t -v /usr/fran/report | pg ... Press RETURN to see /usr/rob/file3- [RETURN] Shell runs cat -t -v /usr/rob/file3 | pg ... Press RETURN to see /usr/rob/file21- [RETURN] Shell runs cat -t -v /usr/rob/file21 | pg ...

The loop parameters don't need to be filenames. For instance, you could send a personalized mail ( 1.33 ) message to five people this way: [1]

[1] If you're sending lots of mail messages with a loop, your system mailer may get overloaded. In that case, it's a good idea to put a command like sleep   5 ( 40.2 ) on a separate line before the end . That will give the mailer five seconds to send each message.

cat -	% foreach person (John Cathy Agnes Brett Elma) ? echo "Dear $person," | cat - formletter | mail $person ? end

The first line of the first letter will be "Dear John,"; the second letter "Dear Cathy,"; and so on.

Want to take this idea further? It's a part of shell programming ( 44.1 ) . I usually don't recommend ( 47.2 ) shell programming with the C shell, but this is a handy technique to use interactively.